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RD Sharma

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Akshat Raaj
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{Number System A + VP Menmattve Amenntent 139-142 pot Real Numbers ment 21S 21K 18 AP Rotate Assearnent Algebraic Identities AOL heats Assan A202 “we Factorization of Algebraic Expression» Formative Assessment 5.24-5.2 af Factorization of Polynomials Formative Assessment 633-636 7. Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Formative Assessment 7.9-7.10 - 8 Lines and Angles Formative Assessment 8.42-8.50 9. Triangle and its Angles Formative Assessment 9,21-9.28 10. Congruent Triangles Formative Assessment 10,69-10.73 |. Co-ordinate Geometry Formative Assessment 11,7-11.8 2, Heron’s Formula Formative Assessment 12.23-12.25 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT - 1 713, Linear Equations in Two Variables ~ Formative Assessment 13,33-13.34 ] Quadrilaterals Formative Assessment 14.62-13.66 18 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Formative Assessment 15.55-15.58 6. Circles Formative Assessment 16.89-16,96 17. Construction ye Surface Area ana volume of a Cuboid and Cube Formative Assessment 18.35-18.37 1% Surface Area and Volume of A Right Circular Cylin » Formative Assessment 19.27-19,30 e bead 20. Surface Area and Volume of A Ri i Formative Assessment 20333008 eae 21, Surface Area and Volume of A S; Formative Assessment 21,25-21,27 pee 22. Tabular Representation of Statisti Formative Assessment 2263090 ve 23. Graphical Representation of Statistic Formative Assessment 23,42. Baap teal a 24. Measures of Central Tenden: Formative Assessment 24.21-2493 . Probability Formative Assessment 25,16-25.18 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT - 2 1142 21.21% 31-315 41-432 5152 6.1636 71-710 8.1850 91-928 101-1073 nins 121-12.5 SA11-SA1.10 Geey—__—_—. 13,1-13.33 14.1-14.66 15.1-15.58 16.1-16.96 17.1-17.15 18.1-18.37 19.1-19.30 201-205 4-21.27 22.1-22.27 BrBB 24.1-24.3 251-518 gA21-SA210 praee [4] NUMBER SYSTEM 1.1 INTRODUCTION In our earlier classes, we have learnt about number line and the representation of various types of numbers (natural numbers, integers and rational numbers) on the number line. In this chapter, we will study rational numbers as recurring /terminating, decimals and the existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) such as 2,/3 and their representation on number line. Let us first have a brief review of the representation of various types of numbers on the number line. 1.2 BRIEF REVIEW OF NUMBERS In earlier classes, we have learnt that 1, 2,3,4,5, ... 124, ... are counting numbers or natural numbers such that 1 is the first natural number and there is no last natural number. The collection of all natural numbers is denoted by N and is written as N = {1,2,3, 4,5) +0124, --] If we include 0 in the collection of all natural numbers to get 0,1, 2,3,4,5, ..., 124, .... These numbers are called whole numbers. This new collection of whole numbers is denoted by W and is writtenas W =(0,1,2,3,4,5,-..,124,..4 To represent whole numbers on the number line, we draw a line and mark point O on itas shown in Fig. 1.1. Now, set off equal distances on the right side of the point O and label the points of division as 1, 2,3,4,5,.... The point Ois labelled as 0. of natural numbers in the plane mhwor placed at O and denote 2,-3,-4, ..., we getnew numbers. These number are called of whole numbers If we take the mirror images the images of 1, 2,3,4,.--a8 —1 e r ; aaa integers. These negative integers when included in the collecti give us anew collection of numbers. By 4,3, 2-101, 2,3, 4, 5s : is called the collection of integers and is denoted by Zand we write This new collection Ze (ou 3-2-0123, 4,5, } Me er line, we draw a line and mark a point O almost. -esent integers on the numb D i romniddle of i we set off equal distances on the right hand side in the middle of itas shown in Fig. 1.2. Now, 14 12 MATHEMATICS ~ 1x, as wellas on the left hand side of point O. On the right side of point O, we label the points of sub-division as 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 etc and the point O as 0. Since negative integers are opposites of positive integers (natural numbers), therefore we represent negative integers in the opposite direction i.e. on the left side of O on the number line. On the left hand side of: point O, we label the points of sub-division by -1,-2,-3,-4,-5, ... etc as shown in Fig. 1.2. f ° << -7-6-5-4-3-2-101234567 Fig. 1.2 1, 1.3 13 _ 2006 R There are numbers like 2497" 007 Serie numbers of the form 2, where pand qare integers and q #0. The collection of all such numbers is known as the collection of all rational numbers and is denoted by Q. Also, we write Q= Fae Op.qe £ 29 0 Wecan write -29 = -72,0= Sand17 = 2 Therefore, rational numbers also include natural numbers, whole numbers and integers. In order to represent rational numbers on the number line, we draw a line and mark a point O onit to represent rational number zero. The positive rational numbers will be represented by points on the line lying to the right of point O and negative rational numbers will be represented by the points on the line lying to the left of point O. If we mark a point A on the line to the right of O to represent 1, then OA = 1 unit. Similarly, if we choose a point A’ on the line to the left of O to represent-1, then OA’ = 1 unit. Now, suppose we wish to represent the rational number 7 on the number line. For this, we divide the segment OA into two equal parts. Let P be the mid-point of segment OA. Then, OP = PA= [ Since O represents 0 and A represent 1. Therefore, P represents the rational 2 1 number 73 shown in Fig. 1.3. -1 -28 -19 0 12 1 — Nn R Q P A Fig. 1.3 1 2 ji Similarly, if we wish to represent the rational numbers and i onthe number line, we divide the segment OA’ into three equal parts. Let Q and R be the points dividing OA’ into three equal parts. Then, OQ = QR = RA’ = :. Since O represents 0 and A’ represent - I. 1 2 : Therefore, Q and Rrepresent —; and ~ 5 respectively. NUMBER SYSTEM G Let us now discuss some examples about different types of numbers discussed above. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 5 EXAMPLE Represent 3 and 2 on the number line. SOLUTION | Inorder to represent ; and 3 on the number line, we first draw a number line and mark a point O on it to represent zero, Now, we find the points P and Q on the number line representing the positive integers 5 and —5 respectively as shown in Fig. 1.4. 5 S38 8 0 53 5 ao bp ¢ 0 A B P Fig. 14 Now, divide the segment OP into three equal parts. Let A and B be the points of division so that OA = AB = BP. By construction, OA is one-third of OP. Therefore, A represents the rational number H . Point Q represents -5 on the number line. Now, divide OQ into three equal parts OC, CD and DQ. The point C is such that OC is one third of OQ. Since Q represents the number -5, therefore C represents the rational number 2 : 8 -8 ‘ EXAMPLE2 Represent and 3” the number line. 5 -8 SOLUTION To represent = and oo the number line, draw a number line and mark a point O onit to represent zero. Now, mark two points P and Q representing integers 8 and -8 respectively on the number line. Divide the segment OP into five equal parts. Let A, B,C, Dbe the points of division so that OA = AB = BC = CD = DP. By construction, OA isone-fifth of OP. So, A represents the rational number : . 85 0 8S 8 Coenen eee nn ened Q 0 CB AO A 8B CoD Pe Fig. 1.5 Now, Q represents -8 on the number line. Divide OQ into five equal parts OA’, A’B’, BC’, CD’ and D’Q.. Since Q represents -8, therefore, A’ represents the rationa! number 5° EXAMPLE3 Finda rational number between - 2.and 6. SOLUTION We know that between two rational numbers x and y such that x and & are: 1 11 BACT 234 5 67 Ty Tie 114 die eit at u 1 EXAMPLE7 Insert 100 rational numbers bettwcen + > and SOLUTION Wehave, -30 9 9x10 90 1" Taxto 130 ™ 73 > 3x10 = 30 We know that 330 < -29-< = 2B < oe 106162 70 -30-29 | -28 “10 12 70 pen Narre Smee A cay <—- ¢ — $— ant stee —— . 130 ~ 130 ~ 130 130 “ 130 “130 < 130 <“" “130 Hence, 100 rational numbers b <3 23) ang 2 = lence, rational numbers between 3B 730 rr) = 130 are: a 70 ” 330’ 130’ 130’ “"” 130 EXERCISE 1.1 1, Iszeroa rational number? Can you write tin the form 2, wherep and qare integers and q 420? INCERT] 2, Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2. INCERT] 3. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4. [NCERT] Find five rational numbers between pand :. INCERT] 5, Are the following statements true or false? Give reasons for your answer. (Every whole number is a natural number. [NCERT] (ii (iii) Every rational numbers an integer. (v) Every natural number isa whole number. Every integer is a rational number. (v) Every integer is a whole number. (vi) Every rational number is a whole number. ANSWERS 0 5 11 13 27 7 74 = ==, >, 5,5, 0r 5,5, 6 3 Yer 2 2. 