Said, Hassan Christopher Dunn

Last Name, First Name Lab Instructor

9/26/22 9/2/22 and 9/16/22 5:30-8:20
Date Lab Day Lab Start Time
Activity B1: PCC-SI Properties and Interactions of Chemical Substances
Lab Report Guidelines
The purpose of this assignment is to help you develop skills for organizing data, identifying
variables, interpreting models and to develop a better understanding of chemical and physical
changes in matter.

Scientific experiments are designed to answer a research question. A procedure is developed and
used to collect data that can then be analyzed to seek an answer to the research question. In this
lab activity, a possible research question that can be investigated using the data collected is: Does
heating a substance result in a physical or a chemical change?

In order to answer this question, the data collected during lab must be analyzed. Data are usually
first described in terms of its composition (how many samples, what type of measurements, etc.)
and then calculations using the data may be performed, graphs constructed, and any patterns in
the data described.

Table 1. Number of Data Sets Collected for each Substance

Potassium Chloride Potassium Chlorate

Step 1: Describe Physical Properties 62 66

Step 2: Heat Substances 38 38

Step 3: Interact Substances with Water 33 26

Step 2 Data Analysis

Table 2. Potassium Chloride Data from Step 2
Mass of Substance before Mass of Residue after Change in Mass upon
Heating (±0.0001 g) Last Heat (±0.0001 g) Heating (g)

1.2217 1.2197 0.0020

Table 3. Change in Mass of Potassium Chloride from Step 2

Mass of Substance before Mass of Residue after Last Percent Change in
Heating (±0.0001 g) Heat (±0.0001 g) Mass upon Heating

1.2217 1.2197 0.1637

Table 4 Formula for Percent Change in Mass Upon Heating
 A B C D E
Mass of Mass of Residue Change in Mass Percent Change
Substance
1 Substance Before After Last Heat upon Heating in Mass upon
Name
Heating (g) (g) (g) Heating
Potassium
2 0.33 0.32 =0.01 =3.03
Chloride
Potassium
3 0.34 0.33 =0.01 2.94
Chloride

Step 3 Data Analysis

In step 3, samples of the substance and the residue from Step 2 were interacted with water. The
data collected in lab included Mass of Substance, Initial Temperature of Water, Final
Temperature of Solution, Temperature Change of Solution, and Solubility in Water.

Data entry errors can occur and need to be corrected before any analysis. If possible, a formula
should be used to calculate the values of new variables. For example, the Temperature Change of
the Solution in the data file could be calculated using a spreadsheet formula rather than entered
by hand.

A B C D E F
Mass of
Substance Substance Initial Temp of Final Temp of Temp Change
1 Substance
Name Type Water (C) Solution (C) of Solution (C)
(g)
Potassium Original
2 0.44 24 21 =(formula)
Chloride Substance

Use cell references to write a formula to calculate the value for “Temp Change of Solution”
located in cell F2 in the table above. The formula you write requires the correct cell references
for the data in row 2 of the table.

Table 5 Formula for Temperature Change of Solution

Formula for F Temp Change of Solution (C)

=E2-D2 -3

Table 6. Solubility Frequency for Potassium Chloride, KCl

Solubility Level Original Substance Residue After Heating

Soluble 11 16

Nearly Soluble 2 1

2
 Somewhat Soluble 0 1

Insoluble 1 1

Table 7. Solubility Frequency for Potassium Chlorate, KClO3

Solubility Level Original Substance Residue After Heating

Soluble 2 8

Nearly Soluble 1 3

Somewhat Soluble 3 2

Insoluble 6 2

Overall Analysis of the Data

Table 8. Average Percent Change in Mass upon Heating

Potassium Chloride, KCl Potassium Chlorate,
KClO3

Average Percent Change in 1.035 40.56

Mass upon Heating

Table 9 Sorting Criteria for Step 3

1st sorting Substance Name, Substance Type, Mass of Substance, Initial Temp of Water,
criterion Final Temp of Solution, Temp Change of Solution, Solubility, Temperature
Change/Mass, None

2nd sorting Substance Name, Substance Type, Mass of Substance, Initial Temp of Water,
criterion Final Temp of Solution, Temp Change of Solution, Solubility, Temperature
Change/Mass, None

3rd sorting Substance Name, Substance Type, Mass of Substance, Initial Temp of Water,
criterion Final Temp of Solution, Temp Change of Solution, Solubility, Temperature
Change/Mass, None

Table 10. Comparison between Original Substance and Residue after Heating of Temperature
changes and Solubility
Potassium Chloride, KCl Potassium Chlorate, KClO3

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 Original Residue after Original Residue after
Substance Heat Substance Heat

Avg Temp Change

of Solution 0.47741 9.9856 -0.1202 -1.2908
/Mass(0C/g)

Most Frequent
Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble
Solubility in Water

Table 11 Statements of Overall Patterns in Data for KCl

Statements of Overall Patterns in Data for KCl greater than less than equal to

After heating, the mass of the residue was (greater X

than, less than, equal to) the mass of the original
substance.

