0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views30 pagesmaths1
The document discusses the process of fitting curves to data using the least squares method, focusing on deriving normal equations for linear regression. It outlines the steps to minimize the sum of the squares of residuals to find the best-fitting line. Additionally, it mentions the use of logarithmic transformations for power functions and provides examples of normal equations for various scenarios.
Uploaded by
Mansoor KhanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views30 pagesmaths1
The document discusses the process of fitting curves to data using the least squares method, focusing on deriving normal equations for linear regression. It outlines the steps to minimize the sum of the squares of residuals to find the best-fitting line. Additionally, it mentions the use of logarithmic transformations for power functions and provides examples of normal equations for various scenarios.
Uploaded by
Mansoor KhanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 30
. Define Give ‘tting cond: bie 44
Garve Stig ae
Let (a,
4) 00,559, oe $e Gander
\ _ given 0 obsenations.
4 nw we ers the nebo, i vat y
Curve < eg cents “eich ag rektin *s Clled
cxcieet eager by “usig the oven obgenatom We
“use the ~ least - Spaes | meted
‘least Spuores imelted. 3 oe 2
anes (0,49), Os 93) - eb Yn) ae 51a Ran,
or Fitting 2 Gane we Loo “hb “the ge dhto. we use
ees of lemt Suares-
ee of Y ts yp Then
the me
HOF XK thee ~te Concer
Colled the resthals and 3° >deroted
(ue fou) ] is
with hi hat 1S ne dt Yr pigs (ue te AB
+ dh, de, 28, ~ bes - 3on ave the rie Resuols, | and’ te -
gin of “te Sq.oses of tie_ residuals ts
2 ayes
S: deed. +b* = + On
an
te $= od
Zee gon)
ne = 3h: _Ftai) =
the Cuave eg best Curve -
Beir gS minim tren WCondetiors Ore BS -0, 5 25.0, SS
$-Fom “this 4 gt Sorne
Ot, bs eae these
+ Sli "these equattons we ss the
vols ma oa uve. |
mbes => GH Substitu
1 ubattutirg tae vel Ot ove
£ (a,b¢.-377)
te gts evista,
equations: Boe oat
axe colted “Abyral eqotons’
equovon
valu © ¢ ee:
a. Fitting a stuight Kine gear
Gonabr O-4) , (23,95), Gags9g) -— -- == Ons Un) oe
Sp! observation Values -
Br THIS dela oe Pete Game ye FGd= orb
Fen “the tesichals fs : 2
oh = 4-04) 2 ok) “
ft t= [owt] 3
Aa The Sum oF the Gquavee of the sestchals 15. given
ee) al " ;
S=2(y-Comet ‘
S=3 (y—oe-b)” id
ue tok the Ge is bat Gme tf 's is tmnt
E's! 5, “minimum —then“the Conditions ove, 28 =o ond 38 =
{
¥
3S
AS y- on-1)* Joo
2a Gee HC ceirae] a
: a2 Caron] (0-2-6] =0 : os a
ie "
22 (y-ar-b] Gxt
-axd Cur Omab]is6.) '2 srs
3 F [yz-one-b] =o
2 Cory; —or— bat] =0
A
2 any 03% — HE =O
nel eh
Saaye co ra be x
tl el t21
Lon) x
ab xiebeat == +O
13) te te
Now 2S _
ob -°
=
BE cw -om-afl 20 ae ,
d ae Gy-amn-bIe5C yy arr) =0
a ee Cyj-axt-b] 9 =o”
-03, Uy: -axy—b] =0
‘. (p-onr—b] =o
2 Yi -02% be) ty
ei Yi -0e x —bin) =9,
5 ©
Son Zeger =nb =0
i. io ¥ oF
aa sazn+hb
= at
(on
azx+nb Hey 7
# These Equosions ove called Norval Equations of & geo
Sghitght line.
+ By Bivicg They equations 4 gee ord '*B ‘values and
epluirg ths values nthe giver Gave we get the
gequbse’ Rtting duave-
3. Ft a Stroight ltne < otbe toi tte leg lato.
by te ret of [Bet Squats
fa 3
rs| afi
B yao
Say supe tine
. the \novreal equations ave zye HasbEx
ay osttbe®
Here n > The 7 of obsewations.
