5

Chapter:

5.1 Electron
5.2 Semiconductor Diode
5.3 Transistor

Electronic
Electronic

Our greatest weakness lies in giving up.

The most certain way to succeed is
always to try just one more time
-Thomas A. Edison

DREAM BIG
AIM HIGH
NEVER GIVE UP
 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

Dictionary:
TERMS DEFINITION / MEANING
Thermionic emission The process of emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal
Cathode ray The stream of electrons which moves from cathode to anode at high speed across
a vacuum
Semiconductor A material which can conduct electricity better than insulator, but not as well as
conductor
Doping A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities called dopants to a
semiconductor to increase its conductivity
n-type Semiconductor obtained when pentavalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic
semiconductor semiconductor contribute extra electrons. Free electrons become the majority
charge carrier and the holes become the minority carrier
p-type Semiconductor obtained when trivalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic
semiconductor semiconductor contribute extra holes. Free electrons become the minority charge carrier
and the holes become the majority charge carrier
p-n junction Formed when pieces of n-type and p-type semiconductors are fused together
semiconductor diode An electronic device made from a p-n junction that allows current to flow in one direction
only but blocks it in the opposite direction
Forward bias The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is connected to the positive
terminal of a battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to the negative terminal of
the battery
Reverse bias The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is connected to the negative
terminal of a battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to the positive terminal of the
battery
Rectifier An electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
Half-wave A process where only half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in
rectification one direction only.
Full-wave A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow
rectification in the same direction
Transistor An electronic device which has three terminals labelled base, collector and emitter,
made by coalescing (fusing) the n-type and p-type semiconductors

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 idea CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

& concept:
NO. CHARACTERISTIC EXPALANATION
1 Doping of semiconductor A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities to
semiconductor to increase their conductivity
2 n-type semiconductor Is produced by replacing some of the silicon atoms in silicon with
pentavalent atoms such as Phosphorus, Arsenic or Antimony
(to create extra free electrons)
3 p-type semiconductor Is produced by replacing some of the silicon atoms in silicon with
trivalent atoms such as Boron, Aluminum or Gallium
(to create extra free holes)
4 Rectification A process to convert an alternating current (ac) into a direct current (dc) by
using diode
5 Capacitor smoothing The discharge current from a capacitor helps to maintain a steady output
voltage across a resistor by supplying current at all time.
The capacitor used for smoothing purpose only works with alternating
current (ac)
6 Diode Allows the current to flow easily in only one direction
7 Alternating current Current flows in two directions consecutively
8 Forward bias • When a p-type semiconductor is connected to the positive terminal
and a n-type semiconductor is connected to the negative terminal of
a cell
• electrons from the n-type are pulled across the p-n junction,
• this will cause the current to flow
9 Reverse bias • When a n-type material is connected to the positive terminal and a
p-type material is connected to the negative terminal of a cell
• electrons from the n-type are pulled toward the positive terminal of
cell
• the junction becomes wider and the current stop to flow
10 Function of transistor (i) As a currents amplifier
(ii) As an automatic switch
(eg. an automatic light controlled switch or an automatic heat
controlled switch)

Refer smart
NOTES ELECTRONIC

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

Structure
1. Diagram 1 shows a circuit which acts as a switch to switch on an air conditioner, M during the day only. P is a
light dependent resistor which has a low resistance when its surroundings is bright.

Diagram 1

(a) Name the type of transistor Q.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(b) (i) State the change to the potential difference , Vs, when the surroundings of P changes from dark
to bright..

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how the change in (b) (i) causes the air conditioner , M , to be switched on.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

TOTAL 4 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

2. Diagram 2 shows a lattice structure of semiconductor atoms.

Diagram 2

(a) Name one example of atom X.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(b) State one characteristic of X so it can be added to the lattice structure.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(c) What type of semiconductor produce in Diagram 2?

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(d) Explain the existence of majority charge carrier in the semiconductor.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

TOTAL 5 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

3. Diagram 3.1 shows a cross section of a Maltese cross tube used to study the characteristics of cathode ray.

Diagram 3.1

(a) What is the meaning of cathode ray?

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(b) When switch S1and switch S2 are turned on, two overlapping shadows are formed on the screen.
Explain why the shadows are formed on the screen.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(c) Calculate the velocity of cathode ray in the Maltese cross tube.

[The charge of electron, e = 1.6 × 10-19C

the mass of one electron, me = 9 × 10-31 kg]

[2 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(d) Diagram 3.2 shows a pair of magnet with opposite poles are placed at the sides of the tube. One of
the shadow deflects..

Diagram 3.2

(i) By using an arrow, show the direction of the shadow which deflects in Diagram 3.2.

[1 mark]

(ii) State the physics rule used to determine the direction of the shadow.

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

TOTAL 6 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

4. Diagram 4.1 shows a transistor circuit for an alarm which is activated by heat.

Diagram 4.1

(a) Name the component T.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(b) Complete the following sentences by underlining the correct word.

