Adama Science and Technology University,

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,

Urban Planning and Design stream

Assignment I
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
By Kassahun Terecha

Dec, ,
1. Introduction
What is EIA?
Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is the assessment of the environmental consequences of
a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the
proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used
when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "strategic
environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programs most often proposed
by organs of state. It is a tool of environmental management forming a part of project approval
and decision-making. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative
procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be
subject to judicial review.

The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental
impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The International Association
for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of
identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made".
EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental
outcome, but rather they require decision makers to account for environmental values in their
decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public
comments on the potential environmental impacts.

The EIA Process

The EIA process has several important purposes. It is first and foremost a decision-making aid to
prevent projects with strongly negative environmental impacts from going forward. The
emphasis in EIAs, in contrast with other mechanisms for environmental protection such as a
cost-effectiveness analysis, is on a systematic, holistic, and multidisciplinary assessment of the
potential impacts of specific projects on the environment. EIAs also are meant to help inform
development decisions by mandating a consideration of alternatives (including alternative project
locations, scales, processes, layouts, operating conditions, or in some cases, the option of
desisting from implementing a project) and ways to prevent, mitigate, and control potential
negative environmental and social impacts. The process generally involves a number of steps,
including project screening, scoping, an EIA report (consideration of alternatives, identification
of major impacts, and mitigation measures), public participation, review, decision, and
monitoring.

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Environmental impacts can vary in

Type – biophysical, social, health or economic, Timing – immediate or long term

Nature – direct or indirect, cumulative Duration – temporary or permanent

Magnitude of severity – high, moderate, low. Uncertainty – low likelihood high probability

Extent – local, regional, trans-boundary or Reversibility – reversible or irreversible

global
Significance – important or unimportant

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 I. Global and national factors that led to Environmental
Impact Assessment Requirement

1.1 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with
natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. A landscape
includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as (ice-capped)
mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land
cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use,
buildings, and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) almost invariably contains a Landscape and Visual
Impact Assessment (LVIA) as one of several topics required by the EIA regulations.

Landscape assessment is a sub-category of environmental impact assessment (EIA) concerned

with quality assessment of the landscape. Landscape quality is assessed either as part of a
strategic planning process or in connection with a specific development which will affect the
landscape. These methods are sub-divided into area-based assessments or proposal-driven
assessments, respectively. The term 'landscape assessment' can be used to mean either visual
assessment or character assessment. Since landscape assessments are intended to help with the
conservation and enhancement of environmental goods, it is usually necessary to have a fully
geographical landscape assessment as a stage in the process of EIA and landscape planning.
During the initial phases of a project, such as site selection and design concept, the landscape
architect begins to identify areas of opportunity or setbacks that may provide constraints. The
architect prepares alternative options in order to compare their assessments and identifies the
proposals which allow for the least adverse effects on the landscape or views. A landscape
professional works with a design team to review potential effects as the team develops a
sustainable proposal. Upon developing a design proposal, the landscape professional will
identify and describe the landscape and visual effects that may occur and suggest mitigation
measures to be taken in order to reduce negative effects and maximize benefits, if any.

 Landscape assessment considers the effects of the proposed development on the

landscape as a resource.
 Visual assessment considers the effects of the proposed development on specific views
and on the general visual amenity experienced by people.

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A. The LVIA process
Describing the existing landscape and visual environment, including information on the value
attached to the different resources.

 Describing the proposed development and its main features or parameters.

 The systematic identification and description of effects which are likely to occur.
 The assessment of the significance of effects, focusing on ‘likely significant effects’.
 Identification of mitigation measures (measures designed to avoid, reduce or offset
significant negative effects).
 Preparation of the LVIA report and other graphic material which would typically include
plans, zone of theoretical visibility maps, photographs of the existing landscape, and
potentially also photomontages or accurate visual representations of the proposed
development.

This process, which operates within the larger framework of Environmental Impact Assessment,
strives to ensure that any of the effects of change are taken into account in the decision-making
process of a project. It is essential that any possible change or development to the landscape or
views around a project be evaluated throughout the planning and design phase of a project. Thus,
landscape assessment is sub-divided into two types: visual assessment and character assessment.