5. 4° 8’ 8'16'4’ MATHEMATICS- 1 7 18 Bt 63 127 255 22 23 24 25 26 27 Mcoiesae te 7 a7 a? 296 6 16 st ele Oa: lag. ae ee 4 3073’ 10'15'30 °” 10’ 4" 40’ 80’ 160 5) P qi) T ii) F (iv) T (v) F (vi) F 1,3 DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS : es, we have learnt thata rational number is a number which can be expressed Incarlier c form i Arational number ~ is said tob inthe form where mand nareboth integers and 1 0. A rational 7 is lobe in its lowest terms, if ne N and m and n have no common factor other than 1. For ees 271 : : oo - example, 5, VS etc are rational numbers in their lowest terms, whereas 32 1S Not in its lowest terms. m : ; 7 Arational number" is a positive rational number if m and n are of the same sign. If m and 1: i i , m aresuch that one of them is positive and another one is negative, then the rational number ”” n isnegative. e 4 = m Recall that every integer m also rational number, asitcanbe written as Inearlier classes, we have learnt about the conversion of fractions into decimal numbers and vice-versa. A rational number, like all fractions, can also be expressed as a decimal number. The following illustrations will illustrate the same. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 7 ILLUSTRATION1 Express & in the decimal form by long division method. (NCERT] SOLUTION Wehave, 8 )7.000 ( 0.875 64 60 56 40 40 0.875 8 , 35 | ILLUSTRATION2 Convert Yq to decimal form by long division method. ~ NUMBER SYSTEM SOLUTION We have, 16) 35.000 ( 2.1875 2 30 16 ~-140 128 “120 112 80 80 0 35 _ 9.1875 16 2157 ILLUSTRATION3 Express 5 the decimal form. SOLUTION Wehave, 625 J 2157.0000 ( 3.4512 1875 2820 2500 3200 3125 750 625 1250 1250 0 2157 _ 3.4512 625 -17 ILLUSTRATIONS Express ~g~ in decimal form by long division metliod. 8) 17.0 (2.125 16 0m 8 20 16 40 40 0 : =F MATHEMATICS ~1y. - i . 17 SOLUTION Inorder toconvert “7 in the decimal form, we first express in the decima -17 17 formand the decimal form of —* willbe negative of the decimal form of We have, In the above illustrations, we have seen that the division process came to an end after a finite number of steps. In fact, the division stopped at a point where there was no remainder Consequently, there were only finite number of digits in the decimal part of the given rationa numbers. Such decimals are known as finite or terminating decimals as defined below: DEFINITION The rational numbers with a finite decimal part or for which the long division terminates after a finite number of steps are known as finite or terminating decimals. There are rational numbers such that when we try to express them in decimal form by division method, we find that no matter how long we divide there is always a remainder. In other words, the division process never comes to an end. This is due to the reason that in the division process the remainder starts repeating after a certain number of steps. In such cases, a digit or a block of digits repeats itself. For example, 0.3333...., 0.1666666..., 0.123123123 1.2692307692307692307... etc. Such decimals are called non-terminating repeating decimals or non-terminating recurring decimals. These decimal numbers are represented by A putting a bar over the first block of the repeating part and omit the other repeating blocks. Thus, we write 0.33333 ... = 03, 0.16666... = 946, 0.123123123 ... = 9433and 1.26923076923076292307... = 1.269307 - The following examples will illustrate the representation of rational numbers in the form of non-terminating repeating decimals. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE1 Find the decimal representation of : . SOLUTION By long division, we have 3) 8.0000 ( 2.6666 6 20 18 20 18 20 18 20 18 2 NUMBER SYSTEM 8 = 2.6666... = 2.6. 2 EXAMPLE2 Express i asa decimal fraction. INCERT] SOLUTION | By long division, we have 11) 20 0.181818 11 90 88 20 11 90 88 20 at 90 88 2 2 _o,8is18.... = 018 11 -16 EXAMPLE3 Find the decimal representation of “y= - SOLUTION By long division, we have 45) 160 (0.3555 igs 350 225 250 225 7 205 ry 16 _ 0.3555... = 0.35 45 Hence, 718 = -0.38 45 r 1.10 1 EXAMPLE4 Fitrd the decimal expansion of — « INCERT} | SOLUTION — By long division, we have MATHEMATICS - jy 7)10 (0.1428571428571 7 30 28 Remainder = 3 20 Remainder = 2 4 60 Remainder = 6 56 40 Remainder = 4 35 “50 Remainder = 5 49 “10 Remainder = 1 Remainder = 3 lp gins 20 Remainder = 2 60 Remainder = 6 56 "40 Remainder = 4 35 50 Remainder = 5 9 10 Remainder = 1 7 3 Remainder = 3 1 = 0143857 770. REMARK Here we observe that the remainders start repeating in the same Consequently the de ‘cimal expansion order after six divisi ive, there is repeating £0es on for ever and digits in the quotient repeat after six digits block of six digits in the ‘quotient. EXAMPLE 5 What can the maximum number of | digits be in the repeating block of digits in the : 1 decimal expansion of 7 ? Perform the division tocheck your answer. [NCERT] NUMBER SYSTEM SOLUTION — By long division method, we have 1791.00 ( 0.05882352941 17647058 85 150 136 140 136 2s 60 31 90 85 50 34 160 153 70 68 20 17 30 17 130 19 110 102 80 68 120 19 100 oe 150 136 4 We observe that the remainders start repeating after 16 divisions. + = (,0588235294117647 » EXAMPLE6 Find thedecimal representation of — . SOLUTION — By long division, we have 112 MATHEMATICS j 7) 22( 3.142857142857 21 10 2 = 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857. REMARK In example 4, we have shown that (1/7) = 0.142857. This shows that the decima! representation of (1/7) has repeating block of six digits. Consequently, decimal tepresentation of (22/7) will also have repeating block of the same digits. Thus, to obtain the decimal representation of (22/7), we may multiply 0.142857 by 22 to get the integer part and in the decimal part we use the same block of digits, 2 = 22 x 0.142857 = 3.142857 EXERCISE 1.2 Express the following rational numbers as decimals: je i 327 io 1 ® 00 isog 2 4 -2 me, 437 2 o2 a s af 72 202 a7 7 fo ee ee , 33 (vi) %6 NUMBER SYSTEM 113 a Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form °(q # 0), where p and qare integers with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations. Can you guess what property q must satisfy? ANSWERS 1. @) 0.42 (ii) 0.654 (ii) 3.75 2 @ 06 (i) -04 (ii) -0.13 Gv) -1.692307 *(v) 0.437 (vi) 12692307 3. Prime factorization of q must have only powers of 2 or 5 or both. PROBLEMS HINTS TO SELECTED 3. Consider the following rational numbers: 2 os 875 _ 875 _ 875 @ 37 23> x57 @x5y 10° 1000 2 _. 75__ 73 _ ooys fy fa AXE 4x4 18 Wo6 Gil) 95“ 5x2? G x2? 100 | We observe that the denominators of all the above rational numbers are of the form 2” x 5" i.e., the prime factorisations of denominators has only powers of 2 or powers of 5 or both. 4.4 CONVERSION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS INTO RATIONAL NUMBERS OF THE m FORM -~ In the previous section, we have seen that a rational number can be represented either as a terminating decimal or a non-terminating repeating decimal. In this section, we shall learn about the reverse process, i. we shall learn how to convert a given decimal number into an equivalentrational number in the form We shall divide it into two parts. () When the decimal number is of ferminating nature. (i) When the decimal representation is of non-terminating nature. 