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Enggmath 4 Module Print

This course focuses on integral calculus, which is the inverse operation of differential calculus. Students will learn to evaluate integrals of different functions and apply integration to solve practical problems involving areas, volumes, and centroids. The course aims to help students achieve two learning outcomes: 1) Apply the concept of integrals to properly integrate any given function and solve elementary integral calculus problems, and 2) Analyze and solve engineering problems related to the application of integral calculus. Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Gottfrey Leibniz independently founded calculus in 1665-1666 while they were university students.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

7K views116 pages

Enggmath 4 Module Print

Uploaded by

khael

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MODULE IN

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

ENGGMATH 4

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1
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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Title Page i
Course Overview 1

Module and Unit Topics 4

Course Study Guide 6

Study Schedule 8
Evaluation Guide 21

Formative Assessment Activities 22

Summative Assessment Activities 22
Technological Tools 23
Grading System 23
Course References 23
Contact Information of the Facilitators 24
Rubric for Evaluation 24

Module I Unit 1 25
Module I Unit 2 31
Module II Unit 3 38
Module II Unit 4 45
Module III Unit 5 52
Module III Unit 6 57
Module IV Unit 7 65
Module IV Unit 8 75
Module V Unit 9 79
Module V Unit 10 91
Module VI Unit 11 100
Module VI Unit 12 107

This course focuses on the second

branch of Calculus, which is the Integral
Calculus. You will find out that Integral
Calculus is just the inverse operation of
Differential Calculus. Therefore, the tools of
integration, or the formulas will be familiar
to you, as most of them have just been
derived from the differentiation formulas.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The course learning outcomes are stated
Source: Clipart-alamy stock photo as follows:

CLO 1: Apply the concept of

integrals, the methodology of
properly integrating any given
function to solve elementary
Integral Calculus problems.

CLO 2: Analyze and solve

Engineering Problems related to the
INTEGRAL CALCULUS application of Integral Calculus.

COURSE

OVERVIEW
This course focuses on the second branch of Calculus, which is the Integral Calculus.
You will find out that Integral Calculus is just the inverse operation of Differential Calculus.
Therefore, the tools of integration, or the formulas will be familiar to you, as most of them have
just been derived from the differentiation formulas.

Aside from learning to evaluate integrals of different functions, you will also learn how
to apply the concept of integration in solving some practical applications- like calculating
areas, volumes, and centroids. These topics are important in studying the major courses in
electrical engineering, as well as in the practice of your career after graduation.

Both Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Gottfrey Leibniz founded the Calculus in 1665-1666. Both were
university students during that time, Newton being 23 years old and Leibniz, 20. Some accounts in history
state that the Calculus (literally translated as “small stone” used for counting), was invented
independently by both mathematicians during the great plague of 1664-1666, while in self-isolation - a
brilliant way to be productive during quarantine!
Reference: https://www.math.uh.edu/~tomforde/calchistory.html
Module and Unit Topics

To ensure that you will demonstrate the above-cited course learning outcome at the end of the
semester, this course designed to be delivered in 72 contact hours was structured into six modules.
Each module contains two (2) learning units with its topic learning outcomes, each designed using the
5E constructivist model of learning, developed by Rodger Bybee, that encourages students to engage,
explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate their knowledge of topics covered therein. It means that at
the end of each unit, each module, and the course as a whole, you will be assessed on your progress
in attaining the course learning outcomes. Outcomes-based education dictates that only when you
can demonstrate the course learning outcomes by the end of this course, can you be given a passing
mark. The modules that form the building blocks to help you attain the course learning outcomes are
as follows:

MODULE 1: Fundamental Integration Formulas I

This module contains the introductory topics to integral calculus, specifically on bridging from
the concept of differentiation to integration. The basic integration formulas are introduced here. Also,

MODULE II Fundamental Integration Formulas II

This module contains the next set of integration formulas that you may use to integrate a given
function. You need to further study the properties of a given integrand so that you can decide which
among the formulas you now know, is appropriate to use. Hence you will find the term, “Evaluate the
integral” in the solved exercises. Unit 3 covers Logarithmic and Exponential Functions while Unit 4 covers
Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas and Inverse Trigonometric Formulas.

MODULE III: Some Techniques of Integration

In this module, you will learn the different techniques that can be done to transform a complex
term to a term (or set of terms) that is simpler to integrate. These are called ”techniques”, since they
are suggested approaches that can be applied in integrating functions that involve special terms. Unit
5 covers Integration by Parts while Unit 6 covers Integration by Substitutions.

MODULE IV: Other Techniques of Integration and The Definite Integral

In this module, you will learn another technique of evaluating the integral of complex fractions
by resolving them into simpler, more easily integrable fractions. Also, the concept of the definite
integral (with limits) is introduced here, and a prescribed formula will be suggested for evaluating
definite integrals of common functions with specified limits. Unit 7 covers Partial Fractions while Unit 8
covers Definite Integrals and Wallis’ Formula.

MODULE V: Applications of Integration

Here, you will be introduced to the applications of integral calculus in the field of engineering.
In real-world scenarios, many objects, whether natural or man-made, small or huge, come in different
shapes and sizes. Integral calculus gives us a way to compute areas and volumes of objects, both
regular and irregular in shape. You will find out that some common objects that we see everyday are
actually solids of revolution. In Unit 9, we start with calculations of plane areas, then move on to Unit
10, where we tackle the first two methods of solving for volumes of solids of revolution.

MODULE VI: Other Applications of Integration

Module VI covers other applications of integral calculus where the concept of areas, volumes and
definite integration are still applied. Although there are still numerous applications of integration, the
topics discussed here are the ones chosen for you to accomplish the topic learning outcomes
identified. Unit 11 covers Solids of Revolution: Cylindrical Shell and Centroid of a Plane Area while Unit
12 covers Iterated Integrals.
5

What you need to prepare before starting the course:

1. A designated learning space – You need to assign a quiet and comfortable space where you can
learn the materials and do the assigned activities. Keep your things (books, notebooks, papers, etc.)
organized. You don’t need distractions now, as you are in a self-paced, independent learning mode.

2. Notebook – Although you are in distance learning, having a notebook (whether bought or recycled)
is still helpful to keep a record of your learnings, solutions, comments, or questions. You will need these
for your review later on. Also gather some scrap papers that you can use for solving.

3. Write ALL the differentiation formulas (that you learned in differential calculus) in the first two (or
more) pages of your notebook. This will serve as your guide to determine the appropriate integrating
formula to use.

Study guide:

From numerous educational researches conducted in the past, the most effective way for a
student to learn is to “learn by doing”. Evidences have shown that achievement and retention are
highest in students who are actively engaged in their own learning- such is the case in Distance
Learning Education.

To aid you through independent learning, I have designed learning modules which you should
be able to accomplish with minimum intervention from me, your teacher. The topics are grouped into
smaller units, complete with explanations, illustrations, step-by-step solutions and interpretations to aid
you in studying each part and synthesizing what you have learned. Assignments are also given at the
end of each lesson to check your learnings.

To successfully finish each module, please follow this guide:

1. Study the lessons in the sequence presented in each material.

2. I have identified a student learning time to complete each lesson (including the activities), in
accordance with the time allotment in the syllabus. You can take more time if you need to, but still
follow the due dates for the submission of the activities.

3. After studying the topics in the module, and before answering the assigned activities to you, answer
all the Concept Checks that you see in each lesson. This is to test your understanding of the topic and
procedure in solving.

4. If you are able to answer all the Concept Checks correctly, you are ready to solve the assignment
for the module. If not, you need to review the module again to see which points you must have missed.
If you have properly worked on correcting your mistakes, proceed to the assignment. Write all your
solutions neatly on one (1) bond paper only for each activity, folded lengthwise in the middle. Use the
left side of the paper first, write downwards. When the left side is full, you can use the right side of your
paper. Scan/take 1 picture of the entire page and send it through our Google classroom.

5. Aside from the assignment, you will also be given a quiz after each module. Again, write all your
solutions neatly on one (1) bond paper only for each quiz, folded lengthwise in the middle. Use the left

6. Do not proceed to the next module unless you have finished and submitted all the activities of the
module before that. This will make your deliverables more manageable and help avoid stockpiling of
your requirements.

7. We will have a class correspondence and consultation via Google class once a week. I will also be
announcing reminders through Google classroom. Aside from this, you can communicate with me via
Google class or fb messenger for any clarifications on the modules and tasks.

8. Follow instructions! This will save you and me a lot of time, money and effort. God bless your journey
through distance learning!!!

Additional Guidelines for Offline Students:

 If you are a student opting for the offline mode of distance learning, you will be tasked
to send back the accomplished requirements at given stages of the course through
express mail correspondence on or before the scheduled date to me. Make sure you
will follow it up with me through text or any other media available for you.
 While waiting for my feedback of your accomplished requirements, continue doing the
task in the succeeding units of the module.
 If needed, do not hesitate to keep in touch with me through any available means.
Remember, if there is a will, there is a way.

Study Schedule
Below are details in the conduct of this course arranged in chronological order vis-à-vis the topic
learning outcomes and activities designed for you to undergo the five stages of the 5E constructivist
learning model.

Dates TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES ACTIVITIES

MODULE 1 Fundamental Integration Formulas I

UNIT 1 Integration; The Power Formula

At the end of Unit 1, you must be Engage
able to:
Write ALL the differentiation
formulas (that you learned in
differential calculus) in the first two
TLO 1: Identify the general
(or more) pages of your notebook.
concept of integration and its
Review the formulas as you go on
properties.
with writing them.

Explain

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study the following topics:
Antidifferentiation, Theorems of
Antidifferentiation, The General
Power Formula on pages 314-319

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville, study:
Chapter 8: Integration; The
Indefinite Integral; General
Properties of Indefinite Integrals;
The Power Formula on pages 94-99

Elaborate

Do the assignment at the end of

the unit. This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluate

Formative evaluation: Answer

Concept Check 1 and 2

Summative Evaluation:

UNIT 2 Trigonometric Formulas

At the end of Unit 2, you must be Engage :
able to:
Review your differentiation
formulas for trigonometric
functions, as the integration
TLO 2: Use the appropriate
formulas have been derived from
integration formulas in evaluating
here. Review also the common
integrals.
trigonometric identities as they are
used in simplifying functions. Pay
attention specifically to the
algebraic signs of the derivatives,
so that you will not be confused
with the signs later on.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 1 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 2? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study the following topics:

Elaborate:

Do the Concept check Assignment

at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 1. Unit 2 will cover Part 2 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
classroom.

February Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 1 and 2

18,2021 Summative Evaluation: Assignment 1, Quiz1

MODULE 2 Fundamental Integration Formulas II

UNIT 3 Logarithms and Exponential Functions

At the end of Unit 3, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review your differentiation
TLO 2: Use the appropriate formulas for Logarithmic and
integration formulas in evaluating Exponential functions, as the
integrals. integration formulas have been
derived from here. Pay attention
specifically to the algebraic signs
of the derivatives, so that you will
not be confused with the signs later
on.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 2 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 3? Are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?
For your additional readings and
supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study
The following topics: Integrals
yielding the natural logarithmic
function, 453-457; The natural
exponential function, pages 463-
464, 467,471.
2. From the book Differential and
Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Logarithmic and Exponential
Formulas on pages 237-241

Elaborate:

Do the Concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 2. Unit 3 will cover Part 1 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
class.

Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas and Inverse

UNIT 4
Trigonometric Functions
At the end of Unit 4, you must be Engage:
able to:

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 2 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 4? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study
The following topics:
Transformations by Trigonometric
Formulas, pages 584-593; and
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
pages 507-511.
2. From the book Differential and
Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Transformations by Trigonometric
Formulas on pages 243-246; Inverse

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 2. Unit 4 will cover Part 2 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
classroom.

Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 3 and 4

March 4, 2021
Summative Evaluation: Assignment 2, Quiz 2

MODULE 3 Some Techniques of Integration

UNIT 5 Integration By Parts

At the end of Unit 5, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review your differentiation
formulas for products of functions,
as the integration formulas have
TLO 2: Use the appropriate
been derived from here. Pay
integration formulas in evaluating
attention specifically to the
integrals.
algebraic signs of the derivatives,
so that you will not be confused
with the signs later on.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 3 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 5? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus

with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study
The following topics: Integration by
Parts, 574-583

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville: Integration by Parts,
pages 249-253.

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a midterm exam at

the end of Module 3. the coverage
of the exam will be all topics from
Module 1, 2 and 3. Please click on
the link that will be provided in
Google classroom.

UNIT 6 Integration By Substitution

At the end of Unit 6, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review your differentiation
methods for radical functions, as

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 3 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 6? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry” by
Leithold, study the following topics:
Some Techniques of
Antidifferentiation, pages 331-334;
and Integration of Algebraic
functions by Trigonometric
Substitution, pages 594-600.
2. From the book Differential and
Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Integration by Substitution on
pages 256-263

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a midterm exam at

the end of Module 3. the coverage
of the exam will be all topics from
Module 1, 2 and 3. Please click on
the link that will be provided in
Google classroom.

March 18, Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 5 and 6

2021 Summative Evaluation: Assignment 3, Midterm Exam

MODULE 4 Other Techniques of Integration and the Definite Integral

UNIT 7 Integration of Rational Fractions

At the end of Unit 7, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review your lesson in Algebra
involving Partial Fractions. Recall
the 4 cases of complex fractions
TLO 4: Determine whether a
and the techniques on how to
function is to be resolved by
resolve them into simple fractions.
partial fractions and integrate
appropriately

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 4 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus

with Analytic Geometry” by
Leithold, study
The following topics: Integration of
Rational Fractions, pages 601-612.

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville: Integration of Rational
Fractions, pages 264-272.

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.
This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module IV. Unit 7 will cover Part 1 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
classroom.

UNIT 8 Evaluation of Definite Integrals: Wallis’ Formula

At the end of Unit 8, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review all earlier integration
methods that you learned in the
previous lessons as they will be
TLO 5: Evaluate and solve
repeated here, the answers will
problems of definite integrals
only be extended to include the
using the appropriate integrating
limits. Review also the 4 basic
method
operations on fractions as they will

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 4 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 8? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study
The following topics: The Definite
Integral, pages 364-368

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Definite Integrals; Wallis’ Formula,
pages 273-282.

Elaborate :

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 4. Unit 8 will cover Part 2 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
18

Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 7 and 8

April 8, 2021
Summative Evaluation: Assignment 4, Quiz 3

MODULE 5 Applications Of Integration

UNIT 9 Plane Areas

At the end of Unit 9, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review your lesson in Solid
Mensuration involving plane areas
since this is the element of the
TLO 6: Apply the concept of
areas that you need to solve.
definite integrals to solve for the
Review also the steps in curve
area under a curve as well as the
tracing of conic sections and
concept of limits to evaluate
algebraic curves. You will apply
plane areas
here also, the concept of definite
integrals by applying the limits from
the graph of the curve.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 5 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 9? are

there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Plane Areas, pages106-117; Plane
areas, improper integrals, pages
283-295

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 5. Unit 9 will cover Part 1 of
the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
classroom.

UNIT 10 Solids of Revolution: Circular Disk and Circular Ring Method

At the end of Unit 10, you must be Engage:
able to:
Review the formulas of volumes of
solids that you learned from Solid
Mensuration, namely, the circular
TLO 7: Solve for the volume
disk and circular ring as they are
generated by solids of revolution
the elements of the solids whose
through integration
volumes you need to solve.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 5 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 10?

are there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus
with Analytic Geometry”by
Leithold, study
The following topics: Volumes of
solids by slicing; disks and washers,
pages 398-408

2. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Applications of Integration, pages
298-303.

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate:

You will have a quiz at the end of

Module 5. Unit 10 will cover Part 2
of the quiz. Please click on the link
that will be provided in Google
classroom.

Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 9 and 10

April 10,2021
Summative Evaluation: Assignment 5, Quiz 4

UNIT 11 Solids of Revolution: Cylindrical Shell Method

Centroid of a Plane Area
At the end of Unit 11, you must be Engage:
able to:
Here, you will continue solving
additional applications involving
volumes by cylindrical shells and
TLO 7: Solve for the volume
centroids of plane areas. Review
generated by solids of revolution
formula for volume of a cylindrical
through integration
shell from Solid Mensuration. In
addition, the plane areas you have
solved in Module 5 will serve as the
TLO 8: Locate the centroid of a mass for which the centroid will be
plane area and solid of revolution computed.
using the tools of integration

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 6 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
the link provided in your Google
Classroom to download.

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 11?

are there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus

with Analytic Geometry” by
Leithold, study
The following topics: Volumes of
solids by cylindrical shells, pages
409-415; Centroid of a plane
region, pages 448-557.

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.
This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluate:

You will have a final exam at the

end of Module 6. the coverage of
the exam will be all topics from
Module 4, 5 and 6. Please click on
the link that will be provided in
Google classroom.

UNIT 12 Iterated Integrals

At the end of Unit 12, you must be Engage:

able to:
Review once again, all integration
formulas from power formula, and
all the techniques of integration
TLO 9: Evaluate iterated integrals
that you learned from the previous
modules, as these are the same
methods you will use to integrate
the given functions under this
section.

Explore:

Refer to the print material for

Module 6 attached to this
document. For other
supplementary materials, Click on
23

Explain:

What did you learn from Unit 12?

are there any difficulties that you
encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and

supplementary problem solving,
refer to the following topics:

1. From the book Differential and

Integral Calculus by Love and
Rainville:
Iterated integrals, pages 376-379

If something is still not clear at this

point, you may message me
through our Google class or
through fb messenger or via text
messaging.

Elaborate:

Do the concept check and

assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation:

You will have a final exam at the

end of Module 6. the coverage of
the exam will be all topics from
Module IV, V and VI. Please click on
the link that will be provided in
Google class.

Formative Evaluation: Concept Check 11 and 12

Summative Evaluation: Assignment 6, Final Exam

1. Study all course materials and answer the Concept checks and Assignments.
2. Submit all assignments and graded quizzes.
3. Take the Midterm Examination.
4. Take the Final Examination.

 If you are a student under the offline DL mode, accomplish all print-based and electronically
saved discussion activities and requirements, and submit them on time via express mail
correspondence.

Formative Assessment Activities

Formative assessments for this course are applied to ungraded activities that are used to monitor your
learning experience and provide feedback to improve both your learning approach as well as my
instructional approach.
• You are required to answer the concept checks and reflection questions but your scores in
these activities will not be included in the computation of your final grade.
• The reflection questions are designed to help you to critically analyze the depth of your
understanding of the course materials while the concept checks are designed as a review
management tool to prepare you for the graded quizzes and examinations.
• Successfully answering formative assessments will serve as prompts to tell you if you need to
study further or if you may already move forward to the next unit of the module.
• The completeness of your answers to the formative assessments will still be checked and will
still be part of your course completion.
• In doing your formative assessment activities, you can always ask the help of your family
and friends.

Summative Assessment Activities

The evaluative assessments are graded activities designed to determine if your acquisition of learning
and performance in tests is at par with standards set at certain milestones in this course.

Quizzes, Examinations, and Assignments

Graded quizzes, examinations, and assignments are essential to determine whether your performance
as a student is at par with standards/goals that need to be achieved in this course. The scores obtained
from each of the graded activities will contribute to your final grade, the weights of which are
presented in the grading system described in the succeeding sections of this text. Direct scoring can
be used on straightforward requirements like short answers and multiple-choice responses, while

Technological Tools
To be able to accomplish all the tasks in this course, you will need a computer (or laptop) with the
following software applications: Word Processing, Presentation, and Publication. Alternatively, you can
use a smart phone with the same capabilities for you to download the course materials and submit
your requirements online.

If you are a student online, access to the institutional Google Classroom will be provided through your
institutional account. An invitation to join the Google Classroom will be sent to you through the SLU
Student Portal and your institutional email account, so make sure to activate your institutional email
account. It is equally important that you check your SLU Student Portal account at least twice a week
and turn your Gmail Notifications on in your mobile phone and computer.

If you are a student offline, the delivery of instructions and requirements will be primarily through express
mail correspondence of printed modules and saved digital content on a USB flash drive. Feedback
and clarifications will be facilitated through text messaging and voice calls; hence, you need to have
regular access to a cell phone. If you need to call, or you want to talk to me, send me a message first
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to me.

Grading System

MIDTERM GRADE TEMPORARY FINAL GRADE FINAL GRADE

60% Class Standing 50% Class Standing 0.5*Midterm Grade+

0.5*Temporary Final Grade
40% Exam 50% Exam

Course References

A. Main Reference/s
TC7: The Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2002) Leithold, L, Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

B. Books
Applied Calculus, Coughlin, 1976, Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
Calculus 1: A Tutorial Manual. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry (Part 1), 1999, Baes, Gregorio
et al.. Learning Resource Center. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Q.C.
Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Thurman Peterson, 1960. Harper and Row
Calculus with Applications. 6th edition Lial, Greenwell and Miller. 1998. Addison-Wesley. Mass.
USA
Differential and Integral Calculus. 6th edition, Love & Rainville. The Macmillan Company, New
York.

Cellphone number :
Institutional email address :
Fb messenger name :

2.
EnggMath4 Course Facilitator

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Institutional email address :
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Rubric for evaluation (Problem-Solving)

1. Diagram/figure (if needed in the solution)* 20%
2. List of given and required (if needed in the solution)* 10%
3. Correct formula/procedure* 10%
3. Complete logical solution 40%
4. Final answer (with units, if needed) 20%
Total 100%

*if any of these are not needed in the solution, the allotted points will go to the solution.

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO1: Identify the general concept of integration and its

properties.

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in

evaluating integrals.

This module contains the introduction, and bridging

of differential calculus to integral calculus. It should be
understood that all the differentiation formulas you learned
in differential calculus are also the same formulas that you will
need to integrate functions correctly. Source: Sketches in Stillness.com

Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in

this module, and how you can use them to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure
for solving each type and they are clearly demonstrated here.

Engage

Write ALL the differentiation formulas (that you learned in differential calculus) in the first two (or
more) pages of your notebook. Review the formulas as you go on with writing them.

Explore

Unit I Lesson 1. Integration, the Indefinite Integral

Student learning time: 2 hours

The concept of Antidifferentiation:

Just as addition and subtraction are inverse operations, and so are multiplication and division,
raising to a power and extracting roots.

In the same manner, the inverse operation of differentiation is called antidifferentiation, which
involves the computation of the antiderivative.

In succeeding sections, antidifferentiation will be called integration, and the antiderivative will
be called the integral.

Antidiferentiation, or integration, is the process of finding the function F(x), whose derivative F’(x)
or f(x) came from.

Example:
Find the antiderivative of f(x) = cosx + 2x,

With our previous knowledge in differential calculus, we know that cosx is the derivative of sinx, and
that 2x is the derivative of x2.

Hence F(x) = sinx + x2 + C

Here, it is assumed that any function value which is given by sinx + x 2 + C, where C is any
constant, is an antiderivative of f(x).

Theorem:

If F is a particular antiderivative of f, then every antiderivative (or integral) of f is given by:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Read as: “The integral of f of x dx is equal to capital F of x plus C”

Where: ∫ = 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= this symbol prompts you to integrate (or antidifferentiate) f(x) to find F(x)
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
dx = differential of x, where x is the variable in the function f(x)

If {𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶} is the set of all functions whose differentials are f(x)dx, it is also called the set of all
functions whose derivatives are f(x). Antidifferentiation (or integration) therefore, is the operation of
finding the set of all functions having a given derivative.