B. Visual assessment
This would look at how changes in the landscape could alter the nature and extent of visual
effects and qualities relating to locations and proposals and how they affect specific individuals
or groups of people.

The significance of impacts on the perceived environment will depend partly on the number of
people affected, but also on value judgments about how much the changes will matter. In this
respect it is important to identify actual visual and physical connections between the site, its
adjacent occupiers/land owners and those who interact with it from further afield, in the context
of the existing and the proposed situations.

While our visual sense is generally acknowledged to represent the dominant contribution to our
perception of place and its context, other factors also contribute. Hearing/sound, smell and a
variety of social/cultural factors relating to the land-use, function or business conducted on the
land (or indeed, memory) can sometimes over-rule or outweigh the visual aspects and lead to
individual perceptions which could be described as relatively subjective. The relevance of these
non-visual aspects to our perception of our environment and the impact made by proposed
changes is considered in other sections of this assessment document. The purpose of this section

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is to objectively examine and assess the nature and extent of the visual impact created as a result
of the development proposal.

While our visual sense is generally acknowledged to represent the dominant contribution to our
perception of place and its context, other factors also contribute. Hearing/sound, smell and a
variety of social/cultural factors relating to the land-use, function or business conducted on the
land (or indeed, memory) can sometimes over-rule or outweigh the visual aspects and lead to
individual perceptions which could be described as relatively subjective. The relevance of these
non-visual aspects to our perception of our environment and the impact made by proposed
changes is considered in other sections of this assessment document. The purpose of this section
is to objectively examine and assess the nature and extent of the visual impact created as a result
of the development proposal.

C. Character assessment
This includes assessment of the effect of a development or proposal on the character of the
landscape. Typically the character of the landscape, resulting from a combination of aspects such
as geology, hydrology, soils, ecology, settlement patterns, cultural history, scenic characteristics,
land use etc., has previously been set out in a Landscape Character Assessment. The landscape
assessment, as part of LVIA, is the formal examination of how this character may be affected,
typically in order to inform development management decisions. This is because landscape
character can be affected without a noticeable visual effect.

Assessment criteria
 The sensitivity of landscape receptors (aspects of the landscape resource that have the
potential to be affected by the proposal) and visual receptors (people whose views may be
affected), which depends upon the value attached to the aspect of landscape or view and
its susceptibility to harm due to the development proposal.
 The magnitude of an effect (the change brought about by the development proposal),
which depends upon the scale and geographical extent of the change, and its duration and
reversibility.
 The significance of an effect, which depends on the receptor’s sensitivity and the
magnitude of the effect.

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1.2 Land Use and Zoning
Land use planning is the collective effort to develop and approve a land-based project and is
generally regulated by government authority. It provides the basis for our zoning laws and
restricts certain uses of land in order to promote the orderly development of land in a way that
protects our environment, conserves resources, promotes social gathering, enhances a
community, and provides for transportation, industry, and economic needs.

Zoning regulates development patterns including the density, construction, alteration, and use of
buildings, structures, or land.

The man-made environment consists of different types of land use such as:

 Commercial  Recreational
 Industrial  Open space
 Residential

The types of uses listed all take places in areas of differing land use densities. In terms of
residential uses, residential density is measured by the number of dwelling units per land area
(dwelling units per acre) and population density is measured by people per square mile of land
area (people per square mile).

Some types of land uses are:

 Single-family residential
 Multi-family residential
 Office
 Commercial
 Light industrial
 Heavy Industrial
 Institutional (e.g., hospital, city hall)
 Recreational
 Agricultural
 Open space

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A proposed project might not conform to existing zoning but might be consistent with the
community’s general development plans and policies. Such projects may require either a
change in the zoning or a special permit through an appeals process. The need for a change in
the zoning should not, by itself, be interpreted as an adverse environmental effect. However,
failure to thoroughly secure the municipality’s approval for appropriate land will prevent
development from proceeding.

