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LINEAMENT ANALYSIS USING GEOINFORMATICS & ITS MULTI-CRITERIA

APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY BENGALURU

Technical Report · July 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13154.35527/1

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Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211

LINEAMENT ANALYSIS USING GEOINFORMATICS

& ITS MULTI-CRITERIA APPLICATIONS: A CASE
STUDY BENGALURU

Tejas K1, Bishal Mukherjee2, Radhika K N3

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Acharya institute of Technology,
Soladevanhalli, Bangalore, India
2
UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Acharya institute of Technology, Soladevanhalli,
Bangalore, India
3
Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, EWIT, Vishwaneedham Post, Off Magadi
Road, Bangalore, India
Email: tejas.indian@gmail.com; bishalmukherjee4@gmail.com; knradhika13@gmail.com

Abstract: Increase in population in the ever-growing states of India has a wide scale effect on limited natural
resources of our country which in turn makes sustainable development an absolute necessity. The study area
Bengaluru, is a southeastern technological hub of Karnataka. Bengaluru has a total of area of 711 sq.km. and
receives rainfall of 970mm on an average. The city can be located by the Latitude N 12.9716° and Longitude
77.5946°east. Our analysis primarily focuses the Morphometric Pattern of Bengaluru. The analysis &
implementation of satellite data to counter new challenges that has arose due to unscientific urbanization.
Through the above-mentioned techniques, we can visually represent the hydrogeological and structural
characteristics of said area. Our secondary objective is to cement a link between the fracture joint system and
the infiltration zones of deep aquifers, to establish its importance in the hydrodynamic functioning of
hydrogeological system. As a matter of fact, our research analysis required the simultaneous use of remote
sensing and geological data interpretation resulting in accurate mapping of fractures zones. Another aspect of
this study deals with the relationship between uncontrolled urbanization, lineaments & drainage pattern. The
lineament zone which is intersecting the drainage flow would eventually be a great recharge zone. The aim is
to identify the location and try methods for increase in rate of infiltration.

Keywords: DEM, GIS, Lineaments, LANDSAT 8, Drainage Pattern, Infiltration.

1. INTRODUCTION
Underlying geological features such as a fault, fracture, joints etc. are generally termed as
Lineaments (O’Leary et al., 1976). Lineaments can mostly be easily detected in a geological
map and can be more apparent on aerial satellite imagery. Landsat 8 satellite images of
various bands (Band 7 & 8) are used to discriminate the lineaments and generate accurate
maps for analysis. Mapping of lineaments is a common method of identification of faults.
But through this we can extract the relationship between existing lineaments, drainage
patterns & their impact on uncontrolled urbanization. Intersection of length, orientation &
its density can help us further understand the faults zones of our concerned area. The
application of remote sensing techniques is one of the most reliable approaches in the
accurate mapping & analysis of fractures, s mentioned before. Many researchers like Eirini
et.al 2015, Ahmadirouhani et.al 2017, Arlegui et.al 1998 etc… have worked on the mapping
of lineaments using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS).

2. Study area
Bengaluru has a total area of 711 sq.km and can be located by Latitude 12˚39'32’’N -
13˚14'13’N’ and Longitude 77˚19’44’’E - 77˚50'13’’E. Bengaluru (Fig 2.1). It is located at
an elevation of over 3,000 feet above sea level on the Deccan Plateau of southern India.
Bangalore suffers from similar urbanization issues as many other rapidly advancing cities

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in developing countries. The city is connected by Road, rail & air means of transport. An
elevation of 900m bestows Bengaluru with moderate climatic conditions throughout the
year with only a significant temperature rise seen in the month of April & relative drop in
January.

Figure 1: Study Area

2.1 Geology and Hydrogeological conditions

TTG Gneisses covers large parts of Karnataka and lies in the basement for extensive belts
of schistose rocks which are believed to have formed during 3.47 to 3.0 GA (Jayananda and
Peucat, 1996). It is generally called as Peninsular Gneiss Complex (PGC) in major Dharwar
classification. The newly formed group of gneissic rocks are mostly composed of
granodioritic and granitic aggregates & can be seen in some parts of our concerned area,
representing remobilized parts of an older crust with abundant additions of newer granite
material, which is termed as younger gneiss complex (Radhakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan,
1997).

In general, the rock types of Bengaluru possess negligible primary porosity, but they render
porous and permeable due to secondary fractures and weathering. In these rocky layers,
groundwater can be mainly observed in silty to sandy layers of alluvial sediments.
Bengaluru generally possess a flat topology, though hilly elevations can be observed in
western parts of the city. The highest elevation point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli,
which is 962 meters (3,156 feet) and is situated to the north-western part of the city.
Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills at 60N, although no major rivers
flow through the city. A minor tributary of the Arkavathi flows through the city, i.e.
Vrishabhavathi & originates at Basavanagudi. Most of the city's sewage flows through
these rivers.
Soil servers as an important factor for delineating the groundwater potential zones. Red,
Loamy, Sandy & Laterite soil can be observed to be wide-spread over our concerned area
(CGWB, 2008). Granite and gneissic terrain generally suggest the occurrence of red loamy
& sandy soils which is predominant in the eastern and southern parts of north/south taluks
of our study area. Peninsular gneissic region is usually accompanied with the presence of
laterite soil. Then the same report states that aquifers in district of Bangalore urban is
classified into 3 zones namely; shallow zone, moderate zone and deep zone. In shallow
zones, aquifer occur within depth of 25m below from the ground level and comprise of
weathered and fractured granites and gneisses wherein ground water occur in phreatic
condition with a yield capacity of two to six lps. The transmissivity is ranged from 10 to 65
m2/day. In deeper aquifers the yield ranged between 2 to 8 lps, in parts of Bangalore north
and Anekal taluks and transmissivity ranged from 15 to 280 m2/day.

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2.2 Lineament Characteristics

According to (Dikpal, P.hd Thesis submitted to Bangalore University- 2014) there are two
types of lineaments in the area i.e. intrusion related lineaments like Dyke & rupture related
lineament like fault/joint. The density of lineaments is high in Peninsular Gneiss. Bengaluru
fall in an area of major lineament from Mandya- Chanapatna- Bengaluru lineament & the
Arakavathi fault (Raj & Nijagunappa, 2004). It is also known that for potential groundwater
recharge zone mapping, areas with high lineament density are to be taken into account
(Haridas et al., 1998). Higher lineament density zones can be observed in Anekal taluk and
western parts of Bangalore North and South taluks. There are also minor lineaments which
was the main reservoir for ground water recharge.

3. Materials & Methods:

Landsat 8 Images were obtained from USGS Earth Explorer and then these images
were imported to Q-GIS/Arc GIS to create a hill shade view & generate Digital
Elevation Model of Bengaluru after clipping the required shape file area from the
obtained satellite images. Land-use/ Land cover Map (focusing more on
understanding the extent of urbanization) was obtained using Landsat 8 band
combinations 5-4-3 (F.C.C.) in ArcGIS to convert it to raster format. Drainage pattern
were extracted and analyzed using the various python algorithms in Arc Hydro Tools
to generate Flow Accumulation & Stream Order Model.

Figure 2: Flow Chart

The clipped Bangalore satellite image was then imported to PCI -Geomatica for
Lineament Extraction. LINE-Python Algorithm was used to generate lineaments from
Band 7 & Band 8 of Landsat 8 after pan sharpening the Landsat Images by combining
Multispectral & Monochromatic Bands to obtain 15m resolution images. The

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generated lineaments are saved as shape files & imported to Arc GIS to find points of
intersection with higher order streams to determine zones of groundwater recharge &
unstable zones. Lineament density was acquired, the same was used for interpretation.
Intersection point between Drainage Pattern & Urbanization Extent is also mapped to
find zones of urban floods for disaster management.

Figure 3: Study Area after Enhancements Figure 4: Digital Elevation Model

Figure 5: Lineament Mapping of Study Area Figure 6: Lineament Density of Study Area

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Figure 7: Drainage map with Unstable Zones / Zones of

