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CO Unit 1

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, stores and processes the data, and generates output. It works by following a set of instructions stored in its memory and controlled by a central processing unit. The Von Neumann architecture forms the basis of most modern computers and includes a CPU, memory, and input/output devices connected via a bus system. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit for processing and control logic for coordinating operations. Registers temporarily store data and instructions being processed.

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103 views

CO Unit 1

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, stores and processes the data, and generates output. It works by following a set of instructions stored in its memory and controlled by a central processing unit. The Von Neumann architecture forms the basis of most modern computers and includes a CPU, memory, and input/output devices connected via a bus system. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit for processing and control logic for coordinating operations. Registers temporarily store data