When assessing the impact of the project, the following are

considerations.
Land Use Compatibility—certain types of land uses may be incompatible with one another.
For example, it may be incompatible to locate a new housing development in a newly
industrialized area. The potential noise, odors, truck traffic, air pollution, and scale of
industrial development are often incompatible with housing and can have an adverse effect
on residential development. Each of these adverse impacts could act as environmental
injustices for neighboring communities. Land uses that are known to be incompatible are
often separated to minimize or prevent adverse effects.

Urban Impact—government funded infrastructure improvements made at the edge of an

urbanized area (e.g., sewer and water lines) may serve to induce development in undeveloped
portions of a community, thus creating sprawl with resulting environmental and social costs.

Smart Growth—The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines smart growth as a

range of development and conservation strategies that help protect our health and natural
environment and make our communities more attractive, economically stronger, and more
socially diverse. These strategies work to preserve natural lands and critical environmental
areas, protect water and air quality, and reuse developed land. Smart growth policies help
communities mitigate and adapt to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in
developments and increasing community resilience to the effects of climate change. In some
situations, the impacts of induced development may be highly desirable. The impacts of
induced development to achieve managed growth through the efficient use of available and
publicly funded infrastructure are consistent with smart growth objectives.

Environmental impacts of land-use change

The way land is used affects human health and wellbeing. Land use has impacts on climate,
biodiversity and ecosystem services. It can also cause degradation and pollution of water, soil
and air. Although the land change rate in Europe has slowed since the 1990s,
biodiversity‑rich natural and semi-natural areas continue to decline, partly through
intensification in agriculture but mostly through conversion to forest. Land-use/land-cover
change similarly plays a major role in climate change at the global, regional and local scales,
by increasing the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when soils and natural
vegetation are disturbed.

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1.3 Socio-Economic issues
Through a succession of ecological environmental processes across environmental media in
the natural system, resource uses and environmental emissions have an impact on the
environment (such as ecosystem quality and human health). It is insufficient to quantify
environmental impacts by using resource usage and emissions as the endpoint. As a result,
researchers start looking at how socioeconomic activities affect environmental effects such
how air pollution emissions affect ecosystem quality and human health.

Sustainable development has not just an environmental role, but an economic and a social
role. The clear inference of government guidance in the NPPF is that a holistic approach to
the assessment of the merits of a development proposal should be taken and that a balance
needs to be drawn between economic, social and environmental factors in decision making.

While EIA has historically tended to focus on the protection of the environment, account
must now also be taken of the degree to which development helps to build a strong,
competitive economy and supporting “strong and vibrant” communities. EIA should
therefore include consideration of a project’s impact on humans, as well as the bio-physical
environment and any interactions between the two.

In many instances, a robust assessment of socio-economic impacts of the proposal can help to
ensure that the impact of a development on communities and the economy are fully
understood, and that any adverse impacts can be reduced while positive impacts can be
emphasized.

In many respects, this can be attributed to the limited references in the EIA Regulations and
the lack of good practice guidance on socio-economic assessment.

Potential impacts of socio-economic issues, including:

 Direct economic impacts,

 Indirect/wider economic/expenditure impacts,
 Demographic impacts,
 Impacts on housing,
 Impacts on other local services,
 Socio-cultural impacts, and
 Distributional effects.

1.4 Air Quality

Air pollution impact assessment or air quality impact assessment is an important part of EIA
system. Air pollution impact assessment can be used for strategic environmental assessment
and planning.

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Several essential steps of air quality impact assessment are source identification, prediction,
and evaluation of critical variables and potential changes of air quality in the interested area,
which are related to the projects or activities.

Air quality impact assessment (AQIA) is an important technique for determining the relative
contribution to ground level pollutant concentrations of specific current or future source
emissions at receptor sites.

The principal activities in AQIA are air quality modeling and monitoring techniques. The
choice of techniques which are applicable to a particular situation is intimately related to the
problem to be assessed. The main objective of AQIA is providing technical information for
EIA report as well as air quality status of whatever concern.

Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere
that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the
climate or to materials. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases
(including ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon
dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological
molecules. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also
cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the
natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or
built environment (for example, acid rain). Air pollution can be caused by both human
activities and natural phenomena.

II. The Opportunities and Challenges with respect to

EIA process in Ethiopia
1. Opportunities
In general, as making plans tool for knowledgeable choice, EIA is significant input to
improved project design and siting with improved opportunities for public involvement in
environmentally sensitive decision-making process. Thus, the main advantages of EIA
includes: increased accountability and transparency during the development process,
improved integration of projects into their environmental and social setting, reduced
environmental damages, create more effective projects in terms of meeting their financial
and/or socio-economic objective and enhance appositive contribution towards achieving
sustainability. Plenty ecology along with populace ecology, community ecology and
ecosystem ecology were preserved because systematic procedural EIA tool. Through
monitoring system of the initiatives beneath the enforcement of EIA as required by way of
governing our bodies. EIA basically relies on significantly on integrity and accurate practice.
Another cause why EIA has an effect on a venture is that it makes sure the environmental
results of important expansion and different initiatives probably to have huge environmental

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 results are completely tested, understood and justified earlier than decisions are made on
whether the projects should continue.

2. Gaps and Challenges

Despite the efforts showing a signal of positive beginning, because of one of a kind bottle
necks in attaining full benefits of EIA, until now the actual sensible component of EIA in
Ethiopia has remained susceptible. For this reason, this section highlighted predominant gaps
and challenges hindering the overall implementation of EIA in Ethiopia.

2. 1 Lack of implementing laws

Even through the EIA Proclamation was made years ago there is no sound, and well-
coordinated enforcement mechanisms in place in order to specifically determine the
liability of proponents to undertake EIA before licensed with an investment permit.
The major reasons behind the miscommunication between the authority and the
investment agency are due to the absence of legal means to enforce law. The
information to evaluate and validate the impact such as: lack Indicators for threshold
values for specific development projects that require detailed EIA. Criteria for
defining adverse significant impacts of a project and appropriate standards in order to
review reports pertaining EIA study are the root causes of lack of implementation.

2. 2 Lack of Awareness:

The implementation EIA is difficult in Ethiopia. This is mainly because very little
known among different stakeholders. As per lack awareness among the stakeholders,
the common difficulties for the implementation of EIA include absence of sufficient
knowledge about EIA and related laws at lower administrative structure especially at
district level. While they are key actors in implementation, limited public EIA
knowledge due to low level public participation during the law making process and
the absence of a functional mechanism for ensuring public participation and
environmental impact studies.

Very little is known about EIA in Ethiopia. One of the reasons for such low level of
knowledge about EIA is that the lawmaking process has not been participatory. EIA
law was enacted without the sufficient participation of all stakeholders. Local
communities who can be directly affected by a development project have never been
consulted during the lawmaking process that finally resulted in Proclamation №

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 299/2002. Local administrations and other government officials are one of the key
actors in the process of the EIA. However, there is a complete absence of information
about EIA and its importance with these persons, making the EIA process very
difficult. Moreover, absence of knowledge about EIA led many officials to consider it
“a process that is designed to make development activates difficult.” Lack of
sufficient understanding of EIA led to a number of misconceptions among those who
are key actors in the EIA process.

2. 3 Lack of capacity:

One of the very important determining factors for ensuring full implementation of
EIA process is implementation capacity.

The problem of capacity is best seen from the perspective of consultants and of the
EPA itself. Consultants are very important actors in the EIA process as they are the
ones who are preparing EISR on behalf of the applicant. As there is no code of
conduct or criteria governing how such a multidisciplinary task should be handled,
consultants risk being highly influenced by their clients. Currently, it is believed that
there are virtually no consultants who are qualified to conduct EISR in an efficient
manner.

The other aspect of capacity relates to the duties of the EPA. The EPA is a regulatory
organ, which is accountable to the Prime Minister. EPA is expected to regulate the
activities carried out not only by private project owners, but also by the government.
However, it is not organized in such a manner that it could effectively regulate the
activities of government-owned projects. Most government offices are hierarchically
at a higher level than the EPA, which prevents the EPA from regulating the activities
of those government offices. Regulatory organs need to have sufficient powers or they
will remain crippled. EPA can do nothing, at least at the moment, if some government
offices want to disobey the EIA law.

