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***:
I
PIANT NOTEBOOK
I

cAfuc u tAT E T H f s.,'n''"

^'"*l'§;r:H:;

HEAT TOSS FROM PIPE§

ot fluids cool as they move Combine the film coetficients
through pipelines. Calculating
the extent of cooling can deter-
for the inlernol ond externol fluids
mine the energy needeti to restore the 1) calculates try'2: ference between the internal and exter-
heat to the fluid. nai fluids. When the internai-fluid tem-
In Part 1, heat losses were calcuiated
Nu : 0.023 (Re)08 (Pr)" (2)
perature does not remain const¿nt, the
in pipes where the internal-fluid tern- where Pr : Prandtl number, which difference is not constant over the
perature does not change appreciabiy 0.65-0.75 for air and other gases and length of the pipe. Instead, the log-
from the inlet to the outlet. In these 10-1,000 for liquids mean temperature difference is
pipes, the heat loss is determined only by 7z : 8, c0nstant. If the fluid is caiculated:
the velocity and properties of the fluid n:
losing heat, 0.3 and if the fluid is
(r- rco)ulr :
surrounding the pipe. gainingheat,n:0.4.
When the internal-fluid temperature (T - T@\ - (Tz- Tn)
changes significantly. its properties
must be included in the heat-loss calcula-
From there, calcuiate the heat-trans-
fer coefficient of the film as in Part l.t W (5)

tions. This is because a film of internal

If .E¿ is less than 2,000, there is iaminar where fl :
internal-fluid temperature
fluid at the inner pipe wall resists heat flow inside the pipe, and heat loss is at any point
transfer just as a film of external fluid
mostly conductive.f In this case, the :
7, initial temperature of the inter-
Nusselt number is a const¿nt: nal fluid
resists heat transfer at the outer wall.
The heat-transfer coefficients of I'lu : h¡ D/ k : 3.66 (3) Tz : final temperature of the inter-
these films are combined to give an nal fluid
.óverall heat-transfer coefficient. ThÍs where á¡ :
internal-film coefficient Ico : €xternal-fluid temperature
value and the temperature difference É : thermal conductivify of
the internai fluid This expression is plugged into the
between internal and externai fluids heatJoss equation, which reflects the
are piugged into an energy-balance Now that á" and ái have been calculated, movement of heat from the internai
equation to determine the fluid tem- they are added together to g:ve ú', the fluid to the externai fluid:
perature at any distance from the inlet. overall heat-transfer coefficient. Be
The Re¡rnolds number of the piped cause we are measuring the system's q : :
(M(CPXTI- Tr)
fluid, a f:;¡rction of its mass flowrate resistance to heat loss, we add the reci- UnDL(T-T*)w (6)
and viscosity, is calcuiated first. The procais of the films' heat-transfer coeffi-
Re¡rnolds number deterrirines whether cients, neglecting the heat of resistance where Cp : specific heat of the inter-
the internal flow is iaminar or turbu- of pipe metal and the difference between nalfluid
lent, ancr. the heat-transfer coefficient the internai and externai pipe areas: l, : pipe length
of rire fi,m: Combining Equations 5 and 6 gives:
111 ¡ r1
: 4.lI/¡Dp (4)
Re
Re: Reynolds number
(1)
Uh¡h" -
--- l:*:r*p-lu'orl
Tr-T* trl
where
ly': mass flowrate For buried pipelines, the overall heat- MCe |L] I

