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Lec 7

Electronic load cells are the most common instruments used to measure mass in industrial applications. They contain elastic elements whose deflection is measured by strain gauges or other transducers to determine the applied force and mass. Pneumatic and hydraulic load cells instead translate mass into a pressure measurement. Mass-balance instruments like beam balances can precisely measure smaller masses but are less durable. Load cells, mass-balances, and spring balances are the main alternatives for mass measurement.

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45 views20 pages

Lec 7

Electronic load cells are the most common instruments used to measure mass in industrial applications. They contain elastic elements whose deflection is measured by strain gauges or other transducers to determine the applied force and mass. Pneumatic and hydraulic load cells instead translate mass into a pressure measurement. Mass-balance instruments like beam balances can precisely measure smaller masses but are less durable. Load cells, mass-balances, and spring balances are the main alternatives for mass measurement.

Uploaded by

Saad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mass (weight) measurement

Contents
 Electronic load cell (electronic balance)
 Pneumatic/hydraulic load cells
 Intelligent load cells
 Mass-balance (weighing) instruments
Mass (weight) measurement
 Mass describes the quantity of matter that a body
contains.
 Load cells are the most common instrument used to
measure mass, especially in industrial applications.
Most load cells are now electronic, although
pneumatic and hydraulic types also exist.
 The alternatives to load cells are either mass-balance
instruments or the spring balance.
Electronic load cell (electronic
balance)
 the gravitational force on the body being measured is applied to an
elastic element. This deflects according to the magnitude of the body
mass. Mass measurement is thereby translated into a displacement
measurement task.
 Electronic load cells
 relatively low cost,
 wide measurement range,
 tolerance of dusty and corrosive environments,
 remote measurement capability,
 tolerance of shock loading and ease of installation.
 elastic elements used are specially shaped and designed,
 some examples of which are shown
 The design aims are to obtain a linear output relationship between the
applied force and the measured deflection and to make the instrument
insensitive to forces that are not applied directly along the sensing axis.
 Load cells
 Compression
 tension forms.
Size as compared to a coin
 One problem
 Creep describes the permanent deformation that an
elastic element undergoes after it has been under load
for a period of time.
 significant measurement errors in the form of a bias on
all readings
 Various types of displacement transducer are used
to measure the deflection of the elastic elements.
 the strain gauge is used most commonly,
 best measurement accuracy, with an inaccuracy figure less
than 0.05%.
 range between 0 and 3000 Tonnes.
 Elastic force transducers based on differential
transformers (LVDTs)
 to measure up to 25 tonnes.
 inferior to strain gauge-based instruments in terms of
their 0.2% inaccuracy figure.
 Their major advantage is their longevity and almost
total lack of maintenance requirements.
 piezoelectric device:
 range 0 to 1000 tonnes.
 Piezoelectric crystals replace the specially designed elastic
member normally used in this class of instrument,
allowing the device to be physically small.
 such devices can only measure dynamically changing forces
because the output reading results from an induced
electrical charge whose magnitude leaks away with time.
 very difficult to design such instruments to be insensitive
to forces applied at an angle to the sensing axis.
 Therefore, special precautions have to be taken in applying
these devices.
 relatively cheap
 lowest inaccuracy is 1% of full-scale reading
 they also have a high temperature coefficient.
 The electronic balance is a device that contains several
compression-type load cells
 Commonly, either three or four load cells are used in
the balance, with the output mass measurement being
formed from the sum of the outputs of each cell.
Where appropriate, the upper platform can be
replaced by a tank for weighing liquids, powders etc.
Pneumatic/hydraulic load cells
 Pneumatic and hydraulic load cells translate mass measurement
into a pressure measurement task.
 Pneumatic load cell: Application of a mass to the cell causes
deflection of a diaphragm acting as a variable restriction in a
nozzle–flapper mechanism.
 The output pressure measured in the cell is approximately
proportional to the magnitude of the gravitational force on the
applied mass.
 The instrument requires a flow of air at its input of around 0.25
m3/hour at a pressure of 4 bar. Standard cells are available to
measure a wide range of masses.
 0-25 kg,
 whilst at the top of the range 25 tonnes are obtainable.
 Inaccuracy is typically 0.5% of full scale in pneumatic load cells.
Hydraulic load
 the gravitational force due to the unknown mass is applied,
via a diaphragm, to oil contained within an enclosed
chamber.
 The corresponding increase in oil pressure is measured by a
suitable pressure transducer.
 load capacity of 500 tonnes being common.
 masses as large as 50 000 tonnes.
 much more accurate than pneumatic cells, with an
inaccuracy figure of 0.05% of full scale being typical.
 However, in order to obtain such a level of accuracy,
correction for the local value of g (acceleration due to
gravity) is necessary. A measurement resolution of 0.02% is
attainable.
Mass-balance (weighing)
instruments
 Beam balance (equal-arm balance)
 Weigh beam
 Pendulum scale
 typically measure masses up to 1000 grams
 bottom end of the range can measure masses of less
than 0.01 gram.
 Measurement resolution can be as good as 1 part in 107
of the full-scale
 lowest measurement inaccuracy figure attainable is
0.002%.
Weight Beam
 operates on similar principles to the beam balance but
is much more rugged.
 measure masses up to 50 tonnes.
Contd..
Spring balance
 simple and cheap.
 deflection of the spring due to the downwards
gravitational force on the mass is measured against a
scale.
 characteristics of the spring are very susceptible to
environmental changes, measurement accuracy is
usually relatively poor.
 inaccuracy less than 0.2% is achievable.
 According to the design of the instrument, masses
between 0.5 kg and 10 tonnes can be measured.
Thank you…

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