EPA is not a financially strong government organ. That is, the budget allocated to it is
not commensurate with its vast regulatory tasks. For instance, in the 2000 Ethiopian
budget year the total money allocated to EPA was Birr 3,907,642. From this amount,
2,348,300 was intended to cover the salaries of the employees, and the remaining
balance, about one and a half million birr, was intended to cover all of the EPA’s
other expenses (EPA, 2007). According to many experts at the EPA, this amount is
far too small to run the EIA process and fulfill all the agency’s other duties.

EIA is an extremely dynamic process, and those experts who are responsible to
conduct reviews should be at the cutting edge of the discipline. This requires
continuous training, and access to information through a highly organized library and

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 the like. When the EPA is assessed from this point of view, especially from the
viewpoint of organization of the library, it is wholly unprepared to engage in a robust
EIA process.

Although it is not only EPA which has to take part in regulating the EIA process, it is
at the forefront of the regulatory process as compared to the Regional environmental
organs. With regard to capacity, the regional institutions are unfortunately in even
worse condition. They are poorly organized and have negligible capacity to play a
role in the EIA process.

2. 4 Absence of Effective Mechanisms for the EIA Process

As it has been repeatedly stipulated, EIA is a management tool for the protection of
the environment and for ensuring sustainable development. In the absence of an
effective EIA process, it would be not possible to guide the development initiatives in
the direction that they shall operate without causing serious damage to the
environment. This in turn will have a direct bearing on the sustainability of a specific
development project and on the general sustainability of the country’s development. It
is not just for the sake of the environment alone that EIA must be effective, but also
for the viability of the country’s development activities in general.

As the facts clearly show, most of the development initiatives which must pass
through the EIA process will never appear with their EISR. For instance in 1998 E.C.,
out of more than 300 project owners who were given land for their investment
projects, the Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority chose 80 major
projects to go through the EIA process. It communicated to all 80 projects and
notified them to prepare an EISR. Only two of these approached the Addis Ababa
EPA, and they were advised how to prepare and submit the EISR. These two project
owners, however, never showed up again and have yet to submit the EISR document.

2. 5 Lack of Incentives
This issue is best from the perspective of the project owner and those experts who are
involved in the review process.

The EIA Proclamation provides for incentives to be available for project owners in
Article 16

There are two obvious problems associated with this provision. Firstly, it does not
directly address those initiatives with best EIA performance. It may even create doubt
as to whether the incentive refers to performance in EIA or not. Secondly, it is not

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 known how to implement the incentive, as there are no directives or guidelines in this
respect.

EISRs contain copious technical information, which should be reviewed with due
attention. Owing to the very short time that is allotted to complete the review process,
experts are unable to finish the review on deadline if they perform the task only
within the office hours. Experts are not encouraged to work beyond and over their
office hours unless there is some financial compensation. Experiences in other
countries show that countries with a strong EIA process allocate a sitting allowance
for those experts engaged in the review process.

2. 6 Weak Political Commitment

It has been repeatedly mentioned that EIA is a tool to achieve sustainable
development. The Ethiopian government now is highly involved in activities with the
intent to alleviate poverty as soon as possible. While this goal is noble, as it often
occurs, when we strive to achieve one goal, we seriously affect another important
interest, unless we take care to address all of the problems we have in a systematic
way. To ensure sustainable development, its three pillars – namely, economic growth,
social development and environmental protection – must be proportionately
considered. If one of these pillars is missing, we cannot achieve the development we
desire. An activity that focuses on any one of the three pillars at the cost of ignoring
one or two of the other pillars will significantly affect the sustainability of our
development. Most countries, including Ethiopia, give much more emphasis to
economic growth than to dealing with environmental issues. Yet the history of efforts
to alleviate poverty clearly shows that such a narrow focus will not carry us far.

