San Pablo Dicesan Catholic Schools System

Diocese of San Pablo

Liceo de San Pablo
M. Paulino St., San Pablo City
Tel. No. (049) 562-3808

Learning Module
Work Week 5 and 6

Name of Student:_____________________________
Strand and Section:______________________________

Mr. Amgelo C. Villareal

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Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of sounds, waves doplers effect,
specific gravity, pressure, pascala principle, bouancy and Bernoullis principle.

Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to solve problems using experimental and
theoretical concept.

Learning Competencies: Apply the inverse square law relation between wave intensity vs distance of
source.
Relate density , mass, volume and specifiv gravity to each other.
Relate pressure to AREA.
Apply Bernoulis principle .

I. Sound is a Mechanical Wave

Sound and music are parts of our everyday sensory experience. Just as humans have eyes for
the detection of light and color, so we are equipped with ears for the detection of sound. We
seldom take the time to ponder the characteristics and behaviors of sound and the
mechanisms by which sounds are produced, propagated, and detected.
The basis for an understanding of sound, music and hearing is the physics of waves. Sound is
a wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one
location to another. In this unit, we will investigate the nature, properties and behaviors of
sound waves and apply basic wave principles towards an understanding of music.
Wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting
energy from one location to another location. The medium is simply the material through
which the disturbance is moving; it can be thought of as a series of interacting particles. The
example of a slinky wave is often used to illustrate the nature of a wave. A disturbance is
typicaly created within the slinky by the back and forth movement of the first coil of the slinky.
The first coil becomes disturbed and begins to push or pull on the second coil. This push or
pull on the second coil will displace the second coil from its equilibrium position. As the second
coil becomes displaced, it begins to push or pull on the third coil; the push or pull on the third
coil displaces it from its equilibrium position. As the third coil becomes displaced, it begins to
push or pull on the fourth coil. This process continues in consecutive fashion, with each
individual particle acting to displace the adjacent particle. Subsequently the disturbance travels
through the slinky. As the disturbance moves from coil to coil, the energy that was originally
introduced into the first coil is transported along the medium from one location to another.

A sound wave is similar in nature to a slinky wave for a variety of reasons. First, there is a
medium that carries the disturbance from one location to another. Typically, this medium is
air, though it could be any material such as water or steel. The medium is simply a series of
interconnected and interacting particles. Second, there is an original source of the wave, some
vibrating object capable of disturbing the first particle of the medium. The disturbance could
be created by the vibrating vocal cords of a person, the vibrating string and soundboard of a
guitar or violin, the vibrating tines of a tuning fork, or the vibrating diaphragm of a radio
speaker. Third, the sound wave is transported from one location to another by means of
particle-to-particle interaction. If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air
particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest
neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position. This particle
interaction continues throughout the entire medium, with each particle interacting and causing
a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. Since a sound wave is a disturbance that is transported
through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is
characterized as a mechanical wave.

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Production and Propagation of Sound Waves
The creation and propagation of sound waves are often demonstrated in class through the use
of a tuning fork. A tuning fork is a metal object consisting of two tines capable of vibrating if
struck by a rubber hammer or mallet. As the tines of the tuning forks vibrate back and forth,
they begin to disturb surrounding air molecules. These disturbances are passed on to adjacent
air molecules by the mechanism of particle interaction. The motion of the disturbance,
originating at the tines of the tuning fork and traveling through the medium (in this case, air)
is what is referred to as a sound wave. The generation and propagation of a sound wave is
demonstrated below.

Many Physics demonstration tuning forks are mounted on a sound

box. In such instances, the vibrating tuning fork,
being connected to the sound box, sets the sound box into
vibrational motion. In turn, the sound box, being connected to the
air inside of it, sets the air inside of the sound box into vibrational
motion. As the tines of the tuning fork, the structure of the sound
box, and the air inside of the sound box begin vibrating at the
same frequency, a louder sound is produced. In fact, the more
particles that can be made to vibrate, the louder or more amplified
the sound. This concept is often demonstrated by the placement of a vibrating tuning fork
against the glass panel of an overhead projector or on the wooden door of a cabinet. The
vibrating tuning fork sets the glass panel or wood door into vibrational motion and results in
an amplified sound.
We know that a tuning fork is vibrating because we hear the sound that is produced by its
vibration. Nonetheless, we do not actually visibly detect any vibrations of the tines. This is
because the tines are vibrating at a very high frequency. If the tuning
fork that is being used corresponds to middle C on the piano keyboard,
then the tines are vibrating at a frequency of 256 Hertz; that is, 256
vibrations per second. We are unable to visibly detect vibrations of
such high frequency. A common physics demonstration
involves slowing down the vibrations by through the use of a strobe
light. If the strobe light puts out a flash of light at a frequency of 512
Hz (two times the frequency of the tuning fork), then the tuning fork
can be observed to be moving in a back and forth motion. With the
room darkened, the strobe would allow us to view the position of the tines two times during
their vibrational cycle. Thus we would see the tines when they are displaced far to the left and
again when they are displaced far to the right. This would be convincing proof that the tines of
the tuning fork are indeed vibrating to produce sound.

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Waves come in many shapes and forms. While all waves share some basic characteristic
properties and behaviors, some waves can be distinguished from others based on some
observable (and some non-observable) characteristics. It is common to categorize waves
based on these distinguishing characteristics.

Longitudinal versus Transverse Waves versus Surface Waves

See Video tutorial LINK below - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Anh9HthWgQ

One way to categorize waves is on the basis of the direction of movement of the individual
particles of the medium relative to the direction that the waves travel. Categorizing waves on
this basis leads to three notable categories: transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface
waves.
A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a
direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves. Suppose that a slinky is
stretched out in a horizontal direction across the classroom and that a pulse is introduced into
the slinky on the left end by vibrating the first coil up and down. Energy will begin to be
transported through the slinky from left to right. As the energy is transported from left to
right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced upwards and downwards. In this
case, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction that the pulse moves.
This type of wave is a transverse wave. Transverse waves are always characterized by particle
motion being perpendicular to wave motion.

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a

direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves. Suppose that a slinky is stretched out
in a horizontal direction across the classroom and that a pulse is introduced into the slinky on
the left end by vibrating the first coil left and right. Energy will begin to be transported
through the slinky from left to right. As the energy is transported from left to right, the
individual coils of the medium will be displaced leftwards and rightwards. In this case, the
particles of the medium move parallel to the direction that the pulse moves. This type of wave
is a longitudinal wave. Longitudinal waves are always characterized by particle motion
being parallel to wave motion.

A sound wave traveling through air is a classic example of a longitudinal wave. As a sound
wave moves from the lips of a speaker to the ear of a listener, particles of air vibrate back and
forth in the same direction and the opposite direction of energy transport. Each individual
particle pushes on its neighboring particle so as to push it forward. The collision of particle #1
with its neighbor serves to restore particle #1 to its original position and displace particle #2
in a forward direction. This back and forth motion of particles in the direction of energy
transport creates regions within the medium where the particles are pressed together and
other regions where the particles are spread apart. Longitudinal waves can always be quickly
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identified by the presence of such regions. This process continues along the chain of particles
until the sound wave reaches the ear of the listener. A detailed discussion of sound is
presented in another unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial.

Waves traveling through a solid medium can be either transverse waves or longitudinal waves.
Yet waves traveling through the bulk of a fluid (such as a liquid or a gas) are always
longitudinal waves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit
their energy. As one particle begins to move it must be able to exert a pull on its nearest
neighbor. If the medium is not rigid as is the case with fluids, the particles will slide past each
other. This sliding action that is characteristic of liquids and gases prevents one particle from
displacing its neighbor in a direction perpendicular to the energy transport. It is for this reason
that only longitudinal waves are observed moving through the bulk of liquids such as our
oceans. Earthquakes are capable of producing both transverse and longitudinal waves that
travel through the solid structures of the Earth. When seismologists began to study
earthquake waves they noticed that only longitudinal waves were capable of traveling through
the core of the Earth. For this reason, geologists believe that the Earth's core consists of a
liquid - most likely molten iron.

While waves that travel within the depths of the ocean are longitudinal waves, the waves that
travel along the surface of the oceans are referred to as surface waves. A surface wave is a
wave in which particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Surface waves are neither
longitudinal nor transverse. In longitudinal and transverse waves, all the particles in the entire
bulk of the medium move in a parallel and a perpendicular direction (respectively) relative to
the direction of energy transport. In a surface wave, it is only the particles at the surface of
the medium that undergo the circular motion. The motion of particles tends to decrease as
one proceeds further from the surface.

Any wave moving through a medium has a source. Somewhere along the medium, there was
an initial displacement of one of the particles. For a slinky wave, it is usually the first coil that
becomes displaced by the hand of a person. For a sound wave, it is usually the vibration of
the vocal chords or a guitar string that sets the first particle of air in vibrational motion. At the
location where the wave is introduced into the medium, the particles that are displaced from
their equilibrium position always moves in the same direction as the source of the vibration.
So if you wish to create a transverse wave in a slinky, then the first coil of the slinky must be
displaced in a direction perpendicular to the entire slinky. Similarly, if you wish to create a
longitudinal wave in a slinky, then the first coil of the slinky must be displaced in a direction
parallel to the entire slinky.