The average temperature change/mass of the solution X

for the residue was (greater than, less than, equal to)
the average temperature change of the solution for
the original substance.

The most frequent solubility of the residue in water X

was (greater than, less than, equal to) the most
frequent solubility of the original substance in water.

Table 12 Statements of Overall Patterns in Data for KClO3

Statements of Overall Patterns in Data for KClO3 greater than less than equal to

After heating, the mass of the residue was (greater X

than, less than, equal to) the mass of the original
substance.

The absolute value of the average temperature X

change/mass of the solution for the residue was
(greater than, less than, equal to) the temperature
change of the solution for the original substance.

The solubility of the residue in water was (greater X

than, less than, equal to) the solubility of the original
substance in water.

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Table 13 Chemical or Physical Change Decision
Substance Chemical Change Physical Change

Potassium Chloride, KCl X

Potassium Chlorate, KClO3 X

Claims are supported by an explanation. A scientific explanation has the following attributes:
evidence (data), logic, and clarity. Your explanation should address these attributes.

You can use all of the data across steps 1, 2, and 3 as evidence for your choice. Your explanation
should specifically cite data from the class data file that compares the original solid to its residue
after heating.

Explain why you selected the type of change that occurs upon heating potassium chloride, KCl.
I chose these types of change because the KCl had the same mass before and after
heating it which means that the difference was more physical and they were both
soluble.

Explain why you selected the type of change that occurs upon heating potassium chlorate,
KClO3.
The KClO3 had a dramatic change to the mass before and after the experiment but the
solubility was the same.

Complete the table below by entering the appropriate data that you personally collected in each
cell.

Table 14. Your Data Steps 1-3

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 Potassium Chloride, KCl Potassium Chlorate, KClO3

Original Residue after Original Residue after

Substance Heat Substance Heat

Mass of Solid
0.299 0.293 0.6972 0.6179
Used (g)

Percent Change By
2.006 11.374
Mass (%)

Temp Change of
Solution -5.016 -1.706 1.434 0.8092
/Mass(0C/g)

Most Frequent Somewhat

Soluble Soluble Insoluble
Solubility in Water Soluble

Type of Change:
Chemical or Physical change Chemical change
Physical?

Compare and contrast your results to the class results. Specifically, state whether your data
indicates results that are the same or different from the class data results.
I noticed that my KClO3 residue was insoluble while most of the class data was soluble
or somewhat soluble.

Look carefully at your personal results in the Table above. Explain why your results are not
identical to the class set of findings. What are possible sources of error?
The only possible error I have is that a lot of the data for the KClO3 residue was
soluble but mine was insoluble so that might be an error.

Scientific Models

Scientists often use models to represent important properties of an object or a process. Models
are drawn to illustrate the primary features, or components, of the object being modeled.

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All models have a purpose in terms of what phenomena they aim to illustrate. For example, the
purpose of the two models below is to illustrate a solid ionic compound at the particulate level.

Model 1 Model 2
Table 15 Comparison of Models
Yes No

Is model #1 different from Model #2? X

Briefly explain why Model #1 and Model #2 are the same or different.
They are different because model 1 is not an ionic compound because the atom charge doesn’t
alternate while model 2 is an ionic compound.

Models are often altered to represent changes that occur during an experiment. For example, in
Step 2 each of the solid ionic compounds was heated to produce a residue.

Suppose Model #2 was used to illustrate solid potassium chloride, KCl, at the particulate level as
potassium ions K+ and chloride ions Cl-.
Table 16 Model Alteration Residue KCl
Yes No

Does this model need to be altered to represent the residue that X

remains after the solid potassium chloride is heated?

Explain and describe the changes to the model or why the model does not require change.
The model would not change because it was only a physical change and not a chemical one
which means that the model would not change but it would only get bigger.

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Suppose Model #2 was used to illustrate solid potassium chlorate, KClO3, at the particulate level
at potassium ions K+ and chlorate ions ClO3-.

Table 17 Model Alteration Residue KClO3

Yes No

Does this model need to be altered to represent the residue that X

remains after the solid potassium chlorate is heated?

Explain and describe the changes to the model, or why the model does not require change.
The model would need to be changed because after KCl was heated there was a chemical
change which means the chemical compound model would need to be changed.