4.4.1 CONVERSION OF A TERMINATING DECIMAL NUMBER TO THE FROM £ Inorder to converta rational number having finite number of digits after the decimal point, we follow the following steps: STEP] — Obtain the rational number. STEP. Determine the number of digits in its decimal part. STEP IL Remove decimal point from the numerator. Write 1 in the denominator and put as many zzronon the right side of 1 as the number of digits in the decimal part of the given rational number. STEP IV Finda common divisor of the numerator and denominator and express the rational number to lowest terms by dividing its numerator and denominator by the common divisor. The following examples will illustrate the above procedure. ; Lu MATHEMATICS ~ ix ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ' EXAMPLE1 Express each of the following numbers in the form P () 0.15 (i) 0.675 (iii) 0.00026 SOLUTION (i) We have, 15, 15 = : 100 Dividing numerator and denominator | => ee by the common divisor 5 of numerator 100+5 and denominator | = 0.15 = a 20 (ii) Wehave, 0675 = 675 _ 675 +25 _ 27 1000 1000+25 40 (iii) We have, Gouge oe Jo0000 1000002 50000 EXAMPLE2 Express each of the following decimal numbers in the form a : () 15.75 (i) 8.0025 (ii) — 25.6875 SOLUTION (i) Wehave, 1575 = 1973 = 197525 _ © 100 10025 4 (ii) Wehave, 8.0025 (iii) We have, = 25.6875 = 80025 _ 80025 +25 _ 3201 = Fo000 10000+25 400 256875 _ - 256875 +625 _ - 411 10000 1000 + 625 16 Pp 1,4.2 CONVERSION OF A PURE RECURRING DECIMAL TO THE FORM | Inanon-terminating repeating decimal, there are two types of decimal representations. (i) A decimal in which all the digits after the decimal point are repeated. These types of decimals are knownas pure recurring decimals. For example: 0, 0.16, 0.123 are pure recurring decimals. (i) A decimal in which at least one of the digits after the decimal pointis not repeated al then some digit or digits are repeated. This type of decimals are known as mixed recurring decimals. For example 2.16, 0.35, 0.785 are mixed recurring decimals. nd Pp Inorder toconverta pure recurring decimal to the form q , we follow the following steps: STEP] Obtain the repeating decimal and put it equal to x (say). STEP Write the number in decimal form by removing bar. from the top of repeating digits and listing repeating digits at least twice. NUMBERSYSTEM 15 For example, write x = 0.8 a8 x = 0,888...... andx = 0.14 as x = 0.141414... sper Determine the number of digits having bar on their heads. sree If the repeating decimal has 1 place repetition, multiply by 10; a tivo place repetition, multiply by 100; a three place repetition, multiply by 1000 and soon. TERY Subtract the number in step ILfrom the number obtained in step IV. sTERMI Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x. STEP Write the rational number in its simplest form. The following examples will illustrate the above procedure. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE1 Express each of the following decimals in the form f 8 @ o1 Gi) 02 (ii) 93 (v) 04 ) 05 (vi) 06 SOLUTION (i) Let x = 0.1. Then, x=0.11111.. => 10x = 1.11111... On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 9x=1 = = Foe i => 0i= = ie.,Q.1111...= > 9 9 (ii) Let x = 0.2. Then, x = 0.222222... i) = 10x = 2.222222... ii) On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 9x =2 > [ “2 9 (iii) Let x = 0.3, Then, x = 0.33333... oli «-(ii) = 10x = 3.33333... On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 9x =3 > ce ole . 1.16 MATHEMATICS. = 03 = 31..,0.23333...=3 9 9 Proceeding as above, we obtain 04= give, 0444dd .. = ° a 4 wlan 2 2 a 0 ° a " l a ° " CID CU om 07 = 2i.e,077777...=2 9 9 08 = Si.e.,o.ssees... = © 9 9 and, 08 = 2i.e.,099999...=2 9 9 REMARK It follows from the above example that ot. 2 1 : = 6 1 a oi =£,02===2x 5 =2x01 6=2=6x == ' 9 9 9 x0. 0.6 9 6x5 6x01 z_3 1 z eZ. 1 es 03 =2=3x5=3x01 Ge ee eT, 57 3%Q 73% 07 =2=7x5=7%0i of -4-4xt=4x0i og -8=8xl-8xoi 9 9 9 9 5 1 : [9 1 : 522 25x 2 =5x01 09 =2=9x~=9x01 eee 99 EXAMPLE? Express each of the following decimals in the form : : @ 035 Gi) 0.585 SOLUTION (i) Letx= 0.35 => x = 0.353535 ... (i) Here, we have two repeating digits a 10? = 100 to get 100x = 35.3535 ... (i) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 100x — x = (35.3535 ...)— (0.3535 ...) fter the decimal point. So, we multiply sides of (i) by => 99x = 35 35 => = 99 = oo NUMBERSYSTEM (i) Let x = 0.585 S x = 0.585585585 ... 1.17 0) Here, we have three repeating digits after the decimal point. So, we multiply both sides of (i) by 10° = 1000 to get 1000x = 585.585585 ... Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 1000x — x = ( 585.585585 ...) — ( 0.585585585 ...) 1000x — x = 585 = 999x = 585 = oe 999 .ii) = PB EXAMPLE 3. Show that 1.272727 = 1.27 can be expressed in the form 7 where p and q are integers and q # 0. SOLUTION Let x = 1.27. Then, x = 1.27272727... => 100x = 127.272727 ... On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 99x = (127.272727 ...) - (1.272727...) => 99x = 126 a OE 1h: 14 | Hence, 1.27 = - 5 p EXAMPLE4 Express 0.99999... in the form a where pand qare integersand q # 0. SOLUTION Let x = 0.99999... Then, x = 0.99999... => 10x = 9.99999... On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 10x — x = (9.99999...) ~ (0.99999...) = ox=9 = x= 5 =1 EXAMPLES Express 0.001 asa fraction in the simplest form. SOLUTION Let x = 0.001. Then, x = 0.001001001... > 1000x = 1.001001001... On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 999r = 1 x= 999 Hence, 0,001 = —1- 999 [NCERT] [NCERT] =i) ---(ii) [NCERT] 0) Gi) cee Se MATHEMATICS. 1, REMARK Above examples suggest us the following rule to convert a pure recurring decimal inty rational number in the form ©. (i) Write the number without the decimal point as the numerator. (ii) Writeas many 9'sas there are different repeating digits for the denominator. 3 | a | = Forexample: (i) 0.3 = 3 35 = 3 745 = 745 ple (@) 03=2 Gi) 023= 5 (li) 0745 = 556 RULE EXAMPLE6 Convert the following decimal number in the form A @ 5.2 Gi) 23.43 SOLUTION (i) Letx= 5.2 => x= 5.2222... vi) Multiplying both sides of (i) by 10, we get - (ii) 10x = 52.222 ... Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 10x — x = (62.222 ...) - (6.222 ...) => 9x = 47 => x= > 9 ALITER We have, > 5.2 =5+ 02 > 52—54 2 [ Using the above rule, we have 0.2 = : = 52= 9x5+2 9 = 52-2 9 (ii) Letx = 23.43 = x = 23.434343 ... Ai Multiplying both sides of (i) by 100, we get 100x = 2343.4343 ... ea) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 100x — x = (2343.4343 ...) -— (23 .4343 ...) = 99x = 2320 x= 2320 - ~ 99 ALITER Wehave, 23.43 = 23 + 0.43 a NUMBERSYSTEM L19 —— = _ 43 2B -23+8 [vsing the above rule, we have 0.43 = | 99 sq _ 23x99+43 — 2277+43 _ 2320 > 43 = A = SO 99 99 99 2 1 _ 045857 5 and © without actual EXAMPLE? If 7 = 0.142857, write the decimal expresion of 7 gid 7 without actually [NCERT] ke Td doing the long division. foo SOLUTION In examples 5 on page 1.10 we have shown that > = 0.142857. We have also eating block of noticed that the reminaders repeat after six divisions. That is why we have rep' 2345 6 - six digits in the quotient. Rational numbers 5777/7 gand 5 will also have repeating blocks of six digits in the decimal expansion. So, to obtain their decimal expansions, we multiply 142857 successively by 2,3, 4, Sand 6 toget the integral partand in the decimal part we take blocks of six repeating digits in each case. Thus, we have 2 oy) = 0286714 7X7 33x). 0m857i Teea7, 4 4x12 057m 77 5 5x1 - 0718285 7°79 6 aa 8 6x1 = 08571 and, 77 4.4.3 CONVERSION OF A MIXED RECURRING DECIMAL TO THE FORM q While converting a recurring decimal that has one or more digits before the repeating digits, it is necessary to isolate the repeating digits. Inorder to converta mixed recurring decimal to the form 2,, we follow the following steps: STEPI Obtain the mixed recurring decimal and write it equal to x (say). Pil Determine the number of digits after the decimal point which do not ‘have bar on them. Let there be n digits without bar just after the decimal point. STEP I Multiply both sides of x by 10" so that only the repeating decimal is on the right side of the decimal point. STEPIV Use the method of converting pure recurring decimal to the form ‘ and obtain the value ofx. The following examples illustrate above procedure. MATHER A WLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLED Express the following decimals in the form ? 4 @ 0.33 (i) 0.128 fw) 0.00352 SOLUTION (i) Leta = 0.33 Qlearly, there is just one digit on the right side of the decimal point which is withour we multiply both sides of x by 10 so that only the repeating decimal is left on the right the decimal point. 10x = 3.2 = 10x = 3402 = 10re342 9 9x3+2 29 29 10x = == == «= =» = 10x 9 = x 0 (ii) Let x = 0.123 Clearly, there are two digits on the right side of the decimal point which are withou we multiply both sides of x by 10? = 100 so that only the repeating decimal is left on side of the decimal point. . 