Properties of the indefinite integral:

Indefinite integral: an integral with no specified upper and lower limit

1. In the expression ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 ,

F’(x) = f(x)
And d(F(x))= f(x)dx

Differentiating the integral function F(x) should give us the function f(x).

2. ∫ 𝑑(𝐹(𝑥)) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

This equation states that when we integrate the differential of a function, we obtain that same
function plus an arbitrary constant (since integration and differentiation are inverse operations).

Theorems of Integration:

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of that function

3. If f, g, h, … are defined on the same interval, then

∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) ± ℎ(𝑥)± ⋯ … … ]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ ..
 This states that the integral of the sum (or difference) of two or more functions equals the sum
(or difference) of the integrals of the functions.

4. The Simple Power Formula

If n is a rational number,
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ; 𝑛≠1
𝑛+1
Proof:
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑛
( )= = 𝑥𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1

Concept check: Answer in the space provided after each question.

1. What is F(x)? Define it from your understanding. Is it the same as f(x)?

2. What is the other term for “integral”?

3. What is “C” and why is it needed in the integral?

I. The Simple Power Formula

If n is a rational number,
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ; 𝑛≠1
𝑛+1
Proof:
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑛
( )= = 𝑥𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1

Important habit before integrating any expression:

For fractions, always check if the fraction is proper (meaning, the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator). Otherwise, the fraction is improper (when the degree of the
numerator ≥ the degree of the denominator); then you need to divide the numerator by the
denominator using long division, or any proper means.

Solved exercises are shown below to illustrate how the simple power formula can be applied to
evaluate simple integrals. The theorems of integration in Module 1 are also applied in the solutions.

𝑥 4+1 𝟑𝒙𝟓
1. ∫ 3𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 3 +𝐶 = +𝑪
4+1 𝟓
3𝑥 2+1 8𝑥 3+1
2. ∫(2 + 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + − + 𝐶 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪
2+1 3+1
1 10
3. ∫ 𝑦 3 (2𝑦 2 − 3√𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 5 − 𝑦 3+3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 5 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
10 13
2𝑦 6 𝑦 3 +1 𝑦6 𝑦 3 𝒚𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟑
= − +𝐶 = − +𝐶 = − 𝒚𝟑 +𝑪
6 10 3 13 𝟑 𝟏𝟑
3 +1 3
3 1
1 2 1 −4 −
3
−
1 𝑥 −4+1 𝑥 −2+1 𝑥 −4+1
4. ∫ ( 4 − 3 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −2 + +𝐶
𝑥 −4 + 1 3 1
𝑥 2 √𝑥 (− 2 + 1) − 4 + 1
1 3 𝟑
𝑥 −3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 4 𝒙−𝟑 𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟒
= −2 + +𝐶 = − + 𝟒𝒙−𝟐 + +𝑪
−3 1 3 𝟑 𝟑
−2 4
9 5 1
𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 2 − 1 1 1 1 7 3 1 𝑦 2 2𝑦 2 𝑦 2
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦 4−2 + 2𝑦 2−2 − 𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = + − +𝐶
√𝑦 9 5 1
2 2 2
𝟗 𝟓
𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝟏
= + − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟓

Note: the integrand of no.5 is improper, so we need to divide numerator by denominator first before
applying any integration.

II. The General Power formula

If u is a differentiable function, and n is a rational number,

𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 ; 𝑛≠1
𝑛+1
Where u is the base of the power, which is a function
du is the differential of the function u
n is the power of the function u

The general power formula is applied when the base variable is a function (binomial or
polynomial) and not merely x or y. If the base variable is merely x or y, the simple power formula can
be applied.

Example 1. Evaluate:
∫ √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

To apply the general power formula, we first write

1
∫ √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥
And observe that if
1
𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛=
2

We can only use the general power formula if du is complete. Therefore we need a factor 3 to go with
dx to give undu. Hence we write

1 1 1
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 (3𝑑𝑥)
3

Note that the reciprocal of 3 which is 1/3 was written before the integral sign since we put a 3 together
with dx to complete the du. We call this the correcting factor (CF).

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
Since the integrand above is already in the form 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢, we can proceed integrating using the general
power formula.
3
1 1
1 1 (3𝑥 + 4)2 𝟐 𝟑
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 (3𝑑𝑥) = + 𝐶 = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝑪
3 3 3 𝟗
2
Important note: You can only put a constant term as a correcting factor, but NOT a variable. Hence
the needed variable in the du must be present since it cannot be added as a correcting factor.

Example 2. Evaluate:
∫ 𝑥 2 (5 − 2𝑥 3 )8 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Observe that if u = 5 - 2x3 then du = - 6x2dx ; n = 8

Because 𝑥 2 (5 − 2𝑥 3 )8 𝑑𝑥 = (5 − 2𝑥 3 )8 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)

We need a factor -6 to go with x2dx to give du. Therefore we write

1
∫ 𝑥 2 (5 − 2𝑥 3 )8 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(5 − 2𝑥 3 )8 (−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
6

In the same manner, we write -1/6 before the integral sign as a correcting factor since we wrote -6
before x2dx to complete the du.

Since du is now complete, we can apply the general power formula:

1 1 (5 + 2𝑥 3 )9 𝟏 𝟗
∫ 𝑥 2 (5 + 2𝑥 3 )8 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(5 + 2𝑥 3 )8 (6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = − +𝐶 =− (𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝑪
6 6 9 𝟓𝟒

Concept Check: Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫(𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 6) 𝑑𝑥

6
2
2. ∫ 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑣
3

3. ∫ 𝑧 4 √3𝑧 5 − 5𝑑𝑧

Explain

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study the following topics:
Antidifferentiation, Theorems of Antidifferentiation, The General Power Formula on pages 314-319

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville, study:

Elaborate

Do the concept check at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 1. Unit 1 will cover Part 1of the quiz.

Unit 2 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

Student learning time: 6 hours

Engage

Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric functions, as the integration formulas have been
derived from here. Review also the common trigonometric identities as they are used in simplifying
functions. Pay attention specifically to the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will not be
confused with the signs later on.

Explore

Integrals of the trigonometric functions.

These integrals can be thought of as formulas, and have been directly derived from the derivatives of
the trigonometric functions from differential calculus.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶

3. ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶

4. ∫ csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶

5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

Trigonometric identities are often used when computing integrals involving trigonometric functions. The
following identities are commonly used in simplifying expressions:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = 1 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 1 6. cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 = 1

3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 1 7. tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥

Solved exercises: Apply the trigonometric formulas to evaluate the integrals.

1 1 𝟏
1. ∫ (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝐶 = −𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
2 2 𝟐

2. ∫(2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 5 csc 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 5(−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 𝐶 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝑪

2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 3 sin2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 sin2 𝑥 1

3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2(−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) − 3(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶 = − 𝟐𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝑪

4. ∫(tan2 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

Note that for this integral, the integration formulas for trigonometric functions cannot be
applied directly to tan2x and cot2x. There are no direct integration formulas for these two functions.
Hence we use the identities to transform them to an expression that we know how to integrate.

∫(tan2 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = ∫[(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) + (csc 2 𝑥 − 1)+4] = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪

An extension of these set of formulas can be applied when the angle of the trigonometric function is
itself a function.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶

3. ∫ sec 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶

4. ∫ csc 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶

5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶

6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶

Solved exercises. Evaluate the integrals:

1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃𝑑𝜃

In this case, the angle u of the cosine function is 4𝜃, hence we need to use the extension of the
trigonometric formula here.

If u = 4𝜃 , then du = 4d 𝜃

As in the power formula, we need to write a correcting factor 4 before 𝑑𝜃 to complete the
differential, and its reciprocal, ¼ before the integral sign. Hence we can use the formula

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃(4𝑑𝜃) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
4 𝟒

u du
2. ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

Here, we can recognize that

u = x3 , du = 3x2dx

for simplicity purposes we write

1
∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = 6 (3) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)

u du

Hence we can use the formula

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶

1
∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = 6 ( ) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
3
= 2(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 ) + 𝐶 = −𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
3
3. ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Notice that while there are trigonometric functions here, the function (1 + cosx) is raised to a power
1/3. Hence we cannot directly use the trigonometric formula here.

Rather, we test the conditions of the general power formula if they will apply here (since we have a
base function raised to a power). Hence from the general power formula, we need to see if the
integrand has all the function values of undu.

The expression sinx is present in the integrand, and can therefore be used as part of du. We just need
to insert a correcting factor of -1, or merely a “-“ sign to complete the differential, and put the
reciprocal of -1, which is also-1 (or just “-“), before the integral sign.Then we write properly:
1
3
∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)3 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥)

un du
𝑢𝑛+1
and we can use the power formula: ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶

3
1
∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)3 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥)

4
2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)3 𝟑 𝟒
=− + 𝐶 = − (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟑 + 𝑪
4 𝟐
3

4. ∫ cos 3 2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑑𝑡

This integrand is similar to that of no.3, where a base function is raised to a power. Hence we can try
checking the conditions of the power formula.

u = cos2t du = -2sin2tdt n=3

Since du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula (just put the correcting factor -2
before sin2tdt and-1/2 before ∫ )
1
∫ cos 3 2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ cos3 2 𝑡(−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑑𝑡)
2

Then apply the general power formula:

1 1 cos4 2𝑡 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒕
∫ cos3 2 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ cos 3 2 𝑡(−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑑𝑡) = − +𝐶 =− + 𝑪
2 2 4 𝟖

4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

If the denominator is function raised to a power that is not equal to 1, it is worthwhile to transfer it to
the numerator to enable us to examine if the power formula will apply here.

4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥)
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

Examine the terms if it will fit undu:

Since the du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula:
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −2
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−1 𝟒
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 4 ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥) = −4 +𝐶 = +𝑪
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 −1 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

We can also conclude:

1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
2
1
∫ sec 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
∫ csc 2 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝑎

Concept Check 3 Evaluate the following integrals and simplify your answers.

1. ∫(4𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 2 sec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑤 − 4 cos 2 𝑤
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑤
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤
1
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2

4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥√2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

Hint: expand the binomial first.

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 2? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?
38

Elaborate

Do the Concept check and Assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 1. Unit 2 will cover Part 2 of the quiz.

Module II – Fundamental Integration Formulas II

Review your differentiation formulas for

Logarithmic and Exponential functions, as the
integration formulas have been derived from
here. Pay attention specifically to the
algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will
not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas

in evaluating integrals.

This module contains the next set of

integration formulas that you may use to
integrate a given function. You need to further
study the properties of a given integrand so that you
can decide which among the formulas you now
know, is appropriate to use. Hence you will Source: aitsl@aitsl (2016)
find the term,

“Evaluate the integral” in the solved exercises.

Student learning time: 5 hours

I. Logarithmic Functions
The natural logarithmic function is the function defined by
𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ∫ ; 𝑥>0
1 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
This is so because from differential calculus, 𝑑(𝑙𝑛𝑡) = 𝑡

The domain of the natural logarithmic function is the set of all positive numbers. We read ln x as “the
natural logarithm of x”.

Hence if u is a differentiable function of x, then

𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
Note that the logarithmic formula for integration is applicable when the denominator is a function
raised to the power of 1 (u) and the numerator is the differential of that function (du).

Also, the absolute value sign is used for u, since the logarithm function does not exist for negative
values.
40

In essence, you use the power formula to integrate functions where the denominator has a power that
is not equal to 1 (or -1 if we bring it up to the numerator). You use the logarithmic formula to integrate
functions with the form du/u, or u-1du.