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SINUSOIDAL WAVE
A sine wave or sinusoidal wave is the most natural representation of how
many things in nature change state. A sine wave shows how the amplitude
of a variable changes with time. The variable could be audible sound for
example. A single pure note is a sine wave, although it would sound a very
plain and flat note indeed with none of the harmonics we normally hear in
nature. A straightforward oscillating or alternating current or voltage within a
wire can also be represented by a sine wave. The number of times the sine
wave goes through a complete cycle in the space of 1 second is called the
frequency. Indeed the unit used to be cycles per second, but now the unit of
measurement is hertz (Hz). A frequency of 1000Hz, or 1 kHz, means that
the sine wave goes through 1000 complete cycles in 1 s. If we are
considering audible sound waves then the human ear has a frequency
range of about 20Hz-20kHz. The electrical mains frequency in Europe is
50Hz and 60Hz in America. Figure 2.1 shows a sine wave.

In science, an inverse-square law is any scientific law stating that a specified

physical quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that
physical quantity. The fundamental cause for this can be understood as geometric dilution
corresponding to point-source radiation into three-dimensional space.

SEE BELOW LINK VIDEO TUTORIAL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-xNMdIXJIs&t=3s

The divergence of a vector field which is the resultant of radial inverse-square law fields with respect to one
or more sources is everywhere proportional to the strength of the local sources, and hence zero outside
sources. Newton's law of universal gravitation follows an inverse-square law, as do the effects
of electric, magnetic, light, sound, and radiation phenomena.

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Intensity and the Decibel Scale
Sound waves are introduced into a medium by the vibration of an object. For example, a
vibrating guitar string forces surrounding air molecules to be
compressed and expanded, creating a pressure
disturbance consisting of an alternating pattern
of compressions and rarefactions. The disturbance then
travels from particle to particle through the medium,
transporting energy as it moves. The energy that is carried by
the disturbance was originally imparted to the medium by the
vibrating string. The amount of energy that is transferred to
the medium is dependent upon the amplitude of vibrations of
the guitar string. If more energy is put into the plucking of the
string (that is, more work is done to displace the string a greater amount from its rest
position), then the string vibrates with a greater amplitude. The greater amplitude of vibration
of the guitar string thus imparts more energy to the medium, causing air particles to be
displaced a greater distance from their rest position. Subsequently, the amplitude of vibration
of the particles of the medium is increased, corresponding to an increased amount of energy
being carried by the particles. This relationship between energy and amplitude was discussed
in more detail in a previous unit.

Sound Intensity and Distance

The amount of energy that is transported past a given area of the medium per unit of time is
known as the intensity of the sound wave. The greater the amplitude of vibrations of the
particles of the medium, the greater the rate at which energy is transported through it, and
the more intense that the sound wave is. Intensity is the energy/time/area; and since the
energy/time ratio is equivalent to the quantity power, intensity is simply the power/area.

Typical units for expressing the intensity of a sound wave are Watts/meter 2.
As a sound wave carries its energy through a two-dimensional or three-dimensional medium,
the intensity of the sound wave decreases with increasing distance from
the source. The decrease in intensity with increasing distance is
explained by the fact that the wave is spreading out over a circular (2
dimensions) or spherical (3 dimensions) surface and thus the energy of
the sound wave is being distributed over a greater surface area. The
diagram at the right shows that the sound wave in a 2-dimensional
medium is spreading out in space over a circular pattern. Since energy is
conserved and the area through which this energy is transported is
increasing, the intensity (being a quantity that is measured on a per
area basis) must decrease.

The mathematical relationship between intensity and distance is sometimes referred to as

an inverse square relationship. The intensity varies inversely with the square of the
distance from the source. So if the distance from the source is doubled (increased by a factor
of 2), then the intensity is quartered (decreased by a factor of 4). Similarly, if the distance
from the source is quadrupled, then the intensity is decreased by a factor of 16. Applied to the
diagram at the right, the intensity at point B is one-fourth the intensity as point A and the
intensity at point C is one-sixteenth the intensity at point A. Since the intensity-distance
relationship is an inverse relationship, an increase in one quantity corresponds to a decrease
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in the other quantity. And since the intensity-distance relationship is an inverse square
relationship, whatever factor by which the distance is increased, the intensity is decreased by
a factor equal to the square of the distance change factor. The sample data in the table below
illustrate the inverse square relationship between power and distance.

Distance Intensity
1m 160 units
2m 40 units
3m 17.8 units
4m 10 units

The Threshold of Hearing and the Decibel Scale

Humans are equipped with very sensitive ears capable of detecting sound waves of extremely
low intensity. The faintest sound that the typical human ear can detect has an intensity of
1*10-12 W/m2. This intensity corresponds to a pressure wave in which a compression of the
particles of the medium increases the air pressure in that compressional region by a mere 0.3
billionth of an atmosphere. A sound with an intensity of 1*10-12 W/m2 corresponds to a sound
that will displace particles of air by a mere one-billionth of a centimeter. The human ear can
detect such a sound. WOW! This faintest sound that a human ear can detect is known as
the threshold of hearing (TOH). The most intense sound that the ear can safely detect
without suffering any physical damage is more than one billion times more intense than the
threshold of hearing.
Since the range of intensities that the human ear can detect is so large, the scale that is
frequently used by physicists to measure intensity is a scale based on powers of 10. This type
of scale is sometimes referred to as a logarithmic scale. The scale for measuring intensity is
the decibel scale. The threshold of hearing is assigned a sound level of 0 decibels
(abbreviated 0 dB); this sound corresponds to an intensity of 1*10 -12 W/m2. A sound that is 10
times more intense ( 1*10-11 W/m2) is assigned a sound level of 10 dB. A sound that is 10*10
or 100 times more intense (1*10-10 W/m2) is assigned a sound level of 20 db. A sound that is
10*10*10 or 1000 times more intense (1*10 -9 W/m2) is assigned a sound level of 30 db. A
sound that is 10*10*10*10 or 10000 times more intense (1*10 -8 W/m2) is assigned a sound
level of 40 db. Observe that this scale is based on powers of 10. If one sound is 10x times
more intense than another sound, then it has a sound level that is 10*x more decibels than
the less intense sound. The table below lists some common sounds with an estimate of their
intensity and decibel level.
# of Times
Source Intensity Intensity Level
Greater Than TOH
Threshold of Hearing (TOH) 1*10-12 W/m2 0 dB 100
Rustling Leaves 1*10-11 W/m2 10 dB 101
Whisper 1*10-10 W/m2 20 dB 102
Normal Conversation 1*10-6 W/m2 60 dB 106
Busy Street Traffic 1*10-5 W/m2 70 dB 107
Vacuum Cleaner 1*10-4 W/m2 80 dB 108
Large Orchestra 6.3*10-3 W/m2 98 dB 109.8
Walkman at Maximum Level 1*10-2 W/m2 100 dB 1010
Front Rows of Rock Concert 1*10-1 W/m2 110 dB 1011
Threshold of Pain 1*101 W/m2 130 dB 1013
Military Jet Takeoff 1*102 W/m2 140 dB 1014
Instant Perforation of Eardrum 1*104 W/m2 160 dB 1016

Knowing the intensity of a sound wave allows one to calculate the deciBel (dB) level of that
sound. Use the DeciBel Calculator widget to determine the deciBel rating from any intensity
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 in Watt/meter2. Enter intensities using scientific notation - for example, enter 5e-5 for 5.0x10-5.

While the intensity of a sound is a very objective quantity that can be measured with sensitive
instrumentation, the loudness of a sound is more of a subjective response that will vary with
a number of factors. The same sound will not be perceived to have the same loudness to all
individuals. Age is one factor that affects the human ear's response to a sound. Quite
obviously, your grandparents do not hear like they used to. The same intensity sound would
not be perceived to have the same loudness to them as it would to you. Furthermore, two
sounds with the same intensity but different frequencies will not be perceived to have the
same loudness. Because of the human ear's tendency to amplify sounds having frequencies in
the range from 1000 Hz to 5000 Hz, sounds with these intensities seem louder to the human
ear. Despite the distinction between intensity and loudness, it is safe to state that the more
intense sounds will be perceived to be the loudest sounds.

Interference and Beats


Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape
that results from the net effect of the two individual waves upon the particles of the medium.
As mentioned in a previous unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial, if two upward displaced
pulses having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions
along a medium, the medium will take on the shape of an upward displaced pulse with twice
the amplitude of the two interfering pulses. This type of interference is known
as constructive interference. If an upward displaced pulse and a downward displaced pulse
having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions along
a medium, the two pulses will cancel each other's effect upon the displacement of the medium
and the medium will assume the equilibrium position. This type of interference is known
as destructive interference. The diagrams below show two waves - one is blue and the
other is red - interfering in such a way to produce a resultant shape in a medium; the
resultant is shown in green. In two cases (on the left and in the middle), constructive
interference occurs and in the third case (on the far right, destructive interference occurs.

