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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

OCTOBER 19, 2022

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department 1

Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
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EXPERIMENT ONE
Introduction to Electrical Measurements & Resistor Color Coding

Below are the things to note on Experiment 1

• Due to pandemic, we will just conduct a simulation of the experiment. Hence, some of
the written objectives on Experiment 1 will not be achieved. Also, modification is needed
since some of materials and electrical instruments is not available like the real resistors,
potentiometer and multimeter. So, some part of the experiment will be omitted.

• Read all the contents especially the theory part.

IMPORTANT
• In item IV Procedures, Run 1, since you cannot buy resistors outside, just read the
resistors below and record your answer in Table 1.2. In the table, just leave the rows of
measured value and %difference blank since you do not have actual resistors to be
measured by ohmmeter.

RESISTOR COLOR CODING.

Write the value of the resistor on Table 1.2.

2. Green-Red-Gold-Silver 3. White-Violet-Black
1. Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold

4. Brown-Green-Grey-Silver- 5. Brown-Black-Brown-Gold 6. Red-Red-Yellow-Gold

Red

• Also leave Table 1.3 blank.

• Complete Table 1.4.
• Submit your group preliminary report after you conducted the experiment and your
individual final report a week after you conducted the experiment.

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• Every report must have cover page. Read rules in making experiment and preliminary
report to know what the cover page must contain.

EXPERIMENT ONE
Introduction to Electrical Measurements & Resistor Color Coding

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the value of resistors from their color code and compare them to ohmmeter
reading.
2. To measure the resistance across each combination of two of the three terminals of a
potentiometer and observe the range of resistance change as the shaft is varied throughout
its entire range.
3. To be familiar with the connection, use and operation of the DC voltmeter and ammeter.

II. THEORY
Resistance is the measure of the opposition to the flow of charge through a material. The unit of
resistance is OHM, given by the symbol , the Greek letter omega. For carbon resistors, the resistance
values are indicated by a standard color code adopted by manufacturers. This code involves the use of
color bands on the body of the resistor. This is used for 1/4, 1/2, 1-, 2-, and 3-watts resistors. A carbon
resistor is shown in Fig.1.1. Note the color bands. The first band tells the first significant figure. The second
tells the second significant figure. The third band is the multiplier, and the fourth band is the tolerance.
The absence of a fourth band in carbon resistor means a ±20% tolerance. In the case of resistor whose
value is less than one ohm, the multiplier is silver (band or dot), while for resistor whose value is greater
than one but less than ten ohms, the multiplier is gold. Refer to Table 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 RESISTOR COLOR CODE

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Wire wound, high wattage resistor is usually not color coded but has its value and wattage rating
printed on its body. Wire wound resistors with brown color are insulated while those with black body
color are not insulated. In writing the values of resistors, the following designations are employed: K is a
multiplier which stands for 1,000 and M stands for 1,000,000.
In addition to fixed-value resistors, variable resistors are used extensively in electronics. There
are two types of variable resistors, the rheostat and the potentiometer. Volume controls used in radio
and the contrast and brightness controls of television receivers are typical examples of potentiometers.
A rheostat is essentially a two-terminal device whose schematic symbol is shown in Figure 1.2. It
has a maximum value of resistance specified by the manufacturer and its minimum value is usually equal
to zero. The arrowhead in Figure 1.2 indicates a mechanical means of adjusting the rheostat so that the
resistance, measured between points A and B can be set to any intermediate value within the range of
variation.
The schematic symbol for a potentiometer is shown in Figure 1.3. This is essentially a three-
terminal device. The resistance between points A & B is fixed and point C is the variable arm of the
potentiometer. The arm is a metal contactor which moves along the uninsulated surface of the resistance
element, selecting different lengths of resistive surface. Thus, the longer is the surface of the resistance
between points A and C, the greater is its resistance between points. Similarly, the resistance between
points A and C varies as the length of the element included between points A and C.

A potentiometer maybe used as a rheostat if the center arms and one of the end terminals are
connected into the circuit, and the other end terminal is left disconnected. Another method of converting
a potentiometer into a rheostat is to connect a piece of hook wire between the arm and one of the end
terminals, for example C connected to A. The points B and C now serve as the terminals of a rheostat.

