VOLUME 2

SPECIFICALLY FOR 67TH BPSC MAINS

BCW PRESENTS

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Free Mains Model Answer
Compilation

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Sl No. Question Page No.
Recently the Supreme Court of India upheld EWS reservation; In
the light of the judgment examine India's affirmative/reservation
1 1
policy and the constitutional provisions related to it.

Critically examine the role of the Green Revolution in the

2 development of agriculture in India. 5

There is no proper plan for Bihar State to get the expected relief over
3 natural disasters. In this regard, present a plan with justifications. 8

Are Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State

Policy complementary and supplementary to each other? Give
4 13
reasons in support of your answer.

At the national and international levels, what has been the contribution
of Bihar-Brain in the field of science and technology? Give your
5 complete input from the last century to the present time with 17
pronounced examples.

Science and technology have given us exponential developments but at

the same dark dangerous side of atoms and coronavirus explosions for
6 the elimination of human life from the earth. Reconcile the role of 21
science and technology for this opposite phase in detail.

India has indulged in concurrently with the world in the field of space
research with the quest that what are advantages and disadvantages in
7 the near future in doing so. In this context frame in detail your logical 26
explanation and discuss it.

Give a geographical distribution of the tribal population in India and

examine the problems common to all of them and ways of their
8 32
solution.

Give a geographical account of sugarcane cultivation in Bihar and

9 highlight its future prospect in the state. 42

Population growth is both a blessing and a curse. Elaborate it with

suitable Indian examples.
10 46
 Caste politics have acquired dominating and enduring modes of politics
11 in India. Explain the phenomenon with special reference to 51
contemporary political developments in Bihar
Due to coalition politics and economic liberalisation, federalism has
12 become a key feature of the Indian political system. Comment. 53

What is carbon farming? How can this change the agriculture pattern
13 vis-a-vis the climate change process? 57

What are the short-term and long-term effects of the Russia-Ukraine

war on India's import-export system? Suggest some alternative
14 61
strategies to compensate for such loss.

Analyze humanism in Rabindranath Tagore's Philosophy.

15 65

Do you think that the Quit India Movement was a leaderless

16 movement? Throw light on the progress of this movement in Bihar. 68

Tribal movements should be viewed as "history from

17 below." Discuss the objects and nature of the 71
movements in 19th-century India.
1) Recently the Supreme Court of India upheld EWS reservation; In the light of the judgment
examine India's affirmative/reservation policy and the constitutional provisions related to
it.

Answer:

Affirmative action assists a society in achieving social justice by increasing the participation of
historically underrepresented groups in politics, the workforce, and education. It was in this context of
analyzing the affirmative reservation policy that the Supreme Court in its split verdict in “Janhit
Abhiyan vs Union of India” upheld the 103rd constitutional amendment which provides 10%
reservation for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among forward castes in government jobs
and colleges across India on November 8 in a 3:2 decision. The amendment was put into effect to
provide legal sanction.

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Quota

● Individuals who fall under the economically based un-reserved category and have a family income
of less than Rs. 8 lakh per year are referred to as members of the Economically Weaker Section
(EWS) reservation.
● The 10% EWS quota was introduced under the 103rd Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2019 by
amending Articles 15 and 16.
● It introduced Article 15(6), an enabling provision for the state to make special provisions for
“any economically weaker sections of citizens” other than those mentioned in the previous two
clauses, namely, the “socially and educationally backward classes” and Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes. It also introduced a corresponding Clause 6 in Article 16 to enable reservation for
“economically weaker sections”, other than the SEBCs and SC/ST, in public employment and
education.
● It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
(SEBC) and provides reservation in jobs and admissions in educational institutes based on
economic status.
● Under this, both the Centre and the States can provide reservations to the EWS of society.
● The legislation marked a major change in the country’s approach to reservation. From a form of
affirmative action in which membership of a social group was the main basis for extending
reservation, it moved towards using income and means as the basis for special provisions.

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 Supreme Court Verdict On EWS Reservation

A five-judge panel composed of Chief Justice UU Lalit, Justice Dinesh Maheshwari, S. Ravindra
Bhat, Bela M. Trivedi, and J. B. Pardiwala unanimously (3:2) approved the amendment, bringing
the overall percentage of reservation in central institutions to 59.50%.
 The majority verdict by the SC bench noted that the EWS quota is not discriminatory and
does not alter the basic structure of the Constitution.

 Socially and Educationally Backward Classes form separate categories. They can’t be
treated at par with unreserved category. Benefit under EWS can’t be said to be
discriminatory.

 The judgment identified that the 50% rule formed by the Supreme Court in the Indira
Sawhney judgment in 1992 was “not inflexible”. The EWS reservation does not apply to
the SC/ST/SEBC/OBC reservation quota and takes a chunk out of the unreserved
category. The 50 percent ceiling was to be applied to reservation provided by the Articles
15(4),15(5) and 16(4) of the Constitution of India.

 As observed by the Supreme Court, the reservation system cannot be allowed to

continue forever. Reservation is only a means and not the end. It should result in the
upliftment of the weaker sections and should be self-limiting. There is a need for a relook
or re-examination of the reservation system and its effectiveness.

Analysis Of India’s Reservation Policy

The roots of the reservation system that exists today can be traced back to the Communal Award
that was introduced in 1933 by the British Prime-Minister Ramsay Macdonald. The award made
provision for separate electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans
and the Dalits. Initially, the constitution provided reservations only for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes. The OBCs were included in the ambit of reservation in 1991 on the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission.

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 Arguments in favor of reservation Arguments against reservation

● A significant portion of India's ● Inclusion of a few: The only people

underprivileged and that benefit the most are the
underrepresented population has wealthy members of the
benefited socially and economically economically underprivileged
from affirmative action and portion of the population, leaving
reservation policies. the rest of the group ineligible due
to a lack of knowledge and
awareness and negating the goal of
the policy.

● Correcting Historic injustice: Caste- ● Promotes casteism: Caste based

based reservation aids in overcoming reservation only perpetuates the
historical injustice and neglect toward notion of caste in society, rather
the socially weaker segments of than weakening it as a factor of
society. social consideration, as envisaged
by the constitution.

● Improved representation: By ● Violates right to equality:

reducing the difficulties they Reservation-based quotas violate
experienced as a result of a lack of the right to equality since they
resources, reservation to STs has discriminate against other citizens.
assisted the tribal community's
members in improving their
representation in state educational
institutions and services..

● Level playing field: It provides a level ● Benefit to privileged: The benefits

playing field for backward sections as of reservation policy have largely
they can not compete with those who been appropriated by the dominant
have had the access of resources and class within the backward castes.
means for centuries. ● According to Justice G. Rohini
● It has benefited the socially excluded Commission’s report on the sub-
group that was underrepresented categorisation of OBCs on the last
among SCs and STs but had inferior five years’ data on appointments in
educational opportunities and other central government jobs and OBC
resources. admissions to central higher
education institutions, the
commission concluded that 97% of
central OBC quota benefits go to
just under 25% of its castes.

● The portion of society that was ● Poor people from “forward castes”
socially advanced relative to SCs and do not have any social or economic
STs but had a weaker economy has advantage over rich people from
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 benefited from reservations for the backward caste. In such a case,
EWS. discriminating against the “forward
Due to dire financial circumstances, caste” goes counter to the logic of
this community was denied access to reservation. It would create another
resources and education “backward class” some years down
the line.

● Improved justice delivery: By giving ● Internal partition: Reservation is

women and members of the SCs and similar to internal partition because
STs free legal representation, the in addition to being a form of ethnic
reservation system in India has discrimination, it also builds walls
improved the delivery of justice to all against inter caste and inter faith
segments of society. Without it, these marriages.
groups would suffer owing to a lack of
resources, expertise, and awareness.

● Growing Inclusive Progress: The ● Against meritocracy: Reservations

reservation policy has led to inclusion are the biggest enemy of
for some, and there can be little meritocracy. By offering reservation
doubt that the situation would have through relaxed entry criteria, we
been distinctly worse without such are fuelling inflation of moderate
affirmative action. credentials as opposed to the
promotion of merit based education
system, which is the foundation of
many progressive countries

Constitutional Provisions:

• Part XVI addresses the SC and ST reservations in the Central and State legislatures.
• Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution, which apply to the federal and state governments,
respectively, allow for the reservation of seats in the government services.
• The 77th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1995 added Article 16(4A), allowing the government to
offer reservations in promotions.
• Article 16 (4 B) was added by the Constitutional 81st Amendment Act of 2000, which effectively
eliminated the year's total reservation cap of 50% by allowing the state to fill any SC/ST-reserved
vacancies that go unfilled from one year in the following year.
• Articles 330 and 332 ensure specific representation by allocating seats to SCs and STs in both
the Parliament and state legislative bodies.
• Article 243-D, seats are set aside for SC and ST citizens in each panchayat.
• Article 233T mandates that every municipality set aside seats for SCs and STs.
• Article 335 of the constitutions, SCs and STs must be taken into account when preserving the
effectiveness of the administration.

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• A 103rd constitutional amendment act, passed in 2019, amended Articles 15(6) and 16(6) of the
Constitution to include a reservation for economic backwardness.
Conclusion

The Indian political class must overcome its propensity to keep broadening the definition of reservation
in order to advance politically and acknowledge that it is not a panacea. Instead, the government should
give top priority to programs that advance social progress, excellent education, and the emergence of
an entrepreneurial spirit. Affirmative Action can be provided at a more comprehensive level taking into
account various factors of exclusion such as caste, economic conditions, gender, kind of schooling
received etc. A comprehensive scheme of Affirmative Action would be more beneficial than
reservations in addressing concerns of social justice.

2) Critically examine the role of the Green Revolution in the development of agriculture in
India.

Answer:
The "Green Revolution" is a strategy for raising agricultural output through the use of high yielding
variety seeds combined with the use of fertilisers and other chemical inputs that started in the
1960s. It was initiated by Norman Borlaug, which led to his winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970
for his work in developing High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat. Its introduction in India is
attributed to geneticist Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.

"If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right in our country.”
– M. S Swaminathan

Background

 When India became independent in 1947, 90% of its population lived in 600,000 villages
depending mainly on agriculture for their livelihood.
 However, Indian agriculture remained unchanged without any technological changes in
agricultural practices and involved wooden ploughs, waterwheels, and bullock carts etc.
 Industries saw a negative growth as the agriculture sector failed to meet the demands.
 The lack of proper technological change and land reforms combined with droughts brought
India to the verge of massive famine in the mid-1960s.
 As a result, India had to import food grains, mainly wheat, from the USA to avert the crisis.
This in turn depleted the reserves of the nation.
 So, in order to save the reserves and increase the productivity of cereals, all the stakeholders
and donor agencies decided to induce changes in agricultural technology and practices.

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 Green Revolution’s Contribution To India’s Agricultural Growth

The introduction of the Green Revolution in India tremendously increased wheat production and
changed India's status from a food deficient country to one of the leading agricultural nations.
Though the revolution succeeded in transforming our agricultural sector, it also had its
drawbacks.
Benefits Drawbacks

● Increased productivity: Food grains ● Impact on environment:.

saw an exponential rise after the ● The repetitive cropping pattern and
green revolution. It resulted in a grain increased crop intensity reduced the
output of 131 million tonnes in the soil fertility leading to desertification.
year 1978-79 . ● An exponential rise in the tubewells
● The biggest rise was seen in reduced the water table.
Wheat, whose production ● Increased use of fertilisers, pesticides,
increased by more than three and herbicides has caused the soil to
times between 1967-68 and become more toxic, causing
2003-04. acidification.

● Food security: The Green revolution ● Health problems: The overuse of

made our country self sufficient in chemical fertilisers, pesticides and
food grains and provided food herbicides resulted in an increased
security. incidence of illnesses such as cancer,
renal failure, stillbirths, and
congenital disabilities.

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 ● Financial stability: The green ● Subsidy: Subsidy as a concept
revolution enabled farmers to switch emerged during the Green Revolution
from subsistence to commercial and it is currently hurting the
farming thus providing them better government's finances.
sources of income and stability.

● Reduced imports: With the increase ● Unequal income: Due to the Green
in availability of food grains, India Revolution's emphasis on inputs, only
became self-sufficient and had wealthy farmers who could afford
sufficient stock in the central pool. those inputs were able to become
wealthy at the expense of small and
marginal farmers, which widened the
income gap between them.

● Employment: Due to multiple ● Change in consumption pattern: It

cropping and increased yield, there led to an increase in the consumption
was an increased demand for labour of wheat and rice. As a result,
force in the agricultural sector. consumption of coarse cereals such as
jowar, bajra, millet etc decreased.

● Boost to industries: Since agricultural ● Benefit to limited areas: The

products are often used as raw revolution mostly focused on
materials in various industries, the increasing the production of wheat
growth of the agricultural sector and rice.
provided a boost to the industrial ● As a result, only those areas growing
sector. wheat and rice such as Punjab and
● There was also increased Hayana benefited the most. The
demand for agricultural entire Eastern region of West Bengal,
equipment such as tractors, Orissa, Assam, etc was completely
thrasher and other inputs like unaffected.
chemical fertilisers, pesticides, ● The high yield crops require more
weedicides etc. water and fertilisers as compared to
the normal varieties of crops. This
constrained it to resource rich states
and arid states could not benefit.

● Dispersal of Rice and Wheat ● No focus on non-food crops: The

cultivation to non-traditional areas: main crops during the revolution
Green Revolution spread the Rice were Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra and
cultivation to the semi-arid areas of Maize. Non food grains were excluded
Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar from the ambit of this revolution.
Pradesh, and the wheat cultivation to ● As a result, India now needs to import
the areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, pulses and oil seeds.
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and some
parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and
West Bengal.

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 Conclusion

According to the World Population Prospects (WPP), India will have the largest population in the
world by 2023. Therefore, India now requires a second green revolution in which it can rectify the
mistakes of the past revolution and focus on other aspects such as the environment, poor farmers,
non food crops etc and help improve agriculture's resilience to climate change and environmental
sustainability.

3) There is no proper plan for Bihar State to get the expected relief over natural disasters. In
this regard, present a plan with justifications.

Answer:

“Rajya ke Khajane par Aapda -Prabhaviton ka pehla Haq hai”

Shri Nitish kumar
Bihar is susceptible to numerous natural disasters of various sizes and degrees of impact on
people's lives and livelihoods. Due to its geoclimatic conditions, it is more prone to many risks.
Severe hailstorms, fires, cyclonic storms, earthquakes, floods, and lightning are a few risks that it is
vulnerable to. Furthermore, 28 of the state's 38 districts are at risk of flooding.

