Hydraulics & Principles

in Geotechnical
Engineering
 Hydraulics & Principles in Geotechnical
Engineering - (30%)
Principles in Geotechnical
Hydraulics Engineering
• Properties of Fluids • Soil Properties
• Hydrostatics • Soils Classification
• Fluid Flow • Fluid Flow through Soil Mass
• Buoyancy and Flotation • Stresses in Soil Mass
• Relative Equilibrium of Liquids • Soil Strength and Tests
• Hydrodynamics • Bearing Capacity
• Water Supply • Compaction
• Consolidation and Settlement
• Lateral Earth Pressures
• Slope Stability
 Hydraulics
Properties of Fluids

𝒘 𝟑
Air Properties 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝟑
Water Properties
𝒘 𝟑 Mass density

Specific gravity Specific Volume

Unit Weight
𝒘 𝒘

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (EB) Compressibility (β) Proportional form of the Ideal
Gas Law: Constant Temperature
𝐁
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝐁
 Hydraulics
Properties of Fluids
Problem 1 – CE BOARD NOV 2021
A cubic meter of water is subjected to a Solution
pressure increase of 35 MPa. If the bulk
modulus of elasticity of the water is 3200 MPa,
evaluate the change in volume in m^3.
A. 0.01362 C. 0.01468
B. 0.01094 D. 0.00909

Given
𝟑
 Hydraulics
Hydrostatics

Static Pressure
Absolute Pressure Hydrostatic Force
 Hydraulics
Properties of Fluids
Problem 2 – CE BOARD ℎ = 300 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
Given the unit of air to be constant at 12 N/m^3,
determine the approximate height of a
mountain, in meters, if a mercury barometer at 𝐻
its base reads 760 mm and at the same instant
another barometer at the top of the mountain
reads 300 mm.
ℎ = 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
A. 5085 C. 5736
𝑁 𝑁
B. 5670 D. 5114 𝛾 = 9810
𝑚 𝑆 = 13.6 𝛾 = 12
𝑚

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Solution 9810 13.6 0.76 𝑚 − 9810 13.6 0.30 𝑚 = 12 𝐻
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 −𝑃 =𝛾 𝐻
𝑁 𝑁
𝛾 𝑆 ℎ −𝛾 𝑆 ℎ =𝛾 𝐻 9810 13.6 0.76 𝑚 − 9810 13.6 0.30 𝑚
𝐻= 𝑚 𝑚 = 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎
𝑁
12
𝑚
Slide 6

CD2 Chrysler Duaso, 21/09/2022

 Hydraulics
Problem 3 – CE BOARD
A triangular gate with height of 0.90 m and base width of
1.2 m is inclined 60 deg. with the horizontal with the
vertex at the top and the base parallel with the water
surface. The vertex is 2 m below the water surface.
2m
Compute the total hydrostatic force acting on one side of the hcg
gate.
A. 15.87 kN C. 12.36 kN F
B. 14.26 kN D. 16.35 kN
Obtain the location of the total force measured from the P
vertex of the gate.
A. 0.725 m C. 0.826 m
B. 0.521 m D. 0.346 m
If the base if hinged, what normal force at the vertex is c.g.
needed to open the gate? c.p.
A. 6.22 kN C. 6.32 kN
B. 4.45 kN D. 3.54 kN
 Hydraulics
Problem 3 – CE BOARD
A triangular gate with height of 0.90 m and base width of
1.2 m is inclined 60 deg. with the horizontal with the
vertex at the top and the base parallel with the water
surface. The vertex is 2 m below the water surface.
2m
Compute the total hydrostatic force acting on one side of the hcg
gate.
A. 15.87 kN C. 12.36 kN F
B. 14.26 kN D. 16.35 kN
Obtain the location of the total force measured from the P
vertex of the gate.
A. 0.725 m C. 0.826 m
B. 0.521 m D. 0.346 m
If the base if hinged, what normal force at the vertex is c.g.
needed to open the gate? c.p.
A. 6.22 kN C. 6.32 kN
B. 4.45 kN D. 3.54 kN
 Hydraulics
Problem 3 – CE BOARD
A triangular gate with height of 0.90 m and base width of
1.2 m is inclined 60 deg. with the horizontal with the
vertex at the top and the base parallel with the water
surface. The vertex is 2 m below the water surface.
Compute the total hydrostatic force acting on one side of the
gate.
A. 15.87 kN C. 12.36 kN
B. 14.26 kN D. 16.35 kN
Obtain the location of the total force measured from the
vertex of the gate.
A. 0.725 m C. 0.826 m
B. 0.521 m D. 0.346 m
If the base if hinged, what normal force at the vertex is
needed to open the gate?
A. 6.22 kN C. 6.32 kN
B. 4.45 kN D. 3.54 kN
 Hydraulics
Problem 3 – CE BOARD
A triangular gate with height of 0.90 m and base width of
1.2 m is inclined 60 deg. with the horizontal with the
vertex at the top and the base parallel with the water
surface. The vertex is 2 m below the water surface.
Compute the total hydrostatic force acting on one side of the
gate.
A. 15.87 kN C. 12.36 kN
B. 14.26 kN D. 16.35 kN
Obtain the location of the total force measured from the
vertex of the gate.
A. 0.725 m C. 0.826 m
B. 0.521 m D. 0.346 m
If the base if hinged, what normal force at the vertex is
needed to open the gate?
A. 6.22 kN C. 6.32 kN
B. 4.45 kN D. 3.54 kN
 Hydraulics
Buoyancy and Flotation

Buoyancy

Rolling motion:
Stability of Floating Bodies
𝟐

𝐎 𝐎
Pitching motion:

𝟐
𝐎
𝑫
 Hydraulics
Problem 4 – CE BOARD
A right circular cylinder having a diameter of 1.00
m and weighing 900 N is held in position by an
anchor block such that 0.30 m of the cylinder is h
below the surface of the water with its axis vertical. W.S.
The anchor block has a volume of 0.349 cubic
meter and weighs 24 kN per cubic meter in air. Salt Water 0.30 m
Assume sea water to have a specific gravity = 1.03.
Neglecting the weight and volume of the cable,
Evaluate the buoyant force on the cylinder for the
position described, in kN;
A. 1.19 C. 5.56
B. 1.59 D. 2.38 Concrete
Evaluate the tensile force in the wire for the given Block
draft of the cylinder, in kN; Seabed
A. 0.64 C. 0.24
B. 1.48 D. 4.61
Evaluate the rise in the tide that will lift the anchor
from the bottom of the sea, in meter(s).
A. 0.031 C. 0.425
B. 0.581 D. 0.531
 Hydraulics
Problem 4 – CE BOARD
A right circular cylinder having a diameter of 1.00
m and weighing 900 N is held in position by an
anchor block such that 0.30 m of the cylinder is
below the surface of the water with its axis vertical.
The anchor block has a volume of 0.349 cubic
meter and weighs 24 kN per cubic meter in air.
Assume sea water to have a specific gravity = 1.03.
Neglecting the weight and volume of the cable,
Evaluate the buoyant force on the cylinder for the
position described, in kN;
A. 1.19 C. 5.56
B. 1.59 D. 2.38
Evaluate the tensile force in the wire for the given
draft of the cylinder, in kN;
A. 0.64 C. 0.24
B. 1.48 D. 4.61
Evaluate the rise in the tide that will lift the anchor
from the bottom of the sea, in meter(s).
A. 0.031 C. 0.425
B. 0.581 D. 0.531
 Hydraulics
Problem 4 – CE BOARD
A right circular cylinder having a diameter of 1.00
m and weighing 900 N is held in position by an
anchor block such that 0.30 m of the cylinder is
below the surface of the water with its axis vertical.
The anchor block has a volume of 0.349 cubic
meter and weighs 24 kN per cubic meter in air.
Assume sea water to have a specific gravity = 1.03.
Neglecting the weight and volume of the cable,
Evaluate the buoyant force on the cylinder for the
position described, in kN;
A. 1.19 C. 5.56
B. 1.59 D. 2.38
Evaluate the tensile force in the wire for the given
draft of the cylinder, in kN;
A. 0.64 C. 0.24
B. 1.48 D. 4.61
Evaluate the rise in the tide that will lift the anchor
from the bottom of the sea, in meter(s).
A. 0.031 C. 0.425
B. 0.581 D. 0.531
 Hydraulics
Problem 5 – CE BOARD
A cube, 270 mm on each side is to be held in
equilibrium under water by attaching a lightweight
foam buoy to it. The specific weight of the cube and
foam are 20 kN/m3 and 0.81 kN/m3, respectively.
Evaluate the minimum volume of the foam
required, in m3. Neglect the attachments in the
calculations.
A. 0.0432 C. 0.0337
B. 0.0223 D. 0.0248
 Hydraulics
Problem 5 – CE BOARD
A tank contains two liquids, half of which has
specific gravity of 1.2 and the other half has specific
gravity of 1.5. A metal sphere with radius of 250
mm and specific gravity of 7.4 is submerged such
that half of the sphere is in the liquid of sp. gr. of 1.2
and the other half is in liquid with sg. of 1.5.
Evaluate the buoyant force acting on the sphere in N.
A. 547.8 C. 866.8
B. 443.8 D. 249.9
Obtain the tension of the cable to keep the sphere in
this condition, in N.
A. 3989 C. 2018
B. 3884 D. 2185
If the liquid is all water, determine the buoyant force
on the sphere, in N.
A. 563.2 C. 328.7
B. 356.7 D. 642.1
 Hydraulics
Problem 5 – CE BOARD
A tank contains two liquids, half of which has
specific gravity of 1.2 and the other half has specific
gravity of 1.5. A metal sphere with radius of 250
mm and specific gravity of 7.4 is submerged such
that half of the sphere is in the liquid of sp. gr. of 1.2
and the other half is in liquid with sg. of 1.5.
Evaluate the buoyant force acting on the sphere in N.
A. 547.8 C. 866.8
B. 443.8 D. 249.9
Obtain the tension of the cable to keep the sphere in
this condition, in N.
A. 3989 C. 2018
B. 3884 D. 2185
If the liquid is all water, determine the buoyant force
on the sphere, in N.
A. 563.2 C. 328.7
B. 356.7 D. 642.1
 Hydraulics
Relative Equilibrium of Liquids

