SDU Electrical Engineering

Lecture 0
Introduction to ELTR1 etc.

Morten Sørensen
September 3, 2020
 Electronics and Embedded Systems
Module with 15 ECTS
2 Courses:
• ELTR1, 10 ECTS, Morten Sørensen / Mikkel Bjerg
Mogensen
• EMB1, 5 ECTS, Alin Drimus

Semester Coordinator:
Morten Sørensen
soerensen@mci.sdu.dk
Office: Block C level 2

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 ELTR1 - Content
 The electronic circuits and definition of basic quantities
 Capacitors, Resistors and Inductors
 Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws as well as power and energy
equations
 Ideal voltage and current sources including controlled
sources
 Superposition, Thevenin and Norton
 Node voltage and mesh current analyses
 Sinusoidal sources and steady-state analyses
 Phasor analyses (complex representations), and complex
impedance

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 ELTR1 - Content
 Active, Reactive and Apparent Power
 Transformer and mutual inductance
 1st order transient responses of RL and RC circuits
 Construction of semiconductor components
(phenomenological explained)
 Transistors (bipolar and field effect) and diodes
 Load line analysis and Q-points
 Bias circuits.

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 ELTR1 - Exam
• ELTR1 is a part of Electronics and Embedded Systems
The grade is an overall assessment of both modules (1/3
embedded 2/3 electronic). However, you must pass each
module.
• Grading is based on:
• An individual 3 hours written exam in ELTR1,
• An individual 2 hours written exam in EMB1,
• Exam activities during the semester.
• 30% of the grade is based on exam activities /
assessments during the semester and 70% on the final
exams.
• Censorship: Second examiner: Internal.

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 Running Exams

Number 1: Written test in class (5%), 17 September
Number 2: Written test in class (15%), 13 November
Number 3: Hand in exercises logbooks (10%), 30 November

Show assignment plan

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 ELTR1
Structure
• Preparation for the lesson: Typically reading of the relevant pages in the book
• Lesson: Mixture of lecture and theoretical exercises
• Homework: General recap of the content, sometime additional task
• 6 exercises in lab together with Mikkel Bjerg Mogensen

All course relevant material can be found on Blackboard

Matlab  Please install Matlab and start with some tutorial:

https://matlabacademy.mathworks.com/?s_tid=acport_tut_sp_til

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 Literature
Electric Circuits Plus Mastering Engineering
with Pearson
Edition: 11th
ISBN-nr.:
ISBN-10: 0134814118
ISBN-13: 9780134814117

We plan to use this book for ELTR1 and

ELTR2.

Additional notes in ELTR1 regarding diodes

and transistors.

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Morten Sørensen
• Physicist (MSc, Aarhus University) / Electrical Engineer (PhD, 
Aalborg University)
• 2006‐17: Working with EMC and antennas at Bang & 
Olufsen a/s
• 2017‐19: Visiting Assistant Research Professor at EMCLAB 
Missouri University of Science & Technology and EMC 
research engineer at Amber Precision Instrument, San Jose
• 2019 ‐ Assoc. Professor in the field of EMC
• Research interest: System level radiated emission, near‐field 
scanning, ESD, EMC and simulations, ISM‐band antennas.
 Teaching

• Questions during lectures are welcome. Just raise your hand.

• Please give feedback on teaching during the semester.
• You won’t benefit from the feedback given at the end of the course.
• I won’t necessarily follow your comments, but I appreciate constructive criticism.
• I guarantee, no effect on your grades.
• I follow the book very close.

Morten Sørensen
03-09-2020
10
 SDU Electrical Engineering

Lecture 1
Circuit Variables

Morten Sørensen
September 3, 2020
 Objectives
• Understand and be able to use SI units and the standard prefixes for powers of 10
• Know and be able to use the definitions of voltage and current
• Know and be able to use the definition of power and energy
• Be able to use the passive sign convention to calculate the power for an ideal basic
circuit element given its voltage and current

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11 December 2017
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 Electric Circuits
 An electric circuit is a mathematical model that
approximates the behavior of an actual electrical
system
 Circuit theory:
1. Electrical effects happens instantaneously
throughout a system. If this assumption is valid it
is called a lumped-parameter system
2. The net charge on every component in the
system is always zero
3. There is no magnetic coupling between the
components in a system

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11 December 2017
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 Circuit Theory
1) Electrical effects happens instantaneously throughout a system. If this assumption is
valid it is called a lumped-parameter system.