Perilous Figure Of Bihar

 Bihar is situated in a high seismic zone that is adjacent to the Himalayan tectonic plate's
boundary, close to the Bihar-Nepal border.
 Six underground fault lines in Bihar are pointing in four different directions in the
direction of the Gangetic plains.
 The Vulnerability Atlas of India categorises the majority of Bihar as being in seismic
zones IV and V, which means that they are highly vulnerable to earthquakes and could
potentially cause extremely severe damage.
 Overall, 15.2% of Bihar's total area is classified as Zone V, and 63.7% of Bihar's total
area is classified as Zone IV.
 The majority of the 38 districts fall under more than one seismic zone, typically seismic
zones V and IV or seismic zones IV and III. Of the 38 districts, 8 districts are in seismic
zone V, 24 are in seismic zone IV, and 6 are in seismic zone III.
 Major earthquakes have struck the state in the past; the worst was the 1934
earthquake, which claimed more than 10,000 lives, followed by the 1988 earthquake.

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 Floods

 The North of Bihar, which has 76% of the state's population, is the region of India where
flooding is most likely to occur.
 Bihar is home to 22.1% of the flood-affected population in India and 16.5% of the
affected territory.
 The state frequently experiences flood-like conditions during the southwest monsoon,
which lasts from June to September and brings the most rainfall. This is especially true in
the northern districts.
 Flooding has affected 68,800 square kilometres, or 73.06%, of Bihar's 94,160 square
kilometres.
 They also destroyed livestock and assets worth millions of dollars each year, along with
thousands of human lives.
 The Gandak, Budhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kosi, and Mahananda rivers—all of which originate
in Nepal—are among at least five major rivers that can cause significant flooding in
North Bihar districts during the monsoon.
 Floods from the Son, Punpun, and Falgu rivers have also made some South Bihar districts
more susceptible.
 According to the Economic Survey 2020-21, flood-induced damage has affected a total
of 19 districts in the state, with a loss in crop production worth Rs. 727.88 crores.

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 Drought

 The main causes of Bihar's drought are erratic and insufficient precipitation as well as an odd
rainfall distribution.
 The area most impacted is agriculture, which employs more than 80% of Bihar's workforce.
 Bihar experienced both a drought and a flood in 2019. 24 districts are experiencing a situation
similar to drought, while 13 districts are experiencing flooding. 4 of these districts Muzaffarpur
Darbhanga Madhubani and Sitamarhi have been declared both flood and drought hit.
 South Bihar is suffering from a severe drought with insufficient rainfall, while North Bihar is
experiencing a flood.

Government Measures

Ganga Jal Aapurti Yojna :

 The Department of Water Resources is implementing this to reduce the impact of climate
change on the availability of drinking water and establish ecological balance in a region of
South Bihar.
 Residents of Gaya, Bodh Gaya, Rajgir, and Nawada cities will have access to the water for
drinking and other domestic purposes.

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  This will prevent the overuse of groundwater. The ecosystem supporting the local flora and
fauna will also be greatly benefited from this plan. Rajgir's declining water flow is expected
to improve with less domestic groundwater use.

Tall Development Plan:

The Water Resource Department is determined to make better use of and management of the
water in the Tall area, located in the districts of Patna, Nalanda, Sheikhpura, and Lakhisarai

The Falgu River's Rubber Dam:

Only during the monsoons does the Falgu River experience any significant water flow, so the
Department has developed a plan for its construction. The building of this rubber dam will aid in
preserving water in the river all year long. This rubber dam's construction will assist in
replenishing the water table as well as preserving water in the river throughout the year.

Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali Mission
 In 2020–21, 3.92 billion saplings were planted, and 4436 hectares of forestland received
soil and moisture conservation treatments.
 A mission to increase the amount of green space in Bihar has begun, and extensive tree-
planting operations are being carried out as part of this mission.

Others Initiatives

 The Disaster Risk Reduction Roadmap 2015–30 was produced by the state.
 Disaster mitigation is intended to take a community-centered approach in vital industries like
agriculture and fisheries.
 Deaths from lightning will surpass those from floods in 2020. In order to alert the
neighbourhood at least 40 minutes before lightning strikes within a radius, lightning-sensing
equipment has been installed. This also led to the creation of the "Indra Vraj" mobile
application.
 Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure: To build disaster-resilient infrastructure,
nations, organisations, etc. will share their knowledge. At the UN Climate Action Summit in
New York in September 2019, it was introduced by the Indian Prime Minister.
 UN conferences: World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
 The Kobe conference produced the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015).
 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–30) acknowledges the use of
science and technology as a tool that can be used to our advantage throughout the entire
disaster management process.

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 Management Plan For Natural Catastrophes

 Motorboats and other accessories were purchased in 28 flood-prone districts as part of the
annual plan for rescue and relief efforts.
 A State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) was to be established, modelled after the National
Disaster Response Force (NDRF), to enhance the response system and lessen the effects of
natural disasters.
 Building WareHouses: It is crucial to have places in flood-prone areas where relief and
rescue supplies can be safely and securely kept until a disaster strikes.
 Establishment of Emergency Operation Centers: It was suggested to establish Emergency
Operation Centres (EOC) in all 38 districts in order to efficiently coordinate rescue and relief
operations during disasters.
 Procurement of Life Jackets, Mahajals Tents, etc for flood-prone districts: It is suggested
that districts that are prone to flooding purchase life jackets, tents, and other accessories for
use during rescue operations.
 Acquisition and upkeep of communication equipment: Communication systems break
during disasters, making rescue and relief efforts more difficult. There is a need to procure
hand packs, walkie- talkies and other equipment for coordinating relief works.
 Establishing an Early Disaster Warning System: With a view to mitigating the losses caused
due to disaster, it would be essential to alert the population likely to be affected by it much
in advance so as to enable them to take steps for their safety.
 Building Stakeholder Capacity for Disaster Reduction: This includes increasing the ability of
stakeholders and responders involved in disaster management and proofing, such as
engineers and architects, police, home guards, the local community, boatmen, masons, and
other stakeholders.
 Sensitising the public: It is crucial to educate the public about ways to reduce the risk of
disasters. It is recommended to use all media types, including audio and visual ones, as well
as marketing and outreach tools like flyers, pamphlets, and posters.
Conclusion

A thorough, proactive, multi-disaster and technologically driven disaster management strategy

must be developed in order to make Bihar secure and disaster-resistant. To achieve this, the state
government will step up its current initiatives to support a culture of prevention, mitigation, and
preparedness, with a particular emphasis on the most vulnerable communities. To lessen the
devastating effects of floods and other disasters, it is time for us to implement sustainable
development practices on a local level.

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4) Are Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy complementary and
supplementary to each other? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Answer
The Fundamental rights are given in Part III of the Constitution and Directive Principles are provided
in Part IV of the Constitution. Both fundamental rights and Directive Principle are fundamental in
the governance of the nation. The Directive Principle directs the state to take action positively and
the Fundamental Rights remind not to interfere arbitrarily in an individual's right and liberty. These
are inter-dependable on each other upon the essence of implementation as they both complement
and supplement each other in true senses.

Fundamental Rights (FRs)

Fundamental rights, also known as inherent rights as are inherited by every person by birth, are
adopted from the American Constitution and have been guaranteed in Articles 12 to 35( of Part III)
of the constitution of India. Initially, there were seven fundamental rights mentioned under the
constitution of India, but the right to property was removed by the 44th constitutional
amendment.

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 Directive Principle Of State Policy(DPSP)

The idea of Directive Principles was taken from the Irish Constitution. DPSP imposes a duty upon
the state to protect and acknowledge the Fundamental right of the individual and also remain
torch-bearers of the ideal character of governments and guide them to welfare policies and
decisions for the citizens.
“A government can hardly ignore the Directive principles while shaping its policies. If a
government ignores them, it will certainly have to answer for that before the collection time.”
---B. R. Ambedkar

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 Difference Between Fundamental Rights And Directive Principles Of State Policy

Fundamental Rights DPSP

Part in constitution FRs are mentioned in Part III of the DPSP are mentioned in Part IV of
Constitution, from article 12 to 35. the Constitution from article 36 to
51.

Source These have been adapted from the They have been highly inspired by
Constitution of the United States the Irish Constitution.
of America.

Nature They are negative in nature as they They are positive as it requires the
prohibit the State from taking any State to do certain things as
action which may violate the opposed to restricting State.
Fundamental Rights of the citizen.

Democracy type These ensure political democracy DPSP helps in maintaining social
as they prevent the establishment and economic democracy as it
of a despotic or an authoritarian ensures that the State shall
government in the country and maintain social order by promoting
ensure that the liberties of people economic, social and political
are protected from any invasion by justice throughout the country.
the State.

Justiciable These are justiciable as they are These are not legally binding and
legally enforceable by the courts in cannot be enforced by the courts in
case of violation. the event of a violation.

Individualistic or They are individualistic in nature as They are more collective in nature
socialistic they are instrumental in preserving because DPSP focuses on
the rights and welfare of citizens in promoting the welfare of the entire
an individualistic manner. society or community of the
country in a collective manner.

Suspension They can be suspended only in case Even in an emergency, Directive

of Emergency under Article 359 of Principles of State Policy cannot be
the Constitution by the President. suspended.
However, Fundamental Rights
which are mentioned in Articles 20
and 21 cannot be suspended even
during an emergency.

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 Violation The courts are bound to declare a The courts cannot declare a law
law violative of any of the FRs as violative of any of DPSP as
unconstitutional and invalid. unconstitutional and invalid while
they can uphold the validity of a law
on the ground that it was enacted
to give effect to DPSP.

FRS And DPSP Are Complementary And Supplementary To Each Other

Instead of having certain distinctions, Constitution Framers always talked about the coherence
between Fundamental Rights and DPSP. Dr. B.N. Rau, who was the chief sponsor of these principles
and who anticipated this conflict, felt that harmonious construction and compromise on the part of
Judiciary would in future resolve this conflict. In this context, the Supreme Court through its various
judgments from time and again have analysed the relationship between the FRs and DPSP.
● In Kerala Education Bill, 1957 the Supreme Court while affirming the primacy of fundamental
rights said that there is “no conflict on the whole” between the fundamental rights and the
directive principles. They supplement each other as the Fundamental rights represent the civil
and political rights whereas the directive principles embody social and economic rights.
● Integrated scheme: In the landmark case of Golaknath v. State of Punjab, 1967 the SC called
this inter relation, an integrated scheme which was elastic enough to change with the passage
of time or with the change in society. For instance,
 Right to life includes the right to enjoy pollution-free water, air and environments. The court
has derived this right by reading article 21 with article 48A.
 Article 23 and 24 deal with right against exploitation, these articles reflect the principles of
article 39(c), the directive principles that the tender age of children and not abused and the
children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in
conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against
exploitation and against moral and material abandonment are supported.
● A way and means: In Kesvananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973 the Supreme Court has said
that Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles aim at the same goal of bringing about a social
revolution and establishment of a Welfare State and they can be interpreted and applied
together. It can well be said that Directive Principles prescribed the goal to be attained and the
Fundamental Rights lay down the means by which that goal is to be achieved.
● Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: The Supreme Court said in State of Kerala v. N.M
Thomas, 1976 came with the doctrine of harmonious construction. It can be defined as
provision of Fundamental rights and DPSP should be read harmoniously or hand in hand. If any
conflict occurs then the court can refer to any particular law or interpret any law so as to give
effect to both as far as possible.

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 Conclusion

The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are the two faces of a coin that serve a single
purpose i.e. the interest of the citizen. The basic Feature of the constitution is to maintain harmony
between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles as together they constitute the soul of the
constitution and pave a way where the dignified rights of a person are significantly accessed. The
theme of fundamental rights must be made in light of DPSP.

5) At the national and international levels, what has been the contribution of Bihar-Brain in the
field of science and technology? Give your complete input from the last century to the present
time with pronounced examples.

Answer:

Bihar has been the paradise of science and development and has been blessed with great
personalities like Aryabhatta, from Gupta times to Vashishtha Narayan Singh in modern times. Bihar
is well known for being the centre of technical intelligence, a haven for the mind, and a long-
standing educational hub for religious and ethical principles.

Bihar's Contribution In The Field Of Science

At the national and international level, the people of Bihar have contributed immensely to the field
of Science and Technology. Discussed below are some of the eminent personalities from Bihar and
their contribution.

FIELD PERSONALITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION

SCIENCE Kadimbini Bose Ganguly: Born on 18 July 1861, in Bhagalpur, Bihar,

she was the daughter of well-known Brahmo Samaj reformer Braja
Kishore Basu and was deeply influenced by the ongoing Bengal
renaissance.
● She fought a long battle to be admitted to the Calcutta
Medical College before qualifying as a practising doctor.
Ganguli was the first woman to gain admission to Calcutta
Medical College in 1884 and also the first woman speaker in
the Indian National Congress.
● She was the first Indian woman to practise medicine in
India.

Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri: Born on 25 December 1901,

at Kumrava of Nawada, he was an Indian independence activist,
Gandhian, and a physician of the Unani system of medicines.

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 ● He founded a medical magazine, Hikmat-e- Bangala.
Government honoured him with the third highest civilian
award- Padma Bhushan in 2007, for his contributions to
Indian medicine.

Ranjit Roy Chaudhary: Born on 4th November 1930 in Patna, He

was a clinical pharmacologist, medical academic and health planner,
and headed the national committee for formulating the policy and
guidelines on the drugs and clinical trials.
● He also chaired a joint programme of the World health
organisation and the Government of India and was also the
founder and President of the Delhi Medical Council.

ENGINEERING Ram Vijay Shahi: He is an Indian nuclear scientist and mechanical

engineer who has served as the Secretary to the Government of
India, Department of Atomic Energy (DA)chairman of the Atomic
Energy Commission.
● He has been involved in the development of the advanced
heavy water reactor (AHWR) and Compact High
Temperature Reactor (CHTR), two of the highly
acknowledged technological innovations which are suitable
for large scale deployment of nuclear power, particularly in
India.
● Under his leadership, DAE displayed its first ever tableau in
the 66th Republic Day Parade in 2015.

H.C.Verma: Brn in Darbhanga, Bihar, he is an Indian physicist and

emeritus professor of IIt Kanpur.
● He has authored several school, graduate and postgraduate
textbooks, the most popular and most reputed two-volume
Concepts of Physics, extensively used by students appearing
for various high-level competitive examinations.
● He has co-founded Shiksha Sopan, a social upliftment
organisation for economically weaker children living near
the campus of IIT Kanpur.
● He has been awarded the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Shiksha
Puruskar by the Bihar state government.