In spite of the measures taken by the government, such as establishing environmental

institutions and enacting laws, which show a commitment to environmental concerns,
the established institutions nonetheless suffer from heavy political pressures to remain
focused on growth. All the relevant institutions are understaffed and lack the
necessary power to fulfill their duties. The existing laws do not have enforcement
mechanisms, are not dynamic, are feeble and are easily circumvented by
economically oriented legislations.

Of course, it is possible to attain economic development at high social as well as

environmental costs. Nevertheless, this variety of economic growth is not equitable
and is most likely short-lived. Government officials are expected to treat economic
growth alongside with social development and environmental protection.
Environmental protection should not be seen as a rival for economic growth, but must
be seen as integral to it.

When due attention is given to social development and environmental protection, then
we may boast to be on the right track for sustainable development.

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 When we compare the government’s commitment to promoting investment and other
development projects with its commitment to protecting the environment, the
imbalance is evident. There is indisputable evidence for the weak political will on the
side of the government with regard to issues in relation to the protection of the
environment, including the EIA process.

One problem that many experts are complaining about is the reversal of a provision
requiring a proponent to get permission from the EPA or relevant regional
environmental agency before securing an investment or trade license.

2. 7 Weak Public Participation

According to EIA Proclamation, the public must participate at two stages: during the
making of the EISR and during the review process of EISR. When we see the public
participation at the making of the EISR, however, it is very weak. Some project
owners list the names of a few individuals – together with their signatures or thumb
marks – as those who have participated in the EISR. As examination of some
documents reveal that the participants’ names are predominantly of male, and the
documents leave doubt that those who signed with their thumb marks, who are
presumably illiterate, actually participated.

For its part, the EPA cannot be sure whether the lists attached to the EISRs by project
owners are genuine or not. Hence, the EIA Service Department of EPA added another
criterion, requiring public participation to be endorsed by Woreda Administration
officials.

As there are no specific guidelines for public participation, it has not been possible to
determine what actually constitutes public participation. Is it when all adults
participate? Or is it when most of the people participate? How can public decisions be
made? Should decisions be made unanimously, by majority vote, or what? What
should be the consequence of public participation when people demonstrate that they
are severely affected by the project? Nothing is known.

It is also doubtful then that public citizens are making informed decisions. As anyone
can observe, the media in Ethiopia usually limit coverage to the positive aspects of
development projects and the rarely mention about the negative impacts. This
situation itself creates unbalanced notion of development within the public.

It is clear also that the public is informed by the project owners about the positive
aspects, such as the “job opportunities” they create for some members of the
community. Usually they do not inform people of the whole story, such as how many
of the jobs are likely to be in construction, and that few positions will remain after the
construction phase of the project is over.

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Another factor that weakens public participation is the general perception that the
government has already decided to support a given project and will, in spite of
everything, remain in favor of its implementation. With such an opinion, the majority
of the people who should participate in the EIA process unsurprisingly opt out under
believe that their efforts would be a waste. They even believe that their comments
may simply spread animosity between the people on the one hand, and government
officials and project owners on the other.

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References

[1] GEHENDRA KHAREL, (2010), Impacts of Urbanization on Environmental

Recourses: A Land Use Perspective, Faculty of the Graduate School of The
University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements of
the degree of Master of City and Regional Planning.

[2] Mellese Damtie and Mesfine Bayou (January 2008), Overview of

Environmental Impact Assessment in Ethiopia (Gaps and Challenges).

[3] Environment Policy of Ethiopia, 1997.

[4] Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation № 299/2002.

[5] Adugna Feyissa Gubena, Environmental Impact Assessment in Ethiopia: A

General Review of History, Transformation and Challenges Hindering Full
Implementation, Department of Natural Resources Management, College of
Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University.

[6] Yonas Tekelemichael, Current status of the environmental impact assessment

system in Ethiopia.

[7] Abebe Temesgen Gebreyesus, Sammy Koskei, Yaoliang Shen, Feiyue Qian
(“July 20, 2017), Review of EIA in East Africa: Challenges and Opportunities
in Ethiopia and Kenya, School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.

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