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BMM1711 Intro To Engineering 05 MRH

This document discusses numerical notation and estimation techniques used in engineering. It covers standard, scientific, calculator, and engineering notation for writing numbers and provides examples. Key points about reasonable and precise estimation are defined, including physically reasonable answers, reasonable precision, and ensuring answers are accurate, repeatable, and precise. The document concludes by introducing four techniques for engineering estimation: analogy, aggregation, lower/upper bounds, and data analysis.

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65 views20 pages

BMM1711 Intro To Engineering 05 MRH

This document discusses numerical notation and estimation techniques used in engineering. It covers standard, scientific, calculator, and engineering notation for writing numbers and provides examples. Key points about reasonable and precise estimation are defined, including physically reasonable answers, reasonable precision, and ensuring answers are accurate, repeatable, and precise. The document concludes by introducing four techniques for engineering estimation: analogy, aggregation, lower/upper bounds, and data analysis.

Uploaded by

Havoc Lake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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BMM1711 Introduction to

Engineering
Estimation
Ts. Dr. Mohd Razali Hanipah, CEng MIMechE (UK)
mohdrazali@ump.edu.my

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TOPICS

Course Content Outline CO*


1. Everyday Engineering CO1, CO2, CO3
2. Ethics CO1, CO2, CO3
3. Design & Teamwork CO1, CO2, CO3
4. Presentations & Technical Writing CO1, CO2, CO3
5. Estimation CO1, CO2, CO3
6. Solving Problems CO1, CO2, CO3

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Estimation

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Standard Notation
• Standard 12,345.67
– “normal” way numbers are written

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Scientific and
Calculator Notation

• Standard 12,345.67
– “normal” way numbers are written

• Scientific 1.234567 x 104


– uses a power of ten times a value with a single
non-zero digit to the left of the decimal place

• Calculator 1.234567E4
– uses “##.###EN”

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Engineering Notation
• Standard 12,345.67
– “normal” way numbers are written

• Scientific 1.234567 x 104


– uses a power of ten times a value with a single non-zero digit
to the left of the decimal place

• Calculator 1.234567E4
– uses “##.###EN”

• Engineering 12.34567 x 103


– adjusts the number of digits to the left of the decimal place so
that the power of ten is a multiple of three

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Notation Compared

Standard Scientific Engineering Calculator

55 5.5 x 101 55 x 100 5.5E1

0.0036 3.6 x 10-3 3.6 x 10-3 3.6E-3

870020 8.7002 x 105 870.02 x 103 870.02E3

7 7 x 100 7 x 100 7E0

0.09 9 x 10-2 90 x 10-3 90E-3

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Numerical Notation No-Nos

• Use only one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal place
for scientific notation (one, two or three for engineering)
– 59800 x 104
Use 5.98 x 108 or 598 x 106
– 0.03 x 103
Use 30 or 3 x 101

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Numerical Notation No-Nos

• The calculator doesn’t superscript powers when using “E”


notation, and neither should you.
– 5.873E2
DO NOT superscript the power!
– 39.6e9
This is WORSE – it looks like you are raising e (≅
2.71828) to ninth power!

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Numerical Notation No-Nos,
continued

• Do not give answers as fractions


– Few people can glance at 8403/28 and know
what the decimal equivalent value is.
– Most people recognize the value 300 instantly.
• 8403/28 ≅ 300.107

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Numerical Notation No-Nos,
continued

• Do not leave constants in answers


– It is not obvious to many people at first glance
that
2307 π ≅ 7250

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Still more Numerical Notation
No-Nos, continued
• Do not leave answers in terms of powers or
roots.
– It is not obvious to many people at first glance that
(16.5)3 ≅ 4500

• If you choose to represent numbers in one of the ways we


recommend against, you should be prepared to explain WHY you
chose not to follow the suggestions given.

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Defining Reasonable

• Physically Reasonable
– Does the system in question really behave in the
manner the answer indicates?

• Reasonable Precision
– Is the precision (significant figures) of your answer
appropriate?

• To determine this, ask:


– Does the answer make sense in the real world?
– If the answer is a mathematical model, does the model
make sense for very large and/or very small values?

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Does the answer make sense in
the real world?
• You calculate the specific gravity of a substance and get a
value of 35.1.

• You determine the time a 3 horsepower motor requires to


lift a one ton object 150 feet to be 487 milliseconds.

• The velocity of crude oil in a pipeline is reported to be


30,000 rods per day.

• The atmospheric pressure in your classroom is reported to


be 5,000 newtons per square yard.

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Does the model make sense in
the real world?
• A model for the temperature in units of degrees
Fahrenheit of a steel ingot as it cools in a steel
mill is T = 2000 e-0.1t where t is time in hours.

• As liquid is pumped out of a large tank, the


volume of liquid in units of gallons remaining
in the tank is given by V = 2000 – 50 t where t
is time in minutes.
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Accurate, Repeatable, Precise
• Accurate
– How close to the actual
value is the calculation or
measurement?

• Repeatable
– Are the measurements
close to each other?

• Precise
– Combination of accurate
and repeatable
– Reflected by number of
significant figures reported
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Accurate, Repeatable, Precise
Cont.

Accurate &
Repeatable Accurate
Repeatable

Probe #1 Probe #2 Probe #3


Sample
#1
90 100 100
Sample
#2
92 110 102
Sample
#3
88 90 98

True Temperature = 100 °C

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Accurate, Repeatable, Precise
Cont.
• Measure diameter of a sphere Precision of answer is
– Diameter = 2.5 inches limited by precision of
– Radius = 1.25 inches input parameters
• Calculate volume (V = 4/3 π r3)
Excessive precision =
• Report the value as 8.2 in3 or 8.18 in3
unnecessarily high
4 3 4 cost
π r = π (1.25in)3 = 8.181230869in3
3 3

– Half-inch diameter bolts 5.0 inches long (+/- 0.05 inch or 1%) can be
manufactured and sold for about 50¢ each.
– Half-inch diameter bolts 5.000 inches long (+/- 0.0005 inch or 0.01%)
would probably cost more than $10 each.
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ALWAYS
ask
We WILL enforce use
does
this of “reasonableness”
make We will NOT enforce
sense? rules for determining
significant digits

mrh
Learn Four Techniques
of Estimation

• Analogy: This parking lot is smaller than a basketball


court, but larger than a tennis court.
• Aggregation: In this picture, I am six feet tall, and the tree
I am standing next to is five times my height, so it must be
about 30 feet tall.
• Lower/Upper Bounds: The temperature of water cannot
exceed its boiling point or drop below its freezing point if
it is still water. If I am painting a room, I want to
overestimate the area of the walls (so maybe I don’t
subtract the area used by the windows), but I want to
underestimate how much area a gallon of paint will cover.
• Data analysis: where you don’t have any intuition,
analyze data to make predictions.

mrh

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