SPACE Manas Bihari Verma: He was an aeronautical scientist who was

instrumental in the development of the light combat aircraft, Tejas.
He worked as a scientist at the Defence Research Development
Organization (DRDO) in the aeronautical stream for 35 years.

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 ● For his contribution he was conferred the Padma Shri in
2018.
● After retirement, he returned to his native village of Bour
and was involved in imparting science and computer
knowledge to Dalit children in the areas of Supaul,
Madhubani, and Darbhanga, through the Viksit Bharat
Foundation started by Verma.
● Through his Mobile Science Lab project, launched in 2010, a
team of science and computer instructors would visit
schools to demonstrate scientific experiments and impart
computer learning. The teaching was done through the 'Lab
in Box' (LIB) programme supported by IBM.

Mirza Faizan: He is an Indian aerospace scientist who developed the

Ground Reality Information Processing System (GRIPS). He is a
member of the American Institute Of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Gopal
● A young scientist from Bihar who has 8 patents under
his name .
● Has declined multiple offers from NASA to continue
working in india.

MATHEMATICS Vashishtha Narayan Singh:

● He was born on 2 April 1946 in the Basantpur village
of the Bhojpur district in Bihar.
● He joined the University of California in 1965 and
received a Ph.D. in Reproducing Kernels and
Operators with a Cyclic vector (Cycle vector Space
theory) in 1969 under doctoral adviser John L. Kelley.
● After receiving his PhD, Singh joined the University of
Washington at Seattle as an assistant professor, and
then returned to India in 1974 to teach at IIT Kanpur.
After eight months, he joined the Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bombay, where he
worked on a short-term position. Later he was
appointed a faculty at the Indian Statistical Institute,
Kolkata.
● Anand Kumar:
● He was born on 1 Jan, 1973 at Patna, Bihar.
● Indian Mathematician and best known for his
SUPER30 programme, which was started in Patna,

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 Bihar in 2002.
● He secured admission to the University of
Cambridge, but could not attend because of his
father's death and his financial condition.
● Conferred with S. Ramanujan Award and Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad Shiksha Puraskar in 2010. Also
named in TIME magazine’s list of Best of Asia 2010.

Health and ● The people of Bihar have contributed immensely to the

Medicine health and medicine sector. In ancient times, Jeevika was a
famous physician of Buddha and king Bimbisar of Magadha.
He was sent many times to other kingdoms to help kings
/personalities recover.
● The people of Bihar are also contributing to the international
world.
● For instance, Bihar born Ashish Jha was recently
appointed as the White House COVID-19 Response
Coordinator. He is the Dean of Brown School of
Public Health and is a globally recognised expert on
pandemic preparedness and response.
● Seyed E. Hasnain: He is a microbiologist who has been
awarded the Padma Shri for his contribution to molecular
pathology. He was appointed as the First Director (1999-
2005) of the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
(CDFD), Hyderabad. Presently an Invited Professor IIT Delhi
where he teaches, has a laboratory and supervises over a
dozen PhD students registered at IIT, he was the Vice-
Chancellor (2005-2011) of the University of Hyderabad (a
Central University).

Conclusion

Keeping up with today's needs, Bihar has easily adapted to advanced technologies in day to day life,
from going completely paperless in Saharsa district to extensive use of IT in agriculture.
In support of nurturing and encouraging scientific temper amongst citizens, as mentioned in Article
51 of the Indian Constitution, Bihar has opened its gates to building the largest science city, the APJ
Abdul Kalam science city in Patna and has also cooperated with the centre for opening a sub-
regional science city at Gaya. With an already existing planetarium and science city in the capital
city, Bihar has shown encouragement and recognition in the field of science.

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6) Science and technology have given us exponential developments but at the same dark
dangerous side of atoms and coronavirus explosions for the elimination of human life from the
earth. Reconcile the role of science and technology for this opposite phase in detail.

Answer:

Innovations, science, and technology are the constant forces behind growth and development in a
range of important fields that have an impact on people's lives. In developing nations like India,
technology interventions can increase productivity, improve service standards, and increase efficiency.
However, they can also ensure that the benefits of model science reach the bottom of the pyramid,
that people there can share in the cost of living, and that they can access various government
programs.

Role Of Science And Technology

Science and technology have made it possible for man to look beyond Earth. As a result, satellites have
been placed in orbit and new planets have been discovered. In the fields of medicine and agriculture,
similar effects have been observed. However, we must exercise caution and make wise decisions when
using everything. Misuse of science and technology may have unfavourable consequences.

Sector Dark Side Bright Side

Health ● Bioterrorism: ● Making treatment more

Advancement in science effective: Science helps
and technology often provide effective treatment
leads to Bioterrorism for various diseases. For
where viruses, bacteria example, the COVID vaccine
and other germs are saved a number of lives
intentionally released to during the pandemic.
make people sick. These ● Telemedicine: The fear of
are also used as biological covid infection reduced
weapons to control other physical OPDs but this
countries. insufficiency gave virtual
● Addiction to gadgets: counselling through
Addiction to electronic telemedicine a much-needed
devices leads to very high boost.
gamma-aminobutyric ● Real-time patient data: We
acid (GABBA) levels can quickly update a
which tend to slow down patient's chart and then
brain signals, control, and share it instantly with their
vision. latest medical history.
Example, Ayushman Bharat
digital mission,

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 ● Role of software and AI:
Robots are making surgeries
more successful and less
expensive. With the help of
robots, we can also predict
outbreaks.

Environment ● Pollution: The The advancement in technology

achievements of science helps in addressing environmental
and technology have led degradation and climate change
to serious pollution and with the use of pollution control
degradation of the technologies like
human environment. ● catalytic converters in
● Industries, factories, and vehicles, Scrubbers in
locomotive wastes and industries, Volatile organic
smoke pollute the air compounds(V0Cs) - free
leading to acid rains, consumer products, and
global warming, and building materials.
depletion of the ozone ● Environmental startups (also
layer. called “green startups”) are
● Man Made disasters: building sustainable solutions
inefficient handling of to utilise materials that are
technology has often difficult to recycle and
resulted in nuclear reduce waste, purify water,
disasters such as and monitor changes in the
Chernobyl (Ukraine) in environment to ensure a
1986, Fukushima more sustainable future.
Daiichi(Japan) in 2011. ● Renewable energy: Modern
● Bhopal gas Tragedy in environmental Technology
1984 due to leakage of has enabled us to capture
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) the naturally occurring
at Union Carbide India energy like sunlight, wind,
Limited pesticide plant in rain, waves, tides, and
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. geothermal heat, which is
converted into electricity
through devices such as solar
panels, and wind and water
turbines.

Agriculture ● Desertification: Excessive ● Latest farming Equipments:

fertiliser, pesticide, and Harvesters, tractors, and
weedicide use result in other agricultural
deteriorating soil health, mechanisation have
dwindling water tables, increased food production by
and soil acidification. fostering hybridization,
● For instance, which has produced plant
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 desertification was a and animal species that are
result of the Green highly resistant to disease.
Revolution in places like ● Ease to farmers: Various
Punjab and Haryana. digital platforms have helped
farmers in easy access to
markets as well as credit. For
instance, the AGMARKNET
portal which provides
subsidies to develop
marketing infrastructure, PM
Kisan digital payment
increases farmers' access to
the program.

Education ● Our younger generation ● Reduces educational cost

suffers from short-term ● Demonise the educational
memory loss as a result system
of using technology. ● Real-time instruction or self-
● The rise in online paced instruction
interactions is causing a ● Utilising technology improves
decline in social learning.
engagement. ● fostering students'
● It can be isolating to technological literacy.
divert one's thoughts.
● Potentially diminishes
cognitive development
and reduces problem-
solving skills.

Employment ● Technological ● Reduced workload:

unemployment: Technology boosts output
Mechanization causes while lightening the load on
human workers to be employees.
replaced by machines, ● Increased opportunities:
lowering or even Advancement in science and
eradicating the technology is opening up
opportunities for human new fields of employment
workers. such as robotics, artificial
intelligence etc.

Economy ● Cybercrime: The use of ● Smoother Trade:

computers, the internet, Innovations like the credit
and other card, e-commerce platforms
communication etc make it easier for
technology makes people companies to sell goods and
easily susceptible to services to customers

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 cybercrimes. whenever they want.
● Cryptocurrency such as ● Increase in Income
bitcoin are known to be Generation: Income
involved in illicit activities generation has significantly
like cybercrime, money increased as a direct result of
laundering and terrorism being able to advertise more
financing. successfully and effectively.
Because they don't have to
devote as much money to
trying to spread their brand's
name, startups have an
easier time getting off the
ground.

Space ● Debris: After 50 years of ● Exploring the universe could

satellite deployment and increase human access to
space travel, it is resources and help in the
estimated that there are search for extraterrestrial
over 500,000 pieces of life.
trash in the universe. ● Technology advancements
● Astronauts' mental will simplify space travel.
health and the radiation ● Internet, tracking systems,
problem. GPS, and weather forecasting
are all used with satellite
assistance.

Society ● Depression: Social media ● Connectivity: Technology

is often used to share advancements help people
misinformation, hate feel more connected to one
comments etc which another. People from all over
leads to extremism and the world can communicate
depression in individuals. in just a split second using
● Crimes have increased social media sites like
since science and Telegram, WhatsApp,
technology have made it Snapchat, Facebook, and
possible to produce tools Instagram.
and gadgets like potent ● Technology has truly resulted
guns, explosives, and in a globalised world.
other lethal weapons.

Daily Life ● Sedentary lifestyle: ● Made life simpler: The

Prolonged use of these invention of household
technologies encourages appliances like the washing
a more sedentary machine, dishwasher,
lifestyle, which can cause Internet of Things (IoT) has

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 serious health problems removed the need for
such as obesity, manual labour-intensive
cardiovascular diseases cleaning tasks and connected
etc. all equipment of the house
for easy access.

Defence ● Modern advances in ● Science and technology have

defence technology, such made significant
as the improper use of contributions to the defence
nuclear weapons, put industry by enhancing
humanity in danger of missiles, the most modern
being wiped out in under artillery, fighter jets, rocket
a minute. launchers, and nuclear
● As an illustration, weapons, military aircraft,
consider the USA's submarines, and carrier
nuclear attack on helicopters to secure borders
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. and fight terrorism.

Conclusion

Science and technology will be paramount in achieving the goal of sustainable development.
Technology should only be used in a way that doesn't harm the environment or its ecosystem, and
in a viable way. A developed and prosperous nation is based on the wise and logical application of
technologies that are in harmony with nature. A covert technological revolution is underway to
address the evolving needs of modern society.

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7) India has indulged in concurrently with the world in the field of space research with the quest
that what are advantages and disadvantages in the near future in doing so. In this context
frame in detail your logical explanation and discuss it.

Answer:

India’s space program stands out as one of the most cost-effective in the world. India has earned
worldwide recognition for launching lunar probes, building satellites, ferrying foreign satellites up and
has even succeeded in reaching Mars. It has attracted global attention for its accelerated rate of
development, with a critical appreciation for extraordinary explorations like Mangalyaan, Chandrayaan
etc. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is the nodal organisation in charge of satellite and
extraterrestrial mission launches.

Background

Space research technology has tremendous potential for socioeconomic growth in a variety of
industries, including information technology, healthcare, agriculture, disaster relief, vital industries,
and infrastructure development.
● India successfully launched its own satellite in 1980 after the Soviet Union assisted in the launch of
Aryabhatta, the nation's first satellite, in 1975.
● Given that ISRO is one of the top six government space agencies and has built up one of the largest
fleets of navigational satellites in the world, its journey has been filled with impressive successes.
● According to some data, the $360 billion, growing global space market includes about 3% of the
Indian space industry.

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 ISRO’S Future Programs:

To utilise technology, future readiness is essential. With India's objectives at an all-time high, ISRO is
under pressure to properly evaluate and advance its research and technologies.
The Indian space program is currently focused on developing its near future space missions,
including:

Aditya-L1 ● It will be the first Indian mission to study the

atmosphere of the Sun, expected to launch in Feb,
2023.
● It will be inserted in a halo orbit around the Lanrangian
points(L1 point) between earth and sun where it will
study solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms and its
impact on the environment around earth.

X-ray Polarimeter ● An ISRO planned space observatory to study polarisation

Satellite (XPoSat) of Cosmic X-rays, expected to launch in 2023.
● It will study the 50 brightest known sources in the
universe, including Pulsers, black hole X-ray binaries,
active galactic nuclei, and non-thermal supernova
remnants.

Chandrayaan-3 ● Mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2, expected to launch in

July, 2023.
● It will also be lashed with a lander, a rover and a
propulsion module to attempt a soft landing on the
lunar surface.
● Missions to moon have been conducted by 9 nations
and entities (in chronological order) i.e the Soviet Union,
the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency,
China, India, Luxembourg, and Israel, and till now only
USA, Russia, and China have succeeded in the soft
landing of a spacecraft on Moon.

Gaganyaan-1,2,3 ● Gaganyaan(Orbital vehicle) is an Indian orbital

spacecraft , jointly made by ISRO and HAL, intended to
be the basis of the Indian Human Spaceflight
Programme. The spacecraft is being designed to carry
three people, and a planned upgraded version will be
equipped with rendezvous and docking capability.
● Gaganyaan-1&2 will be an Uncrewed spacecraft flight

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 test but Gaganyaan-3 will be Crewed spacecraft,
expected in 2023-24.

Mangalyaan-2 or ● India’s second interplanetary mission planned to launch

MOM2 on Mars in 2024.
● It will consist of an orbiter.
● ISRO was the fourth country to achieve this milestone
after ROSCOSMOS, NASA, and the European Space
Agency.

Benefits And Drawbacks Of The Indian Space Research

Exploring space is both thrilling and profitable nowadays. Some major advantages in the near future
are as follows-

Area Benefit Drawbacks

Weather Forecasting ● Weather satellites help in ● One of the major

predicting dangerous drawbacks of an increasing
storms, cyclones, and even space research program is
high tides long before they the increasing space
can strike populated areas. debris.
● For instance, Assam ● Half a million items of
became the first state to debris and residuals are
adopt a robust digital flood created from over 50 years
reporting system that will of space exploration and
assist in flood relief and satellite launching, which
recovery assessment and will be sustained in space
risk reduction for a very long time, and
interventions. can be risky for future
● In Bihar, an Indravajra app missions.
was developed to alert ● It also increases global
prior to warning of fossil fuel emissions due
lightning for approximately to the launching of rockets
40 min before. for research purposes.

