Fluid Kinematics

Prof. Sunil D. Bagade

Sunil Bagade
Overview
• Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of fluids without considering
the forces and moments which create the motion.
• Points discussed in this Unit (Chapter).
• Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow.
• Types of flow,
• Flow Visualization: Streamlines, Path lines, streak lines, Stream tube,.
• Continuity Equation in Cartesian coordinates in three dimensional fluid flows.
• Velocity and Acceleration of fluid particles,
• Stream function and velocity potential function.

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Objectives
• Understand the role of the material derivative in transforming
between Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
• Distinguish between various types of flow
• Calculate Velocity and acceleration of fluid particle
• Calculate Stream function and velocity potential function for given
flow

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Lagrangian Description
• Lagrangian description of fluid flow tracks the position and velocity of
individual particles.
• Based upon Newton's laws of motion.
• Difficult to use for practical flow analysis.
• Fluids are composed of billions of molecules.
• Interaction between molecules hard to describe/model.
• However, useful for specialized applications
• Sprays, particles, bubble dynamics, rarefied gases.
• Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian methods.
• Named after Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813).

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Eulerian Description
• Eulerian description of fluid flow: a flow domain or control volume is
defined by which fluid flows in and out.
• We define field variables which are functions of space and time.
• Pressure field, P=P(x, y, z, t)
• Velocity field, V = V ( x, y, z, t )
V = u ( x, y , z , t ) i + v ( x, y , z , t ) j + w ( x , y , z , t ) k

• Acceleration field, a = a ( x, y, z, t )

a = a x ( x, y , z , t ) i + a y ( x, y , z , t ) j + a z ( x , y , z , t ) k

• These (and other) field variables define the flow field.

• Well suited for formulation of initial boundary-value problems (PDE's).
• Named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).
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Lagrangian Method
• In this method, the observer concentrates on the movement of a
single particle.
• The path taken by the particle and the changes in its velocity and
acceleration are studied.
• In the Cartesian system, the position of the fluid particle in space (x,
y, z) at any time t from its position (a, b, c) at time t = 0 shall be given
as:
x = f (a, b, c, t)
1

y = f (a, b, c, t)
2

z = f (a, b, c, t)
3

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Lagrangian Method
• The velocity and acceleration components (obtained by taking
derivatives with respect to time) are given by:

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Lagrangian Method
• At any point, the resultant velocity or acceleration shall be the
resultant of three components of the respective quantity at that point
• Resultant velocity
𝑉 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
• Acceleration
𝑎= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2
Similarly, other quantities like pressure, density, etc. can be found.
This method entails the following shortcomings:
1. Cumbersome and complex.
2. The equations of motion are very difficult to solve and the motion is hard to understand
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Eulerian Method
• In Eulerian method, the observer concentrates on a point in the fluid
system. Velocity, acceleration and other characteristics of the fluid at
that particular point are studied.
• This method is almost exclusively used in fluid mechanics, especially
because of its mathematical simplicity.
• In fluid mechanics, we are not concerned with the motion of each
particle, but we study the general state of motion at various points in
the fluid system.
• The velocities at any point (x, y, z) can be written as:
𝑢 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
𝑣 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
𝑤 = 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
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 Eulerian Method
• The components of acceleration of the fluid particle can be worked out by
partial differential equations as follows

Divide by dt

As

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

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 Eulerian Method
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

Similarly, we can write 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝑎𝑦 = = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Generalized
V V V V
a particle = +u +v +w
t x y z
Resultant velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2

Acceleration 𝑎= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2
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Eulerian Method
Velocity vector: 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘

Acceleration vector: 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧𝑘

In vector form, the acceleration can be written as

V V V V
a particle = +u +v +w
t x y z

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Acceleration Field
• Since

• Second term is called the local acceleration and is nonzero only for
unsteady flows.
• First term is called the advective (Convection) acceleration and accounts
for the effect of the fluid particle moving to a new location in the flow,
where the velocity is different.

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Material Derivative
• The total derivative operator d/dt is call the material derivative and is
often given special notation, D/Dt.

• Advective (Convective) acceleration is nonlinear: source of many

phenomenon and primary challenge in solving fluid flow problems.
• Provides ``transformation'' between Lagrangian and Eulerian frames.
• Other names for the material derivative include: total, particle,
Lagrangian, Eulerian, and substantial derivative.

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TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
• Fluids may be classified as follows:
1. Steady and unsteady flows
2. Uniform and non-uniform flows
3. One, two and three dimensional flows
4. Rotational and irrotational flows
5. Laminar and turbulent flows
6. Compressible and incompressible flows
7. Natural and Forced flow

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Steady and Unsteady Flows
• The term steady implies no change at a point with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady.
• The term uniform implies no change with location over a specified region.
• The term periodic refers to the kind of unsteady flow in which the flow
oscillates about a steady mean.
• Many devices such as turbines, compressors, boilers, condensers, and heat
exchangers operate for long periods of time under the same conditions, and
they are classified as steady-flow devices.
• Steady flow. The type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density, etc. at a point do not change with time is
called steady flow. Mathematically, we have:

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Steady and Unsteady Flows
where (x , y , z ) is a fixed point
0 0 0

in a fluid field where these

variables are being measured w.
r. t. time.
Example. Flow through a prismatic or non-prismatic conduit at a constant flow rate Q m 3/s is steady.

Unsteady flow. It is that type of flow in which the velocity, pressure or

density at a point change w. r. t. time. Mathematically, we have:

Example. The flow in a pipe whose valve is being opened or closed gradually. Sunil Bagade
Comparison of (a) instantaneous snapshot of an unsteady
flow, and (b) long exposure picture of the same flow.
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Uniform and Non-uniform Flows
• Uniform flow. The type of flow, in • Non-uniform flow. It is that type of flow
which the velocity at any given time in which the velocity at any given time
does not change with respect to space changes with respect to space.
is called uniform flow. Mathematically, Mathematically,
we have:

• V = Change in Velocity
• Example.
• S = Change in direction
i. Flow through a non-prismatic
• Example. Flow through a straight conduit.
prismatic conduit (i.e. flow ii. Flow around a uniform diameter
through a straight pipe of pipe-bend or a canal bend.
constant diameter).

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 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its velocity
distribution.
• A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if the
flow velocity varies in one, two, or three dimensions,
respectively.
Flow over a car antenna is
• However, the variation of velocity in certain directions can
approximately two-dimensional
be small relative to the variation in other directions and except near the top and bottom of
can be ignored. the antenna.

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in
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the flow direction, V = V(r).
 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• One dimensional flow. It is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as
velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only. Mathematically:

✓ where u, v and w are velocity components in x, y and z directions respectively.

✓ Example. Flow in a pipe where average flow parameters are considered for analysis
• Two dimensional flow. The flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two
rectangular space coordinates is called two dimensional flow. Mathematically:

✓Examples. (i) Flow between parallel plates of infinite extent. (ii) Flow in the main stream of a
wide river.
• Three dimensional flow. It is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time
and three mutually perpendicular directions. Mathematically:
✓ Examples. (i) Flow in a converging or diverging pipe
or channel. (ii) Flow in a prismatic open channel in
which the width and the water depth are of the same
order of magnitude.
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Rotational and Irrotational Flows
• Rotational flow. A flow is said to • Irrotational flow. A flow is said to
be rotational if the fluid particles be irrotational if the fluid particles
while moving in the direction of while moving in the direction of
flow rotate about their mass flow do not rotate about their
centres. mass centres.
• Flow near the solid boundaries is • Flow outside the boundary layer is
rotational. generally considered irrotational.
• Example. Motion of liquid in a • Example. Flow above a drain hole
rotating tank. of a stationary tank or a wash
basin.

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Rotational and Irrotational Flows

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Rotational flow

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Irrotational Flow

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 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid

motion characterized by smooth layers of
fluid. The flow of high-viscosity fluids such
as oils at low velocities is typically laminar.
Laminar flow. A laminar flow is one in which
paths taken by the individual particles do not
cross one another and move along well
defined paths.
This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or
viscous flow.
Examples. (i) Flow through a capillary tube.
(ii) Flow of blood in veins and arteries.
(iii) Ground water flow.
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows
over a flat plate.
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 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow: The highly disordered

fluid motion that typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations. The flow of low-viscosity
fluids such as air at high velocities is
typically turbulent.
A turbulent flow is that flow in which fluid
particles move in a zig zag way.
Example. High velocity flow in a conduit of
large size. Nearly all fluid flow problems
encountered in engineering practice have a
turbulent character.
Transitional flow: A flow that alternates
between being laminar and turbulent. Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows
over a flat plate.
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 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

Laminar and turbulent flows are characterized on the basis of Reynolds number

For Reynolds number (Re) < 2000 ... flow in pipes is laminar.
For Reynolds number (Re) > 4000 ... flow in pipes is turbulent
For Re between 2000 and 4000 ... flow in pipes may be laminar or turbulent.

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 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of
flowing fluid remains nearly constant
throughout (e.g., liquid flow). (ρ = constant.)
Example. Flow of gases through orifices, nozzles, gas
turbines, etc.
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid
changes during flow (e.g., high-speed gas
flow) (ρ ≠ constant.) Example. Subsonic aerodynamics.
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and
other systems that involve high-speed gas
Schlieren image of the spherical shock
flows, the flow speed is often expressed by wave produced by a bursting ballon
Mach number at the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Several secondary shocks are seen in
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
the air surrounding the ballon.
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
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Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow

Forced flow: A fluid is forced to

flow over a surface or in a pipe
by external means such as a
pump or a fan.
Natural flow: Fluid motion is due
to natural means such as the
buoyancy effect, which manifests
itself as the rise of warmer (and
thus lighter) fluid and the fall of
cooler (and thus denser) fluid.
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Flow Visualization
• Flow visualization is the visual examination of flow-field features.
• Important for both physical experiments and numerical (CFD)
solutions.
• Numerous methods
• Stream lines and stream tubes
• Path lines
• Streak lines

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Streamlines • A stream line way be defined as an imaginary line within the
flow so that the tangent at any point on it indicates the velocity
at that point .