Horizontal Motion Inclined Motion Vertical Motion

𝐇
𝐕

Rotation Motion
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒑𝒂𝒓

𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒊

 Hydraulics
Problem 6 – CE BOARD
An open cylindrical tank is 0.40 m in diameter and
1.5 m tall. The tank is rotated about its own vertical
axis at constant angular speed.
What is the maximum depth of water in the tank if
there is no water spilled at 250 rpm?
A. 0.86 m C. 0.93 m
B. 0.80 m D. 0.65 m
With the depth of water in the first question, what
speed of rotation in rpm will spill 1.4 liters of water?
A. 242 C. 268
B. 236 D. 252
With the depth of water in the first question, what
minimum angular speed will zero the pressure at the
center bottom of the tank?
A. 264 C. 231
B. 259 D. 325
 Hydraulics
Problem 6 – CE BOARD
An open cylindrical tank is 0.40 m in diameter and
1.5 m tall. The tank is rotated about its own vertical
axis at constant angular speed.
What is the maximum depth of water in the tank if
there is no water spilled at 250 rpm?
A. 0.86 m C. 0.93 m
B. 0.80 m D. 0.65 m
With the depth of water in the first question, what
speed of rotation in rpm will spill 1.4 liters of water?
A. 242 C. 268
B. 236 D. 252
With the depth of water in the first question, what
minimum angular speed will zero the pressure at the
center bottom of the tank?
A. 264 C. 231
B. 259 D. 325
 Hydraulics
Problem 6 – CE BOARD
An open cylindrical tank is 0.40 m in diameter and
1.5 m tall. The tank is rotated about its own vertical
axis at constant angular speed.
What is the maximum depth of water in the tank if
there is no water spilled at 250 rpm?
A. 0.86 m C. 0.93 m
B. 0.80 m D. 0.65 m
With the depth of water in the first question, what
speed of rotation in rpm will spill 1.4 liters of water?
A. 242 C. 268
B. 236 D. 252
With the depth of water in the first question, what
minimum angular speed will zero the pressure at the
center bottom of the tank?
A. 264 C. 231
B. 259 D. 325
 Hydraulics
Problem 6 – CE BOARD
An open cylindrical tank is 0.40 m in diameter and
1.5 m tall. The tank is rotated about its own vertical
axis at constant angular speed.
What is the maximum depth of water in the tank if
there is no water spilled at 250 rpm?
A. 0.86 m C. 0.93 m
B. 0.80 m D. 0.65 m
With the depth of water in the first question, what
speed of rotation in rpm will spill 1.4 liters of water?
A. 242 C. 268
B. 236 D. 252
With the depth of water in the first question, what
minimum angular speed will zero the pressure at the
center bottom of the tank?
A. 264 C. 231
B. 259 D. 325
 Hydraulics
Problem 7 – CE BOARD
If a container containing water 0.67 m deep is
carried inside an elevator that accelerates at 3.2
m/sec2 evaluate the pressure, in kPa, exerted by the
water at the base of the container if the elevator is
travelling downward.
A. 2.45 C. 4.91
B. 4.43 D. 3.91
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow
Volume flow rate Elevation Head Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

