A REPORT ON

Numerica's with Formula and Schematic Representation Based on

Laminar Flow/Turbulent Flow etc./Boundary Layer Theory etc.

Bachelor of Technology
Chemical Engineering
School of Technology, GSFC University
Vadodara

AY 2020-21

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Sheth Jay Rajnikant Ms. Priyanka Pandya
DtoD 3 rd. Sem Assistant Professor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Numerical Page No.

1 Example 10.3 3
2 Example 10.4 4
3 Example 10.5 5
4 Example 10.6 6
5 Example 10.7 7
6 Example 10.8 9
7 Example 10.9 10
8 Example 10.10 11
9 Example 10.11 12
10 Example 10.12 14
 Numerical
Example 10.3.
A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oil is collected in
a tank in 25 seconds.

Given Data.
∴ Viscosity of the crude oil, μ = 0.9 poise = 0.09 Ns/m2
∴ Relative density = 0.9
∴ Weight density = 0.9 × 9810 = 8829 N/m3
∴ Diameter of the pipe, D = 120 mm = 0.12 m
∴ Length of the pipe, L = 12 m
∴ Weight of the oil collected in 25 s = 785 N

Equations.
𝑄 𝑄
Average velocity, ū = = 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ( 4 )×𝐷2

𝜌𝑉𝐷
Reynolds number, Re =
𝜇
32 𝜇 ū 𝐿
Difference in pressure for viscous or laminar flow is given by, (𝑝1 - 𝑝2 ) =
𝐷2
Example 10.4.
A liquid with a specific gravity 2.8 and a viscosity 0.8 poise flows through a
smooth pipe of unknown diameter, resulting in a pressure drop of 800 N/m2 in 2
km length of the pipe. What is the pipe diameter if the mass flow rate is 2500 kg/h.

Given Data.
∴ Sp. Gravity = 2.8
∴ μ = 0.8 × 0.1 = 0.08 Ns/m2
∴ ∆p = 800 N/m2
∴ L = 2 km = 2000 m
∴ m = 2500 kg/h = 2500/3600 = 0.6944 kg/s
∴ D = Diameter of pipe ( ? ) m

Equations.
m=𝜌𝐴ū
or
𝑚
∪=
𝜌𝐴
32 𝜇 ū 𝐿
Assuming flow to be laminar we have, ∆𝑝 =
𝐷2
𝜌ū𝐷
Re =
𝜇
Example 10.5.
A fluid of viscosity 8 poise and specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a circular
pipe of diameter 100 mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 210 N/m2
Find: (i) The pressure gradient,
(ii) The average velocity, and
(iii) Reynolds number of flow.

Given Data.
∴ Solution. Viscosity of fluid, μ = 8 poise = 0.8 Ns/m2
∴ Specific gravity = 1.2
∴ Mass density, ρ = 1.2 × 1000 = 1200 kg/m3
∴ Diameter of the pipe, D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
∴ Maximum shear stress, τ0 = 210 N/m2

Equations.
𝜕𝑝 𝑁
(i) The pressure gradient, , ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑚2
𝜕𝑝 𝑅
𝜏0 = − ×
𝜕𝑥 2
1 𝑚
(ii) The average velocity, ū = × 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , ( )
2 𝑠
𝜌∪𝐷
(iii) Reynolds number, Re =
𝜇
Example 10.6.
A fluid of density 1200 kg/𝑚3 and viscosity 0.5 poise is flowing at a rate of
5𝑚3 /min in a circular pipe of cross-section of 1𝑚2 . Is the flow laminar or
turbulent? Can you predict the maximum velocity of the fluid in the pipe ?

Given Data.
∴ ρ = 1200 kg/m3
∴ μ = 0.5 poise = 0.5 × 1/10 = 0.05 Ns/𝑚2
𝑄 5 𝑚⁄
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = ū = = 𝑠
𝐴 60
𝜋
∴A= × 𝐷2
4

∴ D = 1.1128 m

Equations.
𝜌ū𝐷
Reynolds number, Re =
𝜇
5
∴ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2ū = 2 × = 0.1667 𝑚⁄𝑠
60
Example 10.7.
A lubricating oil of viscosity 1 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is pumped through
a 30 mm diameter pipe. If the pressure drop per metre length of pipe is 20 kN/𝑚2 ,
determine:
Find: (i) The mass flow rate in kg/min,
(ii) The shear stress at the pipe wall,
(iii) The Reynolds number of flow, &
(iv) The power required per 50 m length of the pipe to maintain the flow.

