Power Electronics

Lecture 4
DR. SALEH ODAT
AL ALBAYT UNIVERSITY
Periodic Function
 A DC voltage or current has a fixed magnitude
(amplitude) and a definite direction associated with
it. And do not change their values with regards to
time, they are a constant values flowing in a
continuous steady state direction.
 The term alternating indicates only that the
waveform alternates between two prescribed levels
in a set time sequence.
A periodic function is one that satisfies f(t)=f(t+nT),
for all t and for all integers n.
 The Period, (T) is the length of time in seconds that the
waveform takes to repeat itself from start to finish. This
can also be called the Periodic Time of the waveform.
 The Frequency, (ƒ) is the number of times the waveform
repeats itself within a one second time period.
Frequency is the reciprocal of the time period, ( ƒ = 1/T )
with the unit of frequency being the Hertz, (Hz).
 The Amplitude (A) is the magnitude or intensity of the
signal waveform.
The Sinusoidal Source
 A sinusoidal voltage source (independent or dependent) produces a
voltage that varies sinusoidal with time. A sinusoidal current source
(independent or dependent) produces a current that varies sinusoidal with
time.
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡)
 The function repeats itself every 2π radians, and its period is therefore 2π
radians.
 A sine wave having a period T must execute 1/T periods each second.
 Its frequency f is 1/T hertz, abbreviated Hz.
 The common relationship between frequency and angular frequency. 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓.
Lagging and Leading
 A more general form of the sinusoid.
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
The phase angle appears as the number of radians by which the
original sine wave (shown in green color in the sketch) is shifted to
the left, or earlier in time.

We say that Vmsin(ωt + θ) leads Vmsinωt by θ rad.

Therefore, it is correct to describe sinωt as lagging sin(ωt + θ) by θ

In either case, leading or lagging, we say that the sinusoids are out of
phase.

If the phase angles are equal, the sinusoids are said to be in phase.
Converting Sines to Cosines
Examples
Examples
Example: Calculate the phase angle between v1=-10cos(ωt+50 ) and v2=12sin(ωt-10 ) State
which sinusoid is leading.
Average value
 Average value is defined as the area under the curve divided by the baseline of the curve.

Example: find the average value for the curve shown in the figure?
The area under this curve can be computed as
Area=(80×1)+(60×2)+(95×1)+(75×1)
Now divide this by the length of the base, namely 5.
Average={(80×1)+(60×2)+(95×1)+(75×1)}/5=74
 Average value
 The average value of a waveform: divide the area under the waveform by the length of its base.
Areas above the axis are counted as positive, while areas below the axis are counted as negative. This
approach is valid regardless of wave shape.
 Average values are also called dc values, because dc meters indicate average values rather than
instantaneous values. Thus, if you measure a non-dc quantity with a dc meter, the meter will read the
average of the waveform.
Example: 1. Compute the average for the current waveform shown in the figure.
2. If the negative portion of the figure is ( 3 A ) instead of (1.5 A), what is the average?
3. If the current is measured by a dc ammeter, what will the ammeter indicate for each case?
The waveform repeats itself after 7ms. Thus, T=7 ms and the average is
𝐼𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 2𝐴 × 3𝑚𝑠 − (1.5𝐴 × 4𝑚𝑠)/ 7𝑚𝑠 = (6 − 6 )/7 = 0 A
Average value
 2. The waveform repeats itself after 7ms.
Thus, T=7 ms and the average is
𝐼𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 2𝐴 × 3𝑚𝑠 − (3𝐴 × 4𝑚𝑠)/ 7𝑚𝑠 = −6/ 7 𝐴 = −0.857𝐴
3. A dc ammeter measuring (a) will indicate zero, while for (b) it will indicate 0.857 A.
Example: Compute the average value for the waveforms of the figures. Sketch the averages for
each.
1- For the first waveform, T=6 s.
Thus,
𝐼𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 10𝑉 × 2𝑠 + 20𝑉 × 1𝑠 + (30𝑉 × 2𝑠) + (0𝑉 × 1𝑠)/ 6𝑠
= 100 𝑉. 𝑠/ 6𝑠 = 16.7V
Average value
1- For the first waveform, T=8s.
Thus, 𝐼𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 0.5 40𝑚𝐴 × 3𝑠 − 20𝑚𝐴 × 2𝑠 − (40𝑚𝐴 × 2𝑠) /8𝑠 = −60𝑚𝐴/ 8 𝑚𝐴 = −7.5𝑚A
 Sine wave average value
 Because a sine wave is symmetrical, its area below the horizontal axis is the same as its
area above the axis; thus, over a full cycle its net area is zero, independent of frequency
and phase angle. Thus, the average of sinωt, sin(ωt±θ), sin2ωt, cosωt, cos(ωt±θ), cos2ωt,
and so on are each zero.
 The average of half a sine wave, however, is not zero. The area under the half-cycle can
be found as:

Two cases are important in electronics; full-wave average and half-wave average. The area for
full-wave case from 0 to 2π is 2(2Im) and the base is 2π. Thus, the average is

The area for half-wave case from 0 to 2π is (2Im) and the base is 2π. Thus, the average is
rms value
 An effective (rms) value is an equivalent dc value: it tells you how many volts or amps of DC
that a time-varying waveform is equal to in terms of its ability to produce average power.
 rms value is defined as the square root of the area under the squared curve divided by the
baseline of the curve.
 To compute rms values using this equation, do the following:
Step 1: Square the voltage (or current ) curve.
Step 2: Find the area under the squared curve.
Step 3: Divide the area by the length of the curve.
Step 4: Find the square root of the value from Step 3.
Example
Example: One cycle of a voltage waveform is shown in the figure. Determine its (rms) value.
400 × 4 + 900 × 2 + 100 × 2 + (0 × 2)
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 10 = 19 𝑉
rms value
 The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the square root of the mean value of the
squared function.
For any periodic function x(t) , the rms value is given by

 For the sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(ωt + φ) ,(T=2π/ω), the rms value of i(t) is.

For sinusoidal current/voltage