𝒛 𝟏 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝟐

Mass flow rate

Power (Pump)
𝐟 Pressure Head
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝛄𝐐 𝑯𝑨
𝒑 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
Weight flow rate 𝐄𝐟𝒇𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝐟

Power (Turbine / Motor)

Velocity Head Power
𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝛄𝐐 𝑯𝑬
𝟐
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝐯 𝐄𝐟𝒇𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒊𝒏
 Hydraulics
Problem 8 – CE BOARD
Into a bakery dough mixing chamber water enters
at the rate of 300 liters per sec through pipe A.
Cooking oil with specific gravity of 0.80 is forced in
at 60 liters per sec through pipe B. Assuming the
liquids are incompressible and form a homogenous
mixture of oil globules in water, evaluate the
average velocity of the mixture leaving through a
pipe C of diameter 300 mm in m/sec.
A. 3.53 C. 3.68
B. 3.11 D. 5.09
 Hydraulics
Problem 9 – CE BOARD
The velocity head of the flow at one section of a
pipeline is 5 m. Evaluate the velocity head, in
meter(s), at the next section if the velocity of flow
increases by one – half that of the previous section.
A. 20 C. 11.3
B. 15.0 D. 7.50
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow

Ideal Flow (Theoretical Flow) Actual Flow

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

Energy Equation with Pump Energy Equation with Turbine

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

Energy Equation
𝟐
 Hydraulics
Problem 10 – CE BOARD
In order to provide irrigation, water has to be
pumped to an elevation 150 m through a 650-mm
pipe where the pressure required at the higher
elevation is 178 kPa. The source of the water and
the discharge point are at atmospheric pressure.
Irrigation requirements dictate that water must be
pumped at the rate of 1.5 m^3/sec. The loss of head
due to friction and other factors is estimated to be
3.79 m.
Determine the velocity of the water inside the pipe
for the required discharge.
A. 3.32 m/s C. 52.18 m/s
B. 4.52 m/s D. 5.31 m/s
Determine the amount of energy, in meters, that the
pump must furnish.
A. 266 m C. 173 m
B. 254 m D. 232 m
The rating of the pump in horsepower if it is only
80% efficient.
A. 5735 hp C. 65595 hp
B. 4267 hp D. 6277 hp
 Hydraulics
Problem 10 – CE BOARD
In order to provide irrigation, water has to be
pumped to an elevation 150 m through a 650-mm
pipe where the pressure required at the higher
elevation is 178 kPa. The source of the water and
the discharge point are at atmospheric pressure.
Irrigation requirements dictate that water must be
pumped at the rate of 1.5 m^3/sec. The loss of head
due to friction and other factors is estimated to be
3.79 m.
Determine the velocity of the water inside the pipe
for the required discharge.
A. 3.32 m/s C. 52.18 m/s
B. 4.52 m/s D. 5.31 m/s
Determine the amount of energy, in meters, that the
pump must furnish.
A. 266 m C. 173 m
B. 254 m D. 232 m
The rating of the pump in horsepower if it is only
80% efficient.
A. 5735 hp C. 65595 hp
B. 4267 hp D. 6277 hp
 Hydraulics
Problem 10 – CE BOARD
In order to provide irrigation, water has to be
pumped to an elevation 150 m through a 650-mm
pipe where the pressure required at the higher
elevation is 178 kPa. The source of the water and
the discharge point are at atmospheric pressure.
Irrigation requirements dictate that water must be
pumped at the rate of 1.5 m^3/sec. The loss of head
due to friction and other factors is estimated to be
3.79 m.
Determine the velocity of the water inside the pipe
for the required discharge.
A. 3.32 m/s C. 52.18 m/s
B. 4.52 m/s D. 5.31 m/s
Determine the amount of energy, in meters, that the
pump must furnish.
A. 266 m C. 173 m
B. 254 m D. 232 m
The rating of the pump in horsepower if it is only
80% efficient.
A. 5735 hp C. 65595 hp
B. 4267 hp D. 6277 hp
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow
Darcy – Weisbach Maning’s Formula Hazen – Williams
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒇 𝐧 𝟐 𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟑 𝐰 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟒.𝟖𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝟓 𝐧 𝟏𝟔
𝟑

