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222 Chapter 1

Analytical chemistry involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples to solve problems. It uses physical and instrumental methods like spectroscopy and electrochemistry to identify and measure components. Common tasks include determining what is present in a sample, how much of each component, and characterizing physical/chemical properties. Analytical chemists work on problems in various fields like environmental testing, forensic science, and quality control. Gravimetric, volumetric, electroanalytical, and spectroscopic methods are some of the major analytical techniques.

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140 views22 pages

222 Chapter 1

Analytical chemistry involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples to solve problems. It uses physical and instrumental methods like spectroscopy and electrochemistry to identify and measure components. Common tasks include determining what is present in a sample, how much of each component, and characterizing physical/chemical properties. Analytical chemists work on problems in various fields like environmental testing, forensic science, and quality control. Gravimetric, volumetric, electroanalytical, and spectroscopic methods are some of the major analytical techniques.

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Dr.

Ashwini Wadegaonkar
SOE, SPPU
 What is analytical Chemistry?
 The analytical perspectives
 Common analytical problems
 Chemistry is the study of matter, including its
composition, its structure, its physical properties, and its
reactivity.
 Although there are many ways to study chemistry,
traditionally we divide it into five areas:
I. Organic chemistry,
II. Inorganic chemistry,
III. Biochemistry,
IV. Physical chemistry,
V. Analytical chemistry.
 Etymologically, “to analyse” involves to
examine, study, learn, work out, weight, etc.

 The target of an analysis can be an object,


system, fact, behaviour or attitude, named in
increasing order of intangibility.

 The ultimate aim is to provide information


about the target in order to facilitate
diagnoses and the making effective decisions.
 Analytical chemistry often is described as the
area of chemistry responsible for
characterizing the composition of matter,
both qualitatively and quantitatively

 study of methods for determining the


composition of substances – qualitative
(what?) – quantitative (how much?)
 Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and tools needed
for insight into our material world… for answering four basic
questions about a material sample? What? Where? How
much? What arrangement, structure or form?(Fresenius’ J.
Anal. Chem.
 Many analytical chemists describe this
perspective as an analytical approach to
solving problems

 Analytical Chemistry?
 “Science of Chemical Measurements”
 Analytical chemistry –

Qualitative analysis

Quantitative analysis
 Filtration: The terms have different physical and
chemical substances, and basic principle based on
particle size.

 Crystallization: With the basic principle that the


substance has the ability to evaporate.

 Sublimation: The change of chemicals from solid to gas,


by passing the liquid phase advance. Such as
distillation.

 Chromatography: The solubility.

 Centrifugation : The density difference.


 (1) obtaining sample
 (2) transform it into a measurable sample
 (3) determine the constituent observed
 (4) calculation and interpreting numeric data.

 Isolation stage is the hardest of all that is the prior


stage before calculation, because of its complexicity
many methods were developed to overcome this
problem.
 Gravimetric Analysis

 Volumetric Analysis
 Quantitation: How much of substance X is in the
sample?

 Detection: Does the sample contain substance X?

 Identification: What is the identity of the


substance in the sample?

 Separation: How can the species of interest be


separated from the sample matrix for better
quantitation and identification?
 Analytical chemistry is the science of making
quantitative measurements.
 In practice, quantifying analytes in a complex
sample becomes an exercise in problem solving.

To be effective and efficient, analyzing samples


requires expertise in:
 the chemistry that can occur in a sample
 analysis and sample handling methods for a wide variety of
problems (the tools-of-the-trade)
 proper data analysis and record keeping
 Many problems in analytical chemistry begin with the need to identify
what is present in a sample.

 This is the scope of a qualitative analysis, examples of which include


identifying the products of a chemical reaction, screening an athlete’s
urine for a performance-enhancing drug, or determining the spatial
distribution of Pb on the surface of an airborne particulate.

 An early challenge for analytical chemists was developing simple


chemical tests to identify inorganic ions and organic functional groups.

 The classical laboratory courses in inorganic and organic qualitative


analysis, still taught at some schools, are based on this work.
Modern methods for qualitative analysis rely on
instrumental techniques, such as
 infrared (IR) spectroscopy,
 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, and
 mass spectrometry (MS)
 The most common analytical problem is
a quantitative analysis,
Examples –
 The elemental analysis of a newly synthesized
compound, measuring the concentration of glucose
in blood, or determining the difference between the
bulk and the surface concentrations of Cr in steel.
 Much of the analytical work in clinical,
pharmaceutical, environmental, and industrial labs
involves developing new quantitative methods to
detect trace amounts of chemical species in complex
samples.
 Most of the examples in this text are of quantitative
analyses
 Another important area of analytical chemistry, which
receives some attention in this text, are methods for
characterizing physical and chemical properties.

 The determination of chemical structure, of


equilibrium constants, of particle size, and of surface
structure are examples of a characterization analysis.

 The purpose of a qualitative, a quantitative, or a


characterization analysis is to solve a problem
associated with a particular sample.

 The purpose of a fundamental analysis, on the other


hand, is to improve understanding of the theory that
supports an analytical method and to understand
better an analytical method’s limitations.
 The residents in a neighborhood near a hazardous-waste
disposal site are concerned that it is leaking contaminants into
their groundwater.

 An art museum is concerned that a recently acquired oil painting


is a forgery.

 Airport security needs a more reliable method for detecting the


presence of explosive materials in luggage.

 The structure of a newly discovered virus needs to be


determined.

 A new visual indicator is needed for an acid–base titration.

 A new law requires a method for evaluating whether automobiles


are emitting too much carbon monoxide.
Typical problems on which analytical chemists
work include –

 Qualitative analyses (What is present?)


 Quantitative analyses (How much is present?)
 Characterization analyses (What are the sample’s
chemical and physical properties?)
 Fundamental analyses (How does this method work
and how can it be improved?)
 Physical means
◦ Mass
◦ Color
◦ Refractive index
◦ Thermal conductivity

 With electromagnetic radiation (Spectroscopy)


◦ Absorption
◦ Emission
◦ Scattering

 By an electric charge
◦ Electrochemistry
◦ Mass spectrometry
 Gravimetric Methods determine the mass of the analyte or some
compound chemically related to it.

 Volumetric Methods measure the volume of a solution containing


sufficient reagent to react completely with the analyte

 Electroanalytical Methods involve the measurement of electrical


properties such as voltage, current, resistance, and quantity of
electrical charge

 Spectroscopic Methods are based on the measurement of the


interaction between electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms
or molecules, or the production of such radiation by analytes

 Miscellaneous Methods include the measurement of such


quantities as mass-to-charge ratio, rate of radioactive decay,
heat of reaction, rate of reaction, sample thermal conductivity,
optical activity, and refractive index

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