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 Employment ● Space research has many ● Space research facilitates
fields and requirements jobs to only a few skilled
like robotics, space workers. Whereas most of
projects, new missions etc, our workforce is unskilled.
which have ample ● For instance, India's
possibilities and can fulfil present workforce
the growing requirements comprises only 12%
of employment generation digitally skilled employees.
in the country.

Telecommunications ● Communication satellites ● India still lags behind in

like INSAT satellites have digital literacy and is
contributed immensely to therefore unable to make
the training and use of such tee
development of societal applications.
applications such as tele ● For example, digital
education, telemedicine literacy is almost non-
etc. existent among more than
90% of India's population.

Military ● Research in space can help ● Application of space

in the advancement of our research in defence may
defence sector. lead to militarisation of
● For this purpose, the space and countries may
Defense Space Agency use outer space to further
(DSA) was formed in 2019 their political agenda.
and is a tri-service agency ● Space Militarisation
of the Indian Armed involves placing and
Forces, Headquartered in developing weapons and
Bengaluru, India. military technology in
● These growing capabilities outer space.
should significantly
increase the Indian
military’s situational
awareness, especially of
the areas around the
country’s borders.

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 Foreign exchange ● India’s space research ● There is a growing
proved to be a massive international competition
investment for the to be the first to fulfil
country. This investment some challenges in space
fruitify as ISRO has helped exploration.
many countries to launch ● Sovereignty over other
their own satellites. The planets and satellites, and
money earned through over their resources, will
these launches is a huge become a controversial
contributor to the national issue.
income. This simply ● With the advancement of
showcases India’s ability to technology domination of
launch easily on outer space, it may tip the
comparatively lesser balance of power on a
budgets and this attracts bipolar or multipolar
even more foreign Earth.
customers.

Telemedicine ● Satellites make it easy to ● Tele consulting, if not

provide connectivity in providing detailed
remote and rural areas. information about the use
of medicines, can often
● During the Corona
lead to misuse of
pandemic, ISRO applied its medicines or black
technology for marketing or increased
telemedicine, consulting instances of Antimicrobial
and connecting with resistance.
patients.

Disaster Management ● Space-based technologies

can contribute to all phases
of the disaster management
cycle, including prevention,
preparedness, early warning,
response and reconstruction.
Before a disaster takes place,
remotely sensed data
provides information for
systems and models which
can predict disasters and
provide early warnings.

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 Way Ahead:

The Department of Space released a draft for a New space policy that will allow private investors to
invest in space research. The government assumes that these private investors will significantly
improve sentiments regarding growing demand within India and also use this platform to tap the
international space communication market.
Some Significant aspects of course of action to pace the momentum and boost India’s share in
global space industry are:
● Space exploration is the logical next step as India’s space program matures and gains
sophistication. Indian space capabilities have grown slowly but steadily, with larger boosters and
more complex space operations.
● A network of industry and entrepreneurs is established in which the setup of INSPACe ( Indian
National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre) is indeed in a good direction.
● Building of a sustainable business platform which will reduce research-development time
regarding development of satellites which will be beneficial to attain first time right quality for
more successful launches
● A framework must be formalised to manage complex systems through global collaboration with
other international agencies, which will assist significantly in execution of programs.

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8) Give a geographical distribution of the tribal population in India and examine the problems
common to all of them and ways of their solution.

Answer:

India has been described as a “melting pot” of races and tribes. India has one of the largest and diverse
tribal populations in the world. The tribal population in India according to the 2011 census is 104
million or 8.6% of the total population. Madhya Pradesh has the largest population (15.3 million i.e
21%) according to numbers and Lakshadweep has the highest population (94.8%) compared to its total
population.

Geographical Distribution Of Tribal Population In India:

The tribal communities in India have been recognized by the Indian Constitution under ‘Schedule 5’ of
the constitution. The Constitution of India does not define the term 'tribe', however, the term
Scheduled Tribe' was inserted in the Constitution through Article 342 (i). The Indian Constitution's
Article 342 lists over 700 Scheduled Tribes, which are dispersed across the nation's States and Union
Territories.
According to 2011 Census, the tribal population formed 8.61% of total population

● According to the 2011 Census, 97% of the tribals live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas.
● The decadal population growth of the tribals from Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against
the 17.69% of the entire population.
● Most tribal communities live in hilly and forested tracts and other remote areas of the country.
● The states/UTs with predominantly Scheduled Tribes population are
 Lakshadweep ((94.79%)
 Mizoram (94.43%)
 Nagaland (86.48%)
 Meghalaya (86.15%)
 Arunachal Pradesh (68.79%)
● Among the states, Chhattisgarh has the largest proportion of Scheduled Tribes population of
30.62%, followed by Jharkhand 26.21%
 Gujarat, Assam, Rajasthan, Jammu-Kashmir region and Goa are the four major states in
which more than 10% of the population belong to Scheduled tribes.
 No tribes have been scheduled in Punjab and Haryana, and the Union Territories of Delhi,
Chandigarh and Puducherry.
● Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are more vulnerable among the tribal groups. The
Ministry of Home Affairs has categorised 75 tribal groups as PVTGs. PVTGs reside in 18 States and
UT of A&N Islands.
1. They have a declining or stagnant population, low level of literacy, pre-agricultural level of
technology, and are economically backward.
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 2. Asurs, Birhor, Birjia, Hill Kharia, Konvas, Mal Paharia, Parhaiyas, Sauda Paharia, and Savar
are the PVTGs from Bihar and Jharkhand.

Major Tribes in India: Arranged State-wise

State Tribe

Andhra Pradesh Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus

(Chenchawar), Gadabas, Gond, Goundu,
Jatapus, Kammara, Kattunayakan, Kolawar,
Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pardhan,
Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala,
Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis, Banjara, Kondareddis,
Koya, Mukha Dhora, Valmiki, Yenadis,
Sugalis, Lambadis.

Arunachal Pradesh : Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba,

Sherdukpen, Singpho, Nyishi, Mishmi, Idu,
Taroan, Tagin, Adi, Monpa, Wancho

Assam Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos,

Khasis, Gangte, Karbi, Boro, Borokachari,
Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha, Garo

Bihar Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond,

Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara,
Oraon, Santal, Tharu

Chattisgarh Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar, Khond,

Mawasi, Nagasia, Gond, Binjhwar, Halba,
Halbi, Kawar, Sawar,

Goa Dhodia, Dubia, Naikda, Siddi,Varli, Gawda.

Gujarat Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia,

Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla,
Talavia, Halpati, Kokna, Naikda, Patelia,
Rathawa, Siddi

Himachal Pradesh Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba, Lahaulas,

Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, Beda Bhot, Bodh.

Jammu and Kashmir Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Mon,

Purigpa, Sippi, Changpa, Gujjar.

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Jharkhand Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia, Mundas,
Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, Kharwar, Lohra,
Mahli, Parhaiya, Santal, Kol, Banjara.

Karnataka Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga, Koraga,

Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor, Marati ,
Meda, Naikda, Soligaru.

Kerala Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas,

Malai arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular,
Kanikaran, Kattunayakan, Kurichchan,
Muthuvan.

Madhya Pradesh Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors, Gonds,

Katkari, kharia, Khond, Kol, Murias, Korku,
Mawasi, Pardhan, Sahariya,

Maharashtra Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari, Khond,

Rathawa, Warlis, Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi,
Kokna, Koli Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur

Manipur Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru,

Maram, Monsang, Paite, Purum, Thadou,
Anal, Mao, Tangkhul, Thadou, Poumai Naga.

Meghalaya Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias Khasis,

Lakher, Pawai, Raba, Mikir

Mizoram Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi,

Raba, Synteng, Lushai

Nagaland Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Nagas,

Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha,
Phom, Rengma, Sangtam.

Odisha Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya,

Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri,
Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond, Juang, Kisan,
Kolha, Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja,
Saora, Shabar, Lodha.

Rajasthan: Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas),

Patelia, Sahariya, Naikda, Nayaka, Kathodi.

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Sikkim: Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang

Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar,

Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans, Malayali,

Telangana: Chenchus.

Tripura: Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam,

Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, Munda,
Riang,

Uttarakhand: Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu.

Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu,

Gond, Kharwar, Saharya , Parahiya, Baiga,
Agariya, Chero

West Bengal: Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha,

Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, Bhutia, Chik Baraik,
Kisan, Kora, Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, Mahali,
Mal Pahariya, Oraon,

Andaman and Nicobar: Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens.

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 Problems Of Tribal Population

Scheduled tribes are characterised by their primitive traits, distinctive cultures, geographic
isolation, reluctance to interact with outsiders and their backwardness. They consequently
experience a variety of difficulties throughout their lives. India has a wide range of social, religious,
educational, and health-related tribal problems.

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 Problems Reason Solution

Cultural ● Since tribes have ● There is a need to create

different spiritual and awareness among the tribal
cultural beliefs, they are groups and bring them into
distinct in language, the mainstream world
tradition, ethnicity, etc. without harming their
● Their beliefs are inclined religious sentiments.
towards some Orthodox ● For instance, the Project
beliefs like ghosts, spirits samhti by the Government
and so on. of Odisha to save
● This type of belief or endangered tribal languages
social isolation creates through Mother-tongue
hindrances in their based Multilingual
development as they are Education(MTBMLE) is a step
separated from the in the right direction.
benefits of mainstream
society.

Religious ● Tribal people believe in ● 15 November is celebrated

supernatural power and as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas to
often indulge in totems celebrate the birthday of
(ancestor worship). Even Birsa Munda. He is credited
preventable deaths are for reviving the traditional
sometimes construed as tribal culture and urging his
may be due to bad tribe to give up drinking
omen. All these practices liquor, clean their village,
contribute to their and stop believing in
backwardness. witchcraft and sorcery.
● Celebration of such role
models will promote the
culture and religion of tribals
along with getting rid of bad
practices in it.

Social ● Tribals follow their own ● The culture of the tribals

traditions and customs should be appreciated and
which are against the steps should be taken to
mainstream society such preserve their heritage.
as infanticide, black ● Several tribal freedom

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 magic, etc. fighter museums are being
set up in states like Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Gujarat Jharkhand, etc to
glorify the tribal society.

Educational ● There is a lack of The need of the hour is to make

education among the education accessible to the tribal
tribals which is children and for this, the
contributing to their government has taken up various
backwardness. initiatives such as
According to the 2011 ● Eklavya Model Residential
census, the literacy rate School
of Scheduled Tribes (STs) ● Pre-matric and Post Matric
was 59% whereas the Scholarship scheme.
overall literacy rate was ● 7.5 percent of seats are
73% at all India levels. reserved for Scheduled
● Dropout rates among Tribes in all fresh admissions
the tribal students is in all Kendriya Vidyalayas.
incredibly high, ● 100% Grant-in-Aid is given to
especially at the NGO / Voluntary
secondary and senior Organizations for running
secondary levels. and maintenance of
● The main reason behind educational complexes for ST
their illiteracy is girls.
superstition, nomadic
lifestyle, poverty,
language barrier, lack of
facilities etc.

Economic ● The tribal people face a ● The economic situation of

range of economic the tribals should be
issues, including the improved to bring them out
following. from the shackles of poverty
● Resource exploitation: and backwardness. This can
Primary resources such be done through various
as fuel, fodder and minor steps:
forest produce which ● Collection of minor forest
were available free to produce and their marketing
villagers are today either needs to be encouraged.

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 non-existent or have to ● Vocal for Locals is an
be brought initiative to promote tribal
commercially. products.
● Rehabilitation: There ● Vocational training in tribal
are gaps in the areas- the main purpose of
rehabilitation of the the scheme is to develop the
tribal community skills of the ST youth for a
members displaced by variety of jobs as well as self-
development projects. employment and to improve
● Unemployment: There is their income.
also huge
unemployment among
the tribal people due to
their uneducated status
and they are often
forced to migrate to
other places for informal
work.

Problems of ● As the tribal people live ● Mobile medical camps or

Health and in excluded areas in vehicles can be promoted to
sanitation remote villages or improve outreach in remote
forests, there is a lack of tribal populations.
proper drinking and ● For instance, the Jeevan
sanitation facilities. This Dhara - mobile ambulance
gives rise to various scheme provides health
diseases such as malaria, facilities in inaccessible areas
cholera,diarrhoea,and for tribals.
jaundice. ● Health workers can be
● There are instances of selected and trained from
malnutrition in children the tribes themselves who
and anaemia in tribal can become the link between
women due to lack of the healthcare facilities and
nutritional food. tribal communities.
● Anganwadis can be opened
in tribal areas to improve
their health and nutritional
quality.

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 Poverty and ● The vast majority of ● The first and foremost thing
Indebtedness tribes are poor. The that can alleviate the
tribes carry out a variety economic situation of tribal
of jobs based on people is education. Steps
primitive technologies should be taken to ensure
such as farming, that tribal children are
gathering food, hunting provided education along
etc which do not fetch with vocational training to
good income. sustain themselves.
● Their per capita income ● Employment opportunities
is therefore extremely should also be generated
low and well below the within or nearby the tribal
national average in India. areas to provide them with a
Most of them are source of livelihood.
enslaved by debt to local ● For instance, PM Van Dhan
zamindars and karyakram- an initiative
moneylenders who live targeting livelihood
in abject poverty. generation through various
● To pay off the loan, they skill upgradation training and
usually mortgage or sell adoption of scientific
their land to the collection.
moneylenders.
● In 2011, 40.6 per cent of
tribals were below the
poverty line, the
proportion among the
rest was 20.5 per cent.

Consumption of ● Alcohol and tobacco ● Awareness should be raised

Tobacco and consumption is a among the tribal population
Alcohol common social practice about the measures needed
among tribal groups to protect their health.
which affect their health. ● Rehabilitation centres can
● Data from the Xaxa also be opened near tribal
Committee Report 2014 areas to get rid of their
show that: alcohol and tobacco
● Tobacco use was consumption.
prevalent in
approximately 72

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 percent of
Scheduled Tribes.
● Half of Scheduled
Tribe men (51
percent)
consume alcohol
in some form.

Unemployment ● People have a very high ● Employment opportunities

rate of unemployment should be ensured for tribal
because of seasonal areas through extending
farming and the high micro-credit for self-
percentage of school employment or opening
dropouts. grain banks in tribal areas to
● As a result, there is facilitate agriculture.
unemployment among ● Work can also be provided
the tribals and they are through schemes such as
forced to move out of MGNREGA.
their tribes and work as
manual labour and face
exploitation.