100x = 123 > 100x = 12 +03 3 100x = 12 + => x 3 12x9+3 = One > (iii) Let x = 0.00352 Clealry, there are three digits on the right side of the decimal point w hich are without bo we multiply both sides of x by 10° = 1000so that only the repeating decimal is left on the side of the decimal point. : 1000x = 352 = 1000x = 3 + 0.52 = 1000x =3 + 3 = sooox = 2* 7752 ] rooos = 2 => 1000x = 8 => x= oan NUMBER SYSTEM 121 EXAMPLE2 Express each of the following mixed recurring decimals in the form 7 . @ 432 (i) 15,713 SOLUTION (i) Letx= 4.32 > 10x = 43.2 > 10x = 43 + 0.2 lox =43+2 => x= + 9 43x9+2 > 10S oes = tors 28742 2, gy 3 sy 9 9 (ii) Letx = 15.712. Then, 10x = 157.12 => 10x = 157 + 0.12 12 x= 157 + > 10x +5 4 > 10x = 157 +35 2 tox = 157%33+4 85 => tor= S45 tore = x [Multiplying both sides of x by 10) 389 90 5185 330 — P MPLE3 Show that 0.2353535---= 0.235 can be expressed in the form a’ where pand qare integersand q # 0. SOLUTION Let x = 0.235. Then, 10x = 0.235 = 10x = 2 + 0.35 > tor = 249 99 > tox = 299+ 35 99 = 10x = 298435, yoy - 233 99 99 [NCERT] 23 990 12 MATHEMATICS jy EXERCISE}, 1. Express each of the following decimals in the form P : () 0.39 (i) 0.750 (if) 2.15 4 Ww) 7010 (v) 9.90 (vi) 1.0001 2, Express each of the followipg’decimals in the form P ; oe q @ 04 (ili) 0.5: dif 0.621 () 1253 (vi) 47 ( 47 (NCERT] —— ANSWERS 7 ou oe way 43 701 99 10001 L Oi © F & — W&) G9 «© 39 ™ Joo00 oo ee o 23 376 43 2 i) 9 (i) 95 Cit) () 37 @) “3 Wi) Go (wii) x 1.5 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS In the previous two sections, we have seen that every rational number can be expressed either in the terminating decimal form or in the non-terminating repeating (recurring) decimal form. We have also seen that every terminating or non-terminating repeating m decimal expression can be putin the form |, where m, n are integers such that n # 0. Now, a natural question arises: Are there decimal numbers other than terminating or non- terminating repeating decimals? In order to answer this, let us consider the following decimal number x = 0.202002000200002 ... We observe that in the decimal number x, there are either 2’s or 0's and that the 2’s are separated respectively by one zero, then two zeros, then three zeros and so on. Clearly, the number of zeros separating two successive 2’s goes on increasing successively by one. So, we can go on writing this decimal endlessly. Consequently, the decimal representation of number xis non-terminating. We also observe that no group of digits repeats. So, the decimal representation of xis non-repeating. Thus, we have numbers whose decimal representation is neither terminating nor repeating. In fact, there are lots and lots of non-terminating non repeating decimals such as 0.12112111211112 ..., 0.3000300003000003 ... , 0.10100100010- 001... and soon. It follows from the above discu: the following forms : (i) Terminating (ii) Non-terminating but repea' ting (recurring) (iii) Non-terminating and non-repeating. , ‘As we have discussed in sections 1.3 and 1.4 that the numbers of the type (i) an rational numbers. The numbers of the type (iii) are known as irrational numbers as below. ssion thata number can have decimal representation in one of cd (ii) are defined ER SYSTEM NUMBEI 123 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS =A number isan irrational number, if it has a non-terminating and non- repeating decimal representation, In section 1.4, we have seen that a number in terminating decimal form or in a non- terminating but repeating decimal form can always be written in the form ‘ , where p,qare integers such that q # 0. It follows from this that an irrational number cannot be written in i the form , , where p and qare both integers and q # 0. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE1 Prove that V2 is not a rational number. SOLUTION Let us find the square root of 2 by long division methods as shown below: 14142135 1 [ 2.00000000000000 1 24 | 100° 96 281| 400 281 2824} 11900 11296 28282 60400 56564 282841 | 383600 282841 2828423 10075900 8485269 28284265 159063100 141421325 28284270 17611775 = v2 = 14142135. Clearly, the decimal representation of V2 is neither terminating nor repeating. Hence, it is nota rational number. ALITER We shall prove this by the method of contradiction. If possible, let us assume that /2 isa rational number. Then, v2 = f where p and qare integers having no common factor and q # 0. 2 = a= 5 [Squaring both sides] => pr= 29? vei) > pis an even integer an 1.24 MATHEMATICS _;, If p is not even, then p = 2m + 1,me 7 => p? = (2m4+ 1) = 4m? + 4m + 1, which > pis aneven integer is odd. This is a contradiction to the fact that p? is even => p= 2m, where m is an integer > pr= 4m? = 292 = 4m? [Using > gs 2m? : > @ is aneven integer. > qis an even integer. So, both pand qare even integers and therefore havea common factor 2. But, this contradicts that pand q haveno common factor. Hence, /2 isnota rational number. EXAMPLE2 Prove that /3 isan irrational number. SOLUTION Wefind the square root of /3 by long division method. 1.732050807 [3.00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00° al 27 343 3462 346405 34641008 | [ie 277i 206d 3464101607 26219360000 ___24248711249 _ 1970648751 3 = 1.732050807 ... We observe that the decimal representation Hence, /3 isan irrational number. EXAMPLES Prove that Vn is nota rational number, fm is nota perfect square. ea whole number and nota perfect square. If possible, form. This means that p and qh ng, of J/3 is neither terminating nor repeatir SOLUTION Letnb letbesquaere Pp ee of nbe a rational number q which is in simplest ave no common factor. Now, - =vn 125 [+ 1ris a factor of nq? and p* = nq? | n : niga factor of P- petp=™ forsome natural number enn ee P Pee 3 ompemne pat 2 Pe nn? = nisa factor of q? ie nis.a factor of nm and ? co ] nisa factor of q- and 1 is a factor of ption that p and q put, 1 isa factor of P q means that 1 is a factor of both p and q. This contradicts the assum have no common factor. This means that our supposition is wrong. Hence, Vn cannot bea rational number. REMARK Itfollowsfromt theabove example that 3 ,v5 ,V7 ete.arenotall rational numbers. This fact can also be verified by computing the square roots of 3,5, 7etc. |UMBERS 1.6 SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON IRRATIONAL N rs, we state these results as theorems. tional numbe! er isan irrational number. we have to show that - xis al Following are some useful results on irra' THEOREM1 Negative of an irrational numb PROOF Let x be an irrational number. Then, number. If possible, let- xbea rational number. We know that the negative ofa rational number isalsoa rational number. a ~ xis a rational number = - (-x) isa rational number. > xisa rational number This contradicts the fact that xis irrational. Hence,- xis an irrational number. THEOREM2 The sum of a rational number and an irrational number isan irratior BAODE. Let rhea ational number snd y bean itrational number. Then, we have to shoe Since the differen a oe number. If possible, let (x + y) bea rational number. try) pene rational numbers is a rational number. = Ca ie ional number and x is a rational number SS je . oe number. Thiscontadics the facthotyeey ira Hence, (x+y) isan irrati at y is an irrational number. ‘ational number. THEOREM 3 Th e oa number, Product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is ant Iso an irrational mal number. rrrational - MATHEMATICS 1x PROOF Letxbea non-zero rational number and ybe an irrational number. Then, we have to show that xy is an irrational number. If possible, let xy be a rational number. Since the quotient of two non-zero rational numbers is a rational number. xy is a rational number and x is a rational number. = ( ay } is a rational number x => y isa rational number But, this contradicts the fact that y is an irrational number. Thus, our supposition is wrong. Hence, xy is an irrational number. i THEOREM 4 The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irratic Hae if ional numbers need ¢ irrational number, because q of not be an () The sum of the irrational numbers J3 and -¥3 is 0, which is a rational number, whereas the sum of irrational numbers J2 and V3 is anirrational number. (ii) The difference of the irrational numbers J2 and -J2 is zero, which is a rational number. (ii) The product of irrational numbers /18 and J2 is 6, which is a rational number. (iv) The quotient of irrational numbers J12 and J3 is 2, which is a rational number. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE1 Give examples of two irrational numbers, the product of' ‘which is: (i) a rational number (ii) an irrational number. SOLUTION (i) The product /97 and J3 is /81 =9, whichis a rational number. (ii) The product of J2 and J3 is 6 , whichis anirrational number. EXAMPLE2. Identify 45 as rational number or irrational number. SOLUTION Wehave, V5 = J9x5 = 5 Since 3 is a rational number and Jj is an irrational number. Therefore, the product 3v5 = V5 isanirrational number. EXAMPLE3 _ Insert a rational andan irrational number between 2and 3. SOLUTION Ifaand bare two positive rational numbers such thatabisnota perfect square of a rational number, then Jab is an irrational number lying between a and b. Also, if a, bare +b rational numbers, then oe isa rational number between them. 2+3 A rational number between 2 and 3 is ooo =25 An irrational number between 2 and 3 is /2x3 = V6 EXAMPLE4 Find two irrational numbers between 2and 2.5. : SOLUTION Ifaand bare two distinct positive rational numbers such that ab is not a square of a rational number, then Jab is an irrational number lying between aand b. perfect NUMBER SYSTEM { 1.27 Irrational number between 2 and 2.5 is v2 2.5 = V5 Similarly, irrational number between 2and V5 is V2 V5 So, required numbers are JS and 2 x V5 ALITER Clearly, 2.10100 100 0100001... is an irrati 100001 < 2.5. Also, 2.201001000100001 ... is an irrational