~~
( X= harsh,— O 4° b 5
=| Sa dish
64 = Ga tab © = routtipkeatin "a
ron Gluing 40&® 4 ‘
a ea
Veet St
o_. b_ a
cea —ans4
asm tl
710 AS iBT
be sode@a 18,4 bye
dea bear of ip
the requixed Fitted pane |
lene fy = at be ;
(tea i
wax lPne hs tk dbo, 89, CO-%,
. it 5
be ind the least nome EE) (6-1)
(7, (a5), G0
So\
= :
let the, Straight lene ral gins
Su nowinal equations 2 ae
zy PaEr abe x
Here n Boot obserradions Exzep | W397 [aye 8. |
The rome! gquations |e =a
34 =9004+3b i) => goa 48b-. ~34 =O
Q5 = qa +b —@ RQ *Sb~AE =O
Now Sdving 24048 by eps rnutliplfcadion
| a bata
j g° 434 Bo! 8),
HH 250 Fa 8
io Nae pS: t
aio” © oy 400 — “oo — 1%
Qa peb eek
mp | H C— 336
pa (55
=336
Ws d-60F bt g-64
\ eo vont st]
Ri 2. The required Stroight line {S
& ind _ tee least Square. lire H= abr for the gjren data.
9 x |-g/4foj#} 2 wre
E } ¢ or
[ele a]
ee
BIT Given tat the Straight lime tS yratbn.
posal Squations ave Sy -notbEx-
—— xy Erb Ex Te remal equodtion ove
13> 6atob > 5a>13
F E004 106 5" iob'szour ‘
tob >%
fa nh ohn
s lo,
Mae bio
+ the vequired Straght lene tS We = AG4OFX
& S 0 0 Stiaight line 4 Gor Ax to tHe “locsing
t
Be ot ee don taht 68
Yay 31 3S 48) $9 50)
Sol Given that
the Straight line YA +Om
Tre normal Equattns sore Ty = 9% +OEX:
Dey = SOS AE
2. = Te no.0f obsewattians - . %3
mH wns ky Pe eal
J ey afr ig ita
a al Cary Ge TG
3 Be es rt
tS 49 ig | tg
Sa Led AbD as
6 s © 2-0 2e oak
& 48-0 [
Le
A ASA Sau - AG lang $160
-
uy 7 The renal Equatens om
284 See aa 5} 894,985 =O
tay9 Bed 39% + 11 7 Baan icc Beees
Pore. a ae
ee ge
185 -B@g aq 155
mS
nee ere
_asmrpuiea > — Baer 2 hegs =F) ;
1 eg ae
Gagged RE 8
Gat9q WO OY :
Dee 489-90" 4 fig toe ae
ae aby
2b. sehen = -
Te equiaed toigpt tere [y Sorat” ox]
F- Tre following volyes ave be Fe Bens je ‘
cline y= Oot antestthen “Find oo,01. oy Te rrettnde 0
least Squaves >)
Poe) A 3 \ 4) a 214
\y wo ad 1 48.| OF aot
ven ted
ave the Stroight line ye 40°
the nosrral “equations 02 nop tre
Boye OgE* are
ne The ro-0F obgervadions -
Paste pata se
pa) Te
pee Oe 1S. BOnal_o at
i ae ay
eS = 6 iy
3 + | ai ae |
Bf SiGe) Bi t99.y 11
t
Isx=0 | a |
[25S Satie] Pye Bey I:
He rormol equations ove. py
ove. eel
= q+ 100) > HAyetOA—I4 =O
FH = 100y +30, = (0a0+300)- SF=0 eis ye ante
cme 35 2 200* eT
The nowral aan ove EL
Ent
ENOPAMET ne
Soa | ;
Beaton? ee
i :
|| Bei aae9 [enact bea00
pear e : asker ce
“Abo oe ts given shy
Be pe he Siriot sthe residuals
aaa
beak come 115! 1 mint j
oko Boars = O- bec] ( me 3)
Ble ob pai ee Lo.
aR Ciro bt on
, Ge -0- a eaiat Soo 28
. tera on] C7) +0
. em: ~ ak % ~ : -bz -o atco
k ee +b Sa ie sh20-—@ , ane beLsne 358 ge
Fo LEP CRASH
peorce > te
Dy ‘okn TOE ECE
F 2 OEP DEB LCES Om lla
Bik a Sed ipa poen ee Ph Hel
the roetfed oF lebuk Syme TP 5
on
ar
poral i oy 2 O*ENET SD 55 oak Ged
ee 7 By =rose ree
SANT)
zy rasa thEyy cad
Bey comabebeide Eat lob =g0¢ = +50.