When T is heated up, its resistance ( decreases / increases ).

The base current, IB ( decreases / increases ) to switch on the transistor and light up the bulb.

[2 marks]

(c) Diagram 4.2 shows the trace produced by an alternating current signal on the screen of a cathode ray
oscilloscope. The time base of the oscilloscope is set at 0.02 s per division.

Diagram 4.2

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(i) What is the period of the alternating current signal?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the alternating current signal.

[2 marks]

(iii) On Diagram 4.3, draw the trace produced when the frequency of the alternating current signal
is doubled.

Diagram 4.3

[1 mark]

TOTAL 7 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

5. Diagram 5.1 and 5.2 show two electrical circuits containing semiconductor diodes.

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

(a) What is meant by a semiconductor?

……………………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]

(b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.

(i) Compare the lighting of the bulb

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the current

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(iii) Compare the way the diode is connected to the terminals of the battery

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Relate the lighting of the bulb and the way the diode is connected to the terminals of the battery

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(ii) Name the physic concept involved.

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(d) Diagram 5.3 shows a circuit connected to the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)

CRO/OSK

Diagram 5.3

(i) Draw a trace shown on the CRO

[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answers

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

TOTAL 8 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

6. Diagram 6.1 shows four diodes connected to an alternating current supply. The output terminals X and Y
across the resistor R are connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). The time base of the CRO is set at
0.01 s/division.

Diagram 6.2 shows the trace obtained on the screen of the CRO.

Diagram 6.1 Diagram 6.2

(a) (i) What is the function of diode?

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(b) Based on Diagram 6.2:

(i) Determine the period of the alternating current supply.

[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the alternating current supply.

[2 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(c) During the first half cycle, the current from P to Q follows the path
P → A → B → X → Y → C → D → Q.

Write down the path of the current during the second half cycle from Q to P.
P → A → B → X → Y → C → D → Q.

…………………………………………………………………………………….............
[1 mark]

(d) On Diagram 6.3, sketch the trace that will be obtained on the screen of the CRO when all the diodes in
the circuit are reversed.

Diagram 6.3

[2 marks]

(e) Name the component that has to be connected to the circuit to smoothen the output voltage.

…………………………………………………………………………………….............
[1 mark]

TOTAL 8 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

7. Diagram 7 shows the use of a transistor in a circuit.

Diagram 7

(a) State the function of R3 as shown on Diagram 7.

…………………………………………………………………………………….................
[1 mark]

(b) The transistor is switched on when the base voltage V2 ≥ 4 V.

(i) Write an equation to show the relationship between IB , IC and IE .

…………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the minimum value of R2 when the transistor is switched on.

[2 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(iii) Calculate V2 if the R2 has a resistance 1 kΩ.

[3 marks / 3 markah]

(c) The resistor R2 is then replaced with a light dependent resistor which has a high resistance when it is
dark.
(i) Explain whether the bulb will light up during the day. Give a reason.

……………………………………………………………………………………….........…

…………………………………………………………………………….............................

[2 marks]

(ii) State another usage of a transistor.

…………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1 mark]

TOTAL 10 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

8. Diagram 8.1 shows combination of p-type and n-type semiconductor.

Diagram 8.1

(a) (i) Name the electronic device shown in Diagram 8.1.

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(ii) Draw a circuit using the device in Diagram 8.1, a dry cell and a bulb so that the bulb will light
up.

[2 marks]

(b) Replaced the dry cell in circuit (a)(ii) with an a.c source.
(i) Is the bulb still light up?

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(c) Diagram 8.2 and Diagram 8.3 shows the same type of semiconductor substance doped
with impurities to form different semiconductors.

Diagram 8.1 Diagram 8.2

Table 8.3 shows the characteristics of four materials as doping substances (dopants), J, K, L and M.

Size of the
Type of materials Melting dopant in Density/
as dopants point/°C comparison with size of the g cm–3
semiconductor atom of 0.04 nm

J 1 084 0.02 8.94

K 1 414 0.05 2.32
L 419 0.69 7.14
M 200 0.72 10.3

Table 8.3

Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 8.3. Determine the most suitable
material to be used as doping substance (dopant) for semiconductor. Give reasons for
your choice.
(i) Melting point/°C

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
Reason

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(ii) Size of the dopant in comparison with size of the semiconductor atom of 0.04 nm

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
Reason

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(iii) Density

……………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
Reason

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(iv) Determine the most suitable dopant.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

TOTAL 12 marks

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

understanding + concept
1. On Diagram 1 draw the electronic components in the circles provided.
TRIAL PERAK
2017
SET A

Diagram 1

A capacitor is placed across the output to smooth the current. In Diagram 1, draw the wave form
produced . Explain how a capacitor is used to smooth the current.
[4 marks]

2. Diagram 2 shows a shadow is formed on the fluorescent screen of a Maltese Cross Tube.
TRIAL PERAK
2017
SET B

Diagram 2

Explain how the shadow is produced by the cathode ray on the fluorescent screen.
[4 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

3. Diagram 3 shows a half-wave rectification circuit.

TRIAL
TERENGGANU
2016
BK 7

Diagram 3

Explain how component S is used to produce half-wave rectification.