But how can sound waves that do not possess upward and downward displacements interfere
constructively and destructively? Sound is a pressure wave that consists
of compressions and rarefactions. As a compression passes through a section of a medium, it
tends to pull particles together into a small region of space, thus creating a high-pressure
region. And as a rarefaction passes through a section of a medium, it tends to push particles
apart, thus creating a low-pressure region. The interference of sound waves causes the
particles of the medium to behave in a manner that reflects the net effect of the two individual
waves upon the particles. For example, if a compression (high pressure) of one wave meets
up with a compression (high pressure) of a second wave at the same location in the medium,
then the net effect is that that particular location will experience an even greater pressure.
This is a form of constructive interference. If two rarefactions (two low-pressure disturbances)
from two different sound waves meet up at the same location, then the net effect is that that
particular location will experience an even lower pressure. This is also an example of
constructive interference. Now if a particular location along the medium repeatedly

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experiences the interference of two compressions followed up by the interference of two
rarefactions, then the two sound waves will continually reinforce each other and produce a
very loud sound. The loudness of the sound is the result of the particles at that location of the
medium undergoing oscillations from very high to very low pressures. As mentioned in a
previous unit, locations along the medium where constructive interference continually occurs
are known as anti-nodes. The animation below shows two sound waves interfering
constructively in order to produce very large oscillations in pressure at a variety of anti-nodal
locations. Note that compressions are labeled with a C and rarefactions are labeled with an R.

Now if two sound waves interfere at a given location in such a way that the compression of
one wave meets up with the rarefaction of a second wave, destructive interference results.
The net effect of a compression (which pushes particles together) and a rarefaction (which
pulls particles apart) upon the particles in a given region of the medium is to not even cause a
displacement of the particles. The tendency of the compression to push particles together is
canceled by the tendency of the rarefactions to pull particles apart; the particles would remain
at their rest position as though there wasn't even a disturbance passing through them. This is
a form of destructive interference. Now if a particular location along the medium repeatedly
experiences the interference of a compression and rarefaction followed up by the interference
of a rarefaction and a compression, then the two sound waves will continually cancel each
other and no sound is heard. The absence of sound is the result of the particles remaining at
rest and behaving as though there were no disturbance passing through it. Amazingly, in a
situation such as this, two sound waves would combine to produce no sound. As mentioned
in a previous unit, locations along the medium where destructive interference continually
occurs are known as nodes.

Two Source Sound Interference

A popular Physics demonstration involves the interference of two sound waves from two
speakers. The speakers are set approximately 1-meter apart and produced identical tones.
The two sound waves traveled through the air in front of the speakers, spreading out through
the room in spherical fashion. A snapshot in time of the appearance of these waves is shown
in the diagram below. In the diagram, the compressions of a wavefront are represented by a
thick line and the rarefactions are represented by thin lines. These two waves interfere in such
a manner as to produce locations of some loud sounds and other locations of no sound. Of
course the loud sounds are heard at locations where compressions meet compressions or
rarefactions meet rarefactions and the "no sound" locations appear wherever the
compressions of one of the waves meet the rarefactions of the other wave. If you were to
plug one ear and turn the other ear towards the place of the speakers and then slowly walk
across the room parallel to the plane of the speakers, then you would encounter an amazing
phenomenon. You would alternatively hear loud sounds as you approached anti-nodal
locations and virtually no sound as you approached nodal locations. (As would commonly be
observed, the nodal locations are not true nodal locations due to reflections of sound waves
off the walls. These reflections tend to fill the entire room with reflected sound. Even though
the sound waves that reach the nodal locations directly from the speakers destructively
interfere, other waves reflecting off the walls tend to reach that same location to produce a
pressure disturbance.)

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Destructive interference of sound waves becomes an important issue in the design of concert
halls and auditoriums. The rooms must be designed in such as way as to reduce the amount
of destructive interference. Interference can occur as the result of sound from two speakers
meeting at the same location as well as the result of sound from a speaker meeting with
sound reflected off the walls and ceilings. If the sound arrives at a given location such that
compressions meet rarefactions, then destructive interference will occur resulting in a
reduction in the loudness of the sound at that location. One means of reducing the severity of
destructive interference is by the design of walls, ceilings, and baffles that serve to absorb
sound rather than reflect it.
The destructive interference of sound waves can also be used advantageously in noise
reduction systems. Earphones have been produced that can be used by factory and
construction workers to reduce the noise levels on their jobs. Such earphones capture sound
from the environment and use computer technology to produce a second sound wave that
one-half cycle out of phase. The combination of these two sound waves within the headset
will result in destructive interference and thus reduce a worker's exposure to loud noise.

Musical Beats and Intervals

Interference of sound waves has widespread applications in the world of music. Music seldom
consists of sound waves of a single frequency played continuously. Few music enthusiasts
would be impressed by an orchestra that played music consisting of the note with a pure tone
played by all instruments in the orchestra. Hearing a sound wave of 256 Hz (middle C) would
become rather monotonous (both literally and figuratively). Rather, instruments are known to
produce overtones when played resulting in a sound that consists of a multiple of frequencies.
Such instruments are described as being rich in tone color. And even the best choirs will earn
their money when two singers sing two notes (i.e., produce two sound waves) that are
an octave apart. Music is a mixture of sound waves that typically have whole number ratios
between the frequencies associated with their notes. In fact, the major distinction between
music and noise is that noise consists of a mixture of frequencies whose mathematical
relationship to one another is not readily discernible. On the other hand, music consists of a
mixture of frequencies that have a clear mathematical relationship between them. While it
may be true that "one person's music is another person's noise" (e.g., your music might be
thought of by your parents as being noise), a physical analysis of musical sounds reveals a
mixture of sound waves that are mathematically related.
To demonstrate this nature of music, let's consider one of the simplest mixtures of two
different sound waves - two sound waves with a 2:1 frequency ratio. This combination of
waves is known as an octave. A simple sinusoidal plot of the wave pattern for two such waves
is shown below. Note that the red wave has two times the frequency of the blue wave. Also
observe that the interference of these two waves produces a resultant (in green) that has a
periodic and repeating pattern. One might say that two sound waves that have a clear whole
number ratio between their frequencies interfere to produce a wave with a regular and
repeating pattern. The result is music.

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Another simple example of two sound waves with a clear mathematical relationship between
frequencies is shown below. Note that the red wave has three-halves the frequency of the
blue wave. In the music world, such waves are said to be a fifth apart and represent a popular
musical interval. Observe once more that the interference of these two waves produces a
resultant (in green) that has a periodic and repeating pattern. It should be said again: two
sound waves that have a clear whole number ratio between their frequencies interfere to
produce a wave with a regular and repeating pattern; the result is music.

Finally, the diagram below illustrates the wave pattern produced by two dissonant or
displeasing sounds. The diagram shows two waves interfering, but this time there is
no simple mathematical relationship between their frequencies (in computer terms, one has a
wavelength of 37 and the other has a wavelength 20 pixels). Observe (look carefully) that the
pattern of the resultant is neither periodic nor repeating (at least not in the short sample of
time that is shown). The message is clear: if two sound waves that have no simple
mathematical relationship between their frequencies interfere to produce a wave, the result
will be an irregular and non-repeating pattern. This tends to be displeasing to the ear.

A final application of physics to the world of music pertains to the topic of beats. Beats are
the periodic and repeating fluctuations heard in the intensity of a sound when two sound
waves of very similar frequencies interfere with one another. The diagram below illustrates the
wave interference pattern resulting from two waves (drawn in red and blue) with very similar
frequencies. A beat pattern is characterized by a wave whose amplitude is changing at a
regular rate. Observe that the beat pattern (drawn in green) repeatedly oscillates from zero
amplitude to a large amplitude, back to zero amplitude throughout the pattern. Points of
constructive interference (C.I.) and destructive interference (D.I.) are labeled on the diagram.
When constructive interference occurs between two crests or two troughs, a loud sound is
heard. This corresponds to a peak on the beat pattern (drawn in green). When destructive
interference between a crest and a trough occurs, no sound is heard; this corresponds to a
point of no displacement on the beat pattern. Since there is a clear relationship between the
amplitude and the loudness, this beat pattern would be consistent with a wave that varies in
volume at a regular rate.
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Beat Frequency
The beat frequency refers to the rate at which the volume is heard to be oscillating from
high to low volume. For example, if two complete cycles of high and low volumes are heard
every second, the beat frequency is 2 Hz. The beat frequency is always equal to the difference
in frequency of the two notes that interfere to produce the beats. So if two sound waves with
frequencies of 256 Hz and 254 Hz are played simultaneously, a beat frequency of 2 Hz will be
detected. A common physics demonstration involves producing beats using two tuning forks
with very similar frequencies. If a tine on one of two identical tuning forks is wrapped with a
rubber band, then that tuning forks frequency will be lowered. If both tuning forks are
vibrated together, then they produce sounds with slightly different frequencies. These sounds
will interfere to produce detectable beats. The human ear is capable of detecting beats with
frequencies of 7 Hz and below.
A piano tuner frequently utilizes the phenomenon of beats to tune a piano string. She will
pluck the string and tap a tuning fork at the same time. If the two sound sources - the piano
string and the tuning fork - produce detectable beats then their frequencies are not identical.
She will then adjust the tension of the piano string and repeat the process until the beats can
no longer be heard. As the piano string becomes more in tune with the tuning fork, the beat
frequency will be reduced and approach 0 Hz. When beats are no longer heard, the piano
string is tuned to the tuning fork; that is, they play the same frequency. The process allows a
piano tuner to match the strings' frequency to the frequency of a standardized set of tuning
forks.

