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From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
 Genetics:
Mitotic Cell Division

Image: Overview of Mitosis, Mysid From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Everyday Cell Biology
Who was Henrietta Lacks and why were her cells

so important to medical science?

Let’s explore the amazing story of Henrietta Lacks

and her immortal cells.

Q: What does the Henrietta Lacks story have to do

with mitosis?

Watch
a video
of
HeLa
cells di
viding in
vitro
.

Images: Book, “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by

Rebecca Skloot; Apoptotic HeLa cell, Wiki;
Fluorescence image of cultured HeLa cells, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Why do cells divide?

• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________

Images Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolfc From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Two Basic Types of Cells

_____________________ _____________________

Images: Prokaryotic Cell Diagram &

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz
 Prokaryotic Cell Division:
Reproduction

• Prokaryotic chromosome is a
circular loop of DNA called a
nucleoid.

• Q: What is the process of

prokaryotic cell division called?

1. Chromosome attaches to plasma membrane.

2. Chromosome is replicated.

3. Cell elongates; new plasma membrane and cell wall

are added between chromosomes, pushing them
towards opposite ends of cell.

4. Parent cell is divided into two identical daughter

cells.

Images: Bacterial colonies on MacConkey’s agar, T Port; Bacterial

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com colonies on arm plate, TP ort Binary Fission, JW Schmidt
 Eukaryotic Cell Division:
Growth, Development, Repair, Reproduction

Images: Sperm & egg, Wikipedia;; Morula,

Wiki; My son and daughter, T. Port From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Like prokaryotic cell cycle, in that…

– Cell grows.

– DNA is replicated.

- Mitotic cell division produces

daughter cell identical to the parent.

Different from prokaryotic

cell cycle, in that…
– Eukaryotic cells have more DNA on many linear chromosomes.
(Q: How many do humans have?).

– The timing of replication and cell division is highly regulated.

Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

2 major phases:

• __________ (3 stages)
– DNA uncondensed

• ________ (4 stages + cytokinesis)

- Nuclear division & division of cytoplasm
– DNA condensed

Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Interphase

Non-dividing state
With 3 sub-stages:
___ – cell grows in size
– organelles replicated

___ – replication of DNA

– synthesis of proteins associated
with DNA

___ – synthesis of proteins

associated
with mitosis
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Interphase in Onion
Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
in eukaryotic organisms.

A single cell divides into two identical

daughter cells.

Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes

as does parent cell.

Images: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler;

Overview of Mitosis, Mysid From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 What is cell division of reproductive
cells?
Meiosis
- A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.

- Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell.

- We will discuss meiosis in out next lecture. Now, back to mitosis…

Image: Overview of Meiosis,

National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Packing for the move…

When cell is not dividing…

● DNA molecules in extended,
uncondensed form = chromatin

● Cell can only replicate and transcribe

DNA when in extended state.

When cell is preparing for division…

● DNA molecules condense to form
chromosomes prior to division.
– each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA

– easier to sort and organize the

replicated DNA into daughter cells

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 Packing for the move…

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Chromatin structures, Zephyris
 Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase

2nd – Metaphase

3rd – Anaphase

4th – Telophase

followed by

Cytokinesis

Secret to remembering phases in order…

Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 1. Prophase

3 Major Events

- chromosomes condense

- spindle fibers form

- chromosomes are
captured by spindle

Images: Prophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Prophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Mitotic
Spindle
Forms

• spindle fibers are specialized

microtubules Fluoresced eukaryotic cell. Chromosomes in blue.
Mitotic spindle apparatus in green.

• spindle fibers radiate out from

centrioles, forming the “aster”

• centrioles occur in pairs, and are

duplicated during interphase
Image: Fluoresced cell, National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Prophase
chromatin condensing
nucleus
chromosomes
nucleolus

centrioles
Q: What is a
kinetocore?

kinetocore
 2. Metaphase
• chromosomes align along
equator of the cell, with one
kinetochore facing each pole

centrioles
chromosomes

spindle fibers
Kinetocores not pictured in this illustration.

Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
 3. Anaphase

• sister chromatids separate

• spindle fibers attached to

kinetochores shorten and
pull chromatids towards the
poles.

• free spindle fibers lengthen

and push poles of cell apart

Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 4. Telophase
• spindle fibers disintegrate

• nuclear envelopes form around both

groups of chromosomes

• chromosomes revert to their

extended state

• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each

daughter nucleus into a separate
cell

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Early Telophase

chromosomes
decondensing

pinching of cell
membrane at equator

nuclear envelope
reforming
nucleolus reappears

Nucleolus = Small, round site within nucleus, composed of protein &

RNA. Involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis & formation of ribosomes.
cytokinesis

Late Telophase
 Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell

• Plant cells undergo

cytokinesis by forming a
cell plate between the two
daughter nuclei.

• Animal cells undergo

cytokinesis through the
formation of a cleavage
furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract,
pinching the cell in half.

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Stages of Mitosis

REVIEW!
Mitosis Animations
1. Mitosis & Cytokinesis from McGraw-Hill
2. Mitosis Interactive Animation from Cells Alive

Image: Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

 Lets
play…

“Guess
That
Phase!”

Image: Onion Cells Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Phases and Sub-phases of Cell Division
a. G1

1. Interphase b. S

c. G2
1. Prophase

2. Metaphase
a. Nuclear division
3. Anaphase
2. Mitosis
4. Telophase
b. Cytokinesis

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 Drawing and Labeling Chromatin

You are going to Centromere

see
chromatin & chr
omosomes
depicted in Sister Sister
many of the Chromatid Chromatid
following slides
and in the class
activity you will
be doing. So we
need to learn
how to draw and
label them.

Unreplicated
Uncondensed Replicated
Chromosome Uncondensed
Chromosome
(chromatin)
(chromatin)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Drawing and Labeling Chromosomes

Arm

Centromere Centromere

Sister Sister
Chromatid Chromatid

Arm

Unreplicated Replicated
Condensed Condensed
Chromosome Chromosome

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom Genetics: Mitotic Cell Division for a

Mitosis Demo & Practice printable Word .doc of this assignment.

• Break up into groups & get kit.

• Each kit should have:

- 6 duplicated chromosomes
- 4 pieces of string
- plastic centromere pieces

• Use chromosome kits to work through the stages

of mitosis.

• BEFORE you start writing on your Mitosis Worksheet, make sure that
you have modeled the stages of mitosis with the chromosome kits. (If
your group needs help, raise your hand & I will come over assist.)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that
further explain mitosis:
• Mitosis Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of
Science Prof Online.
• “Imitosis” music video by Andrew Bird.
• DNA Replication step-through animation by John Kyrk.

• Mitosis & Cytokinesis animated video by McGraw-Hill.

• Mitosis animation, step-through and quiz, Sadava, et al., Life: The

Science of Biology, 9th Edition, Sinauer Associates.
• Mitosis step through animation from CellsAlive.com
• Cell Cycle step through animation from Cells Alive.com.
• Detailed Animation of Mitosis
• Video of Mitosis taking place in a Cell Under Magnification.

• Video of Fish Eggs Dividing

• “That Spells DNA” song by Jonathan Coulton.

(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 Are you feeling blinded by science?

Do yourself a favor. Use the…

Virtual Cell Biology

Classroom (VCBC) !
The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed,
• practice test questions
including:
• review questions
• study guides and learning objectives
• PowerPoints on other topics

You can access the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) on the Science Prof Online
website www.ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki