C) Lagrange Interpolation

The interpolating polynomial is given by:

where n in 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 stands for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ order polynomial that approximates the function
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 given at n+1 data points.

And the Lagrange polynomial is :

- For a polynomial of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ order, n+1 points are required which will form n+1
Lagrange polynomials
C) Lagrange Interpolation

- Linear Lagrange Interpolation: ( 2 points are required 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).

This will form two Lagrange polynomials according to:

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑥−𝑥0
Which are : 𝐿0 (𝑥) = , 𝐿1 (𝑥) =
𝑥0 −𝑥1 𝑥1 −𝑥0

And the interpolating polynomial is:

𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥1 )
C) Lagrange Interpolation
- Quadratic Lagrange Interpolation: ( 3 points are required 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ).

This will form three Lagrange polynomials according to:

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
𝐿0 (𝑥) =
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )

(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
𝐿1 (𝑥) =
(𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )

(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝐿2 (𝑥) =
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

And the interpolating polynomial is:

𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥1 ) +𝐿2 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Example 5
Using the Lagrange interpolation, find the following:

1) The 1st order interpolating polynomial.

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
2) The value of 𝑓 −0.5 -1 3
0 -4
Example 5 - Solution 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
The linear interpolating polynomial is:
-1 3
0 -4
𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥1 )

The Lagrange polynomials are 𝐿0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿1 :

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥−0
𝐿0 𝑥 = = =−𝑥
𝑥0 − 𝑥1 −1 − 0

𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥 − −1
𝐿1 𝑥 = = =𝑥+1
𝑥1 − 𝑥0 0 − −1

𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥1 = −𝑥 3 + (𝑥 + 1)(−4) ⇒ 𝑓1 𝑥 = −7𝑥 − 4
⇒ 𝑓1 −0.5 = −7 −0.5 − 4 = −0.5
Example 6
Using the 2nd order Lagrange interpolation, find the value of 𝑓 0.8 .

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 3
0 -4
1 5
2 -6
3 2
Example 6 - Solution
For the 2nd order (quadratic) interpolation, choose 3 points that bracket 𝑥 = 0.8.

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 3
0 -4
1 5
2 -6
3 2
 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
Example 6 - Solution 0 -4
The quadratic interpolating polynomial is: 1 5
2 -6
𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝐿2 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥2 )

The Lagrange polynomials are 𝐿0 , 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 :

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥2 0.8 − 1 0.8 − 2
𝐿0 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝐿0 0.8 = = 0.12
𝑥0 − 𝑥1 𝑥0 − 𝑥2 0−1 0−2

𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥2 0.8 − 0 0.8 − 2
𝐿1 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝐿1 0.8 = = 0.96
𝑥1 − 𝑥0 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 1−0 1−2

𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥1 0.8 − 0 0.8 − 1
𝐿2 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝐿2 0.8 = = −0.08
𝑥2 − 𝑥0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−0 2−1
 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
Example 6 - Solution 0 -4
1 5
2 -6

Now, the Lagrange polynomials are 𝐿0 = 0.12 , 𝐿1 = 0.96 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 = −0.08

Hence, he quadratic interpolating polynomial is:

𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝐿0 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝐿1 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝐿2 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥2 )

𝑓2 0.8 = 𝐿0 0.8 𝑓 0 + 𝐿1 0.8 𝑓 1 + 𝐿2 0.8 𝑓(2)

𝑓2 0.8 = (0.12) (−4) + (0.96) (5) + (−0.08) (−6)

𝑓2 0.8 = 4.8
Example 7
The following table represents the time – velocity characteristics of a rocket.

- Determine the velocity at t = 16 s, using:

𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒔) 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒎/𝒔)
a) Linear (1st order) Lagrange interpolation. 0 0
b) Quadratic (2nd order) Lagrange interpolation. 10 230
15 360
c) Using the quadratic (2nd order) Lagrange
20 520
interpolation, find: 25 600
30 900
1- The acceleration at t = 16 s.

2- The distance that the rocket had travelled from t= 0 s to t= 30 s

Example 8
Using the 3nd order (cubic) Lagrange interpolation, find the value of 𝑓 3 .
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
3.2 22
Solution
2.7 17.8
1.0 14.2
4.8 38.3
 D) Newton’s Divided Differences Interpolating Polynomials
This method interpolates the data to a polynomial of the following form:
𝒇𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒃𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 … (𝒙 − 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 )

Where 𝑏0 , 𝑏1 , … . 𝑏𝑛 are the first, second,… 𝑛𝑡ℎ finite divided differences,

For 𝑛𝑡ℎ order polynomial, n+1 divided differences are required, as well as n+1 data points.
𝑏0 = 𝑓 𝑥0

𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑏1 =
𝑥1 − 𝑥0

𝑓 𝑥2 − 𝑓(𝑥1 ) 𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
−
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝑏2 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥0
D) Newton’s Divided Differences Interpolating Polynomials

- Linear Newton’s divided difference interpolation:

𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) Second Divided

Difference
𝒃𝟎 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒃𝟏
𝑥0 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎

𝑥1 𝑓(𝑥1 )
Example 9

Using Newton’s divided differences for linear interpolation, find f(6)

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
2 6

10 12
Example 9 - Solution
- Linear Newton’s divided difference interpolation:
𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) Second Divided

Difference
𝒃𝟎 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏 𝒃
2 6 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟒

10 12

𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒. 𝟓
Example 9 - Solution
- Linear Newton’s divided difference interpolation:
𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) Second Divided

Difference
𝒃𝟎 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏 𝒃
2 6 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟒

10 12

𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒇𝟏 𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ (𝟔) + 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒇𝟏 𝟔 = 𝟗
D) Newton’s Divided Differences Interpolating Polynomials

- Quadratic Newton’s divided difference interpolation:

𝒇𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) Second Divided Third Divided Difference

Difference
𝒃𝟎 𝒃𝟏 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒃𝟐
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 −𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) −
𝑥0 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎
𝒙𝟏 −𝒙𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒇 𝒙𝟐 −𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )
𝑥1 𝑓(𝑥1 ) 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥2 )
Example 10

Using Newton’s divided differences for quadratic interpolation, the acceleration

when t= 80 seconds
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (s) 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
30 15

50 25

90 65
Example 10 - Solution

- Quadratic Newton’s divided difference interpolation:

𝒇𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) Second Divided Third Divided Difference

Difference
𝒃𝟎 𝒃𝟏
𝟐𝟓−𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟓 −𝟏 𝒃𝟐
30 15 = 𝟎. 𝟓 = =
𝟓𝟎−𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟔𝟓−𝟐𝟓
50 25 =𝟏
𝟗𝟎−𝟓𝟎

90 65
Example 10 - Solution

- Quadratic Newton’s divided difference interpolation:

𝒇𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

−𝟏
𝒇𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎 + 𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟎

The acceleration at t = 80 s :

−𝟏
𝒇𝟐 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝒇𝟐 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Example 11
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 2nd Divided Diff 3rd Divided Diff 4th Divided Diff
4−3 3−1 1−1
0 3 𝒃𝟎 = 1 𝒃𝟏 = 1 𝒃𝟐 = 0 𝒃𝟑
1−0 2−0 4−0
7−4 6−3
1 4 =3 =1
2−1 4−1
19 − 7
2 7 =6
4−2
4 19

𝒇𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟎 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒇𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