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Formation of Standing Waves

A standing wave pattern is a vibrational pattern created within a medium when the
vibrational frequency of the source causes reflected waves from one end of the medium
to interfere with incident waves from the source. This interference occurs in such a manner
that specific points along the medium appear to be standing still. Because the observed wave
pattern is characterized by points that appear to be standing still, the pattern is often called
a standing wave pattern. Such patterns are only created within the medium at specific
frequencies of vibration. These frequencies are known as harmonic frequencies, or
merely harmonics. At any frequency other than a harmonic frequency, the interference of
reflected and incident waves leads to a resulting disturbance of the medium that is irregular
and non-repeating.

How is a Standing Wave Formed?

But how are standing wave formations formed? And why are they only
formed when the medium is vibrated at specific frequencies? And what
makes these so-called harmonic frequencies so special and magical? To
answer these questions, let's consider a snakey stretched across the room,
approximately 4-meters from end to end. (A "snakey" is a slinky-like device
that consists of a large concentration of small-diameter metal coils.) If an
upward displaced pulse is introduced at the left end of the snakey, it will
travel rightward across the snakey until it reaches the fixed end on the right
side of the snakey. Upon reaching the fixed end, the single pulse will reflect
and undergo inversion. That is, the upward displaced pulse will become a downward displaced
pulse. Now suppose that a second upward displaced pulse is introduced into the snakey at the
precise moment that the first crest undergoes its fixed end reflection. If this is done with
perfect timing, a rightward moving, upward displaced pulse will meet up with a leftward
moving, downward displaced pulse in the exact middle of the snakey. As the two pulses pass
through each other, they will undergo destructive interference. Thus, a point of no
displacement in the exact middle of the snakey will be produced. The animation below shows
several snapshots of the meeting of the two pulses at various stages in their interference. The
individual pulses are drawn in blue and red; the resulting shape of the medium (as found by
the principle of superposition) is shown in green. Note that there is a point on the diagram in
the exact middle of the medium that never experiences any displacement from the equilibrium
position.

An upward displaced pulse introduced at one end will destructively interfere in the exact
middle of the snakey with a second upward displaced pulse introduced from the same end if
the introduction of the second pulse is performed with perfect timing. The same rationale
could be applied to two downward displaced pulses introduced from the same end. If the
second pulse is introduced at precisely the moment that the first pulse is reflecting from the
fixed end, then destructive interference will occur in the exact
middle of the snakey.
The above discussion only explains why two pulses might interfere
destructively to produce a point of no displacement in the middle
of the snakey. A wave is certainly different than a pulse. What if
there are two waves traveling in the medium? Understanding why
two waves introduced into a medium with perfect timing might
produce a point of displacement in the middle of the medium is a
mere extension of the above discussion. While a pulse is a single
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disturbance that moves through a medium, a wave is a repeating pattern of crests and
troughs. Thus, a wave can be thought of as an upward displaced pulse (crest) followed by a
downward displaced pulse (trough) followed by an upward displaced pulse (crest) followed by
a downward displaced pulse (trough) followed by... . Since the introduction of a crest is
followed by the introduction of a trough, every crest and trough will destructively interfere in
such a way that the middle of the medium is a point of no displacement.

The Importance of Timing

Of course, this all demands that the timing is perfect. In the above discussion, perfect timing
was achieved if every wave crest was introduced into the snakey at the precise time that the
previous wave crest began its reflection at the fixed end. In this situation, there will be one
complete wavelength within the snakey moving to the right at every instant in time; this
incident wave will meet up with one complete wavelength moving to the left at every instant
in time. Under these conditions, destructive interference always occurs in the middle of the
snakey. Either a full crest meets a full trough or a half-crest meets a half-trough or a quarter-
crest meets a quarter-trough at this point. The animation below represents several snapshots
of two waves traveling in opposite directions along the same medium. The waves are
interfering in such a manner that there are points of no displacement produced at the same
positions along the medium. These points along the medium are known as nodes and are
labeled with an N. There are also points along the medium that vibrate back and forth
between points of large positive displacement and points of large negative displacement.
These points are known as antinodes and are labeled with an AN. The two individual waves
are drawn in blue and green and the resulting shape of the medium is drawn in black.

There are other ways to achieve this perfect timing. The main idea behind the timing is to
introduce a crest at the instant that another crest is either at the halfway point across the
medium or at the end of the medium. Regardless of the number of crests and troughs that are
in between, if a crest is introduced at the instant another crest is undergoing its fixed end
reflection, a node (point of no displacement) will be formed in the middle of the medium. The
number of other nodes that will be present along the medium is dependent upon the number
of crests that were present in between the two timed crests. If a crest is introduced at the
instant another crest is at the halfway point across the medium, then an antinode (point of
maximum displacement) will be formed in the middle of the medium by means of constructive
interference. In such an instance, there might also be nodes and antinodes located elsewhere
along the medium.

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The Doppler Effect

Suppose that there is a happy bug in the center of a circular water

puddle. The bug is periodically shaking its legs in order to produce
disturbances that travel through the water. If these disturbances
originate at a point, then they would travel outward from that point in
all directions. Since each disturbance is traveling in the same medium,
they would all travel in every direction at the same speed. The pattern
produced by the bug's shaking would be a series of concentric circles as
shown in the diagram at the right. These circles would reach the edges
of the water puddle at the same frequency. An observer at point A (the
left edge of the puddle) would observe the disturbances to strike the
puddle's edge at the same frequency that would be observed by an observer at point B (at the
right edge of the puddle). In fact, the frequency at which disturbances reach the edge of the
puddle would be the same as the frequency at which the bug produces the disturbances. If
the bug produces disturbances at a frequency of 2 per second, then each observer would
observe them approaching at a frequency of 2 per second.
Now suppose that our bug is moving to the right across the puddle of water and producing
disturbances at the same frequency of 2 disturbances per second. Since
the bug is moving towards the right, each consecutive disturbance
originates from a position that is closer to observer B and farther from
observer A. Subsequently, each consecutive disturbance has a shorter
distance to travel before reaching observer B and thus takes less time to
reach observer B. Thus, observer B observes that the frequency of
arrival of the disturbances is higher than the frequency at which
disturbances are produced. On the other hand, each consecutive
disturbance has a further distance to travel before reaching observer A.
For this reason, observer A observes a frequency of arrival that is less than the frequency at
which the disturbances are produced. The net effect of the motion of the bug (the
source of waves) is that the observer towards whom the bug is moving observes a
frequency that is higher than 2 disturbances/second; and the observer away from
whom the bug is moving observes a frequency that is less than 2
disturbances/second. This effect is known as the Doppler effect.

What is the Doppler Effect?

The Doppler effect is observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an
observer. The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of
waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom
the source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from
whom the source is receding. It is important to note that the effect does not result because of
an actual change in the frequency of the source. Using the example above, the bug is still
producing disturbances at a rate of 2 disturbances per second; it just appears to the observer
whom the bug is approaching that the disturbances are being produced at a frequency greater
than 2 disturbances/second. The effect is only observed because the distance between
observer B and the bug is decreasing and the distance between observer A and the bug is
increasing.
The Doppler effect can be observed for any type of wave - water wave, sound wave, light
wave, etc. We are most familiar with the Doppler effect because of our experiences with
sound waves. Perhaps you recall an instance in which a police car or emergency vehicle was
traveling towards you on the highway. As the car approached with its siren blasting, the pitch
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of the siren sound (a measure of the siren's frequency) was high; and then suddenly after the
car passed by, the pitch of the siren sound was low. That was the Doppler effect - an
apparent shift in frequency for a sound wave produced by a moving source.

The Doppler Effect in Astronomy

The Doppler effect is of intense interest to astronomers who use the information about the
shift in frequency of electromagnetic waves produced by moving stars in our galaxy and
beyond in order to derive information about those stars and galaxies. The belief that the
universe is expanding is based in part upon observations of electromagnetic waves emitted by
stars in distant galaxies. Furthermore, specific information about stars within galaxies can be
determined by application of the Doppler effect. Galaxies are clusters of stars that typically
rotate about some center of mass point. Electromagnetic radiation emitted by such stars in a
distant galaxy would appear to be shifted downward in frequency (a red shift) if the star is
rotating in its cluster in a direction that is away from the Earth. On the other hand, there is an
upward shift in frequency (a blue shift) of such observed radiation if the star is rotating in a
direction that is towards the Earth.

SEE VIDEO TUTORIAL LINK BELOW.

EXAMPLE P[ROPBLEM OF DOPPLER>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYt73-EshDI

DENSITY

Density, mass of a unit volume of a material substance. The formula for

density is d = M/V, where d is density, M is mass, and V is volume. Density
is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic centimetre. For example,
the density of water is 1 gram per cubic centimetre, and Earth’s density is
5.51 grams per cubic centimetre. Density can also be expressed as kilograms
per cubic metre (in MKS or SI units). For example, the density of air is 1.2
kilograms per cubic metre. The densities of common solids, liquids,
and gases are listed in textbooks and handbooks. Density offers a
convenient means of obtaining the mass of a body from its volume or vice
versa; the mass is equal to the volume multiplied by the density (M = Vd),
while the volume is equal to the mass divided by the density (V = M/d).
The weight of a body, which is usually of more practical interest than its
mass, can be obtained by multiplying the mass by the acceleration
of gravity. Tables that list the weight per unit volume of substances are also
available; this quantity has various titles, such as weight density, specific
weight, or unit weight. See also specific gravity. The expression particle
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density refers to the number of particles per unit volume, not to the density
of a single particle, and it is usually expressed as n.