MEASURING RESISTANCE
One of the functions of a VOM (Volt-ohmmeter-milliammeter) is to measure resistance. Each
manufacturer provides operating instructions for the use of this instrument. Hence, it will be necessary to

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refer to the instruction manual before using any VOM. A student should be thoroughly familiar with the
operation of the ohmmeter function before he attempts to use it in this experiment.
To measure resistance, the function switch should be set to ohms. Next, the student should adjust
to their settings the ohm zero controls of the meter. He is now ready to measure resistance. If the meter
reading is zero, the points are said to be “short-circuited” while if the meter pointer does not move, the
points are said to be “open-circuited.”
Usually the ohm-scale is non-linear, that is, the arc distance between consecutive graduations is
not equal. Thus, the arc distance between 0 and 1 is much greater than the distance between 9 and 10,
through each arc represents in this case a change of 1 ohm. Note that the ohms scale becomes fairly
crowded to the right of the 100 ohms division. If a resistance greater than 100 ohms is to be measured
with some degree of accuracy, the meter range should be switched to x10, x100, x1K, or x10K depending
on the actual resistance to be measured. In the x10 range, any reading made on the basic scale must be
multiplied by 10. In the x100 range, the reading must be multiplied by 100, and so on for the rest of the
ranges.

TABLE 1.1 RESISTOR COLOR CODE CHART

COLOR SIGNIFICANT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
FIGURE
BLACK 0 1 -
BROWN 1 10 -
RED 2 100 -
ORANGE 3 1000 -
YELLOW 4 10000 -
GREEN 5 100000 -
BLUE 6 1000000 -
VIOLET 7 10000000 -
GRAY 8 100000000 -
WHITE 9 1000000000 -
GOLD - 0.1 ±5%
SILVER - 0.01 ±10%
NO COLOR - - ±20%

DC VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS

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Difference of potential or voltage is the work necessary to move a unit charge of electricity from
one point to the other of an electric circuit. The rate of flow of electric charge is called current. The
mechanical analogy of voltage and current in a hydraulic system are pressure and the rate of water flow,
respectively. Current will not flow if the potential difference is not existing, as water cannot flow if there
is no pressure in a hydraulic system. Voltage and current are ordinarily measured by a voltmeter and an
ammeter, respectively.
Direct Current instruments work on the principle of motor action. When a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, force is developed on the conductor. The direction of force is
governed by the law of electromagnetic induction. Current flow in the moving coils through the spiral
springs. The permanent magnets produce the magnetic flux that caused force to be developed in the
moving coil when it rotates. The pointer is pivoted on jeweled bearings. The scales are calibrated to
indicate voltage or current. The zero adjusting screw adjusts the position of the pointer to exactly zero on
the scale. The antiparallax mirror enables one to read the meter accuracy. For correct reading, the pointer
and its shadow on the mirror should coincide.
Voltage is ordinarily measured by a voltmeter. In a voltmeter, a very high resistance is connected
in series with the moving coil to limit the current. Thus, when a voltmeter is connected across the lines or
devices, the current that it takes is very small and, in most cases, negligible compared to the current in
the circuit.
When measuring current in a line, an ammeter is used. The construction of the moving coil
assembly of an ammeter is similar to that of the voltmeter. Shunt resistors of very small values are
connected across the moving coil to bypass most of the current which should otherwise flow through the
coil. The resistance of an ammeter is therefore very small. Because of this, ammeters cannot be connected
across a source of voltage.
As a rule, a voltmeter must be connected across the lines or devices, while an ammeter must be
connected in series with the load. The polarity of the meters must be considered when taking DC
measurements. A wrong polarity will move the pointer backward and may cause the pointer to be bent.
The instruments must be handled with care since these are delicate. Rough handling may affect the
accuracy of the meter. If the quantities to be measured are not yet approximated, the meter must be set
at its highest range. The range of a voltmeter maybe extended by connecting an additional resistor in
series with the instrument. In the case of an ammeter, the range is extended by connecting resistors
across the instruments.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
1 Analog VOM
5 Assorted Color-Coded Carbon Resistor (1w)
1 10K Potentiometer
1 Breadboard
1 Variable DC Power Supply
Connecting Wires

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IV. PROCEDURES

RUN I: THE COLOR-CODED CARBON RESISTOR

1. Determine the value of each resistor from their color codes. Fill in the information required
for Table 1.2.
2. Using the VOM, zero adjust the ohmmeter and measure the resistance of each resistor with
the ohmmeter. Record the readings in Table 1.2.
3. Compute the percentage difference between the color-coded value and the measured value
and record them in Table 1.2. They should agree within the tolerance range of the resistor.