Solved exercises. Evaluate the integrals:

𝑥2 + 2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
Again, for fractions, check first if we have a proper fraction before doing any integration (see Module
2, page 1). In this case, the degree of the numerator > the degree of the denominator (2 vs. 1). This is
an improper fraction, so we need to divide numerator by denominator first using long division (from
Algebra), and obtain
𝑥2 + 2 3
= 𝑥−1+
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
Therefore,
𝑥2 + 2 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
The 3rd term, 3 ∫ 𝑥+1 is in the form du/u,

Where: u = x +1 (denominator)

du = dx (should be the numerator) – correct in the integrand

Note that the denominator has a power of 1, hence we can use logarithmic integration for this term.

The numerator is complete and does not need any correcting factor.

We integrate the expression one at a time, in which we get:

𝑥2 + 2 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝒙𝟐
= − 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝟐
3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5𝑥 3 − 1
Since the binomial in the denominator has a power of 1, we check if the expression will yield the form
du/u, the form of logarithmic integration.

du = 15x2dx (should be the numerator) – lacks 15

Since the variable of the differential du, which is x2dx, is present in the numerator, we can use the
logarithmic integration, and just put a correcting factor for the coefficient of 15.
3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 15𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
∫ 3 = 3∫ 3 = 3( ) ∫ 3 = 𝒍𝒏|𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏| + 𝑪
5𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 − 1 15 5𝑥 − 1 𝟓
𝑑𝑢
Again, note that u =5x3 – 1, and that ∫ 𝑢
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡
3. ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 1
Since the power of the denominator is 1, let us try testing the logarithmic formula. Again, the integrand
must be of the form du/u.

If u = cos3t – 1 (denominator)

Then du = -3sin3tdt (should be the numerator) -> lacks -3

The numerator already contains the expression sin3tdt, then we only need to write -3 in the differential
and -1/3 before the integral sign as correcting factor.
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 (−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝑢
∫ =− = 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 1 𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 (−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡) 𝟏
∫ =− = − 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 1 𝟑

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖| + 𝑪
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
1
𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠? ∫ 3 cot ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2

1 𝟓
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: ∫ −5𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = −5( ) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑧(2𝑧𝑑𝑧) = − 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒛 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒛| + 𝑪
2 𝟐
Where u = 2z and du = 2dz

4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖| + 𝑪

𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠? ∫ −2 csc(4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

Concept Check: Evaluate the following expressions.

3𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2+4
2𝑥 3
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 3)𝑑𝑡
3. ∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
Hint: you can divide numerator by denominator first.

4. ∫(sec 2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

II. Exponential Functions

The natural exponential function:

The natural exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithmic function; it is therefore
defined by:
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦

The real number exponent:

If a is any positive number (constant) and x is any real number (variable),

𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎

The number e is the value of the exponential function at 1:

𝑒 = 𝑒1

Properties of the exponential function (also from algebra and differential calculus):

1. 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥

3. 𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎+𝑏

4. 𝑒 𝑎 ÷ 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎−𝑏

Integral of exponential functions:

1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑎𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
Solved exercises. Evaluate the indefinite integral and simplify your answers.

1. ∫ 𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Check if we can use formula 1 above. Both u and du must be present in the integrand.

Here, u= 2 – 5x ; du = -5dx

Only dx is present in the integrand so we need to put a -5 before dx and -1/5 before the integral sign
as correcting factor.
1
∫ 𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (− ) ∫ 𝑒 2−5𝑥 (−5𝑑𝑥)
5
Hence, eudu is complete and we can use formula 1of the exponential integration:

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (− ) ∫ 𝑒 2−5𝑥 (−5𝑑𝑥) = − 𝒆𝟐−𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
5 𝟓

1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
Notice here that this is an improper fraction. Hence we need to divide numerator by denominator first
(from algebra). When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial in the
numerator by the monomial in the denominator.
1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑒
For e-x ; u = - x du = -dx (correcting factor: -1)

For ex ; u=x du = dx (no correcting factor)

Therefore,
1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = −𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑒 𝑒

3
Although this is a product of an algebraic term (x2) and an exponential term (𝑒 2𝑥 ), we have to notice
that the algebraic term x2 is part of the differential of the exponent of e. We can check by writing
down:

For the form eudu,

u = 2x3 and du = 6x2dx

Then we can see that indeed, the x2 is part of the differential of u. we only need a correcting factor of
6 for the differential and 1/6 before the integral sign.

3 1 3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
6
eu du

then we can use the integration formula:

3 1 3 𝟏 𝟑
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
6 𝟔

4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 sec 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦

Although this is a product of an exponential term and trigo term, we notice that sec2y is the derivative
of tany, which happens to be the exponent of e. hence we can use the exponential integration for
this.

If u = tany du = sec2ydy

∫ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (sec 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚 + 𝑪

3
5. ∫ 𝑥 2 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Again, we notice here that the x2 is part of the differential of u = x3 and we write:

If a = 10 u = x3 and du = 3x2dx

Then we can use the 2nd formula of the exponential integration (for a constant raised to a variable
power)
𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝟑
1 𝑥3 3 𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒙
∫ 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 10𝑥 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) =
2
+𝑪
3 𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝟏𝟎
Observation: if you see a product of an exponential term and algebraic or trigo term, check if you can
integrate it using the exponential formula of integration.

Concept Check: Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
1 − 2𝑒 3𝑥
2
3. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 (4−𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 3? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?
For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Integrals yielding the natural logarithmic function, 453-457; The natural exponential
function, pages 463-464, 467,471.
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Logarithmic and Exponential Formulas on pages 237-241

Elaborate

Do the Concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module II. Unit 3 will cover Part 1 of the quiz.

Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, as the
integration formulas have been derived from here. Review also the common trigonometric identities
as they are used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically of the algebraic signs of the
derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

This module contains the introduction, and bridging of differential calculus to integral calculus. It should
be understood that all the differentiation formulas you learned in differential calculus are also the same
formulas that you will need to integrate functions correctly.

Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in this module, and how you can use them
to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure for solving each type and they are clearly
demonstrated here.

Student learning time: 5 hours

Trigonometric integrals involve algebraic operations on trigonometric functions. You have already
learned how to evaluate some trigonometric integrals in Lesson 3. We now apply these formulas and
trigonometric identities to evaluate integrals involving products of powers of trigonometric functions.
which cannot be readily integrated using power formula or the trigonometric formulas in Lessons 3 and
4.

There are trigonometric functions which cannot be readily integrated using power formula or the
trigonometric formulas in Lessons 3 and 4. Hence there is a need for us to apply some transformation
formulas to make them integrable.

We begin with products of sine and cosine and distinguish 3 cases dependent on whether the
exponents are odd or even positive integers.

Case I:
47

1. Factor
sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sinn−1 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = cosn−1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. Use the transformation

sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟

cos2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 cos𝑛−1 𝑥

3. Integrate the resulting function

Illustration 1:

∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> factor

∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> transform cos2x

∫(1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − +𝑪
𝟑

-> integrate cosxdx by trigonometric formula,

-> integrate sin2x cosxdx by power formula:

Where u = sinx ; du = cosx dx ; n=2

𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 = (sin3 𝑥)/3 + 𝐶
𝑛+1
Illustration 2:

∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin4 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥) 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

-> factor then use the transformation sin2x = 1 – cos2x

∫(1 − cos2 𝑥)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 2 cos 2 𝑥 + cos 4 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

- > expand

= ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + cos 4 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ cos2 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥) − ∫ cos4 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓 𝒙
= −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟐 − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
48

Case II:

∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

The solution of this case is similar to the method used in Case I.

Factor the function with the odd exponent then use the transformation
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟

cos2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥

 Note: you transform the function with the odd exponent.

Illustration 3

∫ sin3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> factor sin3x

= ∫(1 − cos2 𝑥) cos4 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 4 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos6 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> transform sin2x

-> integrate using power formula

(cos 5 𝑥) cos7 𝑥
= − ∫ cos4 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥) − (−) ∫ cos6 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥) = − + +𝐶
5 7
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝒙
=− + +𝑪
𝟓 𝟕
Case III:

∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Where both m and n are positive even integers.

1. Factor

sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (sin2 𝑥)𝑛/2 𝑑𝑥

Then use the transformation:

(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
sin2 𝑥 =
2
2. Factor

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑛/2 𝑑𝑥

sin𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (sin2 𝑥) 𝑛/2 (cos 2 𝑥)𝑛/2 𝑑𝑥

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑛/2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑛/2

=( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
Illustration 4:
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 1
∫ sin2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑥 − ( ) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (2𝑑𝑥)
2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒
Illustration 5:

4 2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2
2
∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ( ) ∫(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + cos2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
Again, cos22x needs to be transformed since it cannot be integrated by itself.
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(2𝑥)
cos 2 2𝑥 =
2
1 (1 + cos4x )
= ( ) [∫ 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ] 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 2 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 + ( ) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥(2𝑑𝑥) + 𝑥 + ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥(4𝑑𝑥)
4 2 2 8 8 4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
Case IV:

∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ cot 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

1. Factor
tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Then transform the term tan2x:

2. Factor

𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Then transform the term cot2x:

cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1

Illustration 6:

∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

1st term: power formula: u = tanx du = sec2xdx n = 1

2nd term: trigonometric formula

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= + 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| + 𝑪
𝟐
Illustration 7:

∫ cot 4 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 2 3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Transform only one cot23x term:

∫ cot 2 3𝑥 (csc 2 3𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 2 3𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cot 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Note: 1st term can be integrated using power formula

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −3 csc 2 3𝑥 ; 𝑛=2

2nd term needs to be transformed again, since we do not have a formula for ∫ cot 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥; and
power formula does not also apply (we do not have a “du”).
1
= − ∫ cot 2 3𝑥(−3 csc 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥) − ∫(csc 2 3𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
3
1
= − ∫ cot 2 3𝑥(−3 csc 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥) − ∫ csc 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
1 cot 3 3𝑥 1
=− − ∫ csc 2 3𝑥(3𝑑𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 3 3
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟑
Case V:

∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ csc 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥) ; ∫ csc 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = csc 𝑛−2 𝑥(csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥)

2. use the transformation

sec 2 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥 + 1 for the term sec 𝑛−2 𝑥

csc 2 𝑥 = cot 2 𝑥 + 1 for the term csc 𝑛−2 𝑥

Illustration 8:

∫ csc 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 4 𝑥(csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = ∫ (csc 2 𝑥) 2 csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cot 2 𝑥 + 1)2 csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫(cot 4 𝑥 + 2 cot 2 𝑥 + 1) csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 4 xcsc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ cot 2 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

cot 5 𝑥 cot 3 𝑥
=− −2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
5 3
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓 𝒙 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙
=− − − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals and use the appropriate transformations when
needed.

1. ∫ cos 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ sin2 cos3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ sin2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
4. ∫ cot 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2

5. ∫ tan2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 4? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Transformations by Trigonometric Formulas, pages 584-593; and Inverse
Trigonometric Functions pages 507-511.
52

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 2. Unit 4 will cover Part 2 of the quiz.

Module III Some Techniques of Integration

Review your
differentiation
formulas for
products of
functions, as
the
integration
formulas have
been derived from here. Pay attention specifically to the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you
will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

Unit 5: INTEGRATION BY PARTS

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

In this unit, you will learn the different techniques that can be done to transform a complex term to a
term (or set of terms) that is simpler to integrate. These are called” techniques”, since they are
suggested approaches that can be applied in integrating functions that involve special terms.

Student learning time: 4 hours

Prior to our discussion of various techniques of integration, we list and number for reference, the
standard indefinite integration formulas that you learned I previous modules and that occur frequently.

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶

3. ∫[𝑓(𝑢) ± 𝑔(𝑢)]𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 ; 𝑛 ≠1
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

𝑢
𝑎𝑢
6. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 ; 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

9. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶

10. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶

11. ∫ csc 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶

12. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶

13. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶

14. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢| + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢| + 𝐶

15. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶

16. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶

17. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| + 𝐶

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
18. ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
19. ∫ = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
20. ∫ = arcsec + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

One of the most widely used techniques of integration is integration by parts, obtained from the
formula for the derivative of the product of 2 functions.

From differential equations, we recall the differential of a product:

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Meaning, the differential of a product of two functions is equal to:

The 1st function multiplied by the differential of the 2nd function,

plus the 2nd function multiplied by the differential of the first function.

Integrating each side of this equation, we obtain:

𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Transposing, we obtain

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

We call this the formula for INTEGRATION BY PARTS, or IBP.

This formula is applicable to a product of two functions, which cannot be readily integrated through
any of the 20 formulas on the earlier pages.

The first step is to choose which among the two terms of the product, will be the u and dv.

The priority of choice is for the dv term, it must be a term that is integrable by itself. The term u on the
other hand, must be a term that is differentiable.

Illustration 1: We wish to evaluate

∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

We have here a product of 2 functions, x and lnx. Since we do not have a ready integration formula
for this function, we try to integrate this by parts.

To determine the substitutions for u and dv, bear in mind that the dv must be integrable, and the u
must be differentiable.

This suggests letting:

u = lnx dv = xdx

(since we do not have a formula for integrating lnx yet at this point)

Then we differentiate u to obtain du, and we integrate dv to obtain v:

𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑣= 2

Then we apply the formula for integration by parts:

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

Follow the direction of the arrows:

𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ( )−∫ ( )
2 2 𝑥

Illustration 2: we now wish to evaluate

∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
Initially, this seems not to be a product. However, the absence of an integration formula for this function
compels us to try integration by parts:

We let

𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate u -> 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑥 <- integrate dv

Again, we substitute in the formula for IBP; follow the arrows for the products.
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ( ) = 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥
Illustration 3: Evaluate

2
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The integrand above is a product of an algebraic and exponential term, a combination that is
commonly solved by IBP.

Recall that in the selection of u and dv, priority is given to the selection of dv so that it is readily
2
integrable. Hence we let the exponential term 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 be our dv. We will be using the exponential
formula here (no. 7), where the ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶.
However 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , hence we need 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, or at least the x-variable in the du to satisfy the differential.

Therefore we let
2
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2
Differentiate u: 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 2 𝑒𝑥 : integrate dv

Again, we substitute in the formula for IBP; follow the arrows for the products.
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
2 1 2 1 2
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑒 𝑥 ) − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
2 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐

Let 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
Differentiate u: 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 : integrate dv

Then apply the formula for integration by parts(follow the arrows):

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − ( ) ( ) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥(2𝑑𝑥)
2 2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒
***see formulas 8 and 9

Concept check: evaluate the integrals using the appropriate method:

1. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ ln(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 5? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Integration by Parts, 574-583

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville: Integration by Parts, pages
249-253.

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluate

You will have a midterm exam at the end of Module 3. the coverage of the exam will be all topics from
Module 1, 2 and 3.

Review your differentiation methods for radical functions, as well as for trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions, as the integration formulas have been derived from here. Review also the
common trigonometric identities as they are used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically of
the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

Student learning time: 4 hours

There are some functions that involve radicals, or fractional powers of x. for these functions, the
integrand can be simplified by the substitution:
𝑥 = 𝑧𝑛

Where n is the least common denominator (LCD) of the exponents.

Illustration 1: Evaluate the integral

1
√𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
∫ 3 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 + √𝑥 1 + 𝑥3
This kind of function is troublesome to integrate because of the radicals. We then replace (substitute)
these radicals with whole number exponents by letting:

𝑥 = 𝑧6 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧
1
Therefore 𝑥6 = 𝑧

Note: When we are substituting for a variable, we also substitute for its differential.

-> the exponent of z is 6, since the LCD of ½ and 1/3 is 1/6. ½ and 1/3 are the fractional exponents
of the function that needs to be integrated.

We then use these substitutions for the original function:

1 1
𝑥2 (𝑧 6 )2 5
𝑧 3 (6𝑧 5 )𝑑𝑧
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 6𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
6 1 + 𝑧2
1 + 𝑥3 1 + (𝑧 )3
𝑧 3 (6𝑧 5 )𝑑𝑧 𝑧 8 𝑑𝑧
∫ = 6 ∫
1 + 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧2

We return the x-variable to replace z in the final answer, and multiply 6 to all the terms in the parenthesis.
𝟔 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙𝟔 − 𝒙𝟔 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝟔 + 𝟔𝒂𝒓𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝟔 + 𝑪
𝟕 𝟓

Illustration 2: Evaluate the integral

∫ 𝑥 5 √𝑥 2 + 4𝑑𝑥

We substitute for the entire radical:

Let 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 4

𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 4 -> the next step is to square both sides to eliminate the radical

𝑥2 = 𝑧2 − 4 -> Solve for x2:

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑑𝑧 -> take the differential of both sides and

𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = solve for dx
𝑥

Then we fix the terms of the function and substitute:

∫ 𝑥 5 √𝑥 2 + 4𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 4 √𝑥 2 + 4 (𝑥𝑑𝑥) = ∫(𝑥 2 )2 √𝑥 2 + 4(𝑥𝑑𝑥)

∫(𝑧 2 − 4)2 𝑧 (𝑧𝑑𝑧) = ∫(𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 2 + 16)𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫(𝑧 6 − 8𝑧 4 + 16𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧

𝑧 7 8𝑧 5 16𝑧 3
= − + +𝐶
7 5 3

Return the x-variables from the substitutions:

1 7 1 5 1 3
((𝑥 2 + 4)2 ) 8 ((𝑥 2 + 4)2 ) 16 ((𝑥 2 + 4)2 )
= − + +𝐶
7 5 3
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝟖(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐
= − + +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑

We let the entire radical be equal to z:

Let 𝑧 = √4𝑥 − 1
𝑧 2 +1
𝑧 2 = 4𝑥 − 1 ; 𝑥 = 4
-> square both sides to remove the radical
𝑧𝑑𝑧
2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 4𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 2 -> differentiate and solve for dx

Substitute in the integrand:

𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑧
∫ =∫ 2 2 =∫ 2
𝑥√4𝑥 − 1 𝑧 +1 𝑧 +1
(𝑧)
4
𝟐𝒅𝒛 𝟐𝒅𝒛
∫ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒛 = 𝟐
𝒛 +𝟏 𝒛 +𝟏

Note: The resulting substitutions should make the term easier to integrate.

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 3
2 √𝑥 + √𝑥

2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 2𝑥 3

INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION:

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

Student learning time: 4 hours

Some common functions involving radicals with sums or differences of 2 squares can be solved by using
trigonometric substitutions. There are 3 cases under this category of functions:

If the integrand contains an expression of the form

I √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 substitution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

II √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 substitution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑢 = asec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

In these 3 cases, a is considered as a constant term and u is considered as a variable function.

Illustration 1: Evaluate the integral

√9 − 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
This integrand shows a difference of 2 squares, a constant minus a variable. This function cannot be
readily integrated yet using any of the earlier formulas. Hence we try using trigonometric substitution.
The difference of two squares here resemble 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ; and therefore suggests the substitution 𝑢=
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.

The constant term is 𝑎2 = 9 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎=3

The variable function is 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢=𝑥

For the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, we use

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

Substituting,

√9 − 𝑥 2 √9 − 9 sin2 𝜃 √9(1 − sin2 𝜃)

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥2 9 sin2 𝜃 9 sin2 𝜃

3√cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

=∫ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ = ∫ cot 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
9 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

Transform: ∫ cot 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫(csc 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ csc 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃

= −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 − 𝜽 + 𝑪

However this is not yet the final answer, as we have yet to return the variable x in the final answer.
Hence we construct a triangle from our substitution as follows:

We used the substitution 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. We reflect these values in the right triangle below:
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 3
𝑥
Then 𝜃 = arcsin ( ) 3 x
3

𝜃
√9 − 𝑥 2

We solve for the 3rd side by Pythagorean Theorem.

Therefore

𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑢=𝑥

𝑎2 = 4 ; 𝑎=2

For the substitution = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 , we use

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Substituting,
𝑑𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫ =∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃√4 tan2 𝜃 + 4 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃√4(tan2 𝜃 + 1)

2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 1/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

=∫ =∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(2)√sec 2 𝜃 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(2)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃| + 𝐶
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 2
As in the first example, we construct the triangle as follows:

From 𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃,
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2
√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥
Then 𝜃 = arctan (2) x

θ 2

1 1 √𝑥 2 + 4 2
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃| + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 | − |+𝐶
2 2 𝑥 𝑥

𝟏 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒏 | |+𝑪
𝟐 𝒙

Illustration 3. Evaluate the integral

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥 3 √𝑥 2 −9

Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

In the given function,

𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑢=𝑥

𝑎2 = 9 ; 𝑎=3

Then our substitution is

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

Substituting,
𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫ =∫
𝑥 3 √𝑥 2 −9 27 sec 3 𝜃√9 sec 2 𝜃 −9 9 sec 2 𝜃√9(sec 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃 1
=∫ =∫ 2
= ∫ 2
= ∫ cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
9 sec 2 𝜃(3)√tan2 𝜃 27𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 27 sec 𝜃 27

Use the trigonometric transformation for cos2θ:

1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ( ) ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ( ) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃(2𝑑𝜃)
27 27 2 54 54 2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜽+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟖

We construct our right triangle to determine the function values of 𝜽 in terms of x:

Since x = 3sec 𝜽,

Then 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜽= x/3

X √𝑥 2 − 9

3
𝜽
3

We determine the function values of 𝜽 from the triangle, and substitute it in the answer:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜽+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪 = 𝜽+ 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟖

We write 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 in terms of its identity, 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, since we do not have 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 in the triangle.

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 3
(6 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
√𝑥 2 + 16

𝑑𝑤
3. ∫
𝑤 2 √𝑤 2 − 4

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 6? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry” by Leithold, study the following topics: Some
Techniques of Antidifferentiation, pages 331-334; and Integration of Algebraic functions by
Trigonometric Substitution, pages 594-600.

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:

Integration by Substitution on pages 256-263

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation

You will have a midterm exam at the end of Module 3. the coverage of the exam will be all topics from
Module 1, 2 and 3.

In this
module, you
will learn
another
technique
of
evaluating
the integral
of complex
fractions by
resolving
them into
simpler,
more easily integrable fractions. Also, the concept of the definite integral (with limits) is introduced
here, and a prescribed formula will be suggested for evaluating definite integrals of common functions
with specified limits.

Unit 7: INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS

TLO addressed by the module:

Engage

Review your lesson in Algebra involving Partial Fractions. Recall the 4 cases of complex fractions and
the techniques on how to resolve them into simple fractions.

Explore

The first step dealing with an integral of this type is to carry out the indicated division until the
numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

The quantity 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurs, it will be assumed that 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0. If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0, the quantity
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can be factored into real linear factors.

By methods already familiar, we can immediately integrate fractions of the for

𝐴 𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝐴
, , ,
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

The first two lead to powers, if 𝑛 > 1, to logarithms, if 𝑛 = 1; the third leads to an arctangent. We can
also integrate
𝐴
(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)𝑛
, 𝑛 > 1 by a trigonometric substitution.

DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS

The simplest case is that in which the denominator can be broken up into real linear factors,
none of which is repeated. In this case we may always rewrite the given fraction (provided the
numerators is of lower degree than the denominator) as a sum of fractions whose numerators are
constants and whose respective denominators are the factors of the original denominator.