[4 marks]

4. Diagram 4 shows bonding of silicon atoms, each with four valence electrons in its outermost shell.
TRIAL PAHANG
2014
SET A

Diagram 4

By using Diagram above, explain how p-type semiconductor is produced.

[4 marks]

5. Diagram 5 shows a wave is formed on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).
TRIAL SBP The time base is set at 1 cms-1.
2014

Diagram 5

Explain how CRO can be used to determine short time interval.

[4 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

6. Diagram 6 shows a full wave rectifier circuit.

TRIAL PERLIS
2016

Diagram 6

Draw the wave form of a full wave rectification.

A capacitor is placed across the output to smooth the current. Draw the wave form produced.
Explain how a capacitor is used to smooth the current.
[4 marks]

“DON’T WATCH THE CLOCK;

DO WHAT IT DOES.
KEEP GOING.”
SAM LEVENSON

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21
 Section B
CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

1. As a research engineer in a factory, you are asked to investigate the characteristics of several substances in order to
produce semiconductors with better conductivity.
(a) What is meant by a semiconductor?
[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 1.1 shows silicon atoms, each with four valence electrons in its outermost shell.

Diagram 1.1

By using Diagram 1.1, explain how an n-type semiconductor is produced.

[4 marks]

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows a transistor circuit. Resistor M is a variable resistor and resistor N is a fixed resistor. Bulb
T will light up when the potential difference across N is at least 1 V.

Diagram 1.2

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

If the potential difference between Y and Z is 1 V, calculate;

(i) The potential difference between X and Z?
[1 mark]

(ii) The potential difference between X and Y?

[1 mark]

(iii) The maximum resistance, M that enables the bulb T is light up.
[3 marks]

(d) Diagram 1.3 shows four electronic circuits W, X, Y and Z with different specifications. You are required to
determine the most suitable electronic circuit to light up three street lights 95 V, 65 W automatically with
normal brightness when it is dark.

Study the specifications of all of the four circuits based on the following aspects:
• The position of the light dependent resistor (LDR).
• The connection of the batteries.
• The arrangement of the street lights circuit.
• The use of a relay switch in the circuit.
• Determine the most suitable circuit diagram to be chosen and give one reason for your choice.

[10 marks]

Circuit Circuit diagrams

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

T
Diagram 1.3

TOTAL 20 marks

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Section C
CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

1. A semiconductor diode is an electronic device made by joining pieces of p-type and n- type
semiconductors. n-type and p-type semiconductors as shown on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 are
produced through the doping process.

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

(a) What is the meaning of doping?

[1 mark]

(b) Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 compare the connection of diode to the dry cell, the lighting of
bulbs and the reading of ammeter. Relate the lighting of bulbs with the connection of diode to the
dry cell to make a deduction regarding the relation between the current flowing in the circuits and
the connection of diode to the dry cell.
[5 marks]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a box Y contains four identical electronics component for full wave rectification.

Diagram 1.3

(i) On Diagram 1.3, draw the electronic components in the circles provided.
(ii) A capacitor is placed across the output to smooth the current. Draw the wave form
produced. Explain how a capacitor is used to smooth the current.
[4 marks ]

(d) Diagram 1.4 shows a circuit with a transistor that acts as an automatic switch. LED will light up
when it is dark.

Diagram 1.4
A technician wants three fans labelled 240V, 100W in a room to be automatically switched on
when the room is hot.
State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects:
• The electric component to replace light dependent resistor in the circuit
• The position of electric component.
• The use of relay switch in the circuit
• The arrangement of the three fans
• Electric component to protect the transistor
[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 MARKS

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 shows the deflection of a cathode ray in a deflection tube.

Diagram 2.1

Diagram 2.2

(a) What is the meaning of cathode ray?

[1 mark]

(b) Observe Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2:

(i) State the charge of the cathode ray,
[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the voltage of EHT connected to the metal plate and the deflection of the cathode
ray.

[1 mark]

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 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRONIC

(c) State the relationship between

(i) The voltage of EHT and the strength of the electric field between the metal plates
[1 mark]

(ii) The strength of the electric field between the metal plates and the deflection of the cathode
ray.
[1 mark]

(d) Diagram 2.3 shows a shadow is formed on fluorescent screen of the Maltase cross tube.

Diagram 2.3

Explain how the shadow is formed on the fluorescent screen.

[4 marks]

(e) Maltase cross tube in Diagram 2.3 is not suitable for measuring the frequency of the sound waves.

Suggest modifications that can be made to the Maltase cross tube in diagram above to transform it
into Cathode Ray Oscilloscope that can measure the frequency of the sound waves.

In your suggestions, state the components that are used and their functions based on the
following aspects:
• the electron gun
• the deflection system
[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 MARKS

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