RUN II: THE POTENTIOMETER

1. Examine the potentiometer. Orient it so that the rotatable shaft comes out toward you. Call
the terminals of the potentiometer A, B and C as in Fig 1.3. Measure and record in Table 1.3
the total resistance between A and B (Rab). Vary the arm of the potentiometer while keeping
the ohmmeter connected across AB. Does the total resistance vary?
2. Connect the ohmmeter terminals across AC. Turn the potentiometer control completely
clockwise. Measure and record the resistance between AC (Rac) and between BC (rbc).
Compute and record the value of Rac + Rbc.
3. Now observe how the resistance Rac varies as the potentiometer is turned from its clockwise
position to complete counterclockwise position. How does Rbc varies over this range? Record
the clockwise and counterclockwise values for Rac and Rbc. Compute and record Rac + Rbc in
each case.
4. Set the control one quarter of the way clockwise. Measure and record Rac and Rbc in Table
1.3. Compute and record Rac + Rbc.
5. Set the control three-quarters of the way clockwise. Measure and record Rac and Rbc in Table
1.3. Compute and record Rac + Rbc.

RUN III: CONNECTING THE VOLTMETER AND AMMETER

1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.4. Choose an appropriate value of resistor.
2. Adjust the DC supply voltage to 20V. Measure and record the value of voltage and current in
Table 1.4 as indicated by the voltmeter and the ammeter.

3. Repeat step 2 for the other four remaining resistors.

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Figure 1.4 EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUIT

V. DATA AND RESULTS

TABLE 1.2
RESISTOR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1st color 4 = YELLOW GREEN = 5 WHITE = 9 BROWN = BROWN = 1 RED = 2 ORANGE ORANGE
1 =3 =3
2nd color 7 = VIOLET RED = 2 VIOLET = 7 GREEN = 5 BLACK = 0 RED = 2 WHITE = 9 ORANGE =
3
3rd color ORANGE = GOLD = BLACK = GRAY = 8 BROWN = YELLOW = BROWN = BROWN =
x 1000 Ω x 0.1 Ω x1Ω x 10 Ω X 10,000 Ω X 10 X 10
4th color SILVER =
X 0.01 Ω

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tolerance ± 5% ± 10% ± 20% ± 2% ± 5% ± 5% ± 10% ± 5%
GOLD SILVER N/A RED GOLD GOLD Silver GOLD
coded 47 kΩ 5.2 Ω 97 Ω 1.58 Ω 100 Ω 220 kΩ 390Ω 330Ω
value
Range: Range: Range: Range: Range: Range: Range: Range:
44.65 k Ω to 4.68 Ω to 77.6 Ω to 1.55 Ω to 95 Ω to 105 209 kΩ to 351Ω to 313.5 Ω to
49.35 k Ω 5.72 Ω 116.4 Ω 1.61 Ω Ω 231 kΩ 429Ω 346.5 Ω
measured 350 Ω 296 Ω
values
% 10.81% 10.86%
Difference

TABLE 1.3
STEP POTENTIOMETER Rab Rbc Rca Rac + Rbc
SETTING Computed Value
1 vary over its range 9.65k Ω X X X
2 Completely CCW X .05k Ω 9.72k Ω 9.77 kΩ
3 CCW TO CW X 0.02k Ω 9.78k Ω 9.80 kΩ
4 ¼ CW X 9.45k Ω 0.37 kΩ 9.82 kΩ
5 ¾ CW X 6.37k Ω 3.39k Ω 9.76 kΩ

TABLE 1.4
RESISTANCE 47 kΩ 5.2 97 Ω 1.58 Ω 100 220 kΩ 390 330 Ω
Ω Ω
VOLTAGE 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V
CURRENT 425.52 uA or 3.85 206.19 12.66A 0.2A 90 μA or 51.28mA 60.61mA
0.0004255319 A mA 0.0000909091
A A

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VI. COMPUTATIONS
FOR TABLE 1.2
ST
1 RESISTOR

• YELLOW – 4
• VIOLET – 7
• ORANGE – x1000Ω
• GOLD - ± 5%
RESISTANCE = 47 x 1000 = 47kΩ

TOLERANCE
Prepared by: Engr. Edwin = (47000
C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Ω)(0.05)
Department = 2,350 10
RANGE = 44.65 kΩ to 49.35kΩ
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nd
2 RESISTOR