Series Connection Parallel Connection

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

Coefficient of Discharge Coefficient of Velocity Coefficient of Contraction

𝒗 𝐜
𝐭 𝒕
 Hydraulics
Problem 11 – CE BOARD
The discharge pipeline of water system consists of a
5500 m of 300 – mm pipe joined by 3660 m of 450
mm pipe that connects to the base of a huge water
reservoir. The difference in elevation between the
water surface in the reservoir and the center of the
300 – mm pipe at the end of the line is 45.7 m.
Neglecting velocity head and other losses in head
due to entrances, and using coefficient of friction of
0.02 for both pipes.
Obtain the velocity of the water in the bigger
pipeline, in m/s.
A. 0.728 C. 0.443
B. 0.665 D. 0.500
Obtain the velocity of line water in the smaller
pipeline, in m/s.
A. 1.68 C. 1.40
B. 1.50 D. 1.75
Evaluate the rate of flow in the pipes, in m^3/sec.
A. 0.150 C. 0.132
B. 0.106 D. 0.095
 Hydraulics
Problem 11 – CE BOARD
The discharge pipeline of water system consists of a
5500 m of 300 – mm pipe joined by 3660 m of 450
mm pipe that connects to the base of a huge water
reservoir. The difference in elevation between the
water surface in the reservoir and the center of the
300 – mm pipe at the end of the line is 45.7 m.
Neglecting velocity head and other losses in head
due to entrances, and using coefficient of friction of
0.02 for both pipes.
Obtain the velocity of the water in the bigger
pipeline, in m/s.
A. 0.728 C. 0.443
B. 0.665 D. 0.500
Obtain the velocity of line water in the smaller
pipeline, in m/s.
A. 1.68 C. 1.40
B. 1.50 D. 1.75
Evaluate the rate of flow in the pipes, in m^3/sec.
A. 0.150 C. 0.132
B. 0.106 D. 0.095
 Hydraulics
Problem 12 – CE BOARD
A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 to form a
single pipeline B as shown in FIGURE HGE – 771-
221. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to each other.
The pressure heads at J1 and J2 are 70 and 46 m,
respectively. Using Hazen Williams formular with C
= 120 for all pipes, obtain the
Rate of flow in pipeline 1, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.0923 C. 0.301
B. 0.103 D. 0.215
Rate of flow in pipeline 2, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.032 C. 0.062
B. 0.056 D. 0.045
Rate of flow in pipeline 3, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.06 C. 0.08
B. 0.05 D. 0.07

Pipe Diameter Length

1 300 mm 3000 m
2 200 mm 1300 m
3 250 mm 2600 m
 Hydraulics
Problem 12 – CE BOARD
A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 to form a
single pipeline B as shown in FIGURE HGE – 771-
221. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to each other.
The pressure heads at J1 and J2 are 70 and 46 m,
respectively. Using Hazen Williams formular with C
= 120 for all pipes, obtain the
Rate of flow in pipeline 1, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.0923 C. 0.301
B. 0.103 D. 0.215
Rate of flow in pipeline 2, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.032 C. 0.062
B. 0.056 D. 0.045
Rate of flow in pipeline 3, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.06 C. 0.08
B. 0.05 D. 0.07

Pipe Diameter Length

1 300 mm 3000 m
2 200 mm 1300 m
3 250 mm 2600 m
 Hydraulics
Problem 12 – CE BOARD
A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 to form a
single pipeline B as shown in FIGURE HGE – 771-
221. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to each other.
The pressure heads at J1 and J2 are 70 and 46 m,
respectively. Using Hazen Williams formular with C
= 120 for all pipes, obtain the
Rate of flow in pipeline 1, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.0923 C. 0.301
B. 0.103 D. 0.215
Rate of flow in pipeline 2, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.032 C. 0.062
B. 0.056 D. 0.045
Rate of flow in pipeline 3, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.06 C. 0.08
B. 0.05 D. 0.07