• A Streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent to the

instantaneous local velocity vector.
• dr Consider an arc length
dr = dxi + dyj + dzk
• must be parallel to the local velocity vector

V = ui + vj + wk
• Geometric arguments results in the equation for a streamline
dr dx dy dz
= = =
V u v w
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Streamlines Airplane surface pressure contours,
NASCAR surface pressure contours and volume streamlines, and surface
streamlines streamlines

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Following points about streamlines are worth
noting:
1. A streamline cannot intersect itself, nor two streamlines can cross.
2. There cannot be any movement of the fluid mass across the streamlines.
3. Streamline spacing varies inversely as the velocity; converging of streamlines in any
particular direction shows accelerated flow in that direction.
4. Whereas a path line gives the path of one particular particle at successive instants
of time, a streamline indicates the direction of a number of particles at the same
instant.
5. The series of streamlines represent the flow pattern at an instant.
6. In steady flow, the pattern of streamlines remains invariant with time. The path
lines and streamlines will then be identical.
7. In unsteady flow, the pattern of streamlines may or may not remain the same.
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Stream Tube
• A stream tube is a fluid mass bounded by a group of streamlines. The
contents of a stream tube are known as ‘current filament’.
• Examples of stream tube: Pipes and nozzles.
• Following points about stream tube are worth noting:
1. The stream tube has finite dimensions.
2. As there is no flow perpendicular to stream lines, therefore, there
is no flow across the surface (called stream surface) of the stream
tube. The stream surface functions as if it were a solid wall.
3. The shape of a stream tube changes from one instant to another
because of change in the position of streamlines.
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 A path line is the path followed by a fluid particle in motion. A path
Path lines line shows the direction of particular particle as it moves ahead. In
general, this is the curve in three-dimensional space. However, if the
conditions are such that the flow is two-dimensional the curve
becomes two-dimensional.
• A Path line is the actual path traveled by an
individual fluid particle over some time period.
• Same as the fluid particle's material position vector
(x particle ( t ) , y particle ( t ) , z particle ( t ) )
• Particle location at time t:
t
x = xstart +  Vdt
tstart

• Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a modern

experimental technique to measure velocity field
over a plane in the flow field. Sunil Bagade
Streaklines
• A streak line is a curve which gives an
instantaneous picture of the location of
the fluid particles, which have passed
through a given point.

• A Streak line is the locus of fluid particles

that have passed sequentially through a
prescribed point in the flow.

• Easy to generate in experiments: dye in a

water flow, or smoke in an airflow.

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Streaklines
• Examples.
I. The path taken by smoke coming
out of chimney
II. In an experimental work to trace
the motion of fluid particles, a
coloured dye may be injected into
the flowing fluid and the resulting
coloured filament lines at a given
location give the streak lines

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Comparisons
• For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines are identical.
• For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
• Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow field
• Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have a time history associated
with them.
• Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-integrated flow pattern.
• Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual particle.

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Timelines
• A Timeline is the locus of fluid
particles that have passed
sequentially through a prescribed
point in the flow.
• Timelines can be generated using
a hydrogen bubble wire.

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Example. In a fluid, the velocity field is given by V = (3x + 2y) i + (2z + 3x2) j + (2t – 3z) k
Determine:
(i) The velocity components u, v, w at any point in the flow field;
(ii) The speed at time t = 2s at point (1,1,1).
Also classify the velocity field as steady, or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform and one, two
or three dimensional.

Solution. Given: Velocity field, V = (3x + 2y) i + (2z + 3x2) j + (2t – 3z) k
i) Velocity components: 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘
u = 3x + 2y,
v = (2z + 3x2),
w = (2t – 3z)
ii) Speed at point (1, 1, 1) : Substituting x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 and t=2

u = 3x + 2y = 3×1+ 2×1 u = 5 units

v = (2z + 3x2) = 2×1+ 3×12 v = 5 units
w = (2t – 3z) = 2×2- 3×1 w= 1 units Sunil Bagade
Resultant Velocity
𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
𝑉 = 52 + 52 + 12
𝑉 = 7.14 units

iii) Since V at given (x, y, z) depends on t it is unsteady flow, (Ans.)

iv) Since at given t velocity changes in the X direction it is non-uniform
flow. (Ans.)
v) Since V depends on x, y, z it is three dimensional flow. (Ans.)

