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CH 9 The Making of The National Movement 1870-1947 2

The document summarizes the emergence and growth of the Indian national movement between the 1870s-1947. It describes the early calls for greater representation and Indianization of the civil service. The partition of Bengal in 1905 galvanized widespread protests. Gandhi's arrival heralded new phases of nonviolent resistance including non-cooperation, the Dandi March, and Quit India movement. Ultimately, the Congress demanded complete independence on January 26th, 1930.

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HENA AJAYAKUMAR
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183 views24 pages

CH 9 The Making of The National Movement 1870-1947 2

The document summarizes the emergence and growth of the Indian national movement between the 1870s-1947. It describes the early calls for greater representation and Indianization of the civil service. The partition of Bengal in 1905 galvanized widespread protests. Gandhi's arrival heralded new phases of nonviolent resistance including non-cooperation, the Dandi March, and Quit India movement. Ultimately, the Congress demanded complete independence on January 26th, 1930.

Uploaded by

HENA AJAYAKUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY

CHAPTER 11
THE MAKING OF THE
NATIONAL MOVEMENT:
1870’S-1947
EMERGENCE OF NATIONALISM
• The consciousness began to be clearly stated by the political
associations formed after 1850
• Most of these were led by English educated professionals
such as lawyers
• The dissatisfaction with British rule intensified in the 1870’s
and 1880’s
• The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from
possessing arms
• In same year Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in an
effort to silence those who were critical of the government
• The Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of
newspapers including their printing presses
• In 1883 there was a furore over the attempt by the
government to introduce Illbert Bill
DEMANDS OF CONGRESS-MODERATE
PHASE
• They demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in
administration
• It wanted the legislative councils to be made more representative, given
more power and introduced in provinces where none existed
• It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government
• For this purpose it called for civil service examinations to be held in India
as well, not just in London
• The Indianisation of the administration was part of a movement against
racism
• Separation of Judiciary from the executive, the repeal of the Arms Act and
the freedom of speech and expression
• They also raised economic issues and declared British rule had led to
poverty and famines
• Increase in the land revenue had impoverished peasants and zamindars
• Export of grains to Europe had created food shortages
• They demanded reduction of revenue, cut military expenditure and more
funds for irrigation
PARTITION OF BENGAL
• In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal
• The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India.
• All sections of the congress opposed - Moderates and the
Radical as they may be called.
• Large public meetings and demonstrations were organized
and novel methods of mass protest developed.
• Struggle unfolded came to be known as the swadeshi
movement strongest in Bengal.
• In deltaic Andhra it was known as vandematram movement.
Mass mobilization and boycott of British institution and
goods.
ADVENT OF MAHATMA
GANDHI
ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA

• In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a satyagraha


against the Rowlatt Act that the British had just
passed
• The Act curbed fundamental rights such as the
freedom of expression and strengthened police
powers
• They criticised the Act as “devilish” and tyrannical
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
ON 13TH APRIL 1919, THE PEOPLE OF AMRITSAR
HELD A MEETING AT JALLIANWALA BAGH TO
PROTEST PEACEFULLY WHERE GENERAL DYER, THE
MILITARY COMMANDER OF AMRITSAR, ORDERED
HIS TROOPS TO OPEN FIRE UPON THE UNARMED
CROWD. HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND
WOUNDED.
KHILAFAT AGITATION
• The Khilafat issue was one such cause. In 1920 the
British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish
Sultan or Khlifa.
• People were furious about this as they had been
about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
• Also, Indian Muslims were keen that the Khilafa be
allowed to retain control over Muslim scared
places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire.
• The leaders of the Khilafat agitation were
Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• The Non- Cooperation movement gained momentum
through 1921-22.
• Thousands of students left government controlled schools
and colleges.
• Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R Das, C.
Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.
• British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted.
• People lit public bonfire of foreign cloth.
• The imports of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920
and 1922.
• But all this was merely the tip of the iceberg. Large parts of
the country were on the brink of a formidable revolt.
THE DANDI MARCH
• Gandhiji started Dandi March to break salt la, the
state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale
of salt.
• According to him it was sinful to tax salt since it is
such an essential item or our food. He marched
240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of
Dandi.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
• Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of
movement against the British in the middle of the
second world war.
• To the people he said ‘do or die’ in your effort to fight
the British but you must fight non violently.
• Gandhiji and other leaders were jailed at once but the
movement spread.
• It initially attracted peasants and the youth who gave
up their studies to join it.
• Communications and symbol of state authority wore
attacked all over the country.
DEMAND FOR POORNA SWARAJ

ON 26THJANUARY 1930
CONGRESS DEMANDED FOR
POORNA SWARAJ OR
COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE
AND ALSO LAUNCHED CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

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