Pipe Diameter Length

1 300 mm 3000 m
2 200 mm 1300 m
3 250 mm 2600 m
 Hydraulics
Problem 12 – CE BOARD
A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 to form a
single pipeline B as shown in FIGURE HGE – 771-
221. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to each other.
The pressure heads at J1 and J2 are 70 and 46 m,
respectively. Using Hazen Williams formular with C
= 120 for all pipes, obtain the
Rate of flow in pipeline 1, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.0923 C. 0.301
B. 0.103 D. 0.215
Rate of flow in pipeline 2, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.032 C. 0.062
B. 0.056 D. 0.045
Rate of flow in pipeline 3, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.06 C. 0.08
B. 0.05 D. 0.07

Pipe Diameter Length

1 300 mm 3000 m
2 200 mm 1300 m
3 250 mm 2600 m
 Hydraulics
Problem 12 – CE BOARD
A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 to form a
single pipeline B as shown in FIGURE HGE – 771-
221. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to each other.
The pressure heads at J1 and J2 are 70 and 46 m,
respectively. Using Hazen Williams formular with C
= 120 for all pipes, obtain the
Rate of flow in pipeline 1, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.0923 C. 0.301
B. 0.103 D. 0.215
Rate of flow in pipeline 2, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.032 C. 0.062
B. 0.056 D. 0.045
Rate of flow in pipeline 3, in m^3/sec;
A. 0.06 C. 0.08
B. 0.05 D. 0.07

Pipe Diameter Length

1 300 mm 3000 m
2 200 mm 1300 m
3 250 mm 2600 m
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow

Orifice Rectangular Weirs

Theoretical velocity: /

𝐭 /
Actual velocity:
Neglecting Va:
𝐯 𝟑/𝟐
𝒘
Theoretical discharge: Francis Formula
𝐭 𝟑/𝟐

Actual discharge:

Effective length
𝟐
𝐀 𝐀 𝐁
𝐞
 Hydraulics
Problem 13 – CE BOARD
After a heavy downpour, the depth of water over
the weir was 5.3 m. If the total discharge through
the weir was 1,000,000 m3, how long did the flow
last?
If a rectangular weir is used having a length of 230
m.
A. 591 s C. 692 s
B. 387 s D. 436 s
If a trapezoidal weir is used with its sides making an
angle of 75o57’49” with the horizontal and the weir
has a length of 210 m.
A. 472 s C. 420 s
B. 640 s D. 750 s
If a two-end contracted weir is used with a length of
276 m.
A. 364 s C. 324 s
B. 578 s D. 494 s
 Hydraulics
Problem 13 – CE BOARD
After a heavy downpour, the depth of water over
the weir was 5.3 m. If the total discharge through
the weir was 1,000,000 m3, how long did the flow
last?
If a rectangular weir is used having a length of 230
m.
A. 591 s C. 692 s
B. 387 s D. 436 s
If a trapezoidal weir is used with its sides making an
angle of 75o57’49” with the horizontal and the weir
has a length of 210 m.
A. 472 s C. 420 s
B. 640 s D. 750 s
If a two-end contracted weir is used with a length of
276 m.
A. 364 s C. 324 s
B. 578 s D. 494 s
 Hydraulics
Problem 13 – CE BOARD
After a heavy downpour, the depth of water over
the weir was 5.3 m. If the total discharge through
the weir was 1,000,000 m3, how long did the flow
last?
If a rectangular weir is used having a length of 230
m.
A. 591 s C. 692 s
B. 387 s D. 436 s
If a trapezoidal weir is used with its sides making an
angle of 75o57’49” with the horizontal and the weir
has a length of 210 m.
A. 472 s C. 420 s
B. 640 s D. 750 s
If a two-end contracted weir is used with a length of
276 m.
A. 364 s C. 324 s
B. 578 s D. 494 s
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow
Triangular Weir Unsteady flow (Orifice)
𝟑
𝟐 If As is constant;
𝐬
For Triangular V – notch (equal slope) 𝟏 𝟐
𝐨
𝟓/𝟐
If As is varying;
𝐡𝟏
𝟓/𝟐 𝐬
𝐰
𝐨
For standard 90 deg weir 𝐡𝟐
𝟓/𝟐 Two tanks have uniform cross – sectional area
(A1 and A2 are constant)
𝐬𝟏 𝐬𝟐
Cipolletti Weir 𝟏 𝟐
𝐬𝟏 𝐬𝟐 𝐨
𝟑/𝟐
 Hydraulics
Problem 14 – CE BOARD
A 2.1-m-diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3 m high
contains 2.5 m of water. A 150-mm-diameter
circular sharp-edged orifice is located at its bottom.
Assume C = 0.60. How long will it take to empty the
tank?
A. 211.53 s C. 524.73 s
B. 314.84 s D. 475.95 s
 .
Hydraulics
 
