REG PAGI:

1. Definition of literature and text

A. Literature
Klarer (2004:1) says that in most cases, “literature is referred to as the entirety of
written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be
categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word”.
Literature is essentially a reflection of the life of the people who make it. Literature
can also be interpreted as a source or reference used in various activities or activities
in the world of education and related research activities. Literature itself can or can be
interpreted as a reference used to obtain certain information. Literature can also be in
the form of books or all kinds of writings that have clear sources of information.
Types of Literature : Based on Its Nature, Based on Depth Level of Analysis, and by
Placement of Collection Locations

B. Text
Text is an oral discourse in written form that is a non-interactive monologue, while
discourse is interactive. Text is defined as a language expression which according to
content, syntax and pragmatics is a unity (Luxemburg, et al., 1992: 86). According to
the above definition, there are at least three things that must be in a text. The three
things are content, syntax, and pragmatics.
Types of Text : Description text, Exposition text, Explanatory text, Persuasion text,
Narrative text, Biography text.

2. Differences between literature and text.

● Literature improves communication skills and Text will not be enough to help you
improve your grammar.
● Literature is full of human reactions that help children understand the nature and
condition of the human heart. Texts cannot help you understand human emotions,
because in literature there is the soul and heart of the author.
● Literature teaches about the past. The knowledge of citizenship and history is
revealed, we can get the perspective of other cultures and their point of view. Texts
cannot help you in teaching the past. Experience is a very valuable knowledge;
experience can only be obtained from lessons in the past.
● Literature cultivates wisdom and worldview. But Text can't bring up views and
worldviews.

3. Epic and modern novel

Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or
places in ways that are imaginary or inconsistent with history, fact, or plausibility. In a narrow
sense, "fiction" refers to written narratives in prose – often referring specifically to novels,
novellas, and short stories.
● Epic
 An epic is well-defined as a long story in verse dwelling upon an important theme in a
most elegant style and language. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary,
“epic is a long narrative poem in a dignified style about the deeds of a traditional or
historical hero or heroes; typically a poem like Iliad or the Odyssey with certain
formal characteristics.” An epic is much like a ballad in all its features. However, its
length is one thing that differentiates the epic from the ballad. An epic is a long
narrative in verse, while ballad is a short story in verse.
● Novel
Novel is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity
that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected
sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. Within its broad
framework, the genre of the novel has encompassed an extensive range of types and
styles: picaresque, epistolary, Gothic, romantic, realist, historical—to name only some
of the more important ones.
The novel is a genre of fiction, and fiction may be defined as the art or craft of
contriving, through the written word, representations of human life that instruct or
divert or both. The various forms that fiction may take are best seen less as a number
of separate categories than as a continuum or, more accurately, a cline, with some
such brief form as the anecdote at one end of the scale and the longest conceivable
novel at the other.
4. Types of fiction based on the development (epic, romance, novel, short story)
1. Epic
epic is a long narrative poem in a dignified style about the deeds of a traditional or
historical hero or heroes; typically a poem like Iliad or the Odyssey with certain
formal characteristics.” An epic is much like a ballad in all its features. However, its
length is one thing that differentiates the epic from the ballad. An epic is a long
narrative in verse, while ballad is a short story in verse.
2. Novel
Novel is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity
that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected
sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.
3. Novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but
longer than most short stories. The English word novella derives from the Italian
novella meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) facts. US-based
Writers of America defines a novella's word count to be between 17,500 and 40,000
words.

4. Short story
 A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and
focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of
evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest types of literature
and has existed in the form of legends, mythic tales, folk tales, fairy tales, tall tales,
fables and anecdotes in various ancient communities around the world. In terms of
length, word count is typically anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 for short stories.

5. Elements of poetry analysis (rhymes, verses and figurative language)

Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs
rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the number and arrangement of syllables in each
line). In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds, images, and ideas that might be too
complex or abstract to describe directly.

● Figurative Language
Figurative language is any word or phrase that has a meaning besides the dictionary
definition. It refers to the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional
order and meaning in order to convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing,
clarity, or evocative comparison. Figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor,
personification, usually used to make the words of poetry more beautiful. It makes the
poem more interesting and dramatic than the literal meaning.
● Rhyme
The rhyme of poetry is repetition of syllables, typically at the end of a line. Those end
rhymes are organized into patterns or schemas, called rhyme schemes. An example of
a rhyme scheme might look like this :
A (fire)
B (woods)
A (liar)
B (hoods)
Lots of people believe poetry must rhyme,but an exploration of the work of many
modern poets reveals poems that don’t rhyme at all, or play with more traditional
rhyme schemes. Comic verse is the type of contemporary poetry that is most likely to
rhyme.
● Rhythm
In poetry, it is the patterned recurrence, within a certain range of regularity, of specific
language features, usually features of sound. Rhythm can be described as the beat of
the poem. It can be created by using the same number of words or syllables in each
line of a poem. Sometimes poets use repetition of sounds or patterns to create a
musical effect in their poems. The poet may choose his letters to give the poem a soft
or sharp sound.
● Stanza
Stanza is the lines in a poem are often divided into sections that look like a kind of
paragraph. Stanzas are separated from other stanzas by line breaks. In poetry, a stanza
is used to describe the main building block of a poem. There are also the stanzas,
 whose name comes from the Italian “stanza” and refers to a stanza composed of six
verses of 11 syllables and 7 syllables with rhyme consonant, which is repeated
throughout the poem recurrently.