• GREEN – 5
• RED – 2
• GOLD – x 0.1Ω
• SILVER - ± 10%
RESISTANCE = 52 x 0.1 = 5.2Ω

TOLERANCE = (5.2 Ω) (0.10) = 0.52

RANGE = 4.68 Ω to 5.72 Ω

RD
3 RESISTOR

• WHITE – 9
• VIOLET – 7
• BLACK – x 1Ω
RESISTANCE = 97 x 1Ω = 97 Ω

TOLERANCE = (97 Ω)(0.20) = 19.4

RANGE = 77.6Ω to 116.4Ω

th
4 RESISTOR

• BROWN – 1
• GREEN – 5
• GRAY – 8
• SILVER – x 0.01
• RED - ± 2%
RESISTANCE = 158 x 0.01 = 1.58 Ω

TOLERANCE = (1.58 Ω)(0.02) = 0.0316

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RANGE = 1.55 Ω to 1.61 Ω
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th
5 RESISTOR

• BROWN – 1
• BLACK – 0
• BROWN – x 10Ω
• GOLD - ± 5%
RESISTANCE = 10 x 10 = 100Ω

TOLERANCE = (100 Ω)(0.05) = 0.5

RANGE
th = 9.5 Ω to 10.5 Ω
6 RESISTOR

• RED – 2
• RED – 2
• YELLOW – x 10 kΩ
• GOLD - ± 5%
RESISTANCE = 22 x 10,000 = 220 kΩ

TOLERANCE = (220 kΩ)(0.05) = 11,000

RANGE = 209 kΩ to 231 kΩ

th
7 RESISTOR

• ORANGE – 3
• WHITE – 9
• BROWN – x 10 Ω
• SILVER - ± 10%
MEASURED VALUE = 350 Ω

COLOR CODED VALUE = 39 X 10 = 390Ω

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TOLERANCE = (390 Ω)(0.10) = 39
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th
8 RESISTOR

• ORANGE – 3
• ORANGE – 3
• BROWN – x 10 Ω
• GOLD - ± 5%
MEASURED VALUE = 296 Ω

COLOR CODED VALUE = 33 X 10 = 330Ω

TOLERANCE = (330 Ω)(0.05) = 16.5

RANGE = 313.5 Ω to 346.5 Ω

PERCENT DIFFERENCE:
𝑉1−𝑉2
𝑉1+𝑉2 𝑥 100
( )
2
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330 − 296
330+296 𝑥 100 = 10.86%
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FOR TABLE 1.3

2. COMPLETELY CW: 3. CCW TO CW:

Rac = 9.72 kΩ Rac = 9.78 kΩ

Rbc = 0.05 kΩ Rbc = 0.02 kΩ

Rac + Rab = 9.77 kΩ Rac + Rab = 9.80 kΩ

4. ¼ CW: 5. ¾ CW:
Rac = 9.45 kΩ Rac = 6.37 kΩ
Rbc = 0.37 kΩ Rbc = 3.39 kΩ
Rac + Rab = 9.82 kΩ Rac + Rab = 9.76 kΩ

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FOR TABLE 1.4

FIND CURRENT I = ? FIND CURRENT I = ?

1. R = 47kΩ E = 20V 2. R = 5.2Ω E = 20V
Soln: I = V/R Soln: I = V/R
20V 20V
I = 47kΩ I = 5.2Ω

I = 425.53 μA I = 3.85A

FIND CURRENT I = ? FIND CURRENT I = ?

3. R = 97Ω E = 20V 4. R = 1.58Ω E = 20V

Soln: I = V/R Soln: I = V/R

20V 20V
I = 97Ω I = 1.58Ω

I = 206.19 mA I = 12.66 A

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FIND CURRENT I = ? FIND CURRENT I = ?

5. R = 100Ω E = 20V 6. R = 220kΩ E = 20V
Soln: I = V/R Soln: I = V/R
20V 20V
I = 100Ω I = 220 kΩ

I = 0.2 A I = 90.91 μA

FIND CURRENT I = ? FIND CURRENT I = ?