Given Data.
∴ Viscosity of oil, μ = 1 poise = 0.1 Ns/𝑚2
∴ Sp. gr. of oil, = 0.9
∴ Weight density, w = 0.9 × 9810 = 8829 N/𝑚3
∴ Diameter of pipe, D = 30 mm = 0.03 m
𝜋
∴ Area, A = × 0.032 = 7.068 × 10–4 𝑚2
4

∴ Pressure drop per metre length of pipe, (𝑝1 – 𝑝2 ) = 20 kN/𝑚2

Equations.
(i) Mass flow rate = Density × Velocitu × Area
∴ Pressur drop for laminar flow through a pipeline is given by,
32 𝜇 ū 𝐿
(𝑝1 – 𝑝2 ) =
𝐷2
(𝑝1 – 𝑝2 ) × 𝐷2
∴ Average Velocity of flow, ū =
32 𝜇 𝐿

∴ Flow Rate, Q = A × ū
(ii) Shear stress at the wall,
𝜕𝑝 𝑅 𝑁
∴ 𝜏0 = − × ,
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑚2

(iii) Reynolds number of flow,

𝜌ū𝐷
∴ Re =
𝜇

∴ ū = 𝑉 = 5.625 m/s

(iv) Power required, P:

𝑝1 −𝑝2
∴ Loss of head, ℎ𝑓 =
𝑤

∴ Power required per meter = 𝑤 𝑄 ℎ𝑓

∴ Power required for x meter of pipe, P = 𝑤 𝑄 ℎ𝑓 x
Example 10.8.
In a pipe of 300 mm diameter the maximum velocity of flow is found to be 2 m/s.
If the flow in the pipe is laminar, find:
(i) The average velocity and the radius at which it occurs,
(ii) The velocity at 50 mm from the wall of the pipe.

Given Data.
∴ Diameter of the pipe, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
∴ Maximum velocity, 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 m/s

Equations.
1 𝑚
(i) Average velocity, ū = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
2 𝑠

(ii) Radius at which ū occurs:

1 𝜕𝑝
∴ The velocity, 𝑢 at any radius r is given by 𝑢 = − (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
4𝜇 𝜕 𝑥

1 𝜕𝑝 𝑟2
𝑢=− 𝑅2 [ 1 − ]
4𝜇 𝜕 𝑥 𝑅2
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑅2
4𝜇 𝜕 𝑥

𝑟2
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ 1 − ]
𝑅2
Example 10.9.
An oil of viscosity 0.15 Ns/𝑚 𝑠 and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through a circular
pipe of diameter 30 mm and of length 3 m at 1/10𝑡ℎ of critical velocity for which
Reynolds number is 2450. Find:
(i) The velocity of flow through the pipe,
(ii) The head in meters of oil across the pipe length required to maintain the flow,
(iii) The power required to overcome viscous resistance to flow of oil.

Given Data.
∴ Viscosity of the oil, μ = 0.15 Ns/𝑚2
∴ Specific gravity = 0.9
∴ Mass density, ρ = 0.9 × 1000 = 900 kg/𝑚3
∴ Diameter of the pipe, D = 30 mm = 0.03 m
∴ Length of the pipe, L = 3 m
∴ Velocity of flow, ū = 1/10 × critical velocity (at Reynolds number 2450)

Equations.
(i) Velocity of flow, ū = 𝑉𝑐𝑟 × ū
𝜌 𝑉𝑐𝑟 𝐷
∴ (𝑅𝑒)𝑐𝑟 =
𝜇

∴ 𝑉𝑐𝑟 = Critical Velocity

𝑝1 − 𝑝2
(ii) Head required to maintain the flow, ℎ𝑓 =
𝑤
32 𝜇 ū 𝐿
∴ For laminar flow through a pipeline, 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 =
𝐷2

(iii) Power required, P = 𝑤 𝑄 ℎ𝑓

Example 10.10.
An oil (μ = 20 cP, ρ = 1200 kg/𝑚3 ) flows through a 2.5 cm I.D. pipe 250 m long.
(i) What is the maximum flow in m3/s that will ensure laminar flow?
(ii) What would be the pressure drop for this flow?