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 Ex. Velocity for a two dimensional flow field is given by V = (3 + 2xy + 4t2) i + (xy2 + 3t) j.
Find the velocity and acceleration at a point (1,2) after 2 sec
Solution. Given: Velocity field: V = (3 + 2xy + 4t 2) i + (xy2 + 3t) j and x=1 and y=2 and t=2 sec
Velocity components:

u = (3 + 2xy + 4t2) = 3 +( 2×1 × 2)+ 4×22 u = 23 units

v = (xy2 + 3t) = (1×22)+ 3×2 v = 10 units

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= 232 + 102

𝑽 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟖 units

Acceleration components:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑢 +𝑣 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
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 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕(3 + 2xy + 4t2)
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢 +𝑣 + = = 2𝑦 = 2 ×2 = 4 units
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕(3 + 2xy + 4t2)
= = 2𝑥 = 2 ×1 = 2 units
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕(3 + 2xy + 4t2)

= =8𝑡 = 8×2 = 16 units
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝑎𝑥 = 23×4 + 10×2 + 16 = 128 units

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xy2 + 3t)
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑢 +𝑣 + = = 𝑦2 = 22 = 4 units
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xy2 + 3t)
= = 2xy = 2 ×1 ×2 = 4 units
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xy2 + 3t)
= =3 = 3 units
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝑎𝑦 = 23×4 + 10×4 + 3 = 135 units

Resultant Acceleration 𝑎= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = 1282 + 1352 = 186.03 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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Example: Find the velocity and acceleration at a point (1, 2, 3) after 1 sec. for a three dimensional flow
given by u = yz + t, v = xz – t, w = xy m/s.
Solution. Given: u = yz + t ; v = xz – t; w = xy
Velocity u = yz + t =2×3+1 = 7 m/s
v = xz - t =1×3-1 = 2 m/s
w = xy =1×2 = 2 m/s
Resultant Velocity 𝑉 = 7.55 m/s
𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 72 + 22 + 22

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Acceleration 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕(yz+t) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕(yz+t)
= =0 = =𝑧 =3 1/𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕(yz+t) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕(yz+t)
= = 𝑦 = 2 1/𝑠 = = 1 𝑚/𝑠2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 7 × 0 + 2 × 3 + 2 × 2 + 1 𝑎𝑥 = (10 + 1) 𝑚/𝑠2 𝑎𝑥 = 11 𝑚/𝑠2
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 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xz−t) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xz−t)
= = 𝑧 = 3 1/𝑠 = =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xz−t) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕(xz−t)
= = 𝑥 = 1 1/𝑠 = = −1 𝑚/𝑠2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑎𝑦 = 7 × 3 + 2 × 0 + 2 × 1 + (−1) 𝑎𝑦 = (23 − 1) 𝑚/𝑠2 𝑎𝑦 = 22 𝑚/𝑠2

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝜕(xy) 𝜕𝑤 𝜕(xy)
= = 𝑦 = 2 1/𝑠 = =𝑥 =1 1/𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝜕(xy) 𝜕𝑤 𝜕(xy)
= =0 = =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑎𝑧 = 7 × 2 + 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 0 𝑎𝑧 = (16 + 0) 𝑚/𝑠2 𝑎𝑧 = 16 𝑚/𝑠2

Resultant Acceleration 𝑎= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2 = 112 + 222 + 162 = 29.34 𝑚/𝑠2

Sunil Bagade
 Example : The velocity along the centreline of a nozzle of length l is given by
𝑥 2
𝑉 = 2𝑡 1 −
2𝑙
where V = velocity in m/s, t = time in seconds from commencement of flow, x = distance from inlet to nozzle.
Calculate the local acceleration, convective acceleration and the total acceleration when t = 5s, x = 1m and
l = 1.6 m.
Solution. Given numerical is one dimensional so we consider one dimensional velocity is V
2 2
𝑥 1
𝑉 = 2𝑡 1 − = 2×5 1− = 4.27 m/s
2𝑙 2 × 1.6
𝑥 2
𝜕𝑉 𝜕 2𝑡 1 −
Local acceleration (V/t): 2𝑙
=
𝜕𝑡 𝑡
𝜕𝑉 𝑥 2
=2 1−
𝜕𝑡 2𝑙
when t = 5s, x = 1m, l = 1.6 m 2
𝜕𝑉 1
= 2 1−
𝜕𝑡 2 × 1.6
𝜕𝑉
= 0.945 𝑚/𝑠2 Sunil Bagade
𝜕𝑡
 𝑥 2
Convective acceleration (VV/x): 𝜕 2𝑡 1 −
𝜕𝑉 2𝑙
𝑉 = 4.27
𝜕𝑥 𝑥

2
𝑥 2 2𝑙 − 𝑥
𝜕 2𝑡 1 − 𝜕 2𝑡 𝑡 𝜕 4𝑙2 − 4𝑙𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑡
2𝑙 2𝑙
𝐴𝑠 = = 2 = 2 (0 − 4𝑙 + 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑙 𝑥 2𝑙
when t = 5s, x = 1m, l = 1.6 m 𝜕𝑉 𝑡
𝑉 = 4.27 (−4𝑙 + 2𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 2𝑙2
𝜕𝑉 5
𝑉 = 427 (−4 × 1.6 + 2 × 1 = 4.27 −4.29
𝜕𝑥 2(1.6)2