Examples: Evaluate the following:

𝑥 2 +4𝑥+1
1. ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Using partial fractions,

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 3

To find the values of the undetermined coefficients A, B, and C we clear fractions and get

The polynomials on both sides of the above equation are identical, so we equate coefficients of like
powers of x obtaining

Coefficients of 𝑥 2 : 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 1

Coefficients of 𝑥 1 : 4𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 4

Coefficients of 𝑥 0 : 3𝐴 − 3𝐵 − 𝐶 = 1

There are several ways for solving such a system of linear equations for the unknowns 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶,
including elimination of variables, or the use of a calculator or computer. Whatever method is used,
the solution is = 3/4 , 𝐵 = 1/2, and 𝐶 = −1/4. Hence, we have
3 1 1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [( )+( ) − ( 4 )] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ ( )+ ( )− ( )] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥+3 4 𝑥−1 2 𝑥+1 4 𝑥+3
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝑪
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

𝑥 2 +2
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

By division,
𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 = 1 +
𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝑥3 − 𝑥
The factors of the denominator are 𝑥, 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 − 1. Assume
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + ,
𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1
Where 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are constant to be determined. Clearing of fractions, we find

𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)

The polynomials on both sides of the above equation are identical, so we equate coefficients of like
powers of x obtaining

Coefficients of 𝑥 2 : 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ----equation 1

Coefficients of 𝑥 1 : −𝐵 + 𝐶 = 1 ----equation 2

Coefficients of 𝑥 0 : −𝐴 = 2 ----equation 3

Therefore;
𝑨 = −𝟐

@equation 2: −𝐵 + 𝐶 = 1; 𝐶 = 1 + 𝐵 substitute to equation 1:

−2 + 𝐵 + 1 + 𝐵 = 0
𝟏
−1 + 2𝐵 = 0; 2𝐵 = 1; 𝑩 = 𝟐

1 3 𝟑
𝐶 =1+𝐵 =1+ = ;𝑪 =
2 2 𝟐
We obtain the following values,
𝟏 𝟑
𝑨 = −𝟐 ; 𝑩=𝟐 ; 𝑪= 𝟐

Thus,
1 3
𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 −2 2
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + 3 = ∫1 + ( + + ) = ∫1 + ( + + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1

2 1 1 3 1
= ∫1 − + ( )+ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥+1 2 𝑥−1
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Exercises

Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(2𝑥+11)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6

(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥 2 +𝑎𝑥

REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS

If the denominator contains a factor (𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑟 ,these could be combined into a single fraction with
denominator 𝑥 − 𝛼.

In this case, corresponding to the factor (𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑟 . We assume r partial fractions of the form

Examples: Evaluate the following:

6𝑥+7
1. ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥

Solution

First, we express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions with undetermined coefficients.
6𝑥 + 7 𝐴 𝐵
2
= + (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 2)2 )
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2
6𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵
= 𝐴𝑥 + (2𝐴 + 𝐵)

Equating coefficients of corresponding powers of 𝑥 gives

𝐴 = 6 and 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 12 + 𝐵 = 7, or 𝐴 = 6 and 𝐵 = −5

Therefore,
6𝑥 + 7 6 5
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑑𝑥
= 6∫ − 5 ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
= 𝟔𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟏 + 𝑪
𝟓
= 𝟔𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐) + +𝑪
𝒙+𝟏

𝑥 3 −1
2. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥

Solution
𝑥3 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
3
= + + 2
+
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴((𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷𝑥

𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥

Solve for the 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷.

Using Coefficients:

Coefficients of 𝑥 2 : 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ----equation 2

Coefficients of 𝑥 1 : 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 ----equation 3

Coefficients of 𝑥 0 : −1 = 𝐴

Therefore,
𝑨 = −𝟏

@ equation 1: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1; −1 + 𝐵 = 1; 𝑩 = 𝟐

@ equation 2: 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0; 3(−1) + 2(2) + 𝐶 = 0; −3 + 4 + 𝐶 = 0; 𝑪 = −𝟏

@ equation 3: 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0; : 3(−1) + 2 + (−1) + 𝐷 = 0; 𝑫 = 𝟐

We obtain the following values,

𝑨 = −𝟏 ; 𝑩=𝟐 ; 𝑪 = −𝟏 ; 𝑫 = 𝟐

Therefore,
𝑥3 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 −1 2 −1 2
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + + 2
+ 3
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + + 2
+ ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)3
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + − +𝑪
𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

Exercises

Evaluate each of the following integrals.

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+2)2

(𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)

(5𝑦−4)𝑑𝑦
3. ∫ 𝑦 3 +4𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦
4. ∫
𝑦 3 +2𝑦 2

QUADRATIC FACTORS

Corresponding to a factor in the denominator of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, we

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵
assume the partial fraction 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝐶
, where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are to be determined.

Examples:
−2𝑥+4
1. ∫ (𝑥2 +1)(𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥
71

The denominator has an irreducible quadratic factor as well as repeated linear factor, so we write
−2𝑥 + 4 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= 2 + +
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2

Clearing the equation of fractions gives

−2𝑥 + 4 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1)

= (𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑥 3 + (−2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷)𝑥 2 + (𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷)

Equating coefficients of like terms gives

Coefficients of 𝑥 3 : 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ----equation 1

Coefficients of 𝑥 2 : −2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 ----equation 2

Coefficients of 𝑥 1 : 𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = −2 ----equation 3

Coefficients of 𝑥 0 : 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 4 ----equation 4

We solve these equations simultaneously to find the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷:

@ equation 1: 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0; 𝐴 = −𝐶

@ equation 3: −𝐶 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = −2 ; −2𝐵 = −2; 𝑩 = 𝟏

@ equation 4: 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 4; 1 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 4; −𝐶 + 𝐷 = 3 -----equation 5

@ equation 2: −2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0; −2(−𝐶) + 1 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0; 𝐶 + 𝐷 = −1---equation 6

Using equation 5 and 6:

@ equation 5: 𝐷 = 3 + 𝐶 substitute to equation 6

𝐶 + 𝐷 = −1; 𝐶 + (3 + 𝐶) = −1; 2𝐶 + 3 = −1; 2𝐶 = −4; 𝑪 = −𝟐

@ equation 1: 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0; 𝐴 = −𝐶; 𝐴 = −(−2); 𝑨 = 𝟐

Using equation 4: 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 4; 1 − (−2) + 𝐷 = 4; 3 + 𝐷 = 4; 𝑫 = 𝟏

We obtain the following values:

𝑨 = 𝟐, 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝑪 = −𝟐 and 𝑫 = 𝟏

Therefore,
−2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 1 2 1 2𝑥 1 2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 − + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 + 2 − + ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) − +𝑪
𝒙−𝟏
72

Solution

The form of the partial fraction decomposition is

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

Multiplying by 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 , we have

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1)2 + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸)𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 + 𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥

= (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 4 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + (2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷)𝑥 2 + (𝐶 + 𝐸)𝑥 + 𝐴

Equating coefficients of like terms:

𝐴+𝐵 =0
𝐶=0
2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 0
𝐶+𝐸 =0
𝐴=1

We obtain the following values;

𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = 0, 𝐷 = −1 and 𝐸 = 0

Thus,
𝑑𝑥 1 −𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫[ + 2 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −∫ 2 −∫ 2 =∫ − ∫ − ∫ 2
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 +1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 2 𝑢 2 𝑢
∗ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑢) + +𝐶
2 2𝑢
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟐
+𝑪
𝟐 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏 ( )+ +𝑪
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

Evaluate the following:

𝑥𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ (𝑥2
+6𝑥+13)

(4𝑥+5)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+20
4𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 3 −4𝑥2 +8𝑥

(𝑥 3 −4)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 +2𝑥2 +2𝑥

What did you learn from Unit 7? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

3. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Integration of Rational Fractions, pages 601-612.

4. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville: Integration of Rational
Fractions, pages 264-272.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or through fb
messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate

Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 3. Unit 5 will cover Part 1 of the quiz.

Unit 8: EVALUATION of DEFINITE INTEGRALS; WALLIS’ FORMULA

At the end of Unit 8, you must be able to:

TLO 5: Evaluate and solve problems of definite integrals using the appropriate integrating method

Engage

Review all earlier integration methods that you learned in the previous lessons as they will be repeated
here, the answers will only be extended to include the limits. Review also the 4 basic operations on
fractions as they will be encountered often in this section.

Explore

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

By integration by parts, we obtain

𝜋 𝜋⁄
3 𝜋⁄ 3
3
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]0 +∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 0 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]0 3 = − + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 0 = − = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟒
3 3 6 3 2 6

CHANGE OF LIMITS WITH CHANGE OF VARIABLE

𝑏
In the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 it is always implied that a and b are the limiting values of the variable
of integration x. If we change the variable by a substitution

𝑥 = ∅(𝑧),

we must either return to the original variable before substituting the limits, or change the limits to
correspond with the change of variable. The latter method is usually preferable. The new limits are
found, of course, from the equation of substitution 𝑥 = ∅(𝑧).

𝑎 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫0 5
(𝑎 2+𝑥 2 ) ⁄2

1
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅. Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ∅𝑑∅; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, ∅ = 0, and when = 𝑎, ∅ = 𝜋. Thus we proceed as
4
follows:
1 1 1 1
𝑎
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 3 3 2
4 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∅𝑑∅
𝜋 3
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅𝑑∅ 1 4𝜋 3
1 4𝜋
∫ 5⁄ =∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅𝑑∅ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅)𝑑∅
0 (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) 2 0 (𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ∅)5/2 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 ∅ 𝑎 0 𝑎 0
1
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ∅ 14 1 1 1 1 2 5 𝟒√𝟐 − 𝟓
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + ] = [− + − (−1 + )] = [ − ]=
𝑎 3 0 𝑎 √2 6√2 3 𝑎 3 6√2 𝟔𝒂√𝟐

WALLIS’ FORMULA

The integral
2
[(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 𝑜𝑟]
𝜋/2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∙ 𝛼,
0
2
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 𝑜𝑟
1
in which

𝐴= the product, starting with one less than the exponent m, going down 2 at a time, until 2 or 1 is
reached,

𝐵=a similar product, starting with one less than the other exponent,

𝐶=a similar product, starting with the sum of the exponents,

𝜋
∝= , if m and n are both even,
2

𝛼 = 1, otherwise.

Examples: Evaluate the following:

𝜋
Since m and n are both even
1. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain

𝜋
2 (7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1)(3 ∙ 1) 𝝅 7𝜋 𝟕𝝅
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙ = 11 =
0 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 𝟐 2 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖

𝜋
2. ∫𝑜2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain (since m is odd, so we use ∝= 𝟏)

𝜋
2 6∙4∙2 𝟓
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝟏=
𝑜 7∙5∙3 𝟏𝟔

𝜋
3. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ∝ 𝑑 ∝

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain

𝜋
2 3∙2 6 𝟐
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ∝ 𝑑 ∝ = = =
0 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 105 𝟑𝟓

Exercises:

Evaluate the following:

𝜋
1. ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑦𝑑𝑦

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 8? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:
3. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: The Definite Integral, pages 364-368

4. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Definite Integrals; Wallis’ Formula, pages 273-282.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or through fb
messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate
Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluate
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 4. Unit 8 will cover Part 2 of the quiz. Please click on
the link that will be provided in Google class.

Here,
you will be
introduced
to the
applications
of integral
calculus in
the field of
engineering.
In real-world
scenarios,
many
objects,
whether natural or man-made, small or huge, come in different shapes and sizes. Integral calculus
gives us a way to compute areas and volumes of objects, both regular and irregular in shape. You will
find out that some common objects that we see everyday are actually solids of revolution. In Unit 9,
we start with calculations of plane areas, then move on to Unit 10, where we tackle the first two
methods of solving for volumes of solids of revolution.