number such that 2 < 2.101001000100001 ... < 2.201001000100001 ... < 2.5 Hence, the required irrational numbers are 2.101001000100001 ... and 2.2010010- 001000- 01... jonal number such that 2 < 2.10100 1000 EXAMPLES Find t.00 irrational numbers lying between V2 and V3 « SOLUTION We know that, if a and D are two distinct positive irrational numbers, Vab isan irrational number lying between a and b. Irrational number between J7 and J3 is V2 x V3 = V6 = 6" Irrational number between J? and "is JJ2 x 6/4 = 24 x 6"8 8 then Hence, required irrational numbers are 6" 4 and 24 x6 ALITER Wehave, V2 = 1414213562 ... and V3 = 1.732050808 ... Clearly, /2 and J3 are irrational numbers. The decimal representations are non- terminating and non-repeating. Also, 73 > V2 since in the first place of decimal J2 has a4 and V3 has a7. Now, consider the numbers a = 1.501001000100001 ... and_b = 1.601001000100001 ... Clearly, aand bare irrational numbers such that V2 b Construction of a rational number between aand b: As mentioned above, first two digits after the decimal point of a and bare the same. But, in the third placea hasa 1 and bhasa zero. So, if we consider the number c given by c=0.101. Then, cis a rational number as ithas a terminating decimal representation. Since b has a zero in the third place of decimal andc hasa1. a bb Also, comparing a and d, we obtaina>d. Thus, dis an irrational number such thatb b Consider the number c given by: c= 0.111 101001000100001 ... : terminating decimal Clearly, c is an irrational number as it has non-repeating and non- same representation. : We observe that in the first two places of their decimal representations band chave the digits. But in the third place b has a zero whereas c hasa 1. . b and =. SOLUTION Wehave, coo . a= > = 0714285 and b=” = 081 z n We observe that in the first decimal place a has digit 7 and b has digit 8, therefore a x =34+2-2¥3 V2 > xv =5-26 = 2-5 =-2V6 _y2 = 5-x' Vé Now, xis rational > x? is rational 2 > is rational = vé is rational 7 1.30 MATHEMATICS - 1x But, J@ isirrational. - aa | Thus, we arrive at a contradiction. So, our supposition that V3 - V2 is rational, is wrong Hence, V3 - V2 isanirrational number. | EXAMPLE13 Examine, whether the following numbersare rational or irrational: 6 @ (y2+2? (i) 6+ 5) 6-5) HD 2 SOLUTION (i) Let (V2 + 2)? bea rational number. yal tox. Then, x= (V2 +2" => x = (V2 +2 +2V2 «2 x-6 => xa2+4+4V2 = - = 2 Now, is rational > 2 is rational. x is rational => 4 But, /2 isirra' tional. So, we arrive ata contradiction. Hence, (2 + 2) isirrational. (ii) Let x = (6 + V5) (5 - V5). Then, x = (5)? — (V5)? = 255 = 20 isa rational number. = 6 iii) Let x = —= Then, (iii) Let x ae en, x= * = x = V3, which is irrational EXERCISE 1.4 1. Define an irrational number. 2. Explain, how irra’ tional numbers differ from rational numbers? 3. Examine, whether the following numbers are rational or irrational: @ V7 (i) V4 (ii) 24+ V3 (iv) ¥3 +2 WW V3 +5 (i) (YZ-2) (it) (2-V2)(2+V2) whl) (J24V3 VE -2 (x) 23 INCERT] (xi) /225 INCERT] (xii) 0.3796 [NCERT] (NCERT] [NCERT] (xiv) 1.101001000100001.... (dif) 7.478478..... 4. Identify the following as rational or irrational numbers. Give the decimal representation of rational numbers: ‘ Gh 3vi8 (ii) Jaa @ V4 i 9 ®) & () -ee wh Ji00 pre SYSTEM 131 S 5. In the following equations, find which variables x, y, z etc. represent rational or irrational numbers : @ x=5 di) Y (ii) 22 =0.04 17 (iv) = a 6) v=3 (vi) w?=27 (ily P=0.4 6. Givean example of cach, of two irrational numbers whose: (i) difference is a rational number. (ii) difference is an irrational number. (ii) sumis a rational number. (iv) sum is an irrational number. (v) productis a rational number. (vi) productis an irrational number. (vii) quotient is a rational number. (viii) quotientis an irrational number. 7. Give two rational numbers lying between 0.232332333233332 ... and 0.212112111211112. 8. Give two rational numbers lying between 0.515115111511115 ... and 0.5353353335 ... &. Find one irrational number between 0.2101 and 0.2222 ... = 03. 10. Find a rational number and also an irrational number lying between the numbers 0,3030030003 ... and 0.3010010001 ... < Find two irrational numbers between 0.5 annd 0.55. (J2. Find two irrational numbers lying between 0.1 and 0.12. 13. Prove that /3 + /5 isan irrational number. i 5 E 14. Pind three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 7 and Tr (NCERT] ANSWERS 3. Rational : (ii), (vii), (xi), (xii), (xiii) Irrational: (i), (ii), (iv), (w), (i), (Will), GX, 0, (xiv) 4, (i) 2 (iii) 1.2 (v) -8 (vi) 10 5. (i) Irrational (ii) Rational (iii) Rational (iv) Irrational (v) Irrational (vi) Irrational (vii) Irrational 6.) ale (ji) RBA (ii) J5,-V5 (iv) 2V5,3V5 @) VB,v2 (wi) V2, v2 (wii) V8, V2 (viii) V2, V3 7. 0.221, 0.222 8. 0.5152, 0.532. 9. 0.22010010001 ... 10. 0.3011, 0.302020020002 ... 11. 0.5101001000100001 ... and 0.5202002000200002 ... 12. 0.1010010001 ... and 0.1101001000100001 ... 14. 0.75075007500075000075.....,_ 0.7670767007670007670000767...., 0.808008000800008..... 1.32 MATHEMATICS, ;, HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEy 5. i) 7 =5 => x= V5 (ii) Y=9 =>» y= Yo<3 (ii) 27=0.04 => z= J0.04=0.2 1.7 REPRESENTING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS ON THE NUMBER LINE In earlier classes, we have learnt that between any two rational numbers there is another rational number. Therefore, when rationals are represented by points on the number line, between any two points, we can insert a point representing a rational number. If we continue this process indefinitely, we find that between two points on number line, representing two, given rational numbers, there are infinitely many points between them each representing rational number. Thus, it seems that the whole number line is composed of rational points only. But there are many points on the number line which cannot be represented by rationa| numbers as discussed below : Draw a number line and mark a point O, representing zero, on it. Suppose point A represents, 1 as shown in Fig. 1.6. Then, OA = 1. Now, draw a right triangle OAB such that AB = OA = 1. V2+1=V3 By OA = AB=1 OA, = OB OA, = OB, & AB, = AB Fig. 1.6 By Pythagoras theorem, we have OB? = OA? + AB? => => OB= Jz Now, draw a circle with centre O and radius OB. We find that the circle cuts the number line at A. Clearly, OA, = OB = radius of the circle = /2 Thus, A, represents \/2 on the number line. But, we have seen that /2 is nota rational number. Thus, we find that there isa point on the number which is not a rational number. Now, draw a right triangle OA,B, such that A,B, = AB=1. Again, by Pythagoras theorem, we have OB,? = OA,? + A,B,2 => OB,? = (Jz 2 + 1? NUMBERSYSTEM 13 = OB,? = 3 > OB, = /3 Now, draw a circle with centre O and radius OB, = /3 . This circle cuts the number line at A, as shown in Fig. 1.6. Clearly, OA,=OB,= J3 Thus, A, represents /3 on the number line. Also, we know that /3 is nota rational number. Thus, A isa point on the number line not representing a rational number. Continuing in this manner, we can show that there are many other points on the number line representing 5, Nb V7, ¥B etc. which are not rational numbers. In fact, such numbers are irrationalnumbers. In the same manner, we can represent Jy for any positive integer n, after jj —] hasbeen Tepresented. Tt follows from the above discussion that there are points to represent irrational numbers on the number line. ILLUSTRATION Show how J/5 can be represented on the number line. SOLUTION Draw number line as shown in Fig 1.7. Let the point O represent 0 (zero) and point A represent 2. Draw perpendicular AX at A on the number line and cut-off arc AB = 1 unit. Wehave, OA = 2 units and AB = 1 unit Using Pythagoras theorem, wehave OB? = OA? + AB > OB = (2 +1? =5 > OB = V5 x 3 2 -1 «0 1 2c3 4 5 6 Fig. 1.7 Taking O as the centre and OB = JS as radius draw an arc cutting real line at C. Clearly, Oc = OB = V5. Hence, C represents /§ on the number line. 1.8 REAL NUMBERS AND REAL NUMBER LINE In the previous sections, we have seen that there are infinitely many irrational numbers. In fact, square roots of all the positive integers which are not perfect squares, cube roots ofall the integers which are not perfect cubes and so on, are all irrational numbers. Apart from 1.34 MATHEMATICS - 1x these irrational numbers, there are many more numbers which are irrational numbers. Foy example, the number 1, whichis the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, is an irrational number. Rational and irrational numbers taken together form the set of rea numbers. This set is denoted by R. Since all rational numbers and irrational numbers can be represented on the number line, so we call the number line as real number line. 1.9 EXISTENCE OF SQUARE ROOT OF A POSITIVE REAL NUMBER For any positive real number x, we have Aey- x-1Y _ fe toxed x?