6. Literary appreciation experience

Literary Appreciation Experience is one of the most potent things to consider when the term
Literature comes up for deliberation. It is inseparable from the characteristic nature of
literature itself. Literally, appreciation of literature and literary works is an attempt to make
literary works more valuable. Literary appreciation helps to deduce the meaning behind these
works, as well as their importance, their imitation of life as literary works, the values,
motivations, beliefs that are inherent in the works. It also allows the reader to have a better
grasp of the writer's psychological emotions or attitude towards his or her works.

7. The development of drama

A drama is a type of literature that is written for the purpose of being performed in front of an
audience. This type of writing is written in the form of a script, and the story is told through
the lines of the characters played by actors. Drama has two very different meanings. In
modern pop culture, it means a genre of film or television that deals with serious, often
negative, emotions. It’s the opposite of comedy, which is just for laughs. Drama refers only to
film and television, not novels or other purely written art forms.

8. Drama and film as performing art

Drama is an art form that explores human conflict and tension. It generally takes the form of
a story presented to an audience through dialogue and action. And then Film is the result of
the creation of works of art that have many elements of art in order to complement spiritual
needs. drama and film are often categorized under the heading performing arts because they
use actors as their major means of expression.

Review Literature
1. The novel emerged as the most important form of prose fiction in the 18th century in
England.
2. In spite of their differing forms and media, drama and film are often categorized
under the heading performing arts because they use actors as their major means of
expression.
3. Stanza is used to describe the main building block of a poem. It is a unit of poetry
composed of line that relate to a similar thought or topic like a paragraph in prose or a
verse in a song.
4. These are two types of characters Typefied and individualized.
5. Drama, epic, poetry are the three traditional literary genres, except film.
6. Literature can easily be distinguished by its aesthetic value.
7. A leaf falls loneliness, wings and the altar are examples of concrete poetry, except
cuckoo song.
8. Alliteration and Assonance belong to Internal rhyme.
9. Flashback and Foreshadowing belong to the elements of plot
10. Plots, characters, narrative perspective, setting are the four elements of fiction.
11. Exposition-complication-climax or turning point-resolution. This is known as plot.
12. Drama has its roots in cultic-ritual practice, some features of which were still present
in stylized form in the classical Greek drama of the 5th century BC.
13. Explanatory and dramatic presentation are two different methods of presentation.
14. Catalogs, manuals, newspapers, sermons, and scholarly writings are classified as text
types.
15. There are 3 most common manifestations of narrative perspectives in prose fiction.
16. Narrative poetry includes genres such as the epic long poem, the romance and the
ballad, which tell stories with clearly developed, structured plots.
17. A) First person narration renders the action as seen through a participating figure, who
refers to her or himself in the first person.
B) Texts with an omniscient point of view refer to the acting figures in the third
person and present the action from an all knowing, Godlike perspective.
C) In the figural narrative situation, the narrator moves into the background,
suggesting that the plot is revealed solely through the actions of the characters in the
text.
These statements on narrative perspective are true, except The third person narrative
can adopt the point of view either of the protagonist or of a minor figure.
18. The genre of poetry is often subdivided into 2 major categories.
19. Visual dimension of poetry is related to concrete poetry and stanza.
20. Rhetorical figures in poetry refers to the use of figurative language such as metaphor
and simile.
21. Lyric poetry, this type of poetry is mainly concerned with one event, impression or
idea.
22. Discourse refers to a variety of written and oral manifestations which share common
thematic or structural features.
23. Poem
Cold in the earth-and in the deep snow piled above thee,
Far, far removed, cold in the dreary grave!
Have I forgot, my only Love, to love three,
Served at last by Time's all-severing wave?
The rhyme used is end rhyme.
24. End rhyme is based on identical syllables at the end of certain lines.
25. Visual and acoustic are the main elements of literary works.
26. Narrative perspective characterizes the way in which a text presents persons, events,
and settings.
27. Setting denotes the location, historical period, and social surroundings in which the
action of a text develops.
28. Montage as a filmic technique which creates effects similar to the use of the rhetorical
figures of metaphor and simile in literature.
29. Cuckoo song, against a wen, the altar, these are the examples of lyric poetry, except
beowulf.
30. Epic is the precursor of fiction. It sets around a hero who has to fulfill a number of
tasks of national or cosmic significance in a multiplicity of episodes. It is written in
lines,
31. In the middle ages, there were 2 religious plays. There are allegorical or biblical
themes which are adapted from Christian liturgy and dramatized for performance in
front of churches and in the yard of inns.
32. There are 3 types of rhymes
33. Poem
Then reached the caverns measureless to man,
And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:
And mid this tumult kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war!
The rhyme used in the 1st and 2nd line is eye rhyme.
34. Imagery is used to achieve a pictorial effect so that readers can feel, see, or taste the
object in poetry.
35. Drama is form of literary genre that combines both visual and acoustic elements.
36. There are 3 important elements in poetry.
37. The rhythmic acoustic dimension refers to meter and rhyme.
38. Verbal imitation of natural sounds usually found in poetry is onomatopoeia.
39. These are the three interdependent levels of a play/drama. They are text,
transformation, performance.
40. These statements on film is correct
● The most obvious difference between film and drama is the fact that a film is
recorded and preserved rather than individually staged in the unique and
unrepeatable manner of a theater performance.
● Films, and particularly video tapes, are like novels, which in theory can be
repeatedly read, or viewed.
● Drama and film are often categorized under the heading performing arts
because they are use actors as their major means of expression
except character, plot and setting are the main elements of drama.