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In-Situ Stresses in Soil

This document discusses in-situ stresses in soil, including: - Total stress is the stress developed at any point due to applied loading and weight of soil above. Effective stress is the stress carried by solid particles and develops frictional resistance. Pore water pressure is the pressure of water filling voids. - Geostatic stresses develop due to the weight of overlying soil and include vertical and horizontal stresses. The vertical stress increases with depth. - In saturated soil, effective stress is calculated by subtracting pore water pressure from total stress. Lowering the water table increases effective stress. - Examples are provided to calculate total, effective, and pore water stresses at different depths considering soil unit weights

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190 views26 pages

In-Situ Stresses in Soil

This document discusses in-situ stresses in soil, including: - Total stress is the stress developed at any point due to applied loading and weight of soil above. Effective stress is the stress carried by solid particles and develops frictional resistance. Pore water pressure is the pressure of water filling voids. - Geostatic stresses develop due to the weight of overlying soil and include vertical and horizontal stresses. The vertical stress increases with depth. - In saturated soil, effective stress is calculated by subtracting pore water pressure from total stress. Lowering the water table increases effective stress. - Examples are provided to calculate total, effective, and pore water stresses at different depths considering soil unit weights

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hashimshah
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CEE-209

Geotechnical & Foundation


Engineering
Lecture no 2
In-Situ Stress in Soil
Engr. Adnan Yousaf
engrayousaf@cuiatd.edu.pk

Department of Civil Engineering


COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
SEQUENCE
• Stresses in Soil
• Total Stress
• Effective Stress
• Geostatic Stress
• Induced Stress

2
STRESSES IN SOIL

• Structural loads are supported on soil via foundations.

• These loads produce stresses and resulting strains.

• Deformation in vertical direction occurring due to vertical


stresses is called settlement.

• Stresses which produce excessive deformations are termed as


failure stresses.
The knowledge of stress distribution along a soil cross
section is important to analyze the problems such as:

a- Settlement of foundations
b- Stability (bearing capacity) of foundations
c- Stability of slopes
d- Stability of retaining structures
Assumptions to compute STRESSES in soil/rock

• Soil is continuous material


• Soil is homogeneous material
• Soil isotropic in nature
• Linear elastic stress-strain behavior until yield
point
In-situ Stresses in Soil
Stresses in Soil
Normal Stresses in Soils

σ = σ(geostatic/overburden) + σ(induced)

Due to overlying
external loads (due
to structure etc.)

Due to overlying soil


GEOSTATIC STRESSES IN SOIL

• Stresses also develop due to the soil layer above any point, known as geostatic
stress or over burden pressure.

• Magnitude of geostatic stress at a point is affected by groundwater table fluctuation.

• Intensity of stress is not uniform but vary from point to point.


• Vertical Stress

• Horizontal Stress
TYPES OF GEOSTATIC STRESSES (back to basics)
• Soil mass is a skeleton of solid particles enclosing voids.
• Voids may contain water (saturated soil), air (dry soil) or both (partially
saturated soil).
• When stress is applied, volume of soil reduces due to rearrangement of
solid particles.
• Volume reduction brings particles close, forces acting at inter-particle
contacts increase
• Forces acting between the particles remain unchanged if the
rearrangement of particles does not occur.
TYPES OF GEOSTATIC STRESSES (continue…)

• In fully saturated soil, reduction in volume in not possible, unless some


water escapes
• Water within the voids can also withstand stresses by an increase in
pressure when the soil is fully saturated.
• In a saturated soil mass, the following three types of stresses (Total
stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure) are generally
considered while dealing with soil engineering problems.
a- Total stress:
The stress developed at any point in a soil mass due to any
applied loading and/or weight of soil lying above that point is
known as the total stress.
Total stress at section XX in Fig:-1 & 2 is written as follows;

H=D+Z

σz(geostatic) = Sγ H
σz(geostatic) = γb D + γsatZ (1)
σz(geostatic) = γwD + γsat.1Z1 + γsat.2Z2 (2)
b- Neutral stress
(pore water pressure):

• It is the pressure due to


water filling the voids
between solid particles.

• It is termed as neutral stress since it acts equally in all directions.


• The neutral stress reduces the inter-particle stress and the
strength of soil is reduced.
c- Effective stress:
•The stress carried by solid particles at their points of
contact.
• It is the effective stress due to which frictional resistance
against particle movement such as rolling, slipping, sliding,
etc., develops.
• When effective stress is zero, the soil is in a critical condition.
• Effective stress is expressed as follows;
σz/ = σz – u (5)
Neutral stress or hydrostatic pressure at sec. XX for Fig:-1 & 2

• u = w Z (3)
• u = w D + w Z1 + w Z2 (4)
σz / = γb D + γsatZ – γwZ (6)

σz / = γb D + Z(γsat -γw) (7)

= γb D + γsubZ (8)
Where, γsub or γ/ is submerged or
buoyant unit weight of the soil.

Consider Fig. 1,
• If water table rises to ground surface, the effective stress will
be equal to “γsub(Z+D)”,
• If water table lowers down to XX, then the effective stress
will be equal to “γb(Z+D)”/total stress.
• Hence it can be said that the lowering of water table causes
an increase in the effective stress, because γb > γsub,
• The effective stress at section XX for Fig. 2 is as follows;
σz / = γwD + γsat.1Z1 + γsat.2Z2 – (γwD + γwZ1 + γwZ2) (9)

= Z1(γsat.1 -γw) + Z2(γsat.2 -γw) (10)

= γsub.1Z1+ γsub.2Z2 (11)

• Equation 11 shows that


effective stress is
independent of depth of
water above the ground
surface.
Example
Calculate total stresses at
point A, B and C
At point C
σz = Sγ H
σz =15x0.9
σz =13.5 kPa
At point B
σz = Sγ H
σz =15x2+1.6x16.8
σz =56.88 kPa
Example
Calculate effective vertical
stresses at point A, B and
C
At point C
σz / = Sγ H
σz / =15x0.9
σz / =13.5 kPa
σ z /= σ z

At point B At point C
σz/ = σ – u σz/ = σ – u
σz / = Sγ H-Sγw H σz / = Sγ H-Sγw H
σz / =15x2+1.6x16.8-1.6x9.8 σz / =2x15+2.5x16.8+3.6x17.2-(2.5x9.8+3.6x9.8)
σz / =56.88-15.68 σz / =134-59.78
σz / =41.2 kPa σz / =74.22 kPa
Geo Static Stress
Vertical effective Stress
Horizontal effective stress
The Hz. Effective stress are σx/ and σy/

σx / = σx – u
σy / = σy – u
• The ratio of horizontal to vertical stresses is defined as coefficient of lateral earth
pressure, K.
• For geostatic stresses beneath a level ground surface, normally assume K in the x
direction and it is equal to that in the y direction

K= σx// σz/ = σy// σz/

• The valure of K varies from about 0.3 to 3


Example
Calculate all of the total and effective vertical stresses acting on the vertical and
horizontal planes at point A.

Hz. Total stress


σx=σy =σx/ +u
σx=358+125
=383 lb/ft2

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