𝜕𝑉
𝑉 = −18.31 𝑚/𝑠2
𝜕𝑥

Total acceleration (a): 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉

𝑎= 𝑉 + = (−18.31) + 0.945
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡

𝑎 = −17.37 𝑚/𝑠2
Sunil Bagade
RATE OF FLOW OR DISCHARGE
• Rate of flow (or discharge) is defined as the quantity of a liquid flowing
per second through a section of pipe or a channel. It is generally denoted
by Q.
• Let us consider a liquid flowing through a pipe
If A =Area of cross-section of the pipe, and
V = Average velocity of the liquid.
Discharge, Q = Area × average velocity
i.e., Q = A.V
• If area is in m2 and velocity is in m/s, then unit of the discharge,
Q = m2× m/s = m3/s

Sunil Bagade
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• The continuity equation is based on the principle of conservation of mass.
• It states as follows: “If no fluid is added or removed from the pipe in any
length then the mass passing across different sections shall be same.”
• Consider two cross-sections of a pipe as shown in Fig
Let A1 = Area of the pipe at section 1–1,
V1 = Velocity of the fluid at section 1–1,
ρ1 = Density of the fluid at section 1–1,
and A2, V2, ρ2 are corresponding values at sections 2–2.
The total quantity of fluid passing through section 1–1= ρ1 A1 V1
and, the total quantity of fluid passing through section 2–2 = ρ2A2V2
From the law of conservation of mass (theorem of continuity), we
have:
Sunil Bagade
 ρAV = ρAV
1 1 1 2 2 2

Eqn. is applicable to the compressible as well as

incompressible fluids and is called Continuity Equation. In
case of incompressible fluids, ρ1 = ρ2 and the above
continuity eqn. reduces to:

A V = AV
1 1 2 2

Also

Q=Q
1 2

Sunil Bagade
 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES

𝜕
ρ u dy dz+ 𝜕𝑥 (ρ u dy dz)dx
ρ u dy dz
• Consider a fluid element (control
volume) – parallelopiped with
sides dx, dy and dz as shown in Fig
Let, ρ = Mass density of the fluid at a particular instant;
u, v, w = Components of velocity of flow entering the three faces of the parallelopiped.
Rate of mass of fluid entering the face ABCD (i.e. fluid influx).
= ρ × velocity in X-direction × area of ABCD = 𝜌 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (i)
Rate of mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH (i.e. fluid efflux).
𝜕
= ρ u dy dz+ (ρ u dy dz)dx (ii)
𝜕𝑥
Sunil Bagade
The gain in mass per unit time due to flow in the X-direction is given by the difference between the fluid influx and fluid
efflux.
∴ Mass accumulated per unit time due to flow in X-direction
𝜕
=ρ u dy dz − {ρ u dy dz+ 𝜕𝑥 (ρ u dy dz)dx}
𝜕
=− (ρ u) dx dy dz (iii)
𝜕𝑥
Similarly, the gain in fluid mass per unit time in the parallelopiped due to flow in Y direction
𝜕
=− (ρ v) dx dy dz (iv)
𝜕𝑦
Similarly, the gain in fluid mass per unit time in the parallelopiped due to flow in Z direction
𝜕
=− (ρ w) dx dy dz (v)
𝜕𝑧
The total (or net) gain in fluid mass per unit for fluid along three co-ordinate axes

Sunil Bagade
Rate of change of mass of the parallelopiped (control volume)
𝜕
= (ρ) dx dy dz (vii)
𝜕𝑡

According to SFEE equation

The total (or net) gain in fluid mass per unit = Rate of change of mass of the parallelopiped (control volume)
for fluid along three co-ordinate axes

Equations (vi) and (vii), we get:

Simplification and rearrangement of terms would reduce the above expression to:

(viii)

Sunil Bagade
This eqn. is the general equation of continuity in three-dimensions and is applicable to any type of flow and
for any fluid whether compressible or incompressible.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 (ix)
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
For two dimensional flow, eqn. (ix) reduces to:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 (x)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
For one dimensional flow, eqn. (x) reduces to:

𝜕𝑢 (xi)
=0
𝜕𝑥
Sunil Bagade
Example. Determine which of the velocity component sets given below satisfy the equation of continuity:
(i) u = A sin xy; v = – A sin xy
(ii) u = x + y; v = x – y
3
(iii) u = 2x2 + 3y ; v = – 2xy + 3y3 + 3zy ; 𝑤 = 𝑧2 − 2𝑥𝑧 − 6𝑦𝑧
2
Solution. (i) u = A sin xy; v = – A sin xy
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝐴𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 = −𝐴𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Apply two dimensional continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐴𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + −𝐴𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0
Continuity equation is not satisfied. (Ans.) so it is not possible case of steady incompressible flow

(ii) u = x + y; v = x – y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=1 = −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Apply two dimensional continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 + −1 = 0
Continuity equation is satisfied. (Ans.) so it is possible case of steady incompressible flow

Sunil Bagade
 3
(iii) u = 2x2 + 3y ; v = – 2xy + 3y3 + 3zy ; 𝑤 = 𝑧2 − 2𝑥𝑧 − 6𝑦𝑧
2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 4𝑥 2
= −2𝑥 − 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −3𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Apply three dimensional continuity equation:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
4𝑥 + (−2𝑥 − 9𝑦2 − 3𝑧) + −3𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 ≠ 0

