Small Scale Fading : Doppler Effect

Uke Kurniawan Usman

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Subject

a. Doppler Effect

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Basic Theory _Small Scale Fading …
multipath signal analysis

 Mobile Radio
Propagation
 The received signal is a sum of real
signals that have experience
attenuation, reflection, refraction
and diffraction according to its path.
 Mobile station movement
 Rayleigh Distribution

 r  r2 
 2 exp   
2 
0  r   
pr     2 
0 r  0


ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Simulation Result (1)
Signal Analysis on Rayleigh Channel
Mobile station speed 5km/hour,fd=4,023Hz
mobile station speed25km/hour, fd=20,27Hz

Mobile station speed 100km/hour, fd=80,52Hz

 Amplitude fluctuation (Fading) will increase as
the mobile station (MS) speed increase, it can
be seen as follow:
 MS speed 5km/hour, fd=4,023Hz.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 11db, amplitude fluctuation is not
occurs many times.
 MS speed 25km/hour, fd=20,27Hz.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 13dB, amplitude fluctuation is more
often than MS 25km/hour.
 MS speed 100km/hour, fd=80,52Hz.
Maximal attenuation 17dB, amplitude
fluctuation is the most often in this three
experiment.
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Multipath Propagation
 Effects of multipath
– Rapid changes in the signal strength
– Over small travel distances, or
– Over small time intervals
– Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler
shifts on different multiples signals
– Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation
delays
 Multipath occurs because of
– Reflections
– Scattering

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Multipath

 At a receiver point
– Radio waves generated from the same transmitted signal
may come
 from different directions
 with different propagation delays
 with (possibly) different amplitudes (random)
 with (possibly) different phases (random)
 with different angles of arrival (random).
– These multipath components combine vectorially at the
receiver antenna and cause the total signal
– to fade
– to distort

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Multipath Components

Radio Signals Arriving from different directions to receiver

Component 1

Component 2

Component N

Receiver may be stationary or mobile.

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Mobility
 Other Objects in the radio channels may be mobile
or stationary
 If other objects are stationary
 Motion is only due to mobile
 Fading is purely a spatial phenomenon (occurs only when the
mobile receiver moves)
 The spatial variations as the mobile moves will be perceived as
temporal variations
 Dt = Dd/v

 Fading may cause disruptions in the communication

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading

• Amplitudo sinyal terima

tergantung dari lokasi dan
Amplitudo frekuensi

• Jika antena bergerak,

maka lokasi x akan
berubah linear terhadap
waktu t (x = v t)

Parameters:
• probability of fades
• duration of fades
Frekuensi Waktu • bandwidth of fades

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading

Kecepatan MS
• Gerak relatif antara Base Station dengan MS menghasilkan
modulasi frekuensi random berkaitan dengan pergeseran
frekuensi Doppler yang berbeda untuk tiap lintasan
multipath.
• Doppler shift bisa positif dan negatif tergantung dari posisi
pergerakan MS terhadap RBS
Faktor-Faktor
Yang Kecepatan Obyek Pemantul
Mempengaruhi • Jika obyek-obyek bergerak dalam suatu kanal radio, maka
Small Scale akan menghasilkan pergeseran Doppler yang berubah
Fading terhadap waktu , yang berbeda untuk tiap komponen
multipath.
• Jika pergerakan benda lebih besar dibandingkan gerakan
MS sendiri, maka akan mendominasi small scale fading
Lebar pita transmisi sinyal
Pita frekuensi yang relatif lebih lebar dibandingkan
bandwidth kanal multipath, akan mengalami frequency
selective fading.
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading

Model Respon Impulse Kanal Multipath

• Variasi sinyal sesaat (small scale variation)
sinyal komunikasi bergerak secara langsung
berhubungan dengan respon impulse dari
kanal radionya.
• Respon impulse ini merupakan karakteristik
v kanal yang memuat informasi sifat-sifat
RBS kanal radio.
d • Karakteristik kanal perlu diketahui untuk
mengetahui unjuk kerja sistem komunikasi
dalam kanal radio
• Kanal radio mobile memiliki sifat Linear
Time Varying Channel
x(t) y(t)
h(t)

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 12 Small Scale Fading … multipath signal analysis

Assumptions : Vehicles move  affected Doppler effect

Signals received from MS that no movement
can be expressed

er t   k1 a k cos2f0t  k 
v : N

For the mobile MS, f0  fk ,

because the frequency received
for each of the different paths

er t   k1 a k cos2fk t  k 
N

where,
v Complicated
f k  cos  k but interesting!