§ tob+ 400 259 =!
ree eo aGo eta
@xa -O > 20¢ 90b+ 3000 =360°
fa, l00 bt B54 C= 938
ab — ae 2
ppb-+sye 78 —©
now Sle OO
Baie st -
+ SUC age
Toe =-ae
© Sather
News put ca tn e@
tob +8 =S0
tob= ~80
b= > (b==3) abo ee
Srl = 0a + Bobr foe
(G3 = 20a +Hoob+ 346
tte above eguatfons we
Om Salvg
o205F
» b=-tot,
«pe vgined “ted ple 1 * : way = xt baa
aisle Te ro-of ohgeavations
1, 38 6a | 6
g a Pe gia | E230 ‘eas
= nono! equations ove
46-020 +lob +5¢ > artob+Se $F =0 —O,
= [00% 4b +100 > feo 04 goloH10C. 343 =0.. —o@
RSIS 36yalyteob +S5¢ Rupctoeb+be — -8S1 20
OM - abe iP okaye equations | i oo
bioay , Shp 04
” The oe fitted
parabola, is teo* Pybitt ,
yee irr 0/8Y AEP Y= a
lal ;
ight line ,
as pa use Vag trlstetard Guo es > Bane 9
yt!
hor ‘A Met te voi: Fa. a oi the:
Ae ten. ie €
- tat :
+
3
see bose fe
4
2 eS ate wig al
Bay SN taal
, iM
lay > 6 + bx
Where. Midey
toga
a: wat Bend 29-08) ~
Nao She e5 CFO) ai
A b ei
eo atl-oty.. soy ees
(Bae - ayo FE ISAT
A Rea yee
OGRA al — eg ncetiose es
4!
Ge
eo eee
pre 2-26! bs 2-489
| the kan thF teas _ 5
4 ee 27am
Cue fS' ,
| “the required Attter i
Y = 0: 1042. &
Bt an equa te ie Given Cue iS y: ae™*
“Taking bg on bth Sas oth be te!
% re a lye ge ‘
lay = loga “ie .
= bx loge
: Ye
“is = legs + bx
there, loge 2y
5 ae
athe nena Cquahon’ O84 12-¥ ggg
500 ey 8? ee
4 ei bpp see
Ee oe is
1A Hy +1093 694-4598 [a0 ~100
eS bse
iio val 9:98 20
= 0:0! eis
Ar 00!) b> t35
20
spd. 20-499
— 2 | By = siieene BE”
i RYemy >Y
3.673. | 3693
BDV 5 ATV
KASLUBIC 6863"
FARS 423 9.488
2a fr 20-40!
wt lop 2A
49a — 0-0! : ; :
:
orm) = ates? 8 a
Tis yoo
qs 5
are wequised ed cane
aoe
be ie the omelfied of tee ‘ Quoves de!
torts 0g b Such Hat “y= re
dato:
gi el
Given Give 1S yroe
Take lq on both a wile
gg =e eg
a
Rp = he abe hee a
‘3 ag Ah ox
prt 6A +#S6 ~6-392- ——O
FEA +TIZITS > 2-063 ——O
|: 4
em | Seong ghia
BAS = 2-063 FS 1B
a ee gt
180. G7 190-61 OS FENG TE
4 BS% 3.
oe aiey | eee | 4d
Bes |. ase.) haps | Sete
a a | Boiyy, | BBO eee | 1G !
{| Ey Band | iy Seas Ex=200
5A 34 = 13946 o
By + 300 6.4413, —— ie ie
% Solving 7 FO bY Crom ip
lesen at
Be Bae 5 34
200 qp13 4 34 800 The vverpived filed Conve
RE 0 power function y= a7
Sl Given cune gear 3 ;
now take log on bath Soldks eth toe “é
ee Oe it f ; x
ete
‘cay PS loge toga
. ee
tray alae +b leg en
sor! PBK rye’
Thee yeh
Actas
X = loge
nhvrrol equaiens ak
TY snarbEx
Tay = ATAAPTX “Ex AEx+bEx>
i tere “n= & “Ge? ‘root obatrassor)
ilk ae
ae se ye
1 13. # 1-098 y See GL)
Normal equotions ore
“pA 3inb =10" pea” k og
. 3nlaq. A +3008 b = 3-991 yh
on Spluting woe gee 6.z [lotus oh b> peo 2
we knead tab ‘1099 eae a . aac |0-4 | 2-604
Baik) FRO i 4609
2:2. 3:83 | 526A
“9. 564) 5°19 9:12
re Bp SARE |
| t- 409 |t3*60! 53933 "
Piece terte0 4495 |
e 6673 14-901. 3036
ales Syst ralg Bs a
yarreag De Tooth Fey 38-3590» 2% Novena equadipns ave.
RATA wash = “a.
QYECAYH0-014'b = 34.349
op Sel “we get 4 38a ord bio
we ode te :
Saale
gees
oth yo we ae Lom es
° equived BMted Guve 42 44a x ont at ;
ei abe
x Using the créttode of leak Square fit the CHE
a te; “the folowing dota. “be ter
BPE el et
nN gs, 100. ‘
at wire een oF least S24
Rowing ok al