Conclusion:

The tribal people are an integral part of our country and they should be treated with respect. Since
ages, dialect-specific cultures of the various tribes have advanced Indian civilization. Tribal people
are becoming established in every conceivable industry in India. From Jatra Bhagat to Birsa Munda,
Jaypala Singh Munda to hockey player Salma Tate, Arjun Munda (a tribal minister), and Draupadi
Murmu (the president of India), their accomplishments are a source of pride for the country.

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9) Give a geographical account of sugarcane cultivation in Bihar and highlight its future prospect
in the state.
Answer:

Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops of India. The sugarcane industry is the second
largest agro based industry in India. India is also the world's largest consumer of sugar and the second-
largest producer behind Brazil. It is one of Bihar's most significant industrial crops.

Geographical Conditions Needed For Growth:

Sugarcane production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. It provides the raw material for
sugar and industries producing alcohol, paper, chemicals and cattle feed. It is also the main source of
sugar, gur (jaggery), khandsari and molasses.

● Climatic: Sugarcane is a tropical and sub-tropical crop which grows well in hot and humid
conditions with an average temperature between 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall of 75 to
100cm.
● Soil: Sugarcane grows best on well-drained loamy soil with neutral soil pH of 6.5 to 7.5, but can also
be raised on lighter soils and heavy clays, provided with an adequate irrigation of soils.
● Planting Seed treatment: The availability of good quality cane seed materials (setts) from a nursery
crop of 10-11 months are essential for better germination and good growth.
● Sowing: Planting of sugarcane is done in three seasons i.e, January-February, July-August and pre-
seasonal October-November in ridges and furrows.
● Irrigation: Water requirement of sugarcane varies from 2000 to 2500 mm depending upon its
duration, soil type and climatological factors.

Backdrop Of Sugar Industry In Bihar

Sugar zones for sugarcane cultivation in India are broadly divided into two distinct agro-climatic
regions viz., tropical and subtropical regions and Bihar comes under the subtropical region. In the
subtropical region Bihar comes second to Uttar Pradesh as the largest sugarcane producing state.
Sugarcane is cultivated in almost all the districts of Bihar. Furthermore, West Champaran, East
Champaran, Gopalganj, Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai and Samastipur are some of the major
sugarcane producing districts.
● The first sugar factory, which was also the first sugar mill in the nation, was built in 1904 at
Marhaura in the Saran district.
● Before independence, there were 130 factories established in Bihar during 1904 to 1932. It is worth
noting that during the early period of the 19th century, Bihar only contributed up to 40% of the
country.

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● At present, there are 28 sugar mills in the Bihar Sugar Industry, out of which only 9 operate. The
area under sugarcane production is 2.30 lakh hectares and the state produces around 129.95 lakh
M.T sugarcane.
● There are 42 varieties of sugarcane, some famous varieties such as Sarayu, Gandak, Pramod kosi,
Moti Rashmi, Jalpari are grown in Bihar.
● Sugar prices have fallen because of the demand-supply mismatch and sugarcane farmers have been
incurring heavy losses. Fixation of Fair Remunerative Price is a bone of contention between the
Centre and sugar mills.
● Due to increased sugar production across the country, sugar prices have been reduced so much that
the sugar mills are finding it difficult to pay dues to farmers.

Future Outline In Bihar

The sugarcane industry holds immense potential in the state of Bihar due to its fertile soil and the
vast amount of rivers. There are a number of areas that can be developed further which can help in
increasing the production of sugarcane, help the ailing sugar mills and also solve the problem of
unemployment.

● Bhojpur-Buxar-Rohtas Area: This area has ample resources for the production of sugarcane as:
 The Sone River and the Ganges River both flow through the region making the soil ideal
for growing sugarcane because it is alluvial, sandy, and rich in organic matter.
 This area also has canals that come from the Indrapuri Barrage.

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  If a sugar complex is constructed, it is anticipated that the local farmers will quickly switch
over to growing sugarcane because it is more lucrative than growing wheat and paddy.
This will cause the sugarcane market to rebound.
● Bhagalpur-Banka Area: Due to the chandan river and the ganga river, the soil in this area is
incredibly fertile and ideal for growing cane.
 A vast system of irrigation canals, a sizable number of bore wells, and State tubewells are
present.
 However, farmers in the nearby Banka regions, Bhagalpur, and Amarpur have sizable
areas planted with sugar cane and If new sugar factories are constructed, farmers in this
area will be inspired and motivated to switch to cane production since any cash crop is
significantly more profitable if this happens.
● Nalanda-Nawada Area: The terrain in this region is exceptionally fertile, offering more than
three lakh hectares of arable land. There are irrigation canals, efficient state tube well coverage,
and adequate private bore-well coverage in this area.
 Both the water table and the subsurface water reserve are more than sufficient. Cane
crops can be grown with ease and with enough rain. This region has a good chance of
developing into a sugarcane-producing region.
● Gaya-Aurangabad Area: The Bihar State Sugar Corporation (850 TCD, 1933 Plant) shuttered the
Guraru plant which is only 0.5 km away from District Gaya's administrative center. This region
had a significant sugarcane farming industry prior to the closure of the sugar mill.

 A plant with a TCD value of over 10,000 could be supported by the more than 4 lakh ha. of
fertile cultivable land that is available in the area. If a sugar complex is constructed there,
this location could become the best one for growing sugarcane.

 Saharsa-Araria-Kishanganj-Purnea Area: The soil in this region is exceptionally fertile and

perfect for cane cultivation. The former "Banmankhi Sugar Unit of Bihar State Sugar Corporation
(1000 TCD, 1970 Plant)" is only 38 kilometers from the Purnea district office.

 This region once had a significant sugar cane farming industry before the sugar mill shut
down. Since then, in the absence of the sugar factory, the Growers have shifted their
attention to paddy, wheat, jute, tea, and other corporations.
Bihar Government’s Initiatives :

● In March 2021, Bihar became the first state in the country to implement an Ethanol Promotion
Policy that would allow investors to directly produce ethanol from molasses, maize, broken rice
and rotten grains.
 As per the state's policy, an investor would get a 15 per cent subsidy, in addition to
exemption from stamp duty, registration and land conversion fees, electricity subsidy, and
employment and skill development subsidy. It would create inroads for Bihar to become an
Ethanol hub and an attractive investment destination for oil manufacturing companies

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 ● Additionally, the Union government has permitted the Bihar government to operate 17 ethanol
production units with a combined production capacity of 36 crore litres.
 These have been planned in Seemanchal districts of Muzaffarpur, Bhojpur, Nalanda, Purnia,
Buxar, Begusarai, Madhubani, Gopalganj, East Champaran, and Bhagalpur that have
traditionally been associated with very high production of sugarcane and maize, besides
having access to abundant water (sugarcane and maize are considered water-guzzling crops)
● Ethanol Blended Petrol Program (EBP Program): The Ethanol Blended Petrol Program (EBP)
aims to blend ethanol with motor spirit to reduce pollution, save foreign currency, and boost
value addition in the sugar industry, allowing it to pay off farmers' cane price arrears. It provides
provisions such as tax exemption on the purchase of sugarcane, grant of 20% Subsidy on Capital
Investment (Plant and Machinery) Up to Rs. 15.
 Brazil, the world’s biggest sugarcane producer, depends on ethanol, and not sugar, as the
main revenue source from sugarcane and blends 27 per cent ethanol with petrol.
Conclusion

The sugarcane production is significant as a number of industries are dependent on it. Although
India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation, the yield per hectare is extremely low as
compared to some of the major sugarcane producing countries of the world. For example, India’s
yield is only 64.5 tonnes/hectare compared to 90 tonnes in Java and 121 tonnes in Hawaii in 2020-
2021. The government needs to resolve such issues by increasing awareness, providing subsidies on
new technology and equipment etc so that India in general and Bihar in particular could achieve
their efficiency in sugarcane production.

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 10) Population growth is both a blessing and a curse. Elaborate it with suitable Indian examples.

Answer:

According to the World population Prospects Report 2022, India will become the world’s most
populous country in 2023 with a population reaching up to 1.429 billion next year, surpassing China’s
1.426 billion. India currently has 17.5% of the world’s population, which is four times the population
India had at the time of Independence in 1947 (34 crore). Just like the two sides of a coin, population
growth is productive as well as detrimental to a nation’s health.

Population Growth would depress living standards.

—Thomas Malthus.
Factors Influencing Population Growth

Is Population Growth A Blessing Or A Curse?

Blessing Curse

Economy ● Market Expansion: As ● Low Per Capita Income

the population grows, and Low Standard of
demand for a variety of Living: Increase in
necessities and luxury population results in a low
goods will rise. It will per capita income as there
encourage producers to is more competition for the
establish more available limited resources.
industries, which will For example, Bihar is the
promote economic third most populous state
growth. and has the lowest per
capita income in Indian

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 ● Greater Capital states.
Formation and
Investments: The ● Inflation: The rise in
population will generate population leads to a
a wider market. competition for products
Consequently, it will that results in price rise
entice investors to and in turn inflation.
invest in these goods.
This will result in a net ● Burden on Government
increase in the nation's funds: Government
capital stock. expenditure will increase
considerably and the
● Growth and government will not be able
equilibrium: As a result to concentrate more on
of population growth, economic development.
the nation has a young Also, poor people will get a
average age. Young smaller share of the funds
populations necessitate and civic amenities.
the construction of new ● Unemployment: There will
housing, healthcare, be many people entering
and educational the labour market as a
facilities. result of the population's
rapid rise who may be
● Demographic impossible to employ.
dividend: India will ● As per the NSSO Periodic
have one of the largest Labour Force Survey 2017-
workforces in the world. 18, India’s labour force
Globally, one in every 5 participation rate for the
working age group age-group 15-59 years is
people will live in India around 53%, that is,
in the next 25 years. around half of the working-
This results in the age population is jobless.
cheap availability of the
workforce.
● Increase in the labour
force also enhances the
productivity of a nation.

Health ● Fertility rate: India's ● Shortage of Food Grains:

fertility rate has fallen The inability of our
below replacement country's agriculture to be
level, at 2.1 births for mechanised makes it more
every woman. The difficult to adequately feed
nations with the lowest everyone as the population
incomes per capita also rises. Additionally, the
tend to have the highest expanding population will
fertility rates. strain the land more,
● Mortality rate: The UN resulting in more land
reports that a declining fragmentation..
mortality rate initially ● India’s health-care
caused a spectacular infrastructure is also highly
increase in population. inadequate and inefficient.
As fewer children were Additionally, India’s public
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 born from generation to health financing is low,
generation, growth varying between 1% and
began to slow. 1.5% of GDP, which is
However, the among the lowest
population will become percentages in the world.
younger in the opposite
direction. ● Female health: In India, a
third of children under five
have stunted growth, and
every other woman of
reproductive age is
anaemic. Less attention is
paid to the health of the
women and increased
population will further
escalate this behaviour
where more and more
preference will be given to
male children.
● In 2011, the sex ratio was
943 females per 1,000
males and by 2022, it is
expected to be
approximately 950 females
per 1,000 males.

Environment ● Environmental Problems:

Increased population
directly results in increased
carbon footprint. harms the
environment. India being a
developing country, people
in rural areas still use
traditional ways of cooking
such as using cow dung
cakes and tree branches
that pollute the
environment.

● Population density: An
increase in population puts
a direct strain on land use
and agriculture as more
people are required to be
fed with the same set of
available natural
resources.
● For example, Bihar is the
most dense state in the
country and also the
poorest as more than 50
percent of its population is
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 poor.

Society ● Increased ● Hunger: Increased

opportunities: The population means more
growing population will mouths to feed which in
help in increasing the turn creates pressure upon
national output of the the available stock of food.
country and we can India has ranked 107th on
have the benefits of the Global Hunger Index
new talented minds of (GHI), 2022, out of 121
the younger countries.
generations.
● Crime: Due to excessive
● Religious equality: population there is a
The population of scarcity of resources. It
minorities is also mostly affects the poor
increasing which will people who due to lack of
result in Religious education and facilities are
equality. unable to earn their
livelihood. This may result
in such people engaging in
illegal crime and activities
to feed themselves and
their families.

Resources ● Efficient utilisation of ● Lesser Availability of

resources: A major Resources: Increase in
portion of our country's population puts a strain on
resources are idle or the natural resources. For
underutilised. We need example, to build houses
more manpower to for such large populations,
utilise them effectively forests are cleared to make
so that there is no way for agricultural lands,
wastage. rivers are diverted to feed
these lands and people.

Science and ● New Ideas and

Technology innovation: the
essence of the emotion
of the 125 crore Indians
wanting to come
together and create a
magnificent India. 125
crore Indians nurture a
hope, a zeal, a resolve,
a desire

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 Government Initiatives

To educate the public and raise awareness of the need for population control, the government is
implementing a number of actions. The following are some of the significant initiatives:

360-degree media campaign—The first portion of the campaign was introduced in 2016;
the second part of the campaign, which includes TV commercials, posters and hoardings, a year-
long radio show, and a specific website on family planning, was launched in 2017.

World Population Day, Vasectomy Fortnight, and other awareness-raising events are recognised
annually to create awareness.

Promotional activities: In order to raise awareness in high fertility Mission Parivar Vikas districts,
promotional activities like Saas bahu sammelans, Nayi Pehel Kits, Mobile publicity vans, and
advocacy meetings are conducted.

The government is putting in place a number of programmes to increase access to high-quality

family planning services, like

● Mission Parivar Vikas: The government has started a programme called Mission Parivar Vikas to
significantly increase access to family planning services and contraception in 146 high fertility
districts with Total Fertility Rates (TFR) of 3 and above in seven high priority states. These states,
which together account for 44% of the nation's population, include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Assam.
● New Contraceptive Options: Injectable Contraceptives and Centchroman have been added to
the list of available contraceptives.
Post-partum IUCD (PPIUCD), a new technique for inserting IUCDs right away after delivery, has
been introduced.
● Clinical Outreach Teams (COT) Scheme: In 146 Mission Parivar Vikas districts, the Clinical
Outreach Teams (COT) Scheme has been introduced to provide family planning services through
mobile teams from recognised organisations in remote, underserved, and challenging-to-reach
areas.
● National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS): Clients are covered by the National Family
Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS) in the event of death, complications, or failure following
sterilisation.
Establishing Quality Assurance Committees in all states and districts to ensure the standard of
care for family planning services

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 Way Forward

The focus should not be on population control, instead, an augmentation of the quality of life should
be the priority. The focus of action should be on extensive investment in human capital. We should
be prepared with suitable infrastructure, conducive social welfare schemes, and massive investment
in quality education and health so that we will convert the human population into a human resource
that can contribute to the making of New India.