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Solved Examples of Specific Gravity
Example 1: Calculate the specific gravity of iron.
The density of iron is 7850 kg/m3. The specific gravity of iron-related to water is calculated as
follows:

SGiron=7850kg/m31000kg/m3=7.85
Hence, the specific gravity of iron is 7.85.

Applications of Specific Gravity

Specific gravity has a wide range of applications, following are a few of the applications:

 The gem purity can be determined by comparing its specific gravity with the already measured high
purity level of another gem. This allows the gem’s value to be determined very quickly.
 Specific gravity is used by mineralogists and geologists to determine the mineral content of the rock.
 Urinary specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. The test is a routine
part of a urinalysis.

Mass. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter. It is approximately the

measure of the number of atoms in a given object. Mass is also the measure of an
object’s resistance to gravity. The Kilogram is the basic SI unit of mass.

Weight. Weight is a force that is caused by the gravitational pull of the earth
towards its surface. The basic SI unit for weight is a newton.

Weight, and mass are the two that most often get confused with one another, but
we will get back to that.

Volume. Volume is a measure of the amount of three-dimensional space that is

being occupied by a liquid, solid, or a gas. The basic SI unit for volume is cubic
meter (m^3).
Density. Density refers to the measurements of how compact an object is.

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Specific Gravity. Specific gravity is in direct relationship with density. It is the ratio
of an object’s density, and its contact substance. For example, if you want to place
an object in water, the specific gravity would tell you if it would float or not.

Alright, we’ve just looked at the definition for each, but let’s go back through and
see how they are related to one another.

So, we started with mass. For an object to have a weight, volume, density, or to find
the specific gravity, it has to have mass. Or else we have nothing and this would all be
pointless.
So, every object has mass. The next thing we would move to is the weight of an object.
Every object with mass, will also have weight due to gravity from the earth pulling that
object towards its surface. In order to find the weight of an object, you would just
multiply the mass of the object times gravity. Something else to keep in mind about
weight and mass is that mass doesn’t change unless that object loses matter. However,
the weight of an object with the same mass can change depending on where it is. Like
the moon for instance; if I go to the moon I will weigh less due to the lesser gravity, but
I will still have the same mass.

Now, let’s move on to volume. We’ve already defined it. We’ve said that volume is
the measure of space within an object. But how can we find volume. Well, all three
dimensional objects are going to have height, length, and depth. So, to find the amount
of space within these three dimensions, we multiply those three dimensions together.
The result will tell us the amount of space within that object.

Density is directly related to the mass and the volume. In fact it, tells us of the exact
relationship between the two. To find an object’s density, we take its mass and divide it
by its volume. If the mass has a large volume, but a small mass it would be said to have
a low density.

This would let us know that an object’s matter is not very compact, but rather more
spaced out.

If the object was low in volume, but high in mass, then it would have a high density.
This would tell us that the object’s matter is very compact within it.

This brings us to specific gravity. Again, specific gravity tells us the relationship
between the density of an object, and the contact substance. The contact substance is
most often water. So, to find the specific gravity we would take the density of an object,
and divide it by the density of water. If the specific gravity is greater than one, then we
know that the object will sink. If the specific gravity is less than one, then we know that
the object will float on water. This is because the density of water has to be greater
than the density of the object.

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SEE VIDEO TUTORIAL LINK BELOW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMB9TAMFBnY

PRESSURE

What does pressure mean?

If you tried to hammer a bowling pin into the wall, nothing would probably
happen except for people deciding to no longer lend you their bowling pins.
However, if you hammer with the same force on a nail, the nail would be a lot
more likely to penetrate the wall. This shows that sometimes just knowing the
magnitude of the force isn't enough: you also have to know how that force is
distributed on the surface of impact. For the nail, all the force between the
wall and the nail was concentrated into the very small area on the sharp tip of
the nail. However, for the bowling pin the area touching the wall was much
larger, and therefore the force was much less concentrated.

Person hitting a bowling pin and a nail with a hammer.

To make this concept precise, we use the idea of pressure. Pressure is defined to be
the amount of force exerted per area.

P=F/A

So to create a large amount of pressure, you can either exert a large force or
exert a force over a small area (or do both). In other words, you might be safe
lying on a bed of nails if the total surface area of all the nail tips together is
large enough.

This definition also means that the units of pressure are newtons per square
meter
N / m2

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How do you find the pressure in a fluid?
A solid surface can exert pressure, but fluids (i.e. liquids or gases) can also exert
pressure. This might seem strange if you think about it because it's hard to imagine
hammering in a nail with liquid. To make sense of this, imagine being submerged
to some depth in water. The water above you would be pushing down on you
because of the force of gravity and would therefore be exerting pressure on you. If
you go deeper, there will be more water above you, so the weight and pressure
from the water would increase too.
Not only can the weight of liquids exert pressure, but the weight of gases can as
well. For instance, the weight of the air in our atmosphere is substantial and we're
almost always at the bottom of it. The pressure exerted on your body by the weight
of the atmosphere is surprisingly large. The reason you don't notice it is because the
atmospheric pressure is always there. We only notice a change in pressure above or
below normal atmospheric pressure (like when we fly in an airplane or go
underwater in a pool). We aren't harmed by the large atmospheric pressure because
our body is able to exert a force outward to balance the air pressure inward. But
this means that if you were to be thrown into the vacuum of outer space by space
pirates, your body pressure would continue pushing out with a large force, yet no
air would be pushing in.

Okay, so the weight of a fluid can exert pressure on objects submerged in it, but
how can we determine exactly how much pressure a fluid will exert? Consider a
can of beans that got dropped in a pool as seen in the following diagram.

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 A can of beans submerged below the water to a depth h.
The weight of the column of water above the can of beans is creating pressure at
the top of the can. To figure out an expression for the pressure we'll start with the
definition of pressure.
P= F/A
For the force F we should plug in the weight of the column of water above the can
of beans. The weight is always found with W=mg, equals mg so the weight of the
column of water can be written as W=mwg where mw is the mass of the water
column above the beans. We'll plug this into the equation for pressure above and
get,

P = mwg / A

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the mass of Earth's atmosphere using the value of the
standard atmosphere.

Since pressure is defined as force divided by area, the force of the

atmosphere can be found by multiplying pressure by area.
F
F = PA ⇐ P=
A

The force of the atmosphere is due to gravity and is called weight

(mg). The area it is pressing down on is the surface area of a
sphere (4πr2). Substitute these expressions.
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mg = P(4πr2)

a. Solve for the goal of the problem.

P(4πr2)
m=
g

b. Put numbers in…

(101,325 Pa)(4π)(6.37 × 106 m)2

m=
9.8 m/s2

c. Get answer out…

d. m = 5.27 × 1018 kg

e. Compare this to the mass of the whole Earth.

5.27 × 1018 kg ≲ 0.0001%

PASCALS PRINCIPLE

Pascal’s principle, also called Pascal’s law, in fluid (gas or liquid)

mechanics, statement that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container,
a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of
the fluid and to the walls of the container. The principle was first
enunciated by the French scientist Blaise Pascal.

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THEREFORE

XN = (10N / 1.5 cm2 ) ( 4.5 cm2)

30 NEWTONS

Archimedes’ principle, physical law of buoyancy, discovered by the

ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes, stating that any
body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is
acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force, the magnitude of which is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. The volume of
displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in a
fluid or to that fraction of the volume below the surface for an object
partially submerged in a liquid. The weight of the displaced portion of the
fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of the buoyant force. The buoyant force
on a body floating in a liquid or gas is also equivalent in magnitude to the
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weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction; the object neither
rises nor sinks. For example, a ship that is launched sinks into the ocean
until the weight of the water it displaces is just equal to its own weight. As
the ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the
magnitude of the buoyant force continuously matches the weight of the ship
and its cargo.

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli's principle is the concept that an increase in a liquid's speed creates a pressure decrease and a

decrease in a liquid's speed creates a pressure increase.

Bernoulli’s Principle, in physics, the concept that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure
within that fluid decreases. Originally formulated in 1738 by Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, it states
that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is a constant along the flow path. An increase in the fluid’s speed
must therefore be matched by a decrease in its pressure.

Bernoulli’s Equation

The relationship between pressure and velocity in fluids is described quantitatively

by Bernoulli’s equation, named after its discoverer, the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli (1700–
1782). Bernoulli’s equation states that for an incompressible, frictionless fluid, the following
sum is constant:
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 P + 1/2ρv2 + ρgh=constant,

Where:

P is the absolute pressure

ρ is the fluid density

v is the velocity of the fluid

h is the height above some reference point

and g is the acceleration due to gravity

If we follow a small volume of fluid along its path, various quantities in the sum may change,
but the total remains constant. Let the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to any two points along the path
that the bit of fluid follows Bernoulli’s equation becomes

P1 + 1/2ρv1 2 + ρgh1 = P2 + 1/2ρv22 + ρgh2

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000 Pa. At the nozzle the
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli
equation to calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water is 1000
kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2 . Pay attention to units!)]