hL = S L hL = SL
v12/2g
2
v1 /2g
EGL
Slope = S
v22/2g v22/2g

d1
d1

 Channel Bed, Slope = So

d2 d2

SoL
Channel bed,
L Slope = So
L

Uniform Flow Non – Uniform Flow

𝑣 =𝑣 𝑣 ≠𝑣
𝑑 =𝑑 𝑑 ≠𝑑
𝑆=𝑆 𝑆≠𝑆
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow
Maning’s Formula Rectangular: M.E.S Trapezoidal Section: M.E.S
𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

d
Average shearing stress d
y1 y2
𝒘 𝒐 b

Total Specific Energy Triangular: M.E.S Semi-circle: M.E.S

𝟐 r
90
 Hydraulics
Problem 15 – CE BOARD
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross – section
has the following elements: Bottom width = 3.2 m,
depth of water = 0.90 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal
to 1 vertical, slope of canal bed = 0.001, coefficient
of roughness = 0.025. The canal will serve clay –
loam rice land.
What is the hydraulic radius in meters?
A. 0.487 C. 0.635
B. 0.748 D. 0.598
What is the mean velocity of flow in m/s?
A. 0.935 C. 1.254
B. 0.956 D. 1.085
If the canal will serve a clay – loam rice land,
determine the area (in hectares) it can serve if the
duty of water per hectare is 3 L/s.
A. 1158 C. 1010
B. 1276 D. 1254
 Hydraulics
Problem 15 – CE BOARD
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross – section
has the following elements: Bottom width = 3.2 m,
depth of water = 0.90 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal
to 1 vertical, slope of canal bed = 0.001, coefficient
of roughness = 0.025. The canal will serve clay –
loam rice land.
What is the hydraulic radius in meters?
A. 0.487 C. 0.635
B. 0.748 D. 0.598
What is the mean velocity of flow in m/s?
A. 0.935 C. 1.254
B. 0.956 D. 1.085
If the canal will serve a clay – loam rice land,
determine the area (in hectares) it can serve if the
duty of water per hectare is 3 L/s.
A. 1158 C. 1010
B. 1276 D. 1254
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow

Minimum Specific Energy Rectangular Channel Length of Reach

Froude Number:
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒄 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
𝑵
𝒐
Froude Number: Critical velocity:

Where:
Hydraulic Jump
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 Hydraulics
Problem 16 – CE BOARD
For a constant specific energy of 1.20 m in a
rectangular channel 3 m wide.
Calculate the critical depth, in meters.
A. 0.30 C. 0.88
B. 0.80 D. 0.40
Calculate the critical velocity, in m/sec.
A. 1.2 C. 1.98
B. 3.96 D. 2.80
Calculate the maximum flow, in m^3/sec.
A. 6.72 C. 19.01
B. 2.37 D. 1.54
 Hydraulics
Fluid Flow

Critical Depth (Non – Rectangular Channels) Critical Depth (Rectangular Channels)

Where: Where:
 Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Properties

Volume Water Content Bulk Specific Gravity

𝒗 𝒂 𝒘 𝐰 𝒎
𝒔 𝒗 𝐦
𝐬 𝒘

𝒔 𝒂 𝒘 Degree of Saturation
Total unit weight
𝐰
Porosity
𝐯 𝒕
𝒗
Specific Gravity for
Solids
Dry unit weight
𝒔
Void ratio 𝐬
𝒘 𝒔
𝒗 𝒅 𝒘

𝒔
 Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Properties

Moist Unit Weight Air Void Ratio Relative Compaction

𝒔 𝐝
𝒎 𝒘 𝒄
𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝒎 𝒅 Relative Density
Plasticity Index
Saturated Unit Weight 𝐝𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐝
𝐫
𝒕
𝒔
𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒘 𝐝𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝐫 Dry unit weight
𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐦𝐢𝐧
Four – way formula
𝒔
𝐬 𝒅 𝒘