11) Caste politics have acquired dominating and enduring modes of politics in India. Explain the
phenomenon with special reference to contemporary political developments in Bihar.

Answer:

The idea of caste is like a skin disease. It may go completely, but the scars remain because it's a
social affliction and a deep-seated thought.
Dr.B.R.AMBEDKAR
Caste and politics have become an inextricable element of Indian politics. It is often used by
political parties to garner the vote banks and has become an instrument of securing power. In the
words of Ram Manohar Lohia, “Indian politics is like an insurance policy. You do not have to invest
any premium. Caste may be successfully used as and when required and it will yield back the
premium with positive returns and added interest”.

Why Do Political Parties Engage In Caste Politics?

● Caste is so intrinsic to Indian society that people vote on the basis of caste. As a result, political
parties often give tickets to people based on caste demographics of that particular region. And
winnability is the key to elections and the political parties just to amass power indulge in caste
politics.
 For instance, there is an aphorism that has been popular in Bihar which says, “You don’t
cast your vote in Bihar, you vote your caste,”.
● Development of a particular area by the former MLA/MP hardly matters, only the caste and
religion of that contestant matters to win an election. Therefore, politicians get an easy way out
of discussing real development issues plaguing our country such as education, health,
infrastructure etc.
● The caste system influences the socialisation and political thinking and obligation of an
individual, which is then exploited by the political parties to win.

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 Caste Politics Has Acquired Dominating And Enduring Mode Of Politics

● Low literacy rate: A major gap exists in between the literacy rates of rural and urban India. By
definition literacy means to be able to read, write and understand at least one language which is
different from proper education and knowledge of the developments around the globe.
 Therefore, casteism and religion differences are more prominent in rural India and hence
form a major part of “wants’ ‘ of majority there.
 Urban India is not free from these either but the priorities of many here include bigger
things requiring developmental models to fulfil their wants.
 As per the 2011 census data, Bihar is the state with the lowest literacy rate of 63.8% and
ranks second in the maximum rural population in the country. As a result, the state of Bihar
is more prone to caste politics.
● Reservation: Reservation, far from helping to reduce the power of caste, retains and
strengthens caste divisions.
 According to this idea, reservation introduces a form of identity politics that makes caste
visible, when the goal ought to be the eradication of caste.
● Role of Media: After formation of government, media starts showing the share of people
elected from different castes in cabinet and further aids caste politics.
 Social media is full of open and closed caste based groups. The contents posted within such
groups relate to caste pride and deal with affirming or celebrating caste identities and to
sharing/building opinions around socio-political issues.
● Party formation on caste lines: Since caste acts as a catalyst in winning elections, many political
parties are formed on caste lines. It is well known that most of the Yadavs vote for Rashtriya
Janata Dal (RJD), and most of the forward classes vote for NDA in Bihar.
 For instance, after the dissolution of Janta Dal in Bihar because of inner casteism and
leadership related issues, many smaller parties were formed on caste lines such as Samta
Party, RJD, Lok Janshakti Party, Samajwadi Party, etc.
● Distribution of tickets on the basis of caste: Political parties often provide tickets to candidates
belonging to a particular caste.
 For example, in the recently held ‘Mokama’ byelection, despite there being a number of
eligible candidates, seeing the caste dynamics, a ticket was provided to the wife of a tainted
sitting MLA who was disqualified on the ground of being convicted.
 Such moves by political parties deepen the caste politics.
● Caste based campaigning during elections: elections: Politicians often indulge in caste based
speeches and campaign during elections to impress people of a particular caste and garner
votes. Some instances of this include:
 Mukesh Sahni of VIP Party is often referred to as “Son of Mallaha”.
 BSP often targets the Backward dominated constituency when in alliance (or alone)to woo
the favor of its community / class it represents.
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  The one of the reasons cited for winning 2015 elections in Bihar is again due to fusion of
votes by the grand JDU-RJD alliance, as they both have good vote percentage from OBC and
Dalits.so even the alliances are made seeing the caste dynamics which mostly translate in
vote dynamics.
 The CM of Bihar, Nitish Kumar has decided to go ahead with a caste census in Bihar. This
move has the probability to nourish the caste politics in future in the form of appeasement
to the different caste seeing the numbers.

Conclusion

Caste and value are of opposite value. Caste is based upon hierarchy and stratification whereas
democracy is baked upon equality and freedom. When caste politics become endemic, merit is the
first casualty. So in a democratic setup the caste politics is just like a termite which makes the
system and the architecture hollow from within. Now the time has come when casteism and caste
politics shall be thrown into the dustbin of history.

12) Due to coalition politics and economic liberalisation, federalism has become a key feature of the
Indian political system. Comment.

Answer:

Federalism is a concept applied to a political system characterised by two levels of government. A

province or state may be referred to as the lower level of government, while the national or central
government is the higher level. These two tiers of government exist independently of one another
and both enjoy their power. Federalism has always been our democratic system's saving grace.

Federal Features On The Indian Constitution

● Dual Polity: The Constitution establishes a dual polity i.e. the Union government and the state
government. Each of them is assigned powers of their own.
● Written Constitution: India has a written constitution which specifies the structure,
organisation, powers and functions of both the Central and state governments and prescribes
the limits within which they must operate.
● Division of Powers: The Constitution divides the powers between the Centre and the states in
terms of the Union List, State List and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule.
● Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and the laws
enacted by the Centre and the states must conform to its provisions.
● Independent Judiciary: The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary headed by the
Supreme Court to settle disputes between the Centre and the states or between the states.

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 However, the Indian system is not a federal one in the true sense. It is quasi-federalism or
"centralised" federalism with a tilt of power towards the central government. The provisions that
demonstrate this tilt are

● Strong Centre: The division of powers is in favour of the Centre as the Union List has more
subjects than the State List and the laws of the centre prevail over the states in the concurrent
list.
● Redrawing of state boundaries: The Parliament has the power to change the area, boundaries
or name of any state.
● Amendment of the Constitution: The majority of the Constitution can be amended by the
Parliament, either by simple majority or by special majority.
● Emergency Provisions: During an emergency, the Central government becomes all-powerful
and the states go into total control of the Centre.
● Veto over state bills: The governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the
state legislature for the consideration of the President. The President can withhold his assent to
such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.

Coalition Politics And Federalism

The term "coalition" is derived from the Latin word ‘coalition’ meaning to go or grow together. A
"coalition government" is one that has been formed by several political parties. In 1977, the Janata
Party, led by Morarji Desai, formed the first coalition government at the national level. Coalition
politics has the potential to promote federalism in the Indian political system. These methods
accomplish this:
● Diverse representation: India is a very diverse country with different cultures, languages,
castes, religious groups etc. Due to such diversity, a single-party rule may not be able to cater to
local aspirations. In such cases, a coalition government can prove useful as it can act as a
channel to meet expectations and redress the grievances of different groups.

E:g :-Setting up of the Rail factory at Madhepura(Bihar) was due to the impact of Coalition
partners which in turn strengthened the idea of Federalism by catering the local(state) demand.

● Consensus-based politics: A coalition government comprises different political parties having

their own ideologies or agendas. All of these members participate in the decision making and
hence it leads to consensus-based politics and promotes federalism. E:g :- When it comes to Sri
Lanka the coalition partner (if it is there) exerts its influence and aborts the unilateral decision
making and thus strengthens the idea of Federalism.
● Strengthens regional representation: Coalition politics strengthens the federal fabric of the
Indian political system. This is because a coalition government is more sensitive and responsive
to regional demands as they represent the needs of the different sections of society.

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 ● Prevents despotic rule: A coalition government reduces the chances of despotic rule as it
eliminates the domination of a single political party in the functioning of the government. For
instance, after independence, the Congress party enjoyed absolute political hegemony and
often interfered in state politics.
● Policy decentralisation: It gets boosted due to coalition politics. Under this policies are
decentralised for better outcome and efficiency. For eg MGNREGA
● Coalition Government offers a chance for supporters of other parties to be represented in
Government. When voters believe smaller parties might form a part of the Government and
might have a chance of political power, they may be more likely to vote for a party they really
feel represents them rather than just choosing between the two main parties .

Economic Liberalisation And Federalism

Economic liberalisation in India refers to the opening up of the country's economic policies with the
intention of enhancing the role of private and foreign investment as well as market and service
orientation. In 1990-1991, India experienced a severe Balance of Payments (BOP) crisis. India
introduced a New Economic Policy based on the LPG (Liberalisation, Privatization, and
Globalization) model in 1991 to address the macroeconomic crisis.
The extensive scope of changes made under the LPG model included:
 Liberalising Industrial Policy: Abolition of industrial licence permit raj, Reduction in import
tariffs, etc.
● Beginning of Privatisation: Deregulation of markets, Banking reforms, etc.

● Globalisation: Exchange rate correction, liberalising foreign direct investment and trade
policies, removing the mandatory convertibility clause, etc.

Our nation's fiscal federalism was impacted by economic liberalisation. Fiscal federalism is the
division of funding and management responsibilities among the federal government, the states, and
local governments. States and lower tiers of government now have access to more funding as a
result of economic liberalisation, which will enable them to create individualised spending plans.
Some of the major changes in fiscal federalism are as follows:

● Greater Devolution of taxes to states: The 15th Finance Commission has increased the share of
state government in central taxes to 42%.
● NITI Aayog: Erstwhile Planning commission which was responsible for the distribution of funds
has been transformed into NITI Aayog which is more in line with Cooperative federalism.
● End of central hegemony: Going against ‘one size fits all’ approach states can frame their
policies independent of central hegemony. E:g :- Patna Metro is being funded by JICA with its
term of negotiations explicitly with the state Government.

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 ● Centre as facilitator: Central government's role became more of a facilitator or regulator after
the economic liberalisation. As per recommendations of the Finance Commission, the Centre
has devolved more funds to the state governments, promoting decentralisation in planning and
program implementation.
 Minimised role of the central government in deciding FDI limit would help states to compete
among themselves for a better investment. Eg the recent shifting of TATA plant from
Maharashtra to Gujarat.
● End of licence raj: Before economic liberalisation, most industries were controlled by the
government but after then restrictions were relaxed and private sectors were allowed to
establish industries. With this competition among states began to bring manufacturing to their
state which led to competitive federalism among states.
● Goods and Services Tax: The passage of GST ushers in a new era in cooperative fiscal federalism
and a growing political consensus for economic reforms.
● Independent Resources:- States in this liberalised era are free to raise the funds for the state
specific programs from many multilateral organisations like ADB,World Bank independently
which in turn is a step towards a federal Architecture.

Conclusion

The coalition politics and economic liberalisation in their own scope promote federalism. The
coalition form of government is a sign of vibrant democracy and has benefited the states by giving
them more representation at the federal level. On the other hand, the changing nature of fiscal
federalism has benefited the states by allowing them to inculcate a culture of fiscal consolidation
and reforms. Strong economic fundamentals boosted by prompt government efforts would
certainly make India a $5 trillion economy.

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13) What is carbon farming? How can this change the agriculture pattern vis-a-vis the climate
change process?

Answer:

Carbon Farming or carbon sequestration is a form of land management that increases the
sequestration and storage of carbon in soils and vegetation while decreasing greenhouse gas
emissions. It also enhances water quality, biodiversity, and agricultural livelihoods.

Carbon fixation

Benefits Of Carbon Farming

Soil carbon sequestration has the potential to have significant positive effects on ecosystems,
biodiversity, and as well as on farmers themselves by enhancing their resilience and profitability.
With additional advantages in numerous socioeconomic and environmental dimensions, carbon
farming offers a unique opportunity to manage land more strategically.
● Environmental benefits- Carbon farming entails a number of environmental benefits such as:
 Soil- Improved structure, stability, nutrient availability, soil health, water retention, and
moisture retention.
 Water- it helps water quality by preventing nutrient runoff and enhances irrigation
efficiency.
 Ecosystem- Enhanced habitat species that support ecosystem structure and help to manage
plant disease and pests.
 Waste management- It leads to less reliance on harmful chemicals, fertilisers, and pollution
management.
● Social benefits-
 It leads to the development of skills and knowledge related to various agricultural systems.
 It can also provide additional employment opportunities thereby solving the disguised
unemployment issue plaguing our agricultural sector.

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  Through interaction and cooperation among the various sectors of the society, community
participation in nature building or fighting climate change will increase.
● Economic benefits- It will result in providing extra opportunities for farmers to increase their
income and thereby fulfilling the government's goal of doubling farmer income.
 Cost reduction due to reduced inputs and fuel use efficiency leads to cost savings

Carbon Farming Changes The Agriculture Pattern Vis-A-Vis Climate Change

Agriculture occupies 37% of the planet's land area and is responsible for producing 52% and 84% of
the world's anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions, respectively. However, well-
managed farms can be effective weapons in the war against global warming.
● Reduced GHG emissions: The practice of "carbon farming" involves land management and
conservation methods that hasten and enhance soil's capacity to store carbon and
consequently, cut down on atmospheric CO2 emissions.
 This will help in limiting the global temperature to 1.5-degree celsius under the Paris
agreement.
 An initiative called “4 per 1000”, launched at the 2015 Paris climate conference, showed
that increasing soil carbon worldwide by 0.4% yearly could offset that year’s new growth in
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel emissions.
● Balance Anthropogenic encroachment: Human activity such as forestry, land use change, and
land use have an effect on terrestrial carbon sinks. The flow of carbon between the atmosphere
and the terrestrial biosphere system is subsequently altered as a result. Carbon farming can act
as a carbon sink and help balance the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
● Maintaining and improving Soil organic carbon(SOC)on mineral soils: It necessitates a
favourable balance between carbon inputs and losses from the soil.
 using cover crops
 improved crop rotations. e.g., through the inclusion of legumes and other nitrogen-fixing
crops
 maintaining pastures without ploughs;
 transformation of arable land into grassland
 organic farming,
 grazing land and grassland management (for instance, by optimising stocking densities or
renovating the grassland).
● The goal of nutrient management on croplands and grasslands is to minimise emissions caused
by the application of synthetic fertilisers. Key strategies are improved nutrient planning and
improving timing and application of fertilisers to avoid over fertilisation.
● Soils high in organic matter (contains around 58 % carbon) tend to be good soils: They are more
resistant to drought, less prone to erosion, harbour more beneficial soil organisms, and are
generally better at growing healthy crops with fewer synthetic inputs.