Given Data.
∴ μ = 20
∴ c.P. = 20 × 10–2
∴ Poise = 20 × 10–2 × 1/10 Ns/𝑚2 = 0.02 Ns/𝑚2
∴ ρ = 1200 kg/m3
∴ 𝐷1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
∴ L = 250 m.
𝜌𝑉𝐷
∴ Re =
𝜇

Equations.
(i) Maximum flow that will ensure laminar flow At Discharge = 𝐴 × 𝑉

(ii) Pressure drop:

16
∴ Coefficient of friction, f =
𝑅𝑒
4 𝑓 𝐿 𝑉2
∴ Head lost due to friction, ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷 ×2𝑔

∴ Pressure drop for the flow = 𝑤 × ℎ 𝑓

= (ρ g) × ℎ 𝑓
Example 10.11.
Crude oil of μ = 1.5 poise and relative density 0.9 flows through a 20 mm diameter
vertical pipe. The pressure gauges fixed 20 m apart read 600 kN/m2 and 200
kN/m2, as shown in Fig. 10.10. Find the direction and rate of flow through the
pipe.

Given Data.
∴ Dynamic viscosity, μ = 1.5 poise = 0.15 Ns/𝑚2
∴ Relative density = 0.9
∴ Weight density of oil, w = 0.9 × 9.81 = 8.829 kN/𝑚3
∴ Diameter of the pipe, D = 20 mm = 0.02 m
∴ Length, L = 20 m
∴ Pressure at A, 𝑝𝐴 = 600 kN/𝑚2
∴ Pressure at B, 𝑝𝐵 = 200 kN/𝑚2

Equations.
(i) Direction of flow:
𝑃𝐴
∴ Piezo metric head at A = + 𝑧𝐴
𝑤
𝑃𝐵
∴ Piezo metric head at B = + 𝑧𝐵
𝑤

Heir Piezo metric head at A is greater than that at B, hence flow takes place from
A to B
(ii) Rate of flow:
∴ Loss of piezo metric head = ℎ𝑓 = Piezo metric head at ( A – B )
The loss of pressure head for viscous flow through circular pipe is given by the
Hagen-Poiseuille relation,
32 𝜇 ū 𝐿
∴ ℎ𝑓 =
𝑤 𝐷2
ℎ𝑓 𝑤 𝐷 2
∴ū=
32 𝜇 𝐿
𝜌𝑉𝐷
∴ Reynolds number, Re =
𝜇

∴ Rate of flow Q = Average velocity × Area

𝜋
=u× × 𝐷2
4
Example 10.12.
Oil of specific gravity 0.82 is pumped through a horizontal pipeline 150 mm in diameter
and 3 km long at the rate of 0.015 m3/s. The pump has an efficiency of 68% and
requires 7.5 kW to pump the oil.
(i) What is the dynamic viscosity of the oil?
(ii) Is the flow laminar?

Given Data.
∴ Sp. gr. of the oil = 0.82
∴ Diameter of pipe, D = 150 mm = 0.15 m
∴ Area, A = (π/4) × 0.152 = 0.01767 𝑚2
∴ Length of pipe, L = 3 km = 3000 m
∴ Discharge, Q = 0.015 𝑚3 /s
∴ Efficiency of pump, η = 68%
∴ Power required to pump the oil, P = 7.5 kW

Equations.
ℎ𝑓 𝑤 𝐷 2
(i) Dynamic viscosity of oil, μ =
32 ū 𝐿
𝑄
∴ Average velocity, ū =
𝐴

∴ Loss of head, 𝑤 𝑄 ℎ𝑓 = η × P
𝜂×𝑃
∴ ℎ𝑓 =
𝑤𝑄

𝜌𝑉𝐷
(ii) Is the flow laminar. Re =
𝜇

Re < 2000 hence flow is laminar.