transfer coefficient ranges between 0.5

¿ : pipe diameter and 5 W/(m2)("C), depending upon the To calculate the distance at which the
p : fluid viscosity type of soii, its moisture content and the liquid temperature has reached some
depth at rvhich the pipeline is buried [7]. valae T, below the initial value 7,, in-
If Re is greater than 4,000, there is
Last, calculate the temperature dif- sert a value for 7, and solve Equation ?
turbulent flow in the pipe. Convection for .L. To calculate the internai-fluid
is the primary method of heat ioss. 'Part I appereri in September 1993, p. 167. temperature at a distance Z from the
The Reynolds number is used to cal- i In this anicle. we wiil refer to the h elculated in Part I m inlet, solve Equation 7 for Tr.
culate the Nusselt numbr:r, Nu, a rutío h" because we are calculating the heat"transfer coeffi- Although these equations address
cients for tu"o films, intemal and extemal.
of the fluid's total irea.t transf'er to its changes in internal-fluid temperatures,
conductive heat trans;ler. The Dittus- i \Vhen Re f¿lls between 2.000 and 1.000. the flow is
assumed m be a combinarron oi lamrnar and tu¡bulent. The fluid properties are taken at the inter-
Boelter equation (a variations of the Nusselt number un be calculated using either an avemge
nal fluid's average bulk temperature,
of the two merhods or by a merhod chosen lrom the useis
Nusselt-number equation given in Part expenence. (7, + T)/2. A more-rigorous but time-
CHE¡VlICALINGINEEFING/OCTOBER 1S93 I5I
 Nü,,¡ENCmruftE
PIANT NOTEBOOK Cp Specific heat of the fluid
D Diameter of the PiPeline
hi Heat-transfer coefñcient of
the internal film
á. Heat-transfer coefficient of
the external film
consuming approach is to divide the k Thermal conductívity of the fluid
E¿ is below 2,000, so the flow is laminar
pipeline into segments with nearly con- L Pipe length
and the Nusselt number is a const¿nt.
stant temperatures, calcuiate and com- l!¿f Mass flowrale ol the fluid
Solve Equation 3 for ái:
bine the heat losses for each segment.
]Yu Nusselt number
Insulation increases the length over A Volumetric flowrate ol the fluid .
h.:
(3.66X0.143) w
q Heat loss
: Ilr)
which heat losses occur. The overall 8e Reynolds number 0.5 (m')(Q
heat-transfer coefficient of an insulat- fi lnit¡al temperature ol the liquid Now solve Equation 4 to determine the
ed pipeline can be as much as one order ?2 Final temperature of the líquid overall heat-transfer coefficient. Using
of magnitude Iess than that of an unin- f- ExternaFfl uid temPerature
the given value of á":
suiated one. Ü Overall heat-transfer coefñcient
p Fluid viscosity 1 1 1
Example p Fluid densi§ - 1.05-' 29.10
T-- :o.gso
w

Crude oil at ?0'C flows through a 0.Sm-

u
dia. pipeline at a voiumetric flowrate
U:
Calculate the Reynolds number of W
(0) of i5,000 m3/d. Calculate the dis- \.014
the internal fluid to determine the na- (m\(A
tance down the line at which the oil ture of the flow. First, multiPlY the
temperature is 30"C. The air tempera- volumetric flowrate and the fluid densi- Finall¡r, Equation 7 can be solved:
ture is -25"C, as in Patt 1, examPie 1, ty to get the mass flouT ate:
r'l(1.01aXrX0.5XI)
and h" is 29.10 W/(m'X"C). The liquid
30 + 25_ .-. | _ I

properties are taken at 50"C: M : (Q)@ : (L5,ooo)(8?2)/(86,400 s/d) 70 _ 25 | (151.39)(1,991) |

: 151.39 kg/s
Z : 1.04x105 mtr 104 km.
J

p :872 kg/m3 Calculate the Reynoids number:

p:0.220 kgi(mXs) References
k : 0.143 W/(mX"C) Re : 4MlrrDp" : (4X151.39)/
1. Smith, W., "Guidelines set out for pumping
Cp : 1,991J/(kg)("C) (3.14X0.5X0.220) : 605.56/0.35 : 1730 heary crudes," ül Gas J., MaY 28, 1979

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Vore Informolion, Clrcle'l 28 For More lnformolion, Clrcle 129