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 Challenges Associated With Carbon Farming

● Lack of knowledge: Farmers are not well informed about the benefits of credit(improved soil
health, less use of fertilisers, better productivity) they can sell carbon credit instead, they are
mostly aware of the environmental benefits of carbon farming, which acts as a hindrance in the
acceptance of this system.
● Complex credit system: Farmers who are aware of the carbon farming credit system are
discouraged from using it due to its complexity.
● Non-permanence:-The biggest problem with carbon farming is that it is easily reversible,
meaning that after a soil's carbon content has risen over a period of years, it can be released
back into the atmosphere if carbon farming measures are discontinued.
● Lack of soil carbon storage: It makes it difficult to store carbon over an extended period. In the
beginning, storing capacity is high, but as time goes on, it begins to saturate. In the long run,
farming practices are required for maintaining carbon content, but they will no longer increase.
● Measurement and standardisation issues: Determining the carbon content of the soil is a
challenging and error-prone task, and this has hampered the implementation of carbon credit
mechanisms. Understanding how much carbon is absorbed by soils and for how long depends
on the depth, texture, and mineral content of the soil, making it difficult to assign monetary
values to them.

Recommendations

Climate change, biodiversity, soils, water, and other environmental issues could all benefit from
carbon farming.

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 ● Legally binding objectives: The government should set a number of legally binding objectives to
promote carbon farming. It should adopt a land use policy and set a specific objective to achieve
net-zero emissions from agricultural land use by 2030.
● Assure that carbon farming yields environmentally friendly solutions such as those that
protect, manage sustainably, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, societal challenges,
and benefits for both biodiversity and human well-being. CO2 enters the soil carbon pool
through a variety of pathways, including surface litter, plant exudates, roots, and mycorrhizal
fungi.
● Soil monitoring: Carbon farming in India requires solid foundations, effective data collection
and monitoring systems, and overarching legal principles. By restoring the soil, the climate, and
the natural environment, the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change should
create a strong regulatory framework for carbon farming.
● Create a framework for easily accessible soil testing: Farmers currently view soil testing as a
significant expense, despite the fact that it is an essential first step in improving soil
management. Affordable soil testing facilities must be made available to all farmers as they are
urged to contribute more to climate mitigation and result-based carbon farming schemes are
implemented.

Carbon Farming In India

India is the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, with livestock and agricultural
methane responsible for 74% of its emissions and rice cultivation responsible for another 17.5%.
India announced its five-pronged strategy(PANCHAMRIT) for combating climate change at the
Conference of Parties (COP-26), Glasgow (UK), and commitments include a reduction of one billion
tonnes of carbon by 2030, a 45% reduction in the carbon intensity of GDP by 2030, and the
achievement of Net Zero Emissions by 2070.
● The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill 2022, a government initiative to expand the
domestic carbon market, was introduced and approved by the Lok Sabha on August 8.
● The Saguna Rice technique (SRT) is a novel agricultural method from Mumbai that boosts farm
output while also enhancing soil health by storing more carbon. More than 1000 farmers in
several Indian states have agreed to it.
● PUSA- It was a crop residue management programme along with the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, which convinced 25000 farmers across over 420,000 acres of land to
decompose their stubble rather than burn it using a bio enzyme “PUSA”, preventing the
emission of over one million tonnes of carbon dioxide
● Equipping farmers: Indian farmers with broadcasting, mobile advisory dashboards that contain
insights about sowing, soil health, seed treatment, and weather forecasts, farmers are fostering
resilience to changing climates and engaging in regenerative practices while ensuring their
farms remain effective and profitable. Examples include Prasar Bharti, DD Kisan, and the Kisan
Suvidha app.
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 ● To develop a sustainable agriculture prototype for the entire northeast region, Meghalaya is
currently working on the carbon farming act.

Way Ahead

By implementing these win-win strategies, we will be able to achieve Sustainable Development

Goal 13 (climate change) by 2030, help farmers restore biodiversity, and turn agricultural land into
a significant carbon sink by 2050. An innovative carbon farming law with a strong transition
strategy can clearly illustrate the concept of building a carbon sink. It can enhance nutrition, lessen
disparities within farming communities, change the way land is used, and offer a crucial fix for our
flawed food systems.

14) What are the short-term and long-term effects of the Russia-Ukraine war on India's import-
export system? Suggest some alternative strategies to compensate for such loss.

Answer:

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused a serious humanitarian crisis with far-reaching global
repercussions. As sanctions have an impact on the energy, food, and materials needed to sustain
the production of important technologies, supply chains are being severely disrupted. Russia and
Ukraine are among the top exporters of commodities in the world, controlling markets for essential
natural gas, oil, metals, and agricultural products. If this crisis persists, it will have a significant
effect on Europe's energy supplies, in addition to many other nations' worries about food security.

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 The war has had a negative impact on the Indian economy because it has made the country's
already weak domestic economic foundations even more vulnerable.

Short Term Impact On Exports And Import

Export Import

● Depreciation of the rupee- Indian ● Increased oil prices: The country

rupee had recently plunged to a imports more than 90% of its
record low of 77.9 against the dollar sunflower oil from Russia and
due to a decrease in foreign direct Ukraine. Edible oil's retail price has
investment as investors are flighting increased.
to safer heaven like the USA due to ● For shipments in April, crude
the Ukraine crisis. sunflower oil reached a
● Indian exporters are partially record price of $2,150 per
relieved by the depreciation of the tonne, up from $1,630 prior
rupee as exports become profitable. to the Russia-Ukraine Crisis.

● Capital flow --Payments from Indian ● Depreciation of Indian Rupees:-

exporters worth about $400 million Indian importers will now have to
may be delayed because western pay more for the same amount of
nations have forbidden Russian goods and services.
banks from using the SWIFT Like:-Petroleum products,
((Society for Worldwide Interbank precious metals, and computer
Financial Telecommunication) chips, etc.
payment system. ● Liquidity crisis:-The liquidity crisis
● Industries like gems and jewellery affecting the Indian economy has
struggle with international cash gotten worse because of limited
transfers. returns, businesses are reluctant to
invest money in the market.

● Automobile industries The ● Crude oil: India is purchasing crude

European Union will be reliant on oil at a reduced price from Russia,
other nations, including India, to which will give India unique
meet its import needs if trade with advantages to combat rising
Russia is restricted or cut off inflation.
entirely. Particularly for metal goods ● Russia is offering India $67 per
like steel and aluminium. barrel of Brent crude oil, despite the
market price of $97 per barrel.

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 ● Disruption in the arms sector:-
Russia, one of India's major arms
suppliers, had an impact on the
supply chain for some spare parts
and ammunition.

Long Term Impact On Exports And Imports

EXPORT IMPORTS

● Trade route:- Export cargos have ● Fertiliser: Fertiliser imports from

been impacted because there has Russia account for 20% of the total
been no movement of ships through and may be impacted by sanctions
the Black Sea. against that country.
● This could have a consequential ● The government's cost for
effect on India's plastics sector, agriculture fertiliser
which exports 85% of its products to subsidies will rise as a result,
the Commonwealth. and the government will
● Changing this route will increase the need to adjust its budgets to
freight cost and delivery time, account for these cost
making our exports uncompetitive. increases.

● Disruption in export of ● Diamond industry: Russia is a major

commodities:-This crisis may hurt producer of materials like rough
major item's exports from India to diamonds, titanium, palladium, and
Russia and Ukraine like ; scandium. The war and sanctions
pharmaceuticals, telecom will hurt the diamond industry in
instruments, iron and steel. India and cause problems with the
● Russia imports almost 18% of supply chain for the semiconductor
India's tea . industry, automakers, and other
businesses.
● 10% of the rough diamonds
produced by the Russian
company Alrosa, which
produces about 30% of the
world's diamonds, are sold to
India.

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 ● Agriculture:- Russia is the world's ● Since Poland, Belarus, Romania, and
largest exporter with Ukraine at the other nations rely on Ukraine for
4th spot, they together share 30% in their tech workforce, it is
global trade. Disruption of exports anticipated that jobs in IT and
from these countries provides an sectors supported by IT will move to
opportunity for India to increase our India.
share in wheat export.
● Egypt and Turkey are the top two
Russian wheat-importing nations
and India are in talks to replace
Russia.
● Indian wheat exports stood at 43.5
lakh metric tonnes (MT) during
April-August 2022. This was double
of the 20.07 lakh MT exported in the
same period last year.

Alternative Approach

● India is attempting to establish additional markets for its tea exports, including Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, the US, Japan, and Tunisia.
● Alternative payment modes- India stacks its applications with a unified payment interface and
electronic know-your-customer platform which supports worldwide economic transactions that
can be used by India to deal with global tech companies.
 For example- cash transfer issues after western nations barred Russian banks from using the
SWIFT payment system is the rupee-rouble trade.
● Attracting Manufacturing units in India: Government can make changes in the existing policies
and rules and regulations so that foreign companies can invest in India and open their
manufacturing unit on Indian land leading to multidimensional benefits to India.
● India is looking to Jordan, Morocco, and Canada to supply its needs for fertilisers like
diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash.
 The fertiliser industry may be able to move forward with Atma Nirbharta.
● e-technology- In the long run, India should reduce its reliance on fossil fuels so that it does not
get caught in the crossfire between the west and Russia again.
 For this govt. should work on incentivising the manufacturing and selling of electric vehicles
so as to reduce dependence on crude oil.
● The prospect of industrial restructuring creates opportunities for new and greener businesses,
whereas the depreciation of currently installed equipment (due to business downsizing or
closure) offers opportunities for the promotion of environmentally friendly investments.
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 ● India should work on its yellow revolution targets so as to tackle the issue of import of edible
oils.
● Research & Development -Innovation will be one of the keys to emerging from the downturn
and putting countries back on a path to sustainable – and smarter – growth. Many Governments
have incorporated measures to strengthen innovation in their stimulus packages, and can also
take action to improve their long-term potential for innovation.
● Many OECD nations are experiencing a rise in the number of layoffs caused by the crisis,
particularly in knowledge-intensive high-tech industries like IT, aerospace, and pharmaceuticals.
This human capital will quickly degrade if the recession continues. This talent might lead to a
new wave of entrepreneurial innovation, which could also significantly aid the many inventive
companies that have recently struggled with a lack of skilled labour.

Conclusion

A crisis situation causes things to change quickly, and as our PM says, "Aapda Me
Awsar,"(Opportunities in disaster) any obstacles that arise there will be turned into possibility. In
order to achieve Atma Nirbhar Bharat(Self-reliant India), India should take a multifaceted strategy
and encourage plans for the manufacturing sector. These initiatives will provide opportunities and
jobs that will strengthen our economy.

15) Analyze humanism in Rabindranath Tagore's Philosophy.

Answer:

The word "Humanism" derives from the Latin word "Humanitus," and is based upon a profound
respect for human dignity and the conviction that human beings are ultimately accountable to
themselves and to society for their actions. It is a deity-free worldview that affirms our ability to
lead ethical and meaningful lives without reliance on a belief in the supernatural. Rabindranath
Tagore was a champion of human rights which is evident in his philosophy of humanism.

Philosophy Of Humanism

A humanist is someone whose knowledge is acquired through reason and science, who lives an
ethical life based on empathy and compassion, and who strives to build a kinder, fairer and more
reasonable society. Humanists are champions of human rights and human flourishing and promote
the well-being of the earth and all its inhabitants through sustainable development. Many thinkers
and scholars have defined humanism as per their philosophy around the globe.
● In India around 500 years ago Lord Chaitanya through his Sankhya philosophy of Achintya
bhedbhava tattva stated that the way to God is through love of mankind. They believed man is
the greatest truth and there is nobody above him’ (savar uparey manush satya, tahar uparey
nai).
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 ● In the early 19th century the French philosopher Comte rejected the concept of a divine being
as the basis of creation and evolution; he put man in place of God in this theory of Humanism.
● The Gandhian notion of Humanism is based on the concept of oneness. There is nothing
independent in the universe. Both sentient and non-sentient beings are interconnected and
Interdependent in their existence.

Rabindranath Tagore’s Philosophy

Rabindranath Tagore, popularly known as ‘Gurudev’ is distinguished for having many facets to his
personality. Known as the most well-known Bengali Renaissance poet, philosopher, writer, critic,
composer, and teacher, he was also a notable critic. He was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize,
for his outstanding work "Gitanjali," in 1913.
● Rabindranath Tagore develops his philosophy of humanism in his book ‘Religion of Man’. He
observes Man as the highest evolutionary product ,the cream of creation and says “ Let me
assert my faith by saying that this world consisting of what we all animate and inanimate things
has found its culmination is man, its best expression.
● Humanist Tagore advocated for love, empathy, compassion, and cooperation. His humanism
was based on spiritual principles. The fundamental method that Tagore's universal humanism is
expressed is through the idea of interpersonal relationships.
Aspects of his humanistic philosophy
 Spiritual tendency: Tagore’s humanism is influenced by Upanishads, Buddhism and Vaishnavism
and is therefore spiritual in nature. He believed the welfare of mankind lies in helping to reveal
the spiritual and ethical nature of man.
 Man is accorded the highest place in the world because he has spirit in him. He is a replica of
the Divine spirit, the ultimate consciousness is revealed in man. Belief in spirituality is translated
into love for humanity.
 For realizing the spirit in himself man does not have to go to any supernatural world, but he
should realize his spiritual nature in this worldly existence.
 Rationalism: He gives importance to reason and hence is against any prejudice and pre-
conceived notion of religion, sect or narrow nationalism etc.
 He believes that God has created the world but man will have to give it meaning by making
it charged with values. Man's truth is grounded on his own greatness and perfectness. Thus
in this period, man has become more real to him than God.
 Human love: Tagore found immortality in human love and affection. He believed that in the act
of love one loses oneself and reaches god.
 For instance, when a man loves a woman he rises above his ego, and he feels united not
only with himself and his beloved but also with the whole world.
● Acceptance of life: Another aspect of Tagore's humanism consists in his acceptance of life. He
urges men to accept freely and joyously the great gift of life and to realize that life in its own
right and for its own sake can be beautiful.
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 ● Against social injustice: Tagore was critical of the inequality and injustice prevalent and
thought that the social evils of our country are responsible for India’s backwardness.
 In one of his poems in Gitanjali he poignantly strikes at the hollowness of Indian traditions,
hollow rituals. He satirizes the Hindu religious custom of floating lamps on the river which
are believed to reach the souls of the departed ancestors whereas the poor live in darkness
as they can't even afford a lamp.
● Affinity between Nature and Human Emotions: Tagore perceived a strong affinity between
man and Nature and saw it as the outward manifestation of God. He believed in harmony
between man, nature and the universal spirit.
 He said, "From grass to man, wherever in the world my mind becomes indifferent, there my
spirituality becomes limited. When our consciousness, our spirit gets diffused in the whole
world then we feel all consciousness with our consciousness.
● Universalism and internationalism: Tagore favored the higher ideology of universalism in place
of nationalism and patriotism, which he thought limited the greater objectives of human unity
and a borderless world. His internationalism advocated treating everyone equally, regardless of
their ethnicity or the nation they were a citizen of.