-2041_ (= ove ( 2 2 4 4 4 Therefore, to find the positive square root of a positive real number, we may follow the following algorithm. ALGORITHM STEPI Obtain the positive real number x (say) STEPIT = Drawa line and marka point A on it. STEP UI Marka point Bon the line such that AB = x units. From point B marka distance of 1 unit and mark the new point as C. STEPV — Find the mid-point of AC and mark the point as O. STEPVI = Drawa circle with centre Oand radius OC. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semi-circle at D Length BD is equal to Jx. Justification: Wehave, units and BC = 1 unit. AB=x a AC = (x + 1) units = OA = OC = st units Fig. 1.8 > OD = “Et units [- OA = 0C = op] Now, OB = AB-OA=x-2*1=7=1 Using Pythagoras Theorem in A OBD, we have OD? = OB? + BD? NUMBERSYSTEM 13 - BD? = OD? - OB? =. zety (251) 2 2 = BD = on 4 4 This shows that Vx exists forall real numbers x > 0. In order to find the position of x on the number line, we consider BC as the number line, with B as the origin to represent zero. Since BC = 1 so, C represents 1. Now, mark points Cy,Cz,Cg,-=: such that CC, = BC = 1,C, C, = BC = 1; C; C; = BC = 1 andsoon Clearly, C, Cz, C3, represent 2,3,4,.... respectively. Now, draw an arc with centre at B and radius equal to BD. Suppose this arc cuts the number line BC with Bas the origin at E. Then, BE = Vx. Consequently, E will represent Jz ILLUSTRATION Represent 9.3. on the number line. INCERT] SOLUTION Inordertorepresent /9.3 on number line, we follow the following steps: STEP] © Drawalineand marka point Aon it. STEPH Marka point Bon the line drawn in step Isuch that AB = 9.3 cm. Fig. 1.9 STEP IM Marka point C on AB produced such that BC = 1 unit. STEPIV Find mid-point of AC. Let the mid-point be O. STEPY Taking Oas the centre and OC = OA as radius draw a semi-circle. Also, draw a line passing through B perpendicular to OB. Suppose it cuts the semi-circleat D. STEPVI Taking Bas the centre and BD as radius draw an arc cutting OC produced at E. Point E so obtained represents J9.3 - EXERCISE 1.5 1. Complete the following sentences: (i) Every point on the number line corresponds to a... nuner which many beeither ... or... (ii), The decimal form of an irrational numbeFis neither ... nor... (iii) The decimal representation of a rational number is either (iv) Every real number is either ... number or ... number. 1s MATHEMATIC. : 2. Represent Vé, v7, 8 on the number line. 8. Represent V3.5, /9.4, 185 on the real number line. 4 Find whether the following statements are true or false. (@® Every real number is either rational or irrational. (ii) 7 is an irrational number. (ii) Irrational numbers cannot be represented by points on the number line. ANSWEp, 1. @ Real, rational, irrational (ji) terminating, repeating (iii) terminating, non-terminating, recurring, (iv) rational, an irrational 4 (i) T (i) T (iii) F 1.10 VISUALISATION OF REPRSENTATION OF REAL NUMBERS BY USING THE PROCESS OF SUCCESSIVE MAGNIFICATION In the previous section, we have learnt about the representation of real numbers ang «, Square roots of positive real numbers, having one digit after decimal point, on the numb line. As we have seen that the Points on the number line representing real numbers havin, just one digit after the decimal point in the decimal tepresentation can be easily visualised, naked eye. However, visualisation of points on number line representing real number, having two or more digits after the decimal point in their decimal representations through naked eye is not very convenient. : In this section, we will learn how to visualise the Position (or representation) of such numbers in decimal form. ; Suppose we want to visualise the Tepresentation of 3.765 on the number line. We observe that 3.765 lies between 3 and 4. So, let us look closely at the portion of the number ling between 3 and 4. We divide this portion into 10 equal parts and mark each point of division as shown in Fig. 1.10 (i). The first mark to the right of 3 will represent 3.1, the second 3.2 and so on. To see this clearly we magnify this portion by taking a magnifying glass and look at the portion between3 and 4. Through magnifying glsss this portion between 3 and 4 will look like what we see in Fig. 1.10 (ii). As 3.765 lies between 3.7 and 3.8. So, let us mark 3.7 as A, and 3.8 as A, and focus on the portion A; A, of the number line. Now, we imagine that the portion A, A,of the number line has been divided into ten equal parts. The first mark on the right of 4) (representing 3.7) will represent 3.71, the next 3.72, and so on. As we may find some difficulty in observing these points of division between 3.7 and 3.8. Therefore, to have acleat view of the same, we magnify this portion as shown in Fig. 1.10 (iii). As 3.765 lies between 3.76 and 3.77. So, we identify points representing 3.76 and 3.74 and mark them as B, and §; respectively as shown in Fig, 1.10 (iv). Since 3.765 lies between 3.76 and 3.77. So, let us now focus on the portion B, B, of the ra line (Fig. 1.10) and imagine that it has been divided into ten equal parts. Let us magnily 7 portion to have clear view of this portion. The first mark on the right of 3.76 will Pe 3.761, the next one represents 3.762, and so on. Clearly, 3.765 is the fifth mark in subdivisions as shown in Fig. (1.10 (iv)) and is represented by point P on the number line. ESO ——— NUMBERSYSTEM This process of visualisati 7 isualisation of numbers on the: : sknwonas the process of successive Acton line, through a magnifying glass, is Fig. 1.10 In the above discussion, we have seen that it is possible to visualise the position (or representation) ofa real number witha terminating decimal expansion on the number line by successive magnification. Let us now try to visualise the position (orrepresentation) of a real number with a non-terminating recurring decimal expansion on thenumber lire. Suppose we wish to visualise the representation (or position) of 4.26 (upto4 decimal places, i.e. upto 4.2626) on the number line. We observe that 4.2626 is located somewhere between 4 and5 on thenumber line. So, let us look at the portion of the number line between 4 and5.We divide this portion into 10 equal parts and mark each point of division as shown in Fig. 1.11(i). The first mark to the right of 4 will represent 4.1, the next ‘4.2 and so on. To see this — MATHEM Ar Ls clearly, we of the number line by taking a magnifying ond Potton between tans Tracer magnifying glass this portion Will 100k like o oy « See in Fig. 1.11(41). We observe that 4 2626 lies between 4.2.and 4.3.0, we atk these po 88 A\ and A, respectively as shown in Fig. 1.11(4). A84.26 lies between 4.7 nd 4.3.50"). focus on the portion A, A, of the number line, We imagine that the portiong Av: hag divided into ten equal parts. The first mark on the right side of A, will represent Number 4.22, and so on. NUMBERSYSTEM i» To see this clearly, we magnify thi i il ich ignify this portion. Through magnifying glass this portion will look in Fig. 1.11 (4it). Now, 4.262 lies between 4.26 and 4.27. So, let us mark 4.26 as B, and 4.27 as B. ‘ .27 as B, and focus on the portion B, B, of the number line. Let usimagine that the portion B, B, has been divided into ten equal parts The first mark on the right side of B, (representing 4.26) will fepresent 4.261, then next 4.262, and so on. To have clear view of these points of division, we magnify this portion as shown in Fig. 1.11(iv). As 4.2626 lies between 4.262 and 4 i s . 263. So, k the 4.262 and 4.263 as C, and C, respectively. ee, We imagine that the portion C, C, of the number line has been divided into ten equal parts The first mark on the right side of C, (representing 4.262) will represent 4.2621, then next 4.2622, and so on. Clearly, sixth point will re it 4.2626 i v) a , . 1(v) and a po "present as shown in Fig. 1.11(v) Itis evident from the above discussion on visulalisation of real numbers on number line that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and every point on the number line represents a unique real number. That is why number line is also known as real number line or simply real line. EXERCISE 1.6 1. Visualise 2.665 on the number line, using successive magnification. 2. Visualise the representation of 5.37 on the number line upto 5 decimal places, that is upto 5.37777. INCERT] CCE - FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQs) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Summary MCQs Mark the correct alternative in each of the following: 1. Which one of the following is a correct statement? (a) Decimal expansion of a rational number is terminating (b) Decimal expansion of a rational number is non-terminating (c) Decimal expansion of an irrational number is terminating Decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating and non-repeating 2. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) The sum of two irrational numbers is always an irrational number (b) The sum of two irrational numbers is always a rational number \@F The sum of two irrational numbers may be a rational number or an irrational number (@) The sum of two irrational numbers is always an integer 3. Which of the following is a correct statement? (a) Sum of two irrational numbers is always irrational {YJ Sum ofa rational and irrational number is always an irrational number (©) Square of an irrational number is always a rational number (d) Sum of two rational numbers can never be an integer 10 MATHEMA Tics 4. Which of the following statements is true? (a) Product of two irrational numbers is always irrational (©) Product of a rational and an irrational number is always irrational (© Sum of two irrational numbers can never be irrational (4) Sum of an integer and a rational number can never be an integer 5. Which of the following is irrational? 4 4 «) & Os ov @) Var 6. Which of the following is irrational? (a) 0.14 ©) 0.1416 (©) 0.1416 (@) 0.1014001400015 7. Which of the following is rational? 4 @ x 0% @ 8. The number 0.318564318564318564...... is: (a) anatural number (b) an integer (d) anirrational number ¢)/a rational number 9. Ifnisa natural number, then Vi is (a) alwaysa natural number (b) always an irrational number (Q) always an irrational number 0) sometimes a natural number and somtimes an irrational number 10. Which of the following numbers can be represented as non-terminating, repeating decimals? 39 3 3 137 @ xy © % Og @ 11. Every pointona number line represents ‘a unique real number (b) anatural number (d) anirrational number (c) arational number 12. An irrational number between 2 and 2.5 is ws (0 BB @ Jia @) Jit 13. Which of the following is irrational? (a) 0.15 () 0.01516 (© 04516 pe 0.5015001500015 14. Thenumber of consecutive zeros in 2° x 34 x 5* x7, is (4 (@) 5 os 2 15. The number 1.27 in the form © where pand gare integers and q # 0, is 14 14 14 W (5 OF © 5 @ 45 NUMBERSYSTEM 141 16. Th 3i Pp e number 0,3 in the form q’ Where p and q are integers and q # 0, is 33 3 © 500 » 3 L 3 ~ 10 0 3 @ too ‘ 1 17, The smallest rational number by which 3 should be multiplied so that its decimal expansion terminates after one place of decimal, is 1 3 ®) 70 Oo @3 @) 30 3 ‘ p 18. 032 when expressed in the form (p,q are integers q # 0), is a 29 32 32 @)95 © 9% © o © G99 a . P 19. 23.43 when expressed in the form q (p,qare integers q # 0), is 2320 2343 2343 2320 ©) “99 ©) “t00 © “999 @ 499 20. 0.001 when expressed in the form 7 (p,qareintegers, q # 0), is 1 1 1 1 ©) Jo00 ©) 00 © 999 ® 999 21, Thevalue of 0.23 + 0.22 is 0Y 0.45 © 0.43 © 045 @ 045 ANSWERS 1. @) 20 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. () 6. (d) 7. (a) & © 2@ 00 Wa 2H B@ Me 15.) 16() 17%) 180) 1%(a) 20) 21. @) SUMMARY 4. Anumber xis called a rational number, if it can be written in the form %, where mand nare integers and n # 0. m 2, Anumber xis called an irrational number, ifit cannot be written in the form 7+ where mand n are integers and 1 # 0. 7 3. The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating recurring. Thus, we say thatanumber whose decimal expansion is either terminating or non-terminating recurring isa rational number. 4. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Thus, wesay that a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is an irrational number. cm... MATHEMATICS 1, 142 , 5. All the rational and irrational numbers taken together make up the collection of ..) numbers | 6. A real number is either rational or irrational. 7. There is a real number corresponding to every point on the number line. A) comespondling to every real number there isa point on the number line. are irrational numbers « + ; 8. If ris rational and s is irrational, then r +s, rs, rsand ; 9. If isa natural number other than a perfect square, then Jy is an irrational number 10. Forevery positive real number x, /y can be represented by a point on the number line | using the following steps: (Obtain the positive real number x (say) (@)_ Draw a line and mark a point A on it. (iii), Mark a point Bon the line such that AB = x units. (iv) From point B mark a distance of I unit and mark the new point as C. (¥) Find the mid-point of AC and mark the point as O. (vi) Draw a circle with centre O and radius OC. (wii) Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the sem. circle at D. Length BD is equal to J, EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS 2.1 INTRODUCTION Inearlier classes, we have studied powers of rational numbers and ie Aare by their exponents. In the first chapter, we have discussed real numbers and throughout this text we will be working with real numbers. So, it is desirable to define powers of real numbers. The powers of real numbers are defined in the same way as powers of rational numbers and the same laws of exponents hold as discussed in the following section. 2.2 INTEGRAL EXPONENTS OF A REAL NUMBER POSITIVE EXPONENT For any real number a and a positive integer n, we define a" as a" =axaxax...xa(n factors). a" is called the nth power of a. The real number a is called the base and n is called the exponent of the nth power of a. For example, ; ay (3173 83) BLY 27 i) 23 =2x2x2=8 ii) (=] ==xixl == w * {3 2°92 x 8 4 gi) (3) -2x pe 4 a ea 256 For any non-zero real number a, we define a° = 0 Thus, we have 3° =1,5° = (3) =1 and soon. NEGATIVE EXPONENT For any non-zero real number aand a positive integer n, we define a" = S a Thus, we have @ 5° -= = oi (ii) ( 1 MATHEMATicg ' en 22 In the above discussion, we have defined a” for all integral values of 1, Positive, Zerg Negative. a” is called the nth power of a. The real number a is called the base and n1 ig align the exponent or index of the nth powerofa. d 2.3 LAWS OF INTEGRAL EXPONENTS ‘ponents of real numbers. These la In this section, we shall study the laws of integer ex; Be similar to the laws of integer exponents of rational numbers which you have stu, dieg te in earlier classes. FIRST LAW Ifa isany real number and m,n are Positive mtegers, then a”™ xa" =q™n PROOF By definition, we have a” xa" = (ax ax... tom factors) x (axax...ton factors) a™ xa” =4axXaxax...to(m +n) factors = = a” xq" =n" : 2 5 2 2 2 5+2 7 ILLUSTRATION (i) 54 x 53 = 54#3 _ 5” (ii) (3) *(3) =. (3) = (3) 3 3 3 3 SECONDLAW Ifaisa non-zero real number and 1m, Nare positive integers, then oe gn a PROOF We shall divide the Proof into three Parts (i) when im > n (ii) when m = 1 and (iii) when m < n, CASE I When m>n, In this case, we have a” _ aX axa... tom factors a" aX axa... ton factors m a => pe = 4Xaxa...to(m —n) factors a’ a” = = san [Cancelling n factors in N’and D’} CASE I] When m =n. In this case, we have a” _a™ _ axaxa...m factors aoa 4x axa,..m factors => 1 [Cancelling common factors in N’and Di => [+ a = 1 (by definition)] > bie =a"m [- m-m=0] a’ = eyes fe nan] o_o esenanetasneiaoia ed EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS. CASE Ul When m a= a" m = 2 8 grom i ea thy det] a m = Se gnn a’ a” = qn Hence, a =a", whether m > n or, msn or, men a ILLUSTRATION (i) 35 +3? = 3°-? = 3? (ii) (3) «(3)" = ( 2 y .o ( 2 ) 3 3 3 3 THIRD LAW Ifa is any real number and m, nare positive integers, then (ay = al™ = (any PROOF We have, (a™)" = a” xa™ xa" x... ton factors > (a")" = (axax...m factors) x (ax ax... to m factors) x(ax ax... to m factors)... tom factors. = (a")" = axax ax...to (mn) factors = a" Similarly, we have (a”)" = a” Hence, = (a)" = a™ = (a")" ILLUSTRATION (i) (32)° = 32° = 31° (ii) (3) j -(3)" -(3)" 3 3 FOURTH LAW Ifa, bare real numbers and m, nare positive integers, then @ (aby" =a" ro) (3) =f be0 PROOF (i) Wehave, (ab)" = (ab) x (ab) x (ab) x... ton factors => (ab)" = (axaxa... ton factors) x (bx bx b... ton factors) => (aby = a" xb" = ab" (ii) Wehave, a (§) = (5 )+( 5 )*( gx tom tactors (sy _ @xaxa...tonfactors _ a” b) ~ bxbxb...ton factors b* MATHEMATICS__1y. 24 2 2 8 ILLUSTRATION (i) 64 = (2x3)* = 24x34 (ii) ( ) "3" ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE1 Evaluate each of the following: @) 5?x5* (ii) 5° +5 Gili) (37)? 3 3 3 wv) (3) : 11 (iv) ( i a SOLUTION Using the laws of indices, we have 5? 54 = 57*4 = 5° = 15625 @ 58 Gi) 58 +59 = = 59 2 5S = 3195 (iii) (37? = 39 = 36 = 729 3 (iv) ay’ _ in _ 1331 12 123 1728 3 w) ee he 4 Be 32) 22 7 (7) & a EXAMPLE2 Evaluate each of the following: ) (2 (uy ir3y ay (1¥ (2) 3" D {= a 2 ae 3 ® (a) (3) (3) © (2) (3) (3) 2 3 zi (ii) 2 x 2 _ 297 918 ev) (3) *(3) *(3] 2*xiP x3? 2x3 6 SOLUTION (i) We have, 2\¥ (uy IG) 27 1ie 32 a] xfs] xf2] st x2 x5 -2 XM xd _ 2x3 _ 11 3 2 14 3? 2 x3 x ea? ~ ir (ii) We have, 1) (2 3 Se le 2 3 5 . s) = zy {5 5 xe 5 _ 1 x(-2)x5 _ 1x16x5 | » Bese %, 5 “3 3? 