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Chapter 24 Gauss's Law - Gr31

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50 views28 pages

Chapter 24 Gauss's Law - Gr31

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Enes Türksal
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chapter 24 Gauss's Law ChapterOutline 24.1 Electric Fux 24.2 Gauss's Law 24.3 Applicaton of Gauss's Law to Charged Insulators 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equlrium Some ailvay companies ae planing to cout the windows of "ee commie tas with 9 very thin ayer af metal. The ‘coating sso thin you can ee trough i.) They are doing his in response 1 rider complains about other passengers taking loudly on cellular telephones. How can a metallic coating. that's only a few hundred nanometers thick ‘overcome this problem a In the preceding chapter we showed how to use Coulomb's nw to calculate the electric field generated by a given charge distribution, In ths Chapter, we describe Gauss aw and an altemaive procedure fr calculating electric elds. The law ls based on the fact that the fundamental electrostatic force between point charges cahibits an lnverse-square behavior. Although a Consequence of Coulomb's law, Gauss’ law is {pore convenient for calling the cece fick Zee nme hrs btn ‘a ayes possible useful qualitative reasoning when problems 24.1 ELECTRIC FLUX ‘The concept of electric field lines is described qualitatively in Chapter 23. ‘We now use the concept of electric flux to teat electric field lines in a more quantitative Consider an electric field that is uniform in both magnitude and direction, as shown in Figure 24.1. The field lines penetrate a rectangular surface of area A, ‘which is perpendicular tothe field. Recall from Section 23.6 that the number of fines per unit area (in other words, the line density) is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field. Therefore, the total number of lines penetrating the surface is proportional to the product EA. This product of the ‘magnitude of the electric field E and surface area A perpendicular to the field is called the electric flux E (uppercase Greek phi) ‘en From the SI units of £ and A, we see that £ has units of newton-meters J op=ea Da orate mprincticcecsidaapiaine — PETG. og teamor, 7 =o Girvod” 9 Gaussian TT Ga / sphere Vv ¢ e fda - Qe* ~~ 8 ame (b) 4 6. I 9 1.=py bre oa ee 8. bee F=k BH (na) Fie 4-30 P E - 1.8 Figure 24.12 \ plovot Eves fora uniforay charged insta Ing pre The elec eld side the sphere (r= a ares neatly sh: The ld out the sphere (>) dhe sane shat of Point change Qld a0, e- kDa 8 oF au trea gu (forr> a) EXAMPLE 24.6 The Electric Field Due to a | @ ‘Thin Spherical Shell 2 [A thin spherical shell of radius a has a foal charge [es ao NS fob r>a gyn ie EXAMPLE 24.7 A Cylindrically Symmetric Charge Distribution Find the electric field a “er from a line of ENAMPLE 24.8 A Nonconducting Plane of Charge Find the electric field due to « nonconducting, infinite_plane of ccharge with uniform" surface charge dei(ity o Foi = Mose sean fe Dos ¢ Fare {i Boe (Rae (SLR L = Seda 4\ co AG = (JA4 lA — 26H 5 tesa (enon =(4 {a 26 Gaussian olinder oS 24.4 CONDUCTORS IN ELECTROSTATIC. EQUILIBRIUM, {A soot clesial condactor contains charges (lectons) tate fot Bound to any atom ad tertore ae fee wo ‘move aboot within the materia. When there is m0 net Inoion of charge win 8 conductor, the camactr i ‘Sectonatc ogiliriam. A we shall se, a condor in ‘ecuostatcequlitum has he ellowing popes 1, The clecic fell is zero_everywhese inside he soils 2 If an iolitod condctor caries a charge, the charge resides oni surface, 3. The elec ald jst outside a charged conductor is terpengabew the surface of the condor and as & magne poe o i the susace charge desity at iat point, 7S 4.00 an inegualy shaped condor, the surface charge sens eat rans whee ras fcuvae “Wie alee ale “Ss 9 v 1 1. "The electric field is 2eo everywhere inside the conductor. e St ergs Eg ‘Figure 2416 A a eee treba Eines 5 wo he oe Sure ; oe pa on ee tem =e See — reales nie Be FS Ss Rcbe, =, ‘he moth Se 0 ss in pe of pose ‘het he hae Tse laws ohare cu adn ‘Snel ine ecm topos en el Ae SXotmet nove te rice chaye Unaly cere ail he pe nt fl ca it of cal dod us ms fa sc econ Te hes ford cont ech cq ero 10 {cm ps cn onan 2. If an isolated conductor carries a charge, the charge resides on its surface. surface We can use Gaus’s law to verily the second property of a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. Figure 24.17 shows an arbitrarily shaped conductor. A ‘gaussian surface is drawn inside the conductor and can be as close to the conductor’s surface as we wish. As we have just shown, the electric field everywhere inside the conductor is zero when it isin electrostatic equilibrium. ‘Therefore, the electric field must be zero at every point on the gaussian suri in accordance with condition (4) in Seetion 24,3. Thus, the net flux through this, ‘gaussian surface is zero. From this result and Gauss’s law, we conclude that the net charge inside the gaussian surface is zero. Because there can be no net charge inside the gaussian surface (which is arbitrarily close to the conductor's surface), any net charge on the conductor must reside on its surface. Gauss’s law does not indicate how this excess charge is distributed on the conductor's . The electric field just outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to the Surface of the conductor and has a zn FD FOr Ge magnitude /c9, where @ is the surface charge density at that pot. 1 t% ere we he et ht = Sing asa = eee = \Gla ‘ . Bde = Tore ada 3 / Gs = E\ah, -EA FW 2 " & In_equilibrium no charge movement © therefore no E field tanget to surface = EXAMPLE 24.10 A Sphere Inside a Spherical Shell -Q ‘A solid conducting sphere of radius @ carries a net x, ® _positive charg€2Q. A conducting spherical shell of inner cp radius band outer radius ¢ is concentric-with the solid ‘sphere and carries a net charge-Q. Using Gauss’s law, Find the electric field in the regions labeled O,@,@,® and in Figure 24.19 and the charge distribution on the shell when the entire system is in electrostatic ‘equilibrium. © rea fi ® acted DEAS Toe Pace 225, So @rbd " aeech . bp fecee Gas S = mite [Sa G- _& o Figure 24.20 An experiment showing that any charge transferred to a conductor resides on its surface in electrostatic equilibrium. The hollow conductor is insulated from ground, and the small metal ball is supported by an insulating thread.

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