Conclusion

In this era, where communalism and rationalism are at their peaks around the globe, Tagore's
philosophy of humanism is very relevant. Tagore’s idealistic views are more important in our
practical lives for finding the ultimate truth, which will liberate us from the cycle of birth and death.
He believed that man's abiding happiness is not in getting anything but in giving himself up to what
is greater than himself, to ideas that are larger than his individual life, to the ideas of his country, of
humanity, of God

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16) Do you think that the Quit India Movement was a leaderless movement? Throw light on the
progress of this movement in Bihar.

Answer:

On Aug 8, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for British Colonists to ‘Quit India’ and for the
Indians to ‘do or die’ to make this happen. Soon after, Gandhi and almost the entire top congress
leadership were arrested and thus began a truly people-led and leaderless movement in our
freedom struggle.

Quit India Movement (Qim)

● Passing of the Quit India Resolution: The Quit India Resolution (or August Resolution) was
ratified at a Congress meeting at Gowalia tank, Bombay on August 8, 1942 and Gandhiji was
named the leader of the struggle.
 The resolution was proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru and seconded by Sardar Patel.
 The slogan ‘Quit India’ was coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist and trade unionist who
had also coined the slogan ‘Simon go back’.
● Top leaders arrested: In the early hours of August 9, 1942, by Operation Zero hour, all the top
leaders of Congress were arrested and taken to unknown destinations.
 The Congress Working Committee, the All India Congress Committee and the Provincial
Congress Committees were declared unlawful associations under the Criminal Law
Amendment Act of 1908.
● Non participation: The Communists did not join the movement, the Muslim League opposed
the movement, the Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement and The Princely states showed
a low-key response.

Reasons Behind The Launch Of Qim

● Failure of the Cripps Mission: The Cripps Mission, headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India
in March 1942, with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for World War II. However,
it failed to solve the constitutional deadlock as it favoured granting dominion status to India,
whereas the freedom fighters were demanding complete independence.
● Indian involvement in WWII: There was popular discontent among the leadership and the
masses due to the British assumption of unconditional support from India to the British in World
War II.
● Scarcity of essential commodities: There was popular discontent because of rising prices and
shortage of rice, salt, etc., and because of factors such as commandeering of boats in Bengal
and Orissa. There were fears of Britain following a scorched earth policy in Assam, Bengal and
Orissa against possible Japanese advance.

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 ● Diminishing prestige of the British: The news of losses suffered by the British at the hands of an
Asian army (Japanese army) shattered their image of white supremacy and prestige. It also
enhanced popular willingness to give expression to discontent through a direct struggle.

A Leaderless Movement

The British oppression and crackdown on the leaders blew the lid off the boiling anger of the
people, who gave it all and submitted themselves to the struggle with more passion, sincerity,
determination and drive.
● Attack on authority symbols: Huge crowds attacked police stations, post offices, kutcheries
(courts), railway stations, and other government symbols in some places. In defiance of the
police, national flags were forcibly hoisted on public buildings.
 Satyagrahis offered themselves up to arrest, bridges were blown up, railway tracks were
removed, and the telegraph lines were cut.
● Underground activities: Many nationalists went underground and took to subversive activities.
 Usha Mehta ran an underground congress radio or Azad radio. The news was read in English
by Dr Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyut Patwardhan, Moinuddin Harris and Coomi Dastur. They
began each programme by playing Iqbal’s ‘Saare Jahaan se Achha’ and ended with Bankim
Chandra Chatterjee’s ‘Bande Mataram’.
 Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the Indian Flag at the Gowalia Tank ground and while underground
to evade arrest she continued her struggle through underground radio, pamphlets, and
magazines such as 'Inquilab' to continue the struggle.
● Parallel government: Parallel governments were established at many places:
 Ballia (in August 1942 for a week) under Chittu Pandey. He got many Congress leaders
released.
 Tamluk (Midnapore, from December 1942 to September 1944): Jatiya Sarkar undertook
cyclone relief work, sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy from the rich to the poor,
organised Vidyut Vahinis, etc.
 Satara (mid-1943 to 1945), named “Prati Sarkar”, was organised under leaders like Y.B.
Chavan, Nana Patil, etc. Under this village libraries and nyayadan mandals were organised,
prohibition campaigns were carried on and ‘Gandhi marriages’ were organised.
● Mass participation: There was an extent of mass participation on many levels i.e Youth,
especially the students and colleges, remained in the forefront.
 Active help was provided by Businessmen in terms of donations, shelter, and material help,
 Students acted as couriers of information.
 Villagers refused to provide information to the British about the activities.
 Government officials including the police passed on secret information to the activists.
 Pilots and train drivers delivered bombs and other materials.
● Participation of women: The most important aspect of this movement was the participation of
a large number of women taking their own initiative to liberate their country.
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 Progress Of Quit India Movement In Bihar

After the arrest of mainstream leaders, people were running awoke. The removal of established
leaders left the younger and militant elements to their own initiative. Bihar did not lag behind, and
leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Rammahohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali etc came forward to lead the
movement.

● Arrest of popular leaders: On 9 August,1942 In Bihar, the district magistrate of Patna

W.G.Archer arrested Rajendra Prasad and sent to Bankipur Jail. In protest of his arrest, the
advocate general Baldev Sahay resigned from his office.
 On 11 August, Shri Krishna Singh, Anugraha Narayan Sinha, and other leaders were also
arrested and sent to jail.
● Flag martyrs: A group of seven students on August 11 marched in order to hoist the National
flag on the east gate of Patna Secretariat. W.G.Archer ordered open fire on them and all Seven
students were martyred. As a result of this incident, a widespread upset broke out
spontaneously.
● Strikes and protest: There was a complete strike in Patna on August 12. In the evening Jagat
Narayan Lal organised a meeting and decided to cripple the government machinery.
 To paralyse the administration, the agitation uprooted railway lines, torched police stations,
and seized post offices and other government offices. Bihar was in complete unrest
 In Siwan, Phulan Prasad Varma also marched to hoist the National flag on a police station,
police lathicharged very badly and he was injured heavily and died but his wife Tara Rani
Shrivastwa hoisted the flag.
● Azad Dasta: Jayaprakash Narayan was in Hazaribagh Jail. He escaped from there with Ramanand
Mishra, Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulab Chand Gupta, Shaligram Singh and Yogendra Shukla. They
reached Rajvilas Jungles and Bakri ki Tapu established Azad Dasta for gorilla warfare.
 Suryadev Narayan Singh and Rammanohar Lohia were the helping hands of Azad Dasta.
They were running a radio with Aruna Asaf Ali. Nityanand Singh was giving training in Bomb
making.
● Dhruv Dal: Another incident happened at Katihar, Kishor Lal Kunde was a true Gandhian. His 13-
year-old son, Dhruv was shot dead by police while going to school. As a result, Dhruv Dal was
established to counter British rule and Jayaprakash Naraya was made commander of Dhruv Dal.

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 Conclusion

The Quit India Movement was a leaderless and spontaneous movement that converted the
freedom struggle to Independence and the people of Bihar participated with great zeal and
produced a new line of leaders at the national level. Gandhi Ji said during the Quit India movement
'Everybody will be his own master. It is to join a struggle for such democracy that I invite you today.
Once you realise this you will forget the differences between the Hindu and Muslim, and think of
yourselves as Indian only engaged in the common struggle for independence'.

17) Tribal movements should be viewed as "history from below." Discuss the
objects and nature of the movements in 19th-century India.

Answer:

The term "History from below" refers to the history which seeks to take ordinary
people as its subjects and concentrate on their experiences and perspectives,
rather than the traditional stereotypical political history which primarily focuses
on the actions of a few "great men."

Characteristics Of Tribal Movements

There were several common characteristics between the tribal movements even
though they were separated by time and place. These include

 Common identity: The tribal identity lay in the solidarity shown between a
tribe. They felt a close connection with people due to shared space and
identity. However, this did not mean that all outsiders were treated as
enemies. The non-tribal people who lived in the villages were not seen as
outsiders.

 Only moneylenders and traders who were seen as extensions of the colonial
government were termed as enemies or outsiders. It was against these people
that such uprisings were directed.

 Foreign government: The laws imposed by the colonial or foreign government

were seen as undermining the traditional and socio economic structure of the
tribal people.

 The traditions, customs and laws of tribals came into conflict with the new
administrative laws and created apprehensions among the tribals about
preserving their identity.

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  Folk heroes: Many uprisings were led by messiah-like figures who encouraged
their followers to rebel and held out hope that they could end the suffering
brought on by the "outsiders."

 For instance, the Munda rebellion was led by Birsa Munda who was also
known as Dharti Abba.

Tribal Movements Of The 19th Century

India in the 19th century witnessed a series of tribal movements or uprisings

undertaken in various parts of the country.

TRIBAL UPRISINGS NATURE AND OBJECT OF THE

MOVEMENTS

1. Bhil Uprising (1818-46) ● The name of the Bhil tribe owes

its origin to the word “bhillu”
which
means bow. They are excellent
archers.
● The Bhils who lived in the
Western Ghats controlled the
mountain
passes between the north and the
Deccan.
● The rebellion was against
British feudalism and
imperialism.
● A reformer, Govind Guru helped
the Bhils of south Rajasthan
(Banswara, Sunth states) to
organise themselves to fight for a
Bhil Raj by 1913.

2. Ho and Munda Uprisings ● Ho tribals led by Raja Parahat

(1820- 37) in Singhbhum and Chotanagpur
region.
● It was against new farming
revenue policy and the entry of
Bengalis in
their region.

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 3. Ramosi Uprisings ● The Ramosi were the hill tribes of
(1822,1825,1839) the Western Ghats.
● It was against the annexation of
the Maratha land by the British as
they worked under the Marathas
and the annexation led to a loss of
their
livelihood.
● Initially they revolted under the
leadership of Chittur Singh in
1822, and again in 1839 after the
deposition of Raja Pratap Singh
of Satara.

4. Ahom’s Revolt(1828-33) ● The Britishers pledged to

withdraw from Assam after the 1st
Burma war in 1824 but they
attempted to
incorporate Ahom territory into
companies' dominion.
● Rebellion sparked under the
leadership of Gomdhar Konwar.

5. Koli Uprising(1829) ● The Koli people were fishermen

in the Western Ghat( Gujarat
and
Maharashtra).
● Revolted against large-scale
employment and destruction of
many forts of Koli.

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 6. Kol Rebellion(1832) ● Tribals of Chotanagpur (Ranchi,
Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, and
Palamu)
● Under the leadership of Buddho
Bagat.
● The reason for their revolt was
large scale transfer of land from Kol
headman to outsiders like Sikhs
and muslim farmers.

7. Khond Rebellion(1837-56) ● Tribals of hills from Tamil Nadu

to Bengal.
● Revolted against interference in
practice of Human sacrifice
Mariah
their tribal customs and the
imposition of new taxes.
● Led by Chakra Bisoi.

8. Santhal Uprising or Santhal Hool ● The santhal tribe inhabited the

(1855-56) region between Bhagalpur and
Rajmahal hills in Bihar(called Daman-
i-Koh).
● It was directed at the money-
lenders and zamindars who had
the support of the police to
subject the peasants to
oppressive exactions and
dispossession of lands.
● It was led by two brothers Sidu
and Kanhu

9. Kharwar Rebellion (1870) ● Tribals of Bihar led by Bhagrith

Manjhi
● Against revenue settlement activities.

10. Bhuyan and Juang Rebellions ● Tribes of Keonjhar, Orissa .

(1867) ● Revolted twice in 1867 and 1891,
led by Ratna Naik.

11. Koya Uprising (1879-80) ● Tribals of the Eastern Godavari

region.
● It was against the oppression by
police and moneylenders, new
regulations and denial of their
customary rights over forest areas.
● Led by Tomma Sora and Raja
Annantyar.
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 12 Munda Rebellion or Ulgulan ● Tribals of the Chotanagpur
. of Munda (1899-1900) area ● It was essentially a
revivalist
movement, which sought to purge
Munda society of all foreign
elements and restore its pristine
character.
● Revolt was against the destruction
of their system of common land
holding by Britishers and their
agents.
● Birsa Munda led this revolt and it
was called the 'Ulgulan' or the
'Great Tumult’.

Reasons For Tribal Revolts In India

The tribal people have always been conservative and protective of their culture,
tradition, and hierarchical customs. The rise of British colonisation was in direct
contrast to their traditions and way of living and therefore it agitated the
tribals.

 Practice of settled agriculture: The mainstay of the tribes was shifting agriculture,
hunting, fishing, and the use of forest produce. With the influx of non-tribals, the
practice of settled agriculture was introduced. This led to land loss and tribals
being landless agricultural labourers.
 Ownership of forest produce: The tribal people were dependent on forest
produce for their livelihood and before the British came, they had full control over
the forests. However, with changing administrative structure, they were deprived
of the rights to consume and use various products that were produced
abundantly in the forest.
 Christian missionaries: There were numerous instances of conversion of tribal
people into christians. It was against this conversion activity that Birsa Munda
started the Birsait sect.
 Private ownership of land: by non-tribal landlords: The tribals had a system of
joint land ownership which was replaced by the notion of private property and
this gave rise to a new class of landlords and zamindars.
 Introduction of outsiders: The British introduced outsiders like money lenders
into the tribal areas which led to severe exploitation of the local tribals. They
became bonded labourers under the new economic system.
 Society became non-egalitarian: Tribal society was traditionally egalitarian
compared to mainstream society which was marked by caste and class
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 distinctions. The arrival of outsiders or non-tribals caused the tribal people to be
relegated to the lowest levels of society.

Conclusion

The tribal people have always had a strong sense of tradition and a desire to
protect their culture. This was disturbed by the colonial invasion and as a result
they occasionally engaged in violent, sectarian movements to defend their tribal
identity from outside governments and landowners. These varied grievances
reached their climax in the revolt of 1857, which in spite of targeting certain
groups of Indians, remains the prominent uprising against the British before the
beginning of the Indian Freedom movement.

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