Unit 9 – Plane Areas

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO 6: Apply the concept of definite integrals to solve for the area under a curve as well as the concept
of limits to evaluate plane areas

Engage

Review your lesson in Solid Mensuration involving plane areas since this is the element of the areas that
you need to solve. Review also the steps in curve tracing of conic sections and algebraic curves. You
will apply here also, the concept of definite integrals by applying the limits from the graph of the curve.

Explore

Let y = f(x), which is nonnegative between a and b. The area bounded by its graph, the x axis, and the
vertical lines x = a and x = b is the value of the definite integral
b
A= ∫ f(x)dx
a

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1, the x axis, and the vertical
lines x = 0 and x = 2.

Solution

First, we sketch a graph of the region whose area to be found.

y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1
x=0

x axis x=2

The figure above shows the function y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1 drawn with 21 “imaginary”
vertical rectangles of height y and thickness dx. If we imagine an infinite number of such
rectangles extending from x = 0 to x = 2, each infinitesimally thin, the rectangles will “color in”
2
the required area. Since integration is a summation process, ∫0 ydx will yield the exact area.
2 2
3
∫ ydx = ∫ (x - 3x2 + 2x + 1) dx
0 0

2
x4
= [ -x3 +x]
4 0

=2 square units

The positive value indicates that the plane area is above the horizontal axis. Now, if you interchange
the limits of the definite integral, you'll get -2 square units. However, -2 is not the answer to this
problem. To correct this, multiply -1.

Example 2: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, the x axis, and the vertical lines x
= 0 and x = 4.

Solution

First, we draw a sketch of the area to be determined.

A1
A2
A3

Next, we determine where the graph crosses the x axis.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6

Let y =0,

0 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3

We integrate separately on the three intervals (0,2), (2,3), and (3,4).

2 2
𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = [ − + 6𝑥]
0 3 2 0

8 14
= (3 − 10 + 12) − (0) = 3
𝑠. 𝑢.

45 8 1
= (9 − 2
+ 18) − (3 − 10 + 12) = − 6 𝑠. 𝑢.

4 4
2
𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
𝐴2 = ∫ (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = [ − + 6𝑥]
3 3 2 3

64 45 5
= ( 3 − 40 + 24) − (9 − 2
+ 18) = 6 𝑠. 𝑢.

To obtain the required area, we add the absolute values of 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴3 .

14 1 5 17
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = |𝐴1 | + |𝐴2 | + |𝐴3 | = | | + |− | + | | = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 6 6 3
Supplementary Problems:
1. Find the area lying above the x-axis under the parabola y = 4x – x2. Answer: 32/3 sq. units
2. Find the area between the curve y = x3 – 6x2 + 8x and the x-axis. Answer: 8 sq. units

AREA BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES

A. Using Vertical “Imaginary” Rectangle
To determine the area bounded by two curves, y = f(x) and y = g(x), we must first
determine their points of intersection. This may be done by solving the equation f(x) = g(x). If the
curves intersect at only two locations, say x = a and x = b, and f(x) lies above g(x), the area will
be
𝒃
𝑨 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙
𝒂
If the curves intersect at more than two locations, the area must be computed by subdividing
the interval, integrating separately in each subinterval, and adding the absolute values of the
integrals, in a manner similar to Example 2.
Consider an infinitesimally thin rectangle of width dx extending from y1 = g(x) to y2 = f(x).
Its height is y2 – y1 and its area is (y2 – y1)dx. The area of the region, obtained by integrating,
𝑏
becomes ∫𝑎 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥.

Example 3: Determine the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 9 – x2 and the line x + y =7.
Solution
81

We are now ready to compute the area of the region bounded by the curves.
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2
= ∫−1[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫−1[9 − 𝑥 2 − (7 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫−1[2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥3 𝑥2
= [2𝑥 − 3
+ ]
2 −1

8 1 1 9
= (4 − 3 + 2) — (2 + 3 + 2) = 2

B. Using Horizontal “Imaginary” Rectangle

Occasionally, it is more convenient to compute an area by evaluating an integral with respect
to y rather than with respect to x. If the region is described as the intersection of the graphs x =
f(y) and x = g(y), the area may be represented as an integral whose variable of integration is
y.
𝒃
𝑨 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒚
𝒂

Example 4: Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola x = y2 and the line y = x – 2.

Solution

The equation y = x – 2 is equivalent to x = y + 2. Since the line lies to the right of the parabola
within the region under consideration, we let f(y) = y + 2 and g(y) = y2. Their intersection points are
computed by solving the equation g(y) = f(y) for y.

𝑦2 = 𝑦 + 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2) = 0

𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
83

Supplementary Problems

1. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x – x2 and y = x2 – 2x. Answer: 64/3 sq. units
2. Find the area common to the circles x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 4x. Answer: 8π/3-2√3 sq. units
3. Solve the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x – 4 in two ways. Answer: 2
sq. units

AREAS IN POLAR COORDINATES

When the equation of the boundary of an area is given as a function of the distance r of a point of it
from a fixed point O, called the pole, and of the angle which r makes with the positive horizontal

direction OX, the process just explained can be applied just as easily, with a small modification.
Instead of a strip of area, we consider a small triangle OAB, the angle at O being dΘ, and we find
the sum of all the little triangles making up the required area.
𝑟𝑑𝜃
The area of such a small triangle is approximately 2
× 𝑟; hence the portion of the area
included between the curve and two positions of r corresponding to the angles 𝜃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 is given by

1 𝜃2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃1

Solution

The region together with the element of area is shown above. Since the curve is symmetric
with respect to the polar axis, we shall take the Θ limits from 0 to π which will give us the area
of the region bounded by the curve above the polar axis. The area of the entire region then
will be obtained by multiplying that area by 2. So, we have
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 2 ∙ ∫ [𝑓𝜃]2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (2 + 2 cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2 0 0
𝜋
= 4 ∫0 (1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝜃 sin 2𝜃 𝜋
= 4 [𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2 + 4
]
0

𝜋 3𝜋
= 4 (𝜋 + 0 + + 0 − 0) = 4 ( ) = 6𝜋
2 2

Example 6: Find the area of the region inside the circle r1 = 3 sin Θ and outside the limaçon r2 = 2 – sin
Θ.

Solution: To find the points of intersection, we set r1 = r2

3 sin 𝜃 = 2 − sin 𝜃
1
sin 𝜃 =
2
𝜋 5𝜋
So 𝜃 = 2
and 6

We let f(Θ) = 3 sin Θ and g(Θ) = 2 – sin Θ. Instead of taking the limits π/6 to 5π/6, we shall use
the property of symmetry with r2espect to the π/2 axis and take the limits from π/6 to π/2 and
multiply by 2. So we have
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 2
𝐴 = 2 ∙ ∫ ([𝑓(𝜃)2 − 𝑔(𝜃)2 ])𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ([9 sin2 𝜃 − (2 − sin 𝜃)]2 )𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋 𝜋
6 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
= 10 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 4 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6 6 6
𝜋
𝜋
10 2
= ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + [−4 cos 𝜃 − 4𝜃]𝜋2
2 𝜋 6
6

𝜋 5 𝜋 𝜋 5 𝜋
= ( − sin 𝜋 − 4 cos ) − ( − sin − 4 cos 𝜋/6)
2 2 2 6 2 3
𝜋 𝜋 5 √3 √3 𝜋 13
= − + ∙ +4∙ = + ∙ √3 ≅ 6.6764
2 6 2 2 2 3 4
Supplementary Problems

1. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of r = 3 cos Θ. Answer: 9π/4 sq. units
2. Find the area of the region which is enclosed by both of the graphs of the two given
equations.
𝑟 = 3 cos 𝜃
a. { Answer: 5π/4 sq. units
𝑟 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟 = 3 sin 𝜃
b. { Answer: 9(π –2)/2 sq. units
𝑟 = 3 cos 2𝜃
Explain

What did you learn from Unit 9? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry” by Leithold, study
The following topics: Area of a plane region, pages 389-397.

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Plane Areas, pages106-117; Plane areas, improper integrals, pages 283-295

Elaborate

Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 3. Unit 5 will cover Part 1 of the quiz.

Unit 10 – Solids of revolution: Circular disk and circular ring

At the end of Unit 10, you must be able to:

TLO 10: Solve for the volume generated by solids of revolution through integration
87

Review the formulas of volumes of solids that you learned from Solid Mensuration, namely, the circular
disk and circular ring as they are the elements of the solids whose volumes you need to solve.

Explore

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area about a line, called the axis of revolution,
in the plane. The volume of a solid of revolution may be found by using one of the following procedures.

Disk Method

Let’s say that the region bounded by the function y = f(x) and the x axis, between x = a and x =
b is revolved about the x axis. Its cross-sectional area is circular, and its volume may be
computed by evaluating the integral
𝑏
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

or
𝑏
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

A mnemonic device for remembering this formula is to think of the solid being “sliced” into
infinitesimally thin disks of radius y and thickness dx. The volume of a typical disk is π
𝑏
(radius)2(thickness) = π2dx and the sum of the volumes is 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥.

Example 1: Find the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region
bounded by y = x – x2 and the x axis about the x axis.

Solution:

The graph intersects the x axis when y = 0.

y = x – x2

Let y = 0 0 = x – x2

0 = x(1 – x)

x = 0 and x = 1

The volume of each “imaginary” circular disk is πy2 dx and the volume of the region is
obtained by integrating with respect to x, from 0 to 1.
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 𝑥 5
= 𝜋[ − + ]
3 4 5 0
1 2 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 [3 − 4 + 5 − 0] = 30 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Supplementary Problems

1. Find the volume generated by revolving the first quadrant area bounded by the parabola y2 =
8x and its latus rectum (x=2) about the x-axis. Answer: 16π cubic units
2. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and its latus
256
rectum x = 2 about the latus rectum. Answer: π cubic units.
15

Ring or Washer Method

If the region bounded by two curves is revolved about the x axis, the resulting solid of
revolution will be hollow. Its cross section will be in the shape of a washer, i.e., the area

If the inner radius is y1 and the outer radius is y2, and we think of the thickness of the
washer as dx, the volume of the washer is Vouter disk – Vinner disk = π (y2)2 dx - π (y1)2 dx = π [(y2)2 –
(y1)2]dx.

The volume of the solid of revolution, expressed as an integral, becomes

𝒃
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ (𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐𝟏 )𝒅𝒙
𝒂

Example 2: Find the volume obtained if the region bounded by y = x2 and y = 2x is rotated
about the x axis.

Solution

First, we sketch the graph of the equation, and then we revolve it about the x axis

x2 = 2x

x2 – 2x = 0

x(x – 2) = 0

x = 0 and x = 2

When the region is rotated, the outer radius of the washer, y2 is determined by the line and the
inner radius, y1, by the parabola.
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2 2
= 𝜋 ∫ [(2𝑥)2 − (𝑥 2 )2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ [4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 ]𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
4𝑥 3 𝑥 5 32 32 64
= 𝜋[ − ] = 𝜋[ − − 0] = 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 5 0 3 5 15

Supplementary Problems:

1. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x
128
and its latus rectum (x=2) about the y-axis. Answer: 5 𝜋 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Shell Method

Another method for computing volumes of solids of revolution, the shell method, uses a
different approach for constructing an integral representing volume. Consider a thin-
wall cylindrical shell having inner and outer radii r1 and r2, respectively, where r1 ≈ r2, and
height h. (imagine a can with its top and bottom cut out. The thickness of the wall of
the can is r2 – r1.)

The volume of the shell is the difference between two cylindrical volumes.

𝑟2 −𝑟1
If we let 𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 2
represent the average radius and ∆r = r2 – r1 represent the shell wall
thickness, we may write

Vshell = 2πravh∆r

As ∆r→0, and the number of shells within the solid → ∞, the sum of their volumes will
approach the volume of the solid of revolution.