Continuity equation is not satisfied. (Ans.) so it is not possible case of steady incompressible flow

Sunil Bagade
 Example . Calculate the unknown velocity component in the following, so that the equation of continuity is satisfied
𝑥 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑥𝑦
𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 =?
𝑙
Solution.
𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝑣=?
𝜕𝑢
= 𝐴 𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Apply two dimensional continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝐴 𝑒𝑥 + =0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
= −𝐴 𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Integrate above equation
𝑣 = න−𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑣 = −𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥)

Sunil Bagade
 Example . Calculate the unknown velocity component in the following, so that the equation of continuity is satisfied
𝑥 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑥𝑦
𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 =?
𝑙
Solution. 𝑥
𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑣=?
𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝐴 1 𝜕𝑢 𝐴
=− 𝑥 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝑙 𝜕𝑥 𝑥
𝑙

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Apply two dimensional continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐴 𝜕𝑣
− + =0
𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝐴
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Integrate above equation
𝐴
𝑣 = න 𝜕𝑦
𝑥
𝐴
𝑣= 𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥
Sunil Bagade
 Example . Calculate the unknown velocity component in the following, so that the equation of continuity is satisfied
𝑥 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑥𝑦
𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑥 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑣=? 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 =?
𝑙
Solution. 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 =? 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑣
= 𝐴𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Apply two dimensional continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
+ 𝐴𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= −𝐴𝑥
𝜕𝑥
Integrate above equation
𝑢 = න−𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝐴𝑥2
𝑢=− + 𝑓(𝑦)
2
Sunil Bagade
 Example . In three-dimensional incompressible third flow, the velocity components in x and y-directions are:
u = x2+ y2z3; v = – (xy + yz + zx)
Use continuity equation to evaluate an expression for the velocity component w in the z-direction
Solution. 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2𝑧3 𝑣 = −(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥) 𝑤 =?

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥 = −(𝑥 + 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
Apply three dimensional continuity equation: + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤
2𝑥 + − 𝑥 + 𝑧 + =0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤
= −𝑥 + 𝑧
𝜕𝑧
Integrate above equation
𝑤 = න(−𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝜕𝑧

𝑧2
𝑤 = −𝑥𝑧 + + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
Sunil Bagade
Example. Given u = ln (y2 + z2) and w = ln (x2 + y2). What is the most general form of v so that the flow is possible for a
steady three-dimensional incompressible flow?
Solution.

Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣
0+ +0=0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
=0
𝜕𝑦
Integrate above equation
𝑣 = න0 𝜕𝑦

𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧)
By symmetry, one of the values of velocity component could be
Sunil Bagade
Example: For an incompressible fluid the velocity components are: 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 2 𝑥; 𝑣 = 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 3 ;
2 2 𝑧3
w = −3𝑥 𝑧 − 3𝑦 𝑧 + . Determine whether the continuity equation is satisfied.
3
𝑧3
Solution. Given 𝑢= 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 − 𝑧2 𝑥 𝑣= 𝑦3 − 𝑧3 w= −3𝑥 2 𝑧 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 +
3
thus 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑦
= 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧
= −3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧2
Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 + 3𝑦 2 + (−3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) = 0

Continuity equation is satisfied. (Ans.) so it is possible case of steady incompressible flow

Sunil Bagade
Example. In a three-dimensional incompressible flow, the velocity components in y and z
directions are v = ax3 – by2 + cz2; w = bx3 – cy2 + az2x. Determine the missing component of
velocity distribution such that continuity equation is satisfied .
Solution. Given v = ax3 – by2 + cz2 w = bx3 – cy2 + az2x
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= −2𝑏𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ + =0 + (−2𝑏𝑦) + (2𝑎𝑧𝑥) = 0 = 2𝑏𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Integrating w.r.t. x, we get: 2𝑎𝑧𝑥2

𝑢 = 2𝑏𝑦𝑥 − + f(y, z)
2
𝑢 = 2𝑏𝑦𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥2 + f(y, z)

The constant of integration f(y, z) is either a numerical constant or a function which is independent of x. If this
constant is omitted, the velocity component may be expressed as:
𝑢 = 2𝑏𝑦𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥2

Sunil Bagade
CIRCULATION AND VORTICITY
• Circulation Γ is defined
mathematically as the line
integral of the tangential velocity
about a closed path (contour).
• The vorticity (Ω) is defined as the
circulation per unit of enclosed
area.
• If a flow possesses vorticity, it is
rotational. Rotation ω (omega) is
defined as one-half of the
vorticity.

The flow is irrotational if rotation  is zero

Sunil Bagade
Example. Given that u = – 4ax (x2 – 3y2); v = 4ay (3x2 – y2). Examine whether these velocity components
represent a physically possible two-dimensional flow; if so whether the flow is rotational or irrotational .