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WEEK 5 AND 6 EXERCISES.

1. Draw and explain the difference between LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVE.
2. What is INVERSE SQUARED LAW?

3. PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF DOPPLERS EFFECT THEN EXPLAIN WITH DRAWING OR

DOODLE.

4. You have a rock with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45 g. What is its density?

5. You have a different rock with a volume of 30cm 3 and a mass of 60g. What is its density?

6. In the above questions 3 and 4, which rock is heavier? Which is lighter?

7. In the above questions 3 and 4, which rock is more dense ? Which is less dense?

8. You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the beach. It is 30 centimeters on each side,
and so has a volume of 27,000 cm 3. It is made of granite, which has a typical density of 2.8
g/cm3. How much will this boulder weigh?

9. You have a sample of granite with density 2.8 g/cm3. The density of water is 1.0 g/cm 3. What is
the specific gravity of your granite?

10.

REFERRING TO THE IMAGE ABOVE, IF A FORCE OF 5 NEWTONS WAS EXERTED

DIRECTLY TO AREA ONE (A1 = 6 cm2) RESULTED A 15 NEWTONS OF FORCE (F2),
WHAT IS THE AREA OF THE SURFACE RESPONSIBLE FOR LIFTHING THE
AUTOMOBILE?
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Chapter 1
Man is called to a funassofife which far exceeds the dimensions of his earthig existence because it consists in sharing the very
life of God. The loftiness of this ex stence because it consists in snarainess and the inestimable value of ion, ine life even in its
temporal phase. Life in time, in fact, is the fundamental condition, the initial stage, and an integral part of the entire unified
process of human existence. (cf. Evangelium Vitae 2)

As Filipinos, we cannot hide our joy when we hear that one of our immediate family or relatives is bearing a child. Collectively
our elders will say that a child is a blessing from God. We know and we believe as a community of believers of Christ that the
conception of the human person is divine providence. Although there are uncertainties in other aspects such as health,
finances, and parenthood, new life will certainly bring happiness and so much joy to everyone. This is our initial vocation.
God's call to live. In the life that we live, He will unfold His plans to prosper us and not to harm us. (cf. Jer. 29:11)

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Explain how every Christian by the virtue of our Baptism is called to live by following Christ;
2. Distinguish the three-fold mission of Christ and contextualized into their Christian life;
3. Manifest concrete examples of how these missions of Christ are applied in their daily life;
4. Relate the situation of San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila in Japan to the contemporary reality of
Filipino migrant workers.

My Faich Life Journey:

When we were baptized, with great pride and honor, our parents and godparents took the responsibility to raise us as God's
faithful child. It is part of their duty to ensure that we understand the basics of Christian Faith. By doing so, the command of
Jesus is fulfilled- to go forth and baptize them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (cf. Matthew
28: 19)
As Christians, we are gifted with a difficult but fulfilling mission to accomplish as individual, as family and as community. We
have one call. Every baptized Christian is invited to live in the fullness of Christ. Jesus is "the key, the center and the purpose
of the whole of man's history"
(GS 10), in whose image we all are to be conformed (cf. Rom 8:29). For it is through the Risen Christ that we shall share the
Trinitarian divine life of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Therefore our present earthly life is a challenge to "put on the Lord Jesus
Christ," as St. Paul admonishes us (cf. Rm 13:14).

Exposition:
At our baptism, we were marked with oil as a sign that we are consecrated to God and anointed by the Holy Spirit. Our
anointing also was a sign that we are joined to Christ and share in his threefold mission as prophet, priest, and king.

The Israelites anointed their priests and kings with oil. They spoke of their prophets as being anointed with the spirit. Jesus,
known as the Christ, the anointed one, fills all three roles. According to Luke, at the outset of his public ministry, Jesus read
from Isaiah and claimed that the words referred to him:

1. A PROPHET is a messenger sent by God, a person who speaks for God. He or she witnesses God calls people to
conversion, and may also foretell the future. Prophets often are killed for their message. Jesus fits this description.
He is none other than the Word of God in the flesh. He called the world to turn from sin and return to the Father and
was put to death for it. In Scripture Jesus is presented as a prophet. Crowds identified him as "Jesus the prophet"
(Matthew 21:11). He spoke of himself as a prophet: "No prophet is accepted in his own native place" (Luke 4:24). He
foretold his passion and resurrection.

2. A PRIEST is a mediator, or bridge, between God and human beings. He offers the sacrifice to God on behalf of all.
Once a year on the Day of Atonement, the Jewish high priest enters into the Holy of Holies in the Temple. There he
offers the sacrifice to God to make up for his sins and the sins of the people. The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews
compared Jesus to Melchizedek, a mysterious, superior priest in the Old Testament who blessed Abraham. Jesus is
the greatest high priest. Because he is both divine and human, Jesus is the perfect mediator. He is not only the
perfect priest, holy and sinless but the perfect sacrifice as well. The sacrifice of Jesus needs never be made again.
Jesus "entered once for all into the sanctuary, not with the blood of goats and calves, but with his own blood, thus
obtaining eternal redemption" (Hebrews 9:12). Jesus continues his role as a priest. "He is always able to save those
who approach God through him since he lives forever to make intercession for them" (Hebrews 7:25).

3. A KING is a person who has supreme authority over a territory. When the Jewish people were ruled by kings, they
became a nation. They longed for a Messiah who would again make them great. Jesus is spoken of as a king in the
Gospels. Gabriel announced to Mary that the Lord God would give her son the throne of David his father, and he
would rule over the house of Jacob forever. Magi looked for a newborn king of the Jews. When Jesus last entered
Jerusalem, crowds hailed Him as a king. He was arrested for making Himself king, and the soldiers mocked Him as
one. When Pilate asked if He were king of the Jews, Jesus replied, "You say so," and he clarified, "My kingdom does
not belong to this world" (John 18:36). The charge written against Jesus was "Jesus the Nazorean, the King of the
Jews." Jesus announced the kingdom of God. His mission was to have God reign in the hearts of all and to have
peace and justice in the world. Jesus exercised his roval office by serving.

Why was Jesus baptized by John? Certainly, He was not a sinner who needed to repent like so many of the others whom
John baptized. The Fourth Eucharistic Prayer reminds us that Jesus shared our human nature in all things but sin. John
himself said that Jesus should be baptizing him, not him baptizing Jesus. So, why did Jesus go into the River Jordan and let
John baptize him?

Perhaps the question can be answered by asking, "Why did people respond to John's invitation to be baptized?" They wanted
the presence of God to be restored to the world and they knew that first, it had to be restored in them. They wanted evil to be
defeated and knew that first, they had to defeat the evil within themselves. They wanted the Kingdom of God to begin, and
they were baptized to proclaim this Kingdom with their lives.

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Jesus joined them in their desires for the Kingdom of God. He saw the pain that godlessness brought to mankind and wanted
to be united with all who sought God. He saw the results of sin in the world and wanted to be united with all who would fight
sin. He knew that the Kingdom of God was beginning and sought union with all who were willing to commit to the Kingdom.

And John pointed to Jesus and said, "Look, there is the Lamb of God. There is the one who will take the horrors of the world
upon Himself and die for God's people. When Jesus was baptized. He accepted the Mission that was the whole reason why
He became a man. He began His public ministry which would end in the destruction of sin and hate with obedience to the
Father and love for His people. Jesus embraced His Mission, defeated the devil, established the Kingdom of God, and then
called on each of us to continue His ministry, more than that, to complete His ministry in our lives today.

Living in Christ Today

A. The Life of San Lorenzo Ruiz
San Lorenzo Ruiz was a normal Filipino. He lived peacefully with his wife, Rosario, along with his daughter and two sons. He
was a devout Catholic and a member of the Dominican Cofradia del Santisimo Rosario. His life was much like everybody else,
revolving around God and subsistence from day to day. After receiving accusations and trumped charges, Lorenzo sought
help from the Dominicans. Thankfully, the Dominicans were able to help.

Understanding Ruiz's plight, he was allowed to join a missionary mission bound for Japan. This would be life-changing for
Ruiz. He had never been outside Manila, let alone outside the Philippines. But he had no other choice but to leave Manila. On
June 10, 1636, Ruiz left his wife, his children, and his life, and set sail to Japan.

Their plan was to land near a Christian enclave and begin proselytizing there. It's no secret that the Japanese didn't take too
kindly to Christian missionaries. Things didn't go as planned, however. The Dominican ship hit a snag and landed in the
hostile waters of Okinawa, Japan. The Japanese shogunate immediately arrested the foreigners and jailed them.

They stayed in jail for over a year before they were brought to Nagasaki for a trial. They were ordered to abandon the Catholic
faith and leave Japan. The missionaries all agreed to leave, but not to apostatize. Thus sealed their faith. Ruiz and his
companions were tortured physically and psychologically. They were forced to ingest inhuman amounts of water. They were
stabbed, pressed, soaked, and repeatedly crushed. Their captors emphasized that the torture would stop if they renounced
their faith. But none of them renounced their faith.