7. R = 390Ω E = 20V 8. R = 330Ω E = 20V

Soln: I = V/R Soln: I = V/R

20V 20V
I = 390 Ω I = 330 Ω

I = 51.28 mA I = 60.61 mA

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TABLE 1.4

RESISTOR 1 RESISTOR 2

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RESISTOR 4
RESISTOR 3

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RESISTOR 5 RESISTOR 6

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RESISTOR 7 RESISTOR 8

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VII. CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we learned how to determine the value of resistors by evaluating the value of
color bands in the resistor with the help of a color code chart. During the experiment, we experienced
problems. However, analyzing and researching the resistors helped to overcome the struggle.
Unfortunately, we are in a pandemic, so there are parts of the experiment that we can't solve because
there is a lack of tools like a multimeter to know the measured value of a resistor. Moreover, we learned
how to measure Potentiometer; the experiment shows that the value of Resistor A and B(RAB) ranges
from 9.65 to 9.67; A and C (RAC) shows different value depending on the rotation, and B and C (RBC) value
varies also depends on the rotation. After that, we solve their Computed value, and as mentioned, there
are conditions such as the Potentiometer being in a clockwise position, Counterclockwise, 1/4clockwise,
and lastly ¾, clockwise.

Furthermore, we solve the current and voltage value in table 1.4 by using Ohm's Law. The voltage
value is already given, so current is the only value computed. As a result, the current in R1 = 425.52 μA;
R2 = 3.85A; R3 = 206.19mA; R4 = 12.66A, R5 = 0.2A; R6 = 90μA; R7 = 51.28mA; and R8 = 60.61mA. Lastly,
we learned a lot in this experiment. However, we can't fully expand our knowledge because we lack actual
experiment resistors and the experience to understand how to measure a resistor. Although overall, it
was still helpful in improving our knowledge about the resistor.

To conclude, our addition/recommendation for the improvement of this experiment is to have an

actual investigation so we can gain experience and helps the progress of the students when it comes to
fieldwork. However, this should be done with limited students since we are in a pandemic.

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VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Give the color code of the following carbon resistors.

a. 0.73-ohm = VIOLET – ORANGE – SILVER
b. 490 ohms = YELLOW – WHITE – BROWN
c. 5.6 ohms = GREEN – BLUE – GOLD
d. 62,000 ohms = BLUE – RED – ORANGE

2. An ammeter and a voltmeter of suitable ranges are to be used to measure the current and voltage
of an electric lamp. If mistakes were made and meters interchanged, what will happen?

Ans:
An ammeter is generally used for measuring current on a circuit that's why it has
low resistance and is connected in a series circuit. In contrast, a voltmeter is used to measure
voltage, has high resistance, and is used on a parallel connection. Moreover, if the ammeter is
used to measure voltage and is connected to a parallel circuit the the ammeter will be damaged
and a short circuit may occur. Furthermore, a voltmeter is used to measure current and connect
to series, the current measured will be zero and the reading of the voltmeter will be zero due to
its high resistance.

3. An ammeter has a resistance of 0.0075 Ω reads up to 15 A. What resistance shunt is needed to

make a full-scale deflection of 150 A?

SOLUTION:
R = V/I AND V = I(R)
15 A (0.0075 Ω)
R= 150A
-4
R = 7.5 x 10 Ω

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4. A 50-mV meter has a resistance of 10 Ω. A multiplier has been inserted to produce a voltmeter of
range 5 V. How can the multiplier be modified so that the new meter will have a range of 15 V?

Given:

Vm = 50mV

Rm = 10 Ω

V1 = 5V

For Multiplier (5V)

𝑉 5 5000
M = 𝑉𝑚 = 50 𝑥 10^−3 = = 100 multiplier
50

Series resistance = Rs = (m-1) Rm = (100-1) 10 = 990Ω

Multiplier (15 Vm)

𝑉 -3
If we increase the range up to 15Vm = 𝑉𝑚
= 15/50 x 10 = 300 Multiplier

Total Series Resistance = (300-1)10 = 299 x 10 = 2990Ω

Multiplier can be modified if we change 5v to 15V

= 2990 Ω – 990 Ω = 2000Ω

5. How does a potentiometer differ from rheostat?

Ans:
Potentiometers have a three-terminal resistor that allows us to change the resistance. The middle
of the terminal resistor is called an output with the wiper, so you can turn the knob to change the
resistance from zero to maximum. A potentiometer works as a rheostat or voltage divider; its function is
to adjust the speed of a motor, the loudness of music coming out in the amplifier system, and the
frequency. Moreover, examples are applied in television to adjust the volume and joysticks. Meanwhile,
Rheostats are used for handling much higher voltage and currents and have two terminals and a moveable
wiper that can change the resistance.

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department 23