37 BS xatxs 32xB1x3 2x81x3 486 (iii) Wehave, x 20 — 297 918 = 255+ _ 997418 _ 4115 2s =9 — a lsc EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS (iv) Wehave, (3) (5) 3) - EXAMPLES If a = 2 and b = 3, then find the values of cach of the following: @ ated? Gi) ah 4p (iii) a? ols J ) ( 24h y SOLUTION Wehave, 1 3? 2? 1 ce xt ix = Qusy 5? ee x tax Sy caer ae @ a" +b = 27439 = 4427 =31 Gi) a? +b* = 2343? =849=17 (ii) a’ = 23 =8 (wv) ay (2V 24 b 3 39 ) (2+2) - 11s (22g (ep ab 23 3x2 6 e 36 2.4 RATIONAL EXPONENTS OF A REAL NUMBER In section 2.2, we have studied integral powers of a real number. In this section, we shall define rational powers (exponents) of a real number. First we define the principal mth root of areal number fora positive integer 1. PRINCIPAL 71" ROOT OF A POSITIVE REAL NUMBER Ifa isa positive real number and n isa positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is the unique positive real number x such that x" = a. The principal nth root of a positive real number ais denoted by al! or, Ya. Forexample, (i) 16"? = 4, because 4? = 16 (ii) 8"? = 2, because 2° = 8 ii) 814 = 3, because 3* = 81 PRINCIPAL 7" ROOT OF A NEGATIVE REAL NUMBER Ifa isa negative real number and n isan odd positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is defined as—|q\"" i.e., the principal nth root ofa is minus of the principal nth root of |al. For example, ys @ (-8)" = -1-8/!9 = 8" =-2 (ii) (- 243)" = -|-243]"% = -[3°[" =-3 REMARK Ifa isa negative real number and n is an even positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is not defined, because an even power of a real number is always positive. Therefore, (-9)"? is a meaningless quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real number, only. But, (-9)"? is meaningful in the set of complex numbers which you will study in XI standard. RATIONAL POWERS (EXPONENTS). For any positive real number a and a rational number : + whereq> 0, wedefine a4 = (a?)"4 i.e. a4 is the principal qth root of a”. MATHEMATICS..1y 26 Forexample, () 4? = (49)? = (64)? 2B [es 82 = 64) Gi) (-8)?9 = [(-8)?]!" = (64) = 4 fy 4? = 64 (ii) (-4)°? = [(-4)°]"? = (-64)', is a meaningless quantity, because there is no Teal number x such that x? = -64, (iv) (27) = (272) = (729)! = 9 [be = 729) REMARK In the above discussion we have introduced the concept of rational exponent of a positive real number, We can also define real exponents ofa real number, but it is beyond the scope of this book. 2.5 LAWS OF RATIONAL EXPONENTS In Section 2.3, we have studied the laws of integral exponents of a real number. Using these laws and the definitions of a” and a!!,q > 0, itcan be shown that the following laws hold the rational exponents: @ a"xa" =a" Gi) a" +a" is 1 (iii) (@")" = a™ (iv) @" = ee ) a = (a) = (gy je, gl = ait = (Ya)" ay" qm Pee oo (2) =2. b where a, bare positive real numbers and m, n are rational numbers. Let us now discuss some applications of these laws in simplifying expressions involving rational exponents of real numbers. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Evaluate each of the following removing radical signs and negative indices wherever EXAMPLE1 they occur: 64 3/2 @ 4)? i) (025)? INCERT] (iii) 27)? Gv) ( =] SOLUTION (i) Wehave, (64)!9 = (43)¥3 = es =4) 24 om | 1 1 1 1 i (125) =__s_! = Gi) ) (125) ~ (33 ad 5 rn cane UXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS. 27 27729 od 1 1 qi) (27) 22P° ™ Grp” [GANT = GET mh (s ie wel 25) sy f/ 5) 125 25 (64/25)"2 a : (&) 8) 512 EXAMPLE2 Simplify cach of the following, removing radical signs and negative indices wherever they oceur: . . i @ (vay* OWE (VE Gi) ax (wy) 25)" x Vis @) (yey? (vay? (Way? SOLUTION (i) We have, 1 (VEY? = (40-3 2 ge? ga 21d A t . (ii) We have, (JB)? x (VE)? = (5Y2 7 5c (202? 2 5B? 5 2-8 2 (5 x 29-9? 7 1 1 1 (5-3 e982 2- 1 2 1 ft => (V5)? x (2)? = 10 10°? = Go%)"? ~ Gooo)? 1/2. 10 Yi? 10. 2 ) = enn) ~(aoar = (5)? x (2)? = Jy? x By 40172 10" => (V5) x (V2)? = (00%)? = 100 (ii) We have, asl: Yas (45) ~ (iv) Wehave, (25)? x 376 = (25M? x (16) = a6 _ ( 16 y (25) “| 25 U3 3 3 . 2° x2 2? x2x5 2° = (2598 x 16 -( ee } (42s = ge 10 W3 da ees 27 us 2 0.043 => 25)" =| 103 = }( 2 =t (25° x Y16 (3) x (2) x10 ; = 28 MATHEMATICS ~1y (v) Wehave, “2 axhast (YB? = BEY? = (QAM P NF 2 9" 2 2 12 22 22 ain -(3) -(3) ie = (Ja)? x (WE)? = (482-7 (QM2y5 = as (yey? 222 = (vi) Wehave, “aay ans 7 5 a Que = IT ORY = Gees aa pve ght get = WAY x2)" = Sp uman * oop + Sr EXAMPLE3 Simplify each of the following: ‘ . ay ( 256)" ae ® esr" oo (3) win (3) w) Year SOLUTION (i) We have, (625)74 = ea -(as)" -[(3)] -( (ii) We have, 256)" (at ype ayy! payed (4 _ 4° 1024 81 34) “L3 “\3 “\3) 38 243 (ii) We have, was yee _ pt 32 (a) (ey = 243 = pas (28 [ea 32 3 3 (iv) Wehave, 5x3 1 fa2y> = 102) 85 = (32) VS = (30)3/5 = (25) = 2S B23 | ze EXAMPLE4 Assuming that x, y are positive real numbers, simplify each of the following: @ [xy Gi) (x29 yy? Giiy (Nx y Ww) (VE Wy sey?) Paya x2y wi) fez SOLUTION (i) We have, 3 iB (py? ay 3/2 312 Lie ad me x EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS . 29 (ii) We have, 72/3 “1/22 GE xy "?y = (PRY MAP ay MOAI AY 1 (iii) We have, : . : xy —\s WFP afarye pia = a . = #25 _ M2x5, 15/2, 1 Jost?) 2 tes 2 “si (iv) Wehave, WY? Ly fey te = Wx yt fete . = WY + fag? = (v) Wehave, a we UA PAAR M2020 yet oxy way — xy 2a (vi) We have, agieor = [(x2)¥? 7 = (x7/3)14 = EXAMPLE 5 Sintplify: = xv ri oy acu ) “Ge x (sy SOLUTION (i) We have, (ii) t6x2"2 (25)*/? x (243)%5 _ (52)¥2 xx (35)MF_ 5B2 gOS TAKE RHE (16)574 x (8) (24) x (28) (ii) We have, Qs _gne2 pred gms? ames _ pie? 22S La aHe = a gues rote = ye gies — 2m?) sy") ] 210 (SAT) Fe BRAMPLE? Ifsy,2are posto real numters sow that a ares a SOWTION Wehave, EXAMPLES Show that: Tort J : ” ” * me 0 3(2J wy ore SOLUTION () Wehave, a thet (i) Webave, co ep ee Corry itn, 2040 209 aera EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS peaumney yZ22*0"72 77 JAE, petit = fOn equating the exponent] EXAMPLELY Find the alu of. if 579 32 SOLUTION Wehave, stig = m5 an MATHEMATICS 1x Sheard estat e234 2and2x-8=2 kes gay [Onequating the exponents} EXERCISE 2 ace postive real numbers followings o Pe oye Cay + Lay? yy fare wear Boon an @ x5 + YS Hs «2 9 -3x9° -(ay" 6 3 cal 3H 57 PG a8 of ory"? ~ ary? = 3 yy aye, 1 (vB) 6 336 x VE (5) +r (He) eat as (0.6) - (03 (3 o(- i) @y =a B rtas [EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS ons 5. (iv) Wehave, Og) agape r-2eLee-9a30 x03, 2462 FHF (0) Wenave, DSH oP xSt = x-5 = Oand x4 = 19 x= 5 (2) Wehave, ae? sr* 1250 PF ta xO we et gtt nasa x-Taland sad 2 028 CCE - FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ~ Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQs) Muitiple Choice Questions. (MCGs) ‘Summary ___—vsaos 4, Wet 625)M indesimal form. 2. State the product aw of exponents ‘5. Staothe quotient aw of exponents 44 State the poorer aw of exponents For any positive real number x, find the valueof (PEF eT ‘rite te value of {58 +27)". rani (ors ® ele Any positive real number x write thevalueot (or Hor er F —— a SAF (=) = 8, whatiathe value of (e+ AF? PO 1A 6 hen find bevaeo Tau 9 9 and =, tata? : “3H. Wee hevacot YK, wore) (AY aga rational nuinber. ’ ph iatebevaanot Vix D. anon 1.02 B1 65 ns a % 16 10, 2 ms on7 oad eas — cas = Nakita chloe 1, The value of (2 ~ 3(2~ 37}? is 7 ws @ us ous (@ 28 2 56 (asp aa ©) 16 © 64 (a) 256.25 3. 1610 = 25, then 10° equals L 1 1 1 oy os © as a} 4 Thevalueof x= y"Y when x =2 ond ¥==2 $s (o) 18 & -18 ou 3. Theproductof the square roatof x with the cube root of xis (@) cuberootof thesquarerootof x (sixth oot ofthe fith power of x (9 fifthrootofthesixth powerof x (4) sixth root of x 6 19" = 240 49%, then x= @-u fa) 0S (b) 0.2 ©) 04 (@) 01 7. Theseventh svat xalvldedby he eighth oak x x oF oR © 1 Thesquarerootof6 divided by thecube root étis 1 @ a 2 ©} © 6? 9. Which ofthe followings as) nt equa .o G yy EE ee MATHEMATIC. exronnnrsoreacnuamers UO | off 10, When simplified (t+ y Z ox wey © aey 11 1 6 G4 hatin the vatueot 37 os os © 12, oy, whichalatement mustbe true? (9) RGF ie fio i © pew @ aT 13, Hx fa poitve real number and. 3? = 2, then 3? of © vi OM 14 (DY a 4, then 3 = os we 9 15. 110" = 64, whatisthevatueof 102"? wis oa or 36, 1 Ty #8 ond x>0, thon = 2 waa wa TIF g= PP 44P7, whats the value of § when f= 642 a 2 oF oF ow 16 tha 64 then 2 ax = 2 3 oan 19,164" = 8 0 24, ten (209 equals 58 O8 © 8 20. When simpiioa{ =) 1 os w-9 eo} as @4 a @ a @ 64 257 o 23 @ 125 @-} —— accent 26 21. Which one ofthe following is not equal to (38)? 1 @ Gay © (my 100 \"* (a wrererwttetaowingnotonalo(T ? w() ote Lop 54 3xd © 70*10" 10 @2 3x5" - 2x5" “Seal os os 3 25. 9,0, ¢ are positive real numbers, then Yar%b x Vie « os Acs ‘wie 6 Eten x= a 3 ae ay(sy au(3)(3)

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