Solution. Given 𝑢 = – 4ax (x2 – 3y2) 𝑣 = 4ay (3x2 – y2)

𝑢 = – 4ax3 + 12axy2 𝑣 = 12ayx2 –4ay3)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −12𝑎𝑥2 + 12𝑎𝑦 2 = 12𝑎𝑥2 − 12𝑎𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(−12𝑎𝑥2 + 12𝑎𝑦 2) + (12𝑎𝑥2 − 12𝑎𝑦2) = 0
Continuity equation is satisfied. (Ans.) so it is possible case of steady incompressible flow
The flow will be irrotational if  z = 0
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜔z = − = 24𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 24 𝑎𝑦𝑥
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1
𝜔z = 24 𝑎𝑦𝑥 − 24𝑎𝑥𝑦 𝜔z = 0
2
Sunil Bagade
Example. Determine the components of rotation for the following velocity field pertaining to the flow of an
incompressible fluid: u = Cyz; v = Czx; w = Cxy, where C = constant. State whether the flow is rotational or
irrotational.
Solution. Given 𝑢=Cyz) 𝑣 = Czx 𝑤 = Cxy

The components of rotation are:

=0

=0

=0

Since each of the rotation components is zero, the given flow field represents irrotational flow. (Ans)

Sunil Bagade
Velocity Potential Function
• The velocity potential is defined • Such that
as a scalar function of space and 𝜕
𝑢=−
time such that its negative 𝜕𝑥
derivative with respect to any 𝜕
direction gives the fluid velocity in 𝑣 =−
𝜕𝑦
that direction. It is denoted by φ 𝜕
(phi). 𝑤=−
𝜕𝑧
• Thus mathematically the velocity • where, u, v and w are the components of
velocity in the x, y and z directions.
potential is defined as
• The negative sign signifies that φ decreases
 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) For Unsteady Flow with an increase in the values of x, y and z.
• In other words it indicates that the flow is
 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, ) For steady Flow always in the direction of decreasing φ.

Sunil Bagade
• For an incompressible steady flow
the continuity equation is given
by:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 • This equation is known as Laplace
equation.
• By substituting the values of u, v • Thus any function φ that satisfies
and w in terms of φ from eqn., we the Laplace equation will
get correspond to some case of fluid
flow.

Sunil Bagade
Equipotential line
• An equipotential line is one along • Thus
which velocity potential φ is
constant. 0 = (−𝑢)𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑣)𝑑𝑦
• i.e. For equipotential line, φ = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = −𝑢𝑑𝑥
constant.
𝑑𝜙 = 0 𝒅𝒚 𝒖
=−
• But  = f(x,y) for steady flow 𝒅𝒙 𝐯
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 • where, dy/dx = slope of
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
equipotential line
• But from velocity potential
definition
𝜕 𝜕
𝑢=− 𝑣 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Sunil Bagade
Stream Function
• The stream function is defined as • Such that
a function of space and time, such 𝜕ψ
that its partial derivative with 𝑢=
respect to any direction gives the 𝜕𝑦
velocity component at right angles
to this direction. 𝜕ψ
𝑣=−
• It is denoted by ψ (psi). 𝜕𝑥
ψ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) For Unsteady Flow

ψ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) For steady Flow

Sunil Bagade
• For an incompressible steady flow
the continuity equation is given
by:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
• Thus any function ψ that satisfies
the equation will correspond to
• By substituting the values of u, v some case of fluid flow.
and w in terms of ψ from eqn., we
get

Sunil Bagade
Stream line
• An stream line is one along which • Thus
stream function ψ is constant. 0 = (−𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢)𝑑𝑦
• i.e. For stream line, ψ = constant.
𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑦
𝑑ψ = 0
• But ψ = f(x,y) for steady flow 𝒅𝒚 𝒗
=
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ 𝒅𝒙 𝒖
𝑑ψ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 • where, dy/dx = slope of stream
• But from stream function line
definition
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 Sunil Bagade
Relation between Stream Function and Velocity Potential

•  = constant, represents a case • Slope for equipotential line

for which the stream function is
𝒅𝒚 𝒖
same at every point, and hence it =−
represents stream line 𝒅𝒙 𝐯
• φ = constant, represents a case • Now, product of the slopes
for which the velocity potential is 𝒖 𝒗
− × = −𝟏
same at every point, and hence it 𝐯 𝒖
represents an equipotential line
• It shows that these two sets of
• Slope for stream line curves, viz stream lines and
𝒅𝒚 𝒗 equipotential lines intersect each
= other orthogonally at all points of
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 intersection.

Sunil Bagade
 FLOW NETS • Methods of Drawing Flow Nets
• Analytical method (or Mathematical
• A grid obtained by drawing a series analysis)
of stream lines and equipotential • Graphical method
lines is known as a flow net. • Electrical analogy method
• The flow net provides a simple • Hydraulic models
graphical technique for studying
two-dimensional irrotational flows
especially in the cases where
mathematical relations for stream
function and velocity function
are either not available or are rather
difficult and cumbersome to solve.