 This is fulfilled when the system is electrical small.

 Rule of thumb is: The dimension of the system is less than 1/10th wavelength (λ).
 What is the maximum size for a lumped-parameter system for a DK power system
(50 Hz)?
 What is the maximum size for lumped-parameter system with a 5 GHz clock
frequency?

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 Electrical Circuits
Examples for electrical circuits

Old Modern High power Semi-professional

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Electrical Circuit
Electrical circuits consists various types of circuit elements
• Basic:
• Cables, resistors and sources (voltage, current, controlled)
• Storage:
• Capacitors, inductors
• Semiconductor
• Diodes, transistors, integrated circuits (IC)
• Switch gear
• Switches, fuses, relays

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 The International System of Units
The base units are all defined from a constant of
nature. E.g.
 1 s = The duration of 9192631770 periods of
the radiation corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of
the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
 1 m = The distance travelled by light in
vacuum in 1/299792458 second.
 1 kg is bases on Planck constant, h. Until
November 2018 it was based on an
international prototype in Paris, France.

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 Derived Units in SI
Problems

If a signal travels in a cable with 80% speed of light (c = 3ꞏ108

m/s), what length of a cable represents 1 ns.

Assume that a telephone signal travels through a cable at 2/3 c.

How long time does it take to travel from Sønderborg, DK to New
York, USA (approximately 6000 km).

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11 December 2017
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 Prefixes to Powers of 10
Problems
 Convert 24124 dm to km
 Convert 1.8ꞏ10-10 kF to nF
 Convert 23.6ꞏ108 µW to kW

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 Electrical Charge
 Definition: Electrical charge is physical property of matter. There
are two types of charges: positive and negative.
 Protons (e+) have positive charge.
 Electrons (e or e-) have a negative charge.
 An atom has the same number of protons and electrons  no
external charge.
Variable Unit
Electrical charge q Coulomb C

 1 C consist of 6.24ꞏ1018 electrons.

 The charge of 1 electron is 1.622ꞏ1019 C.
 C = Aꞏs

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 Electrical Charge
 Elementary charge alone is relatively useless for
electronics…
 However, electrons in motions can transmit energy and/or
information.
 Materials with many free electrons are conductors (copper,
aluminum, iron, silver, …)
 Materials with almost no free electrons are isolators
(ceramic, plastic, …)

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 Electrical Current
Definition: Electrical current is the flow of electrical charge per
time.
𝑖 𝑡

Variable Unit
Time t s (seconds)
Current i A (ampere)

Electrical current can only flow in a closed circuit!

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 Voltage
Definition: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by
the separation.
• 𝑣
Other text book definitions:
• Voltage is a measure of the energy transferred per unit
of charge when charge moves from one point in an
electrical circuit to a second point.
• I.e., voltage is “the force” that moves charges
(electrons) through a conducting material and thereby
generate a current. Fluorescent tube glowing in the electromagnetic
field under high voltage power transmission lines
Variable Unit
Voltage, v V=J/C (Volt)
Energy (work), w J (Joule)

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 Passive Sign Convention
Whenever the reference direction for
the current in an element is in the
direction of the reference voltage drop
across the element, use a positive sign
1 in any expression that relates the
voltage to the current. Otherwise use a
negative sign.
2

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 Assesment Problems

Solve assessment problem 1.3 and 1.4 in groups.

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 Electrical Power
Definition: Electrical power is the rate, per unit time, at
which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit.
𝑝 ⋅ 𝑣⋅𝑖

Variable Unit
Power, p W = J/s (Watt)

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 Electrical Energy

Definition: Electrical energy is the electrical power

delivered over a certain time or stored in electric fields.

𝑤 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Variable Unit
Energy (work), w J = Wꞏs (Joule)

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 Interpretation Algebraic Sign of Power
 If the power is positive (that is, if p >
0), power is being delivered to the
circuit element represented by the
box.
 If the power is negative (that is, if p <
0), power is being extracted from the
circuit element represented by the
box.

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 Assessment Problem
Assessment problems 1.5 – 1.7

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Balancing Power

Component  (V) i(A)

a 120 −10
b 120 9
c 10 10
d 10 1
e −10 −9
f −100 5
g 120 4
h −220 −5

Does a supply or absorb power? What about c?

Power check: psupplied + pabsorb = 0 W ?
 Problems
Units:
• 1.2, and 1.6

Voltage and Current

 1.7, and 1.25

Power Check
• 1.30

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