Recharge

4. Results and discussion

The pan sharpened image was extracted (Fig 3). The Digital Elevation Models (Fig
4), the lineament mapping was also done (Fig 5) along with its density (Fig 6).
Drainage Pattern of the said area, zones of Flow Accumulation, Stream Order
Classification (Fig 6), and Urbanization Extent for Bangalore (Fig 8) was generated
in a Geo-informatics environment and an attempt was made to understand their
interrelationship. The study indicates that the lineament density is less to null in
highly urbanised areas in SW parts of Bengaluru. We could identify some of the
probable lineaments on the field which was very predominantly seen in lineament
map (Fig 5). The results obtained were cross verified with available literature with
some field checks at Latitude 13.01794291, Longitude 77.47580146 (Fig 9) and
Latitude 12.9378201, Longitude 77.48361111 (Fig 10) where joints were observed.
These joints may also serve as lineaments which may act as potential recharge zones.
According to Table 1, more than half of the minor lineaments have a density of more
than 100 meters in length which is a good prospect for infiltration. These points of
intersection can serve as zones of ground water recharge & be a solution to the ever -
looming water crisis of Bengaluru. Most the identified unstable (Fig 7) zones also lie
over highly urbanized areas. This tells us that construction projects have been
undertaken over some unstable areas & zones of groundwater recharge which creates
an additional problem for groundwater infiltration w.r.t already available large paved
areas. Construction over such unstable zones is not suggested, to avoid structural
breakdown & unforeseen future accidents. This study on highly urbanized Bengaluru
area can be used as a medium to avoid such situations in semi-urban & still developing
areas of other parts of our country.
A point of intersection between Drainage Patterns & Highly Urbanized areas also
leads to the creation of flash flood zones due to increase in paved area resulting in
reduced infiltration. Zones which are already a flood plain & also an extremely
unstable zone due to the presence of lineaments should be kept under critical
observation for disaster management. Some lineaments which could connect to deeper
ground water aquifers are being distributed during the road cuttings and filling. This
might have also reduced the amount of infiltration.

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Figure 8: Urbanization Extent

Table 1: Lineament Frequency Distribution:

Figure 9: Rajarajeshwari Nagar Road Cross Section Figure 10: Jointing pattern in NICE Road
Cutting

5. Conclusion
In the present study, Digital Elevation Models, Drainage Pattern, Zones of Flow
Accumulation, Stream Order Classification, Extent of Urbanization were extracted in
geo-informatics environment and an attempt was made to understand their
interrelationship. The lineaments were extracted from PAN-Sharpened Landsat 8
Images and further superimposed over Drainage Pattern to mark intersection points.
These points of intersection serve as zones of ground water recharge, which when
harnessed, can serve as artificial recharge structures, solving the ever-looming water
crisis of Bengaluru. The maps generated also serves to understand the stable zones
for construction and it is observed that most of the identified unstable zones lie over
highly urbanized areas. This suggests that some of the constru ction projects have been
undertaken over unstable areas, which need to be further studied in detail for taking
precautionary measures to unforeseen future accidents. Some of the lineaments were
observed to be overlain by constructed zones which is hindering the natural recharge.
Further, this study on highly urbanized Bengaluru area can be used as a medium to
avoid such situations in semi-urban & still developing areas of other parts of our
country. Points of intersection between Drainage Patterns & Highly Urbanized areas
also leads to the creation of urban flood zones due to increase in paved area resulting
in reduced infiltration. Zones which are already a flood plain & also an extremely

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unstable zone due to the presence of lineaments should be kept under critical
observation for disaster management.
Fractures beyond 280 m depth are rarely observed in our concerned area & is
predominated by migmatites, granodiorites & intrusive granites (Hedge and Chandra,
2012). However, due to competitive drilling of bore wells well beyond 300m depth,
unconfined & semi-confined aquifers are starting to go dry. With this complex
integration of geomorphology, land use, geology, lineament density and drainage
density; mapping & planning of recharge structures on higher lineament density
contour will be possible which in turn will increase the rate of infiltration.
Recharge through recharge structures can serve two very important purposes: first
to control urban floods and second to recharge groundwater. Groundwater recharge
can be achieved through various artificial recharge structures such as recharge wells,
direct bore well recharge & check dams. With respect to urban context, Rainwater
Harvesting Systems are most appropriate as it consumes little real estate & integration
in real estate development is easy. Any unpaved area such & rooftops, driveways, etc.
can serve as catchments. A simple conveyance (like storm water drains) & filtration
system coupled with recharge wells can be used to recharge ground water w.r.t the
geology of Bengaluru. Modification of Village Tanks as Recharge Structures, Stream
Channel Modification & Aquifer Modification techniques can also be implemented.

The data of intersection of channels to lineaments showed that about 30% of the
lineaments were on tanks some of which have high rise buildings over them. Only a
few regions are still under green cover. Thus, harnessing and maintaining these is
very vital to solve the water crisis of Bengaluru.

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