As a mnemonic device we may represent the average radius by r, the thickness by dr.
The volume of a typical shell may be thought of as 2πhdr and the total volume is
𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑟ℎ𝑑𝑟
𝑎

Example 3: Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the region bounded
by the parabola y = x^2 and the lines y = 0 and x = 2 about the x axis.

Solution

If (x,y) represents an arbitrary point on the graph y = x2, the length of the generated shell is h =
2 – x, the radius r = y, and the thickness of the shell is dy. Since the volume of the shell involves
dy, integration will be with respect to y. Since y = x2, y = 0 when x =0 and y = 4 when x =2.
Therefore,
4
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
0

The variable x must be expressed in terms of y before the integration can be performed. Since
y = x2, x = √𝑦 .
4 4 3
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(2 − √𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0 0

2 5 4 2 5
= 2𝜋 [𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 ] = 2𝜋(16 − ( ) (4)2 − 0
5 0 5
32
= 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5

Example 4: Find the volume obtained if the region bounded by y = x2 and y = 2x is rotated about
the x axis. (This problem was solved previously using the washer method. See Example 2 for
comparison.)

Solution

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
The length of each shell h = x2 – x1 and the radius r = y. the thickness of each shell si dy. Therefore,
the volume of a typical shell is 2π(x2 – x1)y dy and the total volume is
𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑎
The variable of integration is y so both x1 and x2 must be expressed in terms of y. The limits of
integration must also correspond to y.
Since the equation of the parabola is y = x2, x2 = √𝑦 and the line’s equation y = 2x gives
x1=y/2; The points of intersection are (0,0) and (2, 4). The volume is therefore
4
𝑦
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (√𝑦 − ) 𝑦𝑑𝑦
0 2
4 3 1
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 2
2 5 1 3 4
= 2𝜋 [ 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 ]
5 6 0
64 64
= 2𝜋 ( − − 0)
5 6
64
= 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
15

Supplementary Problems
1. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x and its latus
256
rectum about the latus rectum. Use the shell method. Answer: 15 𝜋
2. Find the volume when the plane area bounded by y = -x2 – 3x + 6 and x + y – 3 = 0 is revolved
(a) about x = 3, (b) about y = 0.
256 1792𝜋
Answers: (a) 3 𝜋, (b) 15

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 8? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

6. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Definite Integrals; Wallis’ Formula, pages 273-282.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or through fb
messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate
Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluate
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 4. Unit 8 will cover Part 2 of the quiz.

Module VI: Other Applications of Integration

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
In this module, you will learn other applications of integration. These are Solids of revolution:
Cylindrical Shell and Centroid of a plane area, and Iterated Integrals. The method of computing
volumes so far depended upon computing the cross-sectional area of the solid and then integrating
it across the solid. What happens when the cross-sectional area cannot be found or the integration is
too difficult to solve? Here is where the shell method comes along. The centroid of an area is analogous
to the center of gravity of a body. The concept of the first moment of an area is used to locate the
centroid. In calculus an iterated integral is the result of applying integrals to a function of more than
one variable.

Unit 11: Solids of Revolution: Cylindrical Shell and

Centroid of a Plane Area

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO 7: Solve for the volume generated by solids of revolution by integration .

TLO 8: Locate the centroid of a plane area and solid of revolution using the tools of integration .

Engage

Review all previous lessons your lesson in Solid revolutions on circular disks and circular rings as they will
be similar with the topics here.

Explore

Cylindrical Shell

To show how difficult it sometimes is to use the disk or the washer methods to compute volumes,
consider the region enclosed by the function f(x)=x−x2. Let us revolve it about the line x=−1 to
generate the shape of a doughnut-shaped cake. What is the volume of this solid?

Notice however that (r2−r1) is the thickness of the shell and 12(r2+r1) is the average radius of the shell.

Thus

V=2π⋅[average radius]⋅[height]⋅[thickness].

Replacing the average radius with a single variable r and using h for the height, we
have V=2π⋅r⋅h⋅[thickness].

In general the shell’s thickness will be dx or dy depending on the axis of revolution. This discussion
leads to the following formulas for rotation about an axis. We will then use this formula to compute
the volume V of the solid of revolution that is generated by revolving the region about the x-axis.

Suppose f is a continuous function in the interval [a,b] and the region R is bounded above
by y=f(x) and below by the x-axis, and on the sides by the lines x=a and x=b. If R is rotated around
97

Use the cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region in
Quadrant I bounded by f(x)=x−x2 and y=0 about x=−1.

By using the volume formulation presented above, the volume of the solid of revolution is determined
as:

V=∫ab2πrhdx=∫ba2πrf(x)dx=∫012π(x+1)(x−x2)dx=2π∫01(−x3+x)dx=2π[−x44+x22]10=π2

Examples: Evaluate the following:

A solid figure is created by rotating the region R around the x-axis. R is bounded by the
curve y=x2 and the lines x=0 and x=2. Use the shell method to compute the volume of the solid.

Because the volume is generated by rotating around the x-axis, the volume is given by:

From the figure, we can identify the limits of integration: y runs from 0 to 4. A horizontal strip of this
region would generate a cylinder with height 2−y√ and radius y.

Thus the volume of the solid will be

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by

THE MASS OF A PHYSICAL BODY is a measure of the quantity of matter in it, whereas the volume of
the body is a measure of the space it occupies. If the mass per unit volume is the same throughout,
the body is said to be homogeneous or to have constant density.

It is highly desirable in physics and mechanics to consider a given mass as concentrated at a point,
called its center of mass (also, its center of gravity). For a homogeneous body, this point coincides
with its geometric center or centroid. For example, the center of mass of a homogeneous rubber ball
coincides with the centroid (center) of the ball considered as a geometric solid (a sphere).

The centroid of a rectangular sheet of paper lies midway between the two surfaces but it may well
be considered as located on one of the surfaces at the intersection of the diagonals. Then the center
of mass of a thin sheet coincides with the centroid of the sheet considered as a plane area

THE (FIRST) MOMENT M, OF A PLANE AREA with respect to a line L is the product of the area and the
directed distance of its centroid from the line. The moment of a composite area with respect to a line
is the sum of the moments of the individual areas with respect to the line. The moment of a plane
area with respect to a coordinate axis may be found as follows:

1. Sketch the area, showing a representative strip and the approximating rectangle

101

Example 2: Check out youtube link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pqByMamHP4

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 11? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

5. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville: Solids of Revolution:
Cylindrical Shells, pages 305-308. Centroids,pages 324-327

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or through fb
messenger or via text messaging.

102

Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Unit 11.

Unit 12: Iterated Integrals

At the end of Unit 12, you must be able to:

TLO 9: Evaluate Iterated Integrals

Engage

Review all earlier integration methods that you learned in the previous lessons as they will be useful
here.

Explore

In calculus an iterated integral is the result of applying integrals to a function of more than one
variable (for example or ) in a way that each of the integrals considers some of the variables as given
constants.

Example 1:

Example 2 :

103

Solution:

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 12 ? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following topics:

6. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Interated Integrals, pages 720- 729.

7. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville: Integration Integrals ,
pages 376- 380.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or through fb
messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate
105

Evaluate

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 6.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1 ENGGMATH 4 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Instructions: Evaluate each integral, check by differentiation.

Indefinite Integrals

1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ cot 𝛽 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽

sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 7. ∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

𝑣 𝑣
3. ∫ sin 3 cos 3 𝑑𝑣 8. ∫ (𝑣+7)3
𝑑𝑣

sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4. ∫ 3 9. ∫ (√𝑡 −
1
) 𝑑𝑡
(4+cos 𝑡)2 √𝑡

1
5. ∫(2 cos 4𝜑 − 1)2 sin 4𝜑 𝑑𝜑 10. ∫(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
Logarithmic Functions 5. ∫ 𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)
√ √
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 Exponential Functions
1. ∫ 6𝑣2 −1
2
1. ∫ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦−3) 𝑑𝑦
2. ∫ 𝑦 2 6𝑦+1
𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. ∫ 1+ 6𝑒 2𝑡+9𝑒 4𝑡
sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3. ∫ 4−3 cos 2𝑡
3. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 4+ 𝑒 3𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥

106

107

Indefinite Integrals

1. 4.

2.
5.

Logarithmic Functions

3.
1.
4.
2.
5.

108

109

Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 1
3. ∫ sec 2 𝑧 tan 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

4. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦

5. ∫(1 + cot 2𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
6. ∫ 1+cos 𝑦

110

Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2. ∫ 1+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡
5. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛽)3 𝑑𝛽
2
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Transformation of Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
2. ∫ sin 𝑥 (2 − 3 cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 9+𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 9+𝑥 4

𝑑𝜑
3. ∫ 4𝜑2 −4𝜑+5

sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑
4. ∫ 5+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜑

𝑑𝑤
5. ∫ 6𝑤−2− 9𝑤2

111

Integration by Parts

1. ∫ 𝑢2 sin 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 2
3. ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Functions

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. ∫ 1+cos 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3. ∫ 1+cos 𝜃
2. ∫(1 + cot 2𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

Transformation of Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑡 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1. ∫ √5− 2 3. ∫ sec 𝜃+4 cos 𝜃
16𝑡

(4𝑥−7) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+13 𝑑𝑡
4. ∫ √𝑡 2 2
𝑡 −𝑎

Exponential Functions

(𝑒 𝑥 +1)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1. ∫ 2. ∫ 1+ 6𝑒 2𝑡+9𝑒 4𝑡
𝑒𝑥

Logarithmic Functions

(𝑥 2 −2) 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1. ∫ 2. ∫
𝑥 3 −6𝑥+2 1−csc 𝜃

112

Integration by Substitution (Algebraic Substitution – 5 pts. each)

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2. ∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
√

1
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 (1 + 3 tan 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

Integration by Substitution (Trigonometric Substitution – 5 pts. each)

𝜃4 𝑑𝜃
1. ∫ 5
(16+ 9𝜃2 )2
𝑑𝑢
3. ∫ 2 √4𝑢2
𝑢 −1
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 3
𝑥 (𝑥 2 −4)2

Integration of Rational Fractions (10 pts. Each)

5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+3 sin 𝜃−4
5. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(5𝑥−12) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 +8𝑥
(9𝑦+14) 𝑑𝑦
6. ∫ (𝑦−2)(𝑦 2 +4)
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (9−𝑥) 𝑥
√
(𝑥 3 +10) 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥
(𝑥−1)(2𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥+1)

113

Definite Integrals (5pts. Each)

0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫−1 3
(1− 𝑥 3 )2

𝜋
2. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝜋
3. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

ln 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫0 √1+𝑒 2𝑥

𝜋
5. ∫02 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

√2 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫1
𝑥 2 √4−𝑥2

Wallis’ Formula (10 pts. – 1,2,3 / 5 pts. –

4,5,6,7)
1
1. ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 2 )5/2 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑

𝑎
2. ∫0 𝑥 5 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )6 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 1 1
3. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝜋
4. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝜋
5. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
6. ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
7. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

114

Draw the graph of the equation with proper label/s and include what method is being used.

Plane Areas: Rectangular Coordinates

2 2 2
1. Find the area of the four-cusped hypocycloid 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3 .

2. Find the area bounded by the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 = 36.

3. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥 2 ).

4. Find the area of the loop of the curve: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)3

1
5. Find the area bounded by the curves and lines: 𝑦 2 = (2−𝑥)2
; 𝑥 = −2 ; 𝑥 = 0

Plane Areas: Polar Coordinates

1. Find the area of the lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃.

2. Find the area enclosed by the given curve: 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)

3. Find the area enclosed by the given curve: 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 3𝜃

4. Find the area enclosed by the given curve: 𝑟 = 𝑎 (1 − cos 𝜃)

Find the area enclosed by the given curve: 𝑟 = 𝑎 (3 − 2 cos 𝜃)

115

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