9/24/2022 12
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading Time Varying Model

• Variasi kanal (karena gerakan)  Doppler spread

• Doppler spread fD  channel coherence time TC .
• Channel coherence time adalah suatu selang waktu dimana
kanal diperhatikan (dapat dianggap) tidak berubah terhadap
waktu (time invariant).
• Dalam kata lain: Channel coherence time adalah waktu dimana
2 sinyal terima memiliki korelasi amplitudo yang kuat
• Jika periode simbol (reciprocal BW) lebih besar dari coherence
time  artinya kanal akan berubah selama periode simbol
tersebut  terjadi fast fading.

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Doppler Effect
 When a transmitter or receiver is moving, the
frequency of the received signal changes, i.e. İt is
different than the frequency of transmission. This is
called Doppler Effect.
 The change in frequency is called Doppler Shift.
– It depends on
 The relative velocity of the receiver with respect to transmitter
 The frequenct (or wavelenth) of transmission
 The direction of traveling with respect to the direction of the
arriving signal.

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Doppler Shift – Recever is moving
S

d  XY
l  SX  SY  d cos 
l  vt cos 

The phase change in the received signal :

l 2vt
D  2  cos 
 

Dl Doppler shift (The apparent change in frequency) :

1 D v
X  d Y fd   cos 
2 Dt 
v
A mobile receiver is traveling from point X to point Y

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 16 Small Scale Fading … multipath signal analysis
v
f k  cos  k


f k  cos   k  cos k
v

sudut 

For details of the Doppler spectrum, see the :

Parson, David,”The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel”, Pentech
Press,1992
9/24/2022 16
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Pergeseran doppler
v
fd  cos 

 v = kecepatan pergerakan relatif
  = panjang gelombang frekuensi
carrier
  = sudut antara arah propagasi
sinyal datang dengan arah
pergerakan antena
 jika  = 00, maka fd,max= fm= v/

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Doppler Spread dan Coherence Time

Latar belakang : Pergeseran Doppler ( Doppler Shift )

• Doppler shift (pergeseran doppler) adalah pergeseran frekuensi
yang disebabkan pergerakan penerima.
• Doppler shift meningkatkan bandwidth sinyal yang ditransmisikan

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Doppler Shift – Transmitter is moving

The frequency of the signal The frequency of the signal

that is received behind the that is received in front of the
transmitter will be smaller transmitter will be bigger

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Doppler Shift
 The Dopper shift is positive
– If the mobile is moving toward the direction of arrival of the
wave
 The Doppler shift is negative
– If the mobile is moving away from the direction of arrival of the
wave.

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading – Multipath channel parameter - Doppler Effect

• Doppler spread , fm , is the maximum Doppler shift

maximum, cos  = 1

• Coherence Time, TC :

• If the speed of symbol is greater than 1/TC , then

the signal is not distorted due to movement of the
user channel

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading – Multipath channel parameters -
time dispersion parameters

Typical Delay Spreads

Macrocells TRMS < 8 sec
• GSM (256 kbit/s) uses an equalizer
• IS-54 (48 kbit/s): no equalizer
• In mountanous regions delays of 8 sec and more
occur
GSM has some problems in Switzerland
Microcells TRMS < 2 sec
• Low antennas (below tops of buildings)
Picocells TRMS < 50 nsec - 300 nsec
• Indoor: often 50 nsec is assumed
• DECT (1 Mbit/s) works well up to 90 nsec
Outdoors, DECT has problem if range > 200 .. 500 m

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
 Small Scale Fading – Multipath channel parameters -
time dispersion parameters

ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
c.i
d
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
c.i
d
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id
ukeusman@telkomuniversity.ac.id