Sunil Bagade
Example. For the stream functions ψ = 3 xy calculate velocity at a point (1, 2)
Solution. Given ψ = 3 xy
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
We know from definition 𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus 𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑣 = −3𝑦
𝑢 =3×1 𝑣 = −3 × 2
𝑢 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣 = −6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= 32 + (−6)2

𝑽 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 units

Sunil Bagade
Example. For the stream functions ψ = 3x2y – y3 calculate velocity at a point (1, 2)

Solution. Given ψ = 3x2y – y3

𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
We know from definition 𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus 𝑢 = 3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 𝑣 = −6𝑥𝑦
𝑢 = 3(1)2 × (−3(2)2) 𝑣 = −6 × 1 × 2
𝑢 = −9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣 = −12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= (−9)2+(−12)2

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟓 units

Sunil Bagade
 Example. What is the irrotational velocity field associated with the potential φ = 3x2 – 3x+ 3y2 + 16 t2 +
12zt. Does the flow field satisfy the incompressible continuity equation?
Solution. Given φ = 3x2 – 3x+ 3y2 + 16 t2 + 12zt

We know from definition

𝜕φ 𝜕φ
𝑢=− 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑢 = −(6𝑥 − 3) 𝑣 = −(6𝑦)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −6 = −6
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Substituting these values in two dimensional continuity equation, we get:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(−6) + (−6) ≠ 0
−12 ≠ 0
Continuity equation is not satisfied. (Ans.) so it is not possible case of fluid flow
Sunil Bagade
Example. For the following stream functions ψ = 3 xy calculate velocity at a point (1, 2)
Solution ψ = 3xy
stream function definition
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
𝑢= = 3𝑥 𝑣=− = −3𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus 𝑣 = −(3 × 2)
𝑢 =3×1
𝑢 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣 = −6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= (3)2+(−6)2

𝑽 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 units

Sunil Bagade
Example. For the following stream functions ψ = 3 x2y-y3 calculate velocity at a point (1, 2)
Solution ψ = 3x2y – y3
stream function definition
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
𝑢= = 3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 𝑣=− = −6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus 𝑣 = −(3 × 1 × 2)
𝑢 = 3 × 12 − 3 × 22
𝑢 = −9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣 = −12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= (−9)2+(−12)2

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟓 units

Sunil Bagade
Example. What is the irrotational velocity field associated with the potential φ = 3x2 – 3x + 3y2 + 16 t2 + 12zt. Does the flow
field satisfy the incompressible continuity equation?
Solution φ = 3x2 – 3x+ 3y2 + 16 t2 + 12zt
Velocity potential function definition
𝜕φ 𝜕φ
𝑢=− 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑢 = −(6𝑥 − 3) 𝑣 = −(6𝑦)

𝑢 = −6𝑥 + 3 𝑣 = −6𝑦
The flow field satisfy the incompressible continuity equation.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −6 = −6
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get: 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
−6 + (−6) ≠ 0
The continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow is not satisfied. Hence, flow is not possible. (Ans.)
 Example: The velocity components in a fluid flow are given by: u = 2xy; v = a2 + x2 – y2
(i) Show that the flow is possible.
(ii) Derive the relative stream function
Solution. Given u = 2xy v = a2 + x2 – y2
i) Show that the flow is possible.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑦 = −2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Substituting these values in continuity equation, we get: 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2𝑦 + (−2𝑦) = 0
The continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow is satisfied Hence, flow is possible. (Ans.)
ii) Derive the relative stream function( )
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
We know from definition 𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Integrating above equation 𝜕ψ
= 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕ψ
න = ∫ 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 Sunil Bagade
 𝜕ψ Integrating equation ψ = 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑓(𝑥)
න = ∫ 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕ψ 2
𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
Differencing above equation wrt x =𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

But we know by definition 𝜕ψ

𝑣=−
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
Thus putting values a2 + x2 – y2 =− 𝑦2 +
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
Thus = − a2 − x2
𝜕𝑥

Integrating above equation 𝑓(𝑥) = −a2𝑥 − x3/3

Thus putting values in ψ equation 𝒙𝟑

ψ = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝒙 −
𝟑

Sunil Bagade
Example. The velocity potential function for a two-dimensional flow is φ = x( 2y – 1). At
a point P (4, 5) determine velocity and stream function

Solution. Given φ = x(2y-1) φ = 2yx - x

We know from definition

𝜕φ 𝜕φ
𝑢=− 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑢 = −(2𝑦 − 1) 𝑣 = −(2𝑥)
𝑢 = −2 5 2 + 1 𝑣 = −2 ×4
𝑢 = −9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣 = −8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s

Resultant Velocity 𝑉= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑉= (−9)2+(−8)2

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟒 units

Sunil Bagade
 stream function 𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕ψ 𝜕ψ
= −2𝑦 + 1 Integrating equation න = ∫ − 2𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

ψ = −𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥)

𝜕ψ 𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
Differencing above equation wrt x =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

But we know by definition 𝜕ψ

𝑣=− Thus putting values
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(𝑥) ψ = −52 + 5 + 42
−2x = −
Thus putting values 𝜕𝑥
ψ = −4 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
Thus =2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

Integrating above equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2

Thus putting values in ψ equation
ψ = −𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 𝑥2
Sunil Bagade