General Zoology (lab)

Cell theory Gel: semi-solid.

• Contains organelles that performs the
• Cell is the functional unit of living things.
physiological properties of the cell.
• Cytology is the study of cells
• Theodore schwann (zoologist) and Organelles
Mathias schleiden (botanist)
• Performs the physiological activities if the
▪ All organisms are composed
cells.
of one or more cells.
1. Centriole/Centrosome
• Rudolf Virchow
- Produces microtubules (skeletal system
▪ All organisms are composed
of the cell.
of one or more cells.
- Formation of spindle fiber.
Cell membrane/Plasma Membrane
2. Endoplasmic reticulum “circulatory
• Controls the moving materials in and out of
system”
the cell.
- Rough er (w/ribosomes) - distribution of
• Semi-permeable membrane.
proteins only.
Envelope - Smooth er (no ribosomes) – transport not
only proteins but carbohydrates and
- Covers and protect the cell. lipids.
- Gives cells shapes.
Semi-permeable 3. Golgi Complex
- Packaging and secretory vesicle.
- Regulates material movements. - Collects materials to be disposed through
- Select materials that passes through. secretory vesicles at cell membrane.
Bilayer Phospholipid
4. Lysosome
- Phosphate: polar heads hydrophilic. - Suicide sacs
- Lipid: non-polar hydrophobic. - Secrete “lysozymes” (for digestion).
Fluid Mosaic Model
5. Mitochondria
- Contains materials/molecules. - Powerhouse of the cell.
Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins. - Produces ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Cell wall as energy resource.
- Double membrane organelles
• Non animal cells. - Aerobic respiration (break down
• Free permeable. nutrients to produce energy.)
• No direction.
• Gives support and protection. 6. Ribosome
- Spherical,non-membranous organelle for
Cytoplasm
protein synthesis.
• Responsible for metabolic activities. Free ribosomes: (70s)
• Contains chemical elements and tiny Polysosome/Polyribosome: (80s)
structures (organelles)
• Gel-like material. 7. Vacuole
Sol: semi-liquid. - Storage of materials.
 General Zoology (lab)
Nucleus- Brain of the cell that controls
metabolic activities
Nucleoplasm- cytoplasmic content
Nuclear membrane- chromosomes are
found.
Nucleolus- formation of ribosomes.

Cell cycle
3 parts of Interphase
G1
- The organelles are busy performing their
metabolic activities,
- organelles increase/duplicate in number.
- cell is also increasing in size.
2 basic cell types
S phase
1. Eukaryotic cell
- Multicellular. - DNA synthesis where the genetic
- Plants & Animals. materials replicate.
- DNA replication.
- Each chromosome consists of two (2)
sister chromatids.
G2

- This is a checkpoint to determine if the

cell is ready for the next process.
- cell division, either mitosis or meiosis.
2. Prokaryotic cell
- Unicellular.
- Organisms & Bacteria.
 General Zoology (lab)
• Protein synthesis is also done in
preparation for cell division.

M-phase
Mitosis
• Mitosis is a type of cell division for
somatic cells and for the asexual
reproduction of unicellular eukaryotic
cells
Prophase

• Centrioles move to the opposite poles

• Spindle fibers are formed by the
centrioles.
• Nuclear envelope disintegrates and
nucleus disappears.
• Chromosomes become visible.
Metaphase
• Chromosomes are arranged at the
equator/center of the cell.
• Each sister chromatids are attached to
the spindle fibers
Anaphase

• Chromosomes separate and move to

opposite poles.
Telophase
• Chromosomes reached the opposite
poles.
• Spindle fibers break.
• Nuclear envelope begin to appear.
Cytokinesis

• Cell membrane starts to appear.

• Cleavage furrow is evident
• 2 daughter cells are present.
• In plant cells, plate is formed to
separate 2 daughter cells.
 General Zoology (lab)
Meiosis

• The development of gametes, with the

same stages as mitosis, but has two main
divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
• sexual reproduction.
Prophase I
Leptotene
- The beginning if chromosome
condensation.
Zygotene
- Homologous chromosomes pair
Pachytene
- Complete condensation of chromosomes.
Diplotene
- Completion of cross-over of
chromosomes.
Diakinesis

- Formation of 4 sister chromatids.

Metaphase I
- Tetrad chromosomes attached to the
spindle fibers and aligned in the equator.
Anaphase I
- The separation of homologous
chromosomes.

Meiosis II
is exactly the same as mitosis, where both the two
(2) daughter cells produced in Meiosis I divide
and each form (two) 2 haploid daughter cells. So
that, total of four (4) cells are produced in the
entire Meiosis