The final day came on September 27, 1637, over a year after his initial journey. He was hung upside-down by the feet and
lowered to a pit. A cut was made on his forehead to facilitate bleeding and prevent unconsciousness. This was tsurushi,
reverse hanging, and was the common punishment for Christians. Ruiz lasted two days as he lost more blood. Eventually, his
body gave out and he passed away, his faith intact. He was 37 years old, and the Philippines' first martyr. He is also known as
the patron of migrant workers for leaving the country 'to work' in a foreign land.

Integration:
We share in God's mission. We make this ardent task possible through Jesus. By his life, we are ushered to a better
understanding of what God wanted for his children. By the virtue of our Baptism, we become more united to Jesus and one
another. We are Prophets, Priests, and Kings in Christ-centered ways. We respond to the challenges presented to us by the
world with Sacred Scripture as a powerful and effective tool in seeing things with renewed eyes of faith.

San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila, the first Filipino saint becomes an inspiration to every Christian by the way he lived his life
consecrated to Jesus. We recognize in his life the constant sacrifice of many Overseas Filipino Workers who are strengthened
by their faith and can be evangelizers of the Good News to the different parts of the world.

Chapter 2
The human race has always felt the need of a priesthood: of men, that is, who have the official charge to be mediators
between God and humanity. men who should consecrate themselves entirely to this mediation, as to the very purpose of their
lives, men set aside to offer to God public prayers and sacrifices in the name of human society. For human society as such is
bound to offer to God public and social worship. It is bound to acknowledge in Him its Supreme Lord and first beginning, and
to strive toward Him as to its last end, to give Him thanks and offer Him propitiation (Ad Catholici Sacerdotii, 8).

In every momentous event in our life, unknowingly priests play very significant roles. Sequentially, priests became part of our
life's journey. Many marriages of our parents were solemnized by priests. When we were little, priests poured water and
anointed our head, in effect we became part of the Kingdom of heaven and the Church through the Sacrament of Baptism.
When our families moved to a new house, priests blessed them too. Every Sunday we gather as one community for the
Eucharistic Celebrations. Priests undeniably form part of our faith life journey. In this lesson, we will discover their journey
following Jesus and His ministry.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Explain the meaning and nature of the Sacrament of the Holy Orders and its vital role in the life of the Church;
2. Describe how we can participate in the universal priesthood can offer as a sacrifice to serve the Church; and
3. Present a plan of actions of support that will uplift the spirit and ease the burden of the ordained ministers in their
school and parish communities.

Pathways to Holiness
Last January 2015, Pope Francis visited the Philippines for the first time. Pope Francis was deeply touched by the many
Filipinos who came in groups to see him.

The pope is known for his special affection to the children, poor people, the sick, and those suffering from any physical,
emotional, or spiritual suffering. He loves to speak to them heart-to-heart.

On a very special occasion during his visit, he celebrated Mass with bishops, priests, and religious at the Manila Cathedral.

He said that the poor are at the center of the Gospel, and; are at the heart of thi Gospel. That if we take away the poor from
the Gospel we can not understand the whole message of Jesus Christ. As ambassadors for Christ, we, bishops, priests and

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religious, ought to be the first to welcome his reconciling grace into our hearts Saint Paul makes clear what this means. It
means rejecting worldly perspective and seeing all things anew in the light of Christ. It means being the first to examin our
consciences, to acknowledge our failings and sins, and to embrace the path c constant conversion, everyday conversion.

How can we proclaim the newness and liberating power of the Cross to others if we refuse to allow the word of God to shake
our complacency, our fear of change our petty compromises with the ways of this world, our "spiritual worldlines (cf. Evangelii
Gaudium, 93).

About the picture: Pope Francis warmly embraced two resource persons from Tulay g Kabataan who were former street
children at the University of Santo Tomas Campus in Manila during the gathering for the youth and Filipino Catholics.

Exposition:
A. Holy Orders is "the sacrament of apostolic ministry," Through it, "the mission entrusted by Christ to his apostles continues
to be exercised in the Church to the end of time" (CCC 1536).

"Order" in Church usage simply means the group or body of those who carry on certain functions, such as teaching, sanc-
tifying, and governing. Ordination is the sacramental act by which one is integrated into the orders of bishops, of priests, and
of deacons. It goes beyond a simple designation, delegation, or institution by the community since it confers a gift of the Holy
Spirit, enabling the exercise of a sacred power which can only come from Christ himself, through his Church (CCC 1538).

Besides making all the faithful a holy and kingly priesthood, the Lord also appointed certain ministers among the faithful in
order to join them together in the one body where "all members have not the same function" (Rom 12:4). These men were to
hold in the community of the faithful the sacred power of Order, that of offering sacrifice and forgiving sins. They would
exercise their priestly office publicly on behalf of men in the name of Christ (PO 2).

The ordained, therefore, "in virtue of the sacrament of Orders, after the image of Christ, the supreme and eternal priest, are
consecrated in order to preach the Gospel and shepherd the faithful as well as to celebrate divine worship as true priests of
the New Testament" (LG 28).

Priests are ordained to be sacraments of Christ, "configured to Christ in such a way that they can act in the person of Christ
the head" (PO 2). Thus they are expected to conform to Christ and unite with His sacrifice for the sanctification of souls and
unending consecration to God.

B. THE THREE DEGREES OF THE SACRAMENT OF ORDERS

1. The Diaconate
In the Catholic Church, the diaconate is the first of the three ranks in ordained ministry. Deacons preparing for the priesthood
are called transitional deacons. Those not planning to be ordained priests are called permanent deacons. Married men may
be ordained permanent deacons, and single men may be ordained with a commitment to celibacy.

The diaconate is the order of service, in the unqualified sense of the term. A deacon is ordained, though only implicitly, in the
memory of St. Stephen through the link between the order of the deacons and the outpouring of the "sevenfold" Spirit. It is the
virtues of Stephen that are presented as the virtues specific to the deacon. Deacons, who are also ordained for the service of
the bishop, receive the spirit of grace, zeal, and diligence.

2. The Presbyterate
The presbyterate is the order of helpers of ordo episcoporum.
As fellow workers of the episcopal order in the three areas of a cultic priesthood, governance, and teaching (as secondary
preachers), the presbyters share in the responsibility of the bishops in the governance of the Church. They receive the spirit of
grace, counsel, and strength.

By sacred ordination, a sacrament is conferred on priests through which, "by the anointing of the Holy Spirit, they are signed
with a special character and are so configured to Christ the Priest that they have the power to act in the person of Christ the
head."

3. The Episcopate
The episcopate is the order of high priesthood. It is the fullness of the priesthood of Chris, thus the bishop is above all else the
priest to whom the Lord has entrusted the fullness of His mystery and, therefore, is essentially the one who is consecrated.

Bishops who receive the Princely / Sovereign Spirit of governance and leadership in their ordination are considered high
priests and pastors, the first preacher and the first liturgos. Aside from their responsibility to feed the holy flock, the bishops
are to exercise the sovereign priesthood by serving God day and night by the power given to apostles.

"Come, follow Me, and I will make you fishers of men" (V. 19).
The disciples were busily working when Jesus invited them to follow Him. They left their work at once. In the case of James
and John, they left not only their work but also their father. And they left immediately. Their attraction to Jesus was instant that
they left their work and their boats without difficulty. As fishers of men, their mission was to gather people and bring them to
the Kingdom of God. They will "catch" people and protect them from spiritual death by nourishing them with the Gospel and
Sacraments. The fishermen left behind their boats at the lake to go to the wider and deeper shores of the world.

The fishermen were called even if they did not have credentials the world held dear because Jesus saw them and their
potential. Jesus was not a bit bothered about the fishermen's limited intellectual capacity due to a lack of formal education.

Like the first disciples, we are called to engage in spreading the Gospel. We do not have to be learned people to be able to
proclaim it. What is important is that our lives are rooted in the Gospel and we are living witnesses of the faith.

Of course, following Jesus is not easy. We have to possess certain qualities like patience to be willing to wait until "the fish will
take our bait." We also have to have the perseverance to be ready to try again and again, and not get discouraged when
things are not going well according to our plans and in case nothing seems to happen during our mission. Getting an abundant
catch does not always happen every time we cast our net. With the many preoccupations of the people in the world today,

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with God not being the top priority in their lives, our catch could be scarce. We just have to keep on and never give up fishing
for them. As we proclaim the Gospel of truth, we will face various oppositions and risks. This is where we must have courage.
We must also learn to use proper timing and know when to cast and when not to cast our nets since, at one time, men and
women from all walks of life will welcome the truth, and at other times, they will resent the truth especially if the truth hinders or
opposes them from doing what they are doing.

Faith Life Journey:

Read the Biography of St. John Marie Vianney, Patron of Parish Priests St. John Marie Vianney was born on May 8, 1786, in
the French town of Dardilly, France. He was the fourth child in a humble family of six children born to Matthieu Vianney and his
wife, Marie. The Vianneys were devout followers of the Catholic Faith and helped the needy. Marie was responsible for
leading St. Vianney into religious life.

The turbulence of the French Revolution marked St. Vianney's childhood. The Vianneys journeyed to distant farms just to
attend Mass facilitated by these priests. These extraordinary circumstances and the priests' courage deeply touched the
young St. Vianney who began to look up to the priests as heroes. St. Vianney received his first communion when he was 13
years old in a private home conducted by two nuns whose communities had been dissolved during the Revolution.

In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte reestablished the Catholic Church in France and, at this time, Vianney wanted to pursue a
religious education. His father allowed him to leave the family farm to study at a school for ecclesiastical students that the cure
of Ecully, M. Balley, had opened.

Because the French Revolution had interrupted his early education, St. Vianney struggled in his studies, especially Latin. But
his deep determination to become a priest let him prevail over his difficulties. His education was once again interrupted in
1809 when he was drafted into Napoleon's army. Two days after St. Vianney was expected to report at Lyons, he fell ill and
required medical care. He was left behind by his draft as a result of his hospitalization.

St. Vianney has finally ordained a priest on August 12, 1815, and celebrated his first mass the very next day. Three years
later, St. Vianney was appointed parish priest of the town of Ars. This opened his eyes to the wayward state of the community
of 230 people. During the course of his assignment in Ars, St. Vianney strived to transform his town spiritually. It took St.
Vianney 10 years to bring spiritual renewal to Ars but his perseverance resulted in greater attendance in his church and the
people turning away from their vices. St. Vianney found joy in teaching the children their catechism and taught people to love
for the rosary.
St. Vianney was canonized in 1925 by Pope Pius XI and was made the patron saint of parish priests. His feast day was added
to the General Roman Calendar to be celebrated on August 4, the day of his death.

The life and vocation of St. John Marie Vianney shows us the importance of our role in the spiritual transformation of our
communities. St. Vianney was able to transcend over his limitations and humble beginnings to become an exemplary priest
who changed his town and even the world.

Integration:
Ordination to the Holy Orders is a gift and a mission from God. It is a sacrament, and like all sacraments, it does what it
symbolizes and symbolizes what it does. Signs or symbols, therefore, matter-particularly those that Christ himself has
instituted-and the Church faithfully follows and observes. Christ and the apostles revealed what the matter of ordination should
be just as they revealed what the matter of Baptism and Eucharist should also be. Faithfulness to Christ's saving graces
means faithfulness to the saving signs He entrusted His Church to continue until comes again in the end time.

The sacrifice to the Church is all-encompassing, as a husband to his wife and wife to her husband. The priest represents
Christ to the members of the Church, the bride of Christ. The priest takes on his life in supreme imitation of Jesus as the
bridegroom. This is the meaning of his vocation.

Only priests can preside over the celebration of the Holy Mass and absolve sin, both by the power of the Holy Spirit, in the
name of Jesus, by the power of God the Father. This special grace is given for the sake of the Bride of Christ, that they may
one day go to heaven. This is a very unique and amazing role of ordained ministers in the plan of salvation.

Chapter 3
The consecrated life inspires and accompanies the spread of evangelization in the different parts of the world, where Institutes
from abroad are gratefully welcomed and new ones are being founded, in a great variety of forms and expressions.

Consequently, although in some parts of the world Institutes of Consecrated Life seems to be experiencing a period of
difficulty, in other places they are prospering with remarkable vitality. This shows that the choice of total self-giving to God in
Christ is in no way incompatible with any human culture or historical situation. -Pope John Paul II, Apostolic Exhortation Vita
Consecrata, no. 2
When we hear different names of universities in the Philippines like Ateneo de Manila University, University of Santo Tomas,
and De La Salle University, we can easily associate them with sports and athletic tournaments. These prime educational
institutions unknown to many are owned and administered by consecrated persons like the Dominicans, Jesuits, and De La
Salle Brothers. Though the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) strengthens camaraderie among
participating schools, these three big institutions are also known for forming Christ-centered persons through their holistic
academic programs. This is deeply rooted in the ministry of Jesus: to teach and to bless especially the children and the youth.

In this lesson, we will explore a way of life embraced by individuals who dreamed to love Jesus closely through his ministry
and mission work in the Philippines and around the world.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Recognize the important role of consecrated individuals especially religious sisters and brothers in the mission of the
Church;
2. Identify ways and means of giving support to the Church leaders and their priestly, prophetic, and kingly ministries;

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 3. Examine the life of Richie
Fernando, S.J., and articulate the instances that manifest his unwavering faith in God.

CBCP President Most. Rev. Romullo Valles wished that during the special celebration of Year of the Clergy and Consecrated
Persons, may our priests and consecrated persons, in their weakness and woundedness, continue to serve and guide fellow
sinners with the joy of the Gospel that leads to the fuliness of life.

The Clergy and Consecrated Persons, given their role of leadership in our communities, and who often enjoy privileges and
entitlements, should stand up from a comfortable and privileged position to generously and humbly serve.

ABOUT THE LOGO: The logo is a stylized illustration of Jesus' act of washing the feet of the disciples. It is also the same
challenge being given to those who committed themselves to priestly and consecrated lives (thus the figures are not bound by
any gender--it can be seen either as male or female) to God and the Church.

Exposition:
The Religious Vows
To understand the meaning and nature of Consecrated Life in the Church we have to understand what is known as the
evangelical counsels which are offered by Christ to everyone. Those who are consecrated live these counsels without entering
into what is known as the "hierarchical structure of the Church" or Holy Orders.

Those who embrace the evangelical counsels or religious vows take on a life of chastity in celibacy for the sake of the
Kingdom of God, poverty, and obedience. When someone takes these on by proclaiming them publicly they take on the
characteristics of a life given to God alone.

The Church sees this state of life as a way of experiencing an intimate dedication of one's life to God. Those that take these
vows are living their Baptism in a way that follows God as closely as possible, dedicating themselves to a God who simply is
love. They pursue the perfection of love in their own lives, freely giving of everything they have to the service of the Kingdom
of God. They become a living symbol of the glory of the Church. They are living witnesses of the perfect surrender to God
only.

A. Poverty
This evangelical counsel or religious vow is central not only to the consecrated life but also to every Christian like Us. The vow
of poverty is a promise to be detached from the world. When religious people empty themselves of worldly goods-attachment
to money or physical possessions--they allow God to fill their lives and hearts with his richness and love that lasts beyond this
world. Whatever remuneration or salary they receive from their ministry or work as administrators in a school or hospital goes
not to the person but the community. The vow of poverty enables the consecrated person to renounce private property or
ownership. All property including gifts and donations belongs to his or her community.

Jesus gave us a model of what our lives should look like. The poor are empty. They have no physical possessions. Jesus was
showing to us that there is wisdom and virtue in poverty, especially when our poverty is aimed towards God. This is why this
evangelical counsel is an important part of consecrated life. We too are called to live a life of poverty.

B. Chastity
Our sexuality and the virtue of chastity are gifts from God given to us to glorify him. When a religious take the vow of chastity,
it is in a sense, a type of marriage vow to the Church. He or she promises complete fidelity to God. The vow of chastity is self-
sacrifice to the Bridegroom-Christ. It is a total offering of their body and their sexuality back to God. This vow also implies the
persons' renunciation of his or her right to marry and have a family of his or her own for the sake of the Kingdom of God.

Like any other vocation, the vow of chastity requires that the religious continually practice temperance or self-control. Just
because they are offering their sexuality back to God does not mean those sexual desires or the desire to be a mother or
father go away. It means that they are called to greater prayer and self-sacrifice. Their life of chastity is a way of worship to
God.

Religious or consecrated life is a sign of the kind of relationship in heaven or the Kingdom of God will be like. As we enter the
Kingdom of heaven, love remains. We will glorify God through songs of praise and a harmonious relationship with one
another.

C. Obedience
This counsel is based on the very words of Jesus in John 15:10 "If you keep my commandments, you will abide in my love,
just as I have kept my Father's commandments and abide in his love." Obedience requires two things from us: submission and
trust.

This vow requires that a religious give complete

submission and commitment to God's plan for their life. Not only do God's plan but also to obey the Religious Superiors'
mandate with full trust and confidence. They made a promise to faithfully follow and submit their will to their superiors in every
situation no matter how easy or difficult or even seemingly impossible assignment is for them.

Obedience is submitting to God's plan and believing that His plan is the right plan for us. As humans, we want to be in full
control of our lives. We like to call the shots and be our own "boss." We think we know what is best and right for us. The vow
of obedience requires that the religious give up their will to God, and put their trust in Him, no matter where God will lead them
to.

This Vow of Obedience can be hard for those who have no religious vocation or Consecrated Life. And some of us may have
difficulty or issue in following orders from others. So, how can we then live obediently? In the formation of values, the ability to
attentively listen to others, especially to our elders or authority is the first step. Then we follow people in authority in our lives.
Whether those persons are our parents, teachers, policemen/policewomen, or any adult, we are called and bound to respect
them by listening and following them. In a similar manner obedience to the authority of the Church must be afforded. The
Church and Her leaders do not receive their authority from a group of men or any authority here on Earth. The Church's
authority comes from Christ. It is by Christ's authority that the Church exists as the instrument of grace and bearer of truth in

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the world. As Catholics, we are called to serve and obey her as we would to Christ. Finally, we can live the virtue of obedience
by asking God to help us know in our hearts that He has a plan for our life, and He makes the same promise to us as He did to
Jeremiah.

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