KKK

The Katipunan (abbreviated to KKK) was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish
Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through
revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao
Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan.
Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of
the Philippine Revolution.

The Tagalog word "katipunan," literally meaning 'association', comes from the root word "tipon," a
Tagalog word meaning "gather together" or "society." Its official revolutionary name was Samahang
Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃a Anak ng̃ Bayan[1][5] (English: Supreme and Most
Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation, Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los
Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK. The organization has no affiliation
with the racist group known as the Ku Klux Klan who are also associated with the acronym "KKK".

Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to
abide by the rules established by the society.Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to
become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male
Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication,Kalayaan
(Liberty) that had its first and last print in March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished
within the society, and Philippine literature was expanded by some of its prominent members.

In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in
exchange for a promise to rescue Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to
the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the
Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patiño confessed the Katipunan's illegal activities
to his sister, and finally to the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days after the
Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the secret society, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and
his men tore their cédulas during the infamous Cry of Pugadlawin that started the Philippine
Revolution. The Most Famous army from spanish time.

The FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN.

Factions

Magdiwang

A chapter of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in

Manila in 1892, with the aim to gain independence from Spain. The Magdiwang Council was
acknowledged "as the supreme organ responsible for the successful campaigns against the enemy."

The Magdiwang chapter was started by Mariano Álvarez, related by marriage to Andrés Bonifacio, the
leader of the Katipunan. Both the Magdiwang and the Magdalo (led by Baldemero Aguinaldo the
cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo the famous leader of Magdalo) were the two major Katipunan factions in
Cavite, with the Magdiwang having control over a larger number of towns and municipalities.

Magdalo
a chapter in Cavite, mostly led by ilustrados of that province.

It was named after Mary Magdalene. It was officially led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, but his cousin
Emilio Aguinaldo (whose own Katipunan codename was "Magdalo") was its most famous leader.
The Magdalo had a rivalry with the other Katipunan chapter in Cavite, the Magdiwang. When the
Manila-based Katipunan leader Andres Bonifacio went to Cavite to mediate between them, the
Magdalo argued for the replacement of the Katipunan by a revolutionary government. The
Magdiwang initially backed Bonifacio's stance that the Katipunan already served as their government,
but at the Tejeros Convention, both factions were combined into to one government body under
Emilio Aguinaldo.

Source: https://philippines.fandom.com/wiki/Katipunan

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The Katipunan, officially known as the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan[1] or Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan[5][6][7] (KKK;[a]
English: Supreme and Honorable Association of the Children of the Nation; Spanish: Suprema y
Honorable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo), was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-
Spanish colonialist Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain
through a revolution.

Revolutionary documents from Archivo General Militar de Madrid rediscovered in the 21st century
suggest that the society had been organized as early as January 1892 but may not have become active
until July 7 of the same year; that was the date that Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to
Dapitan.[8]

Founded by Filipino patriots Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José
Dizon, and Teodoro Plata, the Katipunan was a secret organization until it was discovered in 1896.
This discovery led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

The Katipunan being a secret organization, had its members subjected to the utmost secrecy and
abidance to the rules established by the society.[9] Aspiring applicants were given standard initiation
rites in order to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open
to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted into the society. The Katipunan had its own
publication, Kalayaan (Freedom) which issued its first and last printing in March 1896. Revolutionary
ideals and works flourished within the society, and Filipino literature was expanded by some of its
prominent members.

In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in
exchange for a promise to rescue Rizal from his detention. In May 1896, the leadership of the
Katipunan met with the Captain of a visiting Japanese warship in an attempt to secure a source of
arms for the revolution, but without success.[10] The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the
Spanish authorities. Days after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the secret society,
in August 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore up their cédulas during the Cry of Pugad Lawin that
started the Philippine Revolution.

Etymology
The name "Katipunan" is a short name for "Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan"[1] (Supreme and Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation). The Tagalog word
"katipunan" (literally, "association", "gathering", "assemblage", or "group")[11][12] comes from the
root word "tipon", a Tagalog word meaning "gathering" or "to gather".[13]

Formation
History

A late 19th-century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: José Rizal, Marcelo H. del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce. Photograph was taken in Spain in 1890.
The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, successor organizations of La
Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal (Who himself was inspired by the martyrdom of his predecessors,
the nationalist Priests: Gomez, Burgos and Zamora). This organization was part of the late 19th
century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. The founders of the Katipunan were Deodato
Arrellano, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Andres Bonifacio, and Jose Dizon. Katipunan
founders Bonifacio, Diwa, and Plata were all members of La Liga and were influenced by the
nationalistic ideals of the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, also influenced the
formation of the Katipunan. Modern-day historians believe that he had a direct hand in its
organization because of his role in the Propaganda Movement and his eminent position in Philippine
Masonry; many of the Katipunan's founders were freemasons.[15] The Katipunan had initiation
ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to
that of freemasonry. Rizal's Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retana and Filipino biographer Juan
Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as del Pilar's victory over Rizal: "La Liga dies,
and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilar's plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the
same end, even if each took a different road to it."[citation needed]. Del Pilar is also said to have
approved the Katipunan's statutes. Epifanio de los Santos, in the 1920's narrates: "It is very correctly
stated that Andrés Bonifacio ordered Teodoro Plata to draw up the statutes of the Katipunan, and
that he did this with the aid of Ladislao Diwa and Valentín Diaz. After the statutes had been discussed,
Bonifacio, with the concurrence of Deodato Arellano, submitted them to Marcelo H. del Pilar for
approval. Upon the latter’s letter approving the statutes, Bonifacio used the same for the purpose of
gaining adepts."[16]

Founding of the Katipunan

Seal of the Katipunan. The initials are read as "Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan."
Captured Katipunan members (also known as Katipuneros), who were also members of La Liga,
revealed to the Spanish colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of
La Liga. One group insisted on La Liga's principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused
armed revolution.

On July 7, 1892, writer Jose Rizal was banished and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. That night
Bonifacio, a member of the La Liga Filipina; with Plata, Diwa, Diaz, Arellano, and Dizon, founded the
Katipunan in a house on Azcarraga St. (now Recto Avenue) near Elcano Street in San Nicolas, Manila.
[18][19][20] They established the Katipunan when anti-Spanish Filipinos had realized that societies
such as the La Liga Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities.[21] Despite their reservations
about the peaceable reformation that Rizal espoused, they named Rizal as honorary president,
without his knowledge. The Katipunan, established as a secret brotherhood organization, was known
as the Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (Supreme and Venerable
Society of the Children of the Nation).

The Katipunan had four aims, namely:

to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero

to unite Filipinos into one solid nation;
to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution);
to establish a republic after independence

The rise of the Katipunan signalled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a
peaceful campaign. The Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its
mission; hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence.

At the outbreak of the 1896 Revolution, the Council was further reorganized into a 'cabinet' which the
Katipunan regarded as a genuine revolutionary government, de facto and de jure.
In each province where there were Katipunan members, a provincial council called Sangguniang
Bayan was established and in each town was an organized popular council called Sangguniang
Balangay. Each bayan and balangay had its own set of elected officials: pangulo (president); kalihim
(secretary); tagausig (fiscal); tagaingat-yaman (treasurer); pangalawang pangulo (vice president);
pangalawang kalihim (vice secretary); mga kasangguni (councilors); mabalasig (terrible brother); taliba
(guard); maniningil (collector/auditor); tagapamahala ng basahan ng bayan (custodian of the people's
library); tagapangasiwa (administrator); manunulat (clerk); tagatulong sa pagsulat (assistant clerk);
tagalaan (warden) and tagalibot (patroller).[26] Each balangay was given a chance to expand their
own spheres of influence through the triangle system in order to elevate their status to Sangguniang
Bayan.[26] Every balangay that did not gain Sangguniang Bayan status were dissolved and annexed by
greater provincial or popular councils.[26]

The towns/cities which supported the Katipunan cause were given symbolic names, such as
Magdiwang (to celebrate) for Noveleta; Magdalo (to come) for Kawit; Magwagi (to win) for Naic;
Magtagumpay (to succeed) for Maragondon; Walangtinag (never-diminished) for Indang and Haligue
(wall) for Imus–all are in the province of Cavite.

Within the society functioned a secret chamber, called Camara Reina, which was presided over by
Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela. This mysterious chamber passed judgment upon those who had
betrayed their oath and those accused of certain offenses penalized by Katipunan laws. Every
katipunero stood in fearful awe of this chamber. According to José P. Santos, throughout the
existence of the secret chamber, about five katipuneros were convicted and sentenced to die by it.
The death sentence was handed down in the figure of a cup with a serpent coiled around it.

Admission of women to the society

At first, Katipunan was purely a patriotic society for men. Owing to the growing suspicion of the
women regarding nocturnal absences of their husbands, the reduction of their monthly earnings and
"long hours of work", Bonifacio had to bring them into the realms of the KKK. A section for women
was established in the society: to become admitted, one must be a wife, a daughter, or a sister of a
male katipunero. It was estimated that from 20 to 50 women had become members of the society.
[48]

The first woman to become a member of the Katipunan was Gregoria de Jesús, wife of Bonifacio.[48]
Her codename was Lakambini (Princess).[49] Initially, there were 29 women were admitted to the
Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesús, Marina Dizon, president of the women's section; Josefa and Trinidad
Rizal, sisters of Dr. José Rizal; Angelica Lopez and Delfina Herbosa Natividad, close relatives of Dr.
Rizal; Carmén de Rodriguez; Marina Hizon; Benita Rodriguez; Semiona de Rémigio; Gregoria Montoya;
Agueda Kahabagan, Teresa Magbanua, Trinidad Tecson, rendered as "Mother of Biak-na-Bato";[50]
Nazaria Lagos; Patronica Gamboa; Marcela Agoncillo; Melchora Aquino, the "Grand Old Woman of
Balintawak";[50] Marta Saldaña and Macaria Pañgilinan.[51]

The women rendered valuable services to the Katipunan.[52] They guarded the secret papers and
documents of the society. Whenever the Katipunan held sessions in a certain house, they usually
made merry, singing and dancing with some of the men in the living room so that the civil guard were
led that there was nothing but a harmless social party within.[48]

Though women are considered to be members of the Katipunan, information regarding the women's
section were scarce and sometimes conflicting.[26] Teodoro Agoncillo, for example, disregarded
Marina Dizon and concluded that Josefa Rizal was the only president of the said section.[53] Gregorio
Zaide, on the other hand, mentioned Dizon's presidency in his 1939 publication History of the
Katipunan[54] but changed his mind when he adopted Dr. Pío Valenzuela's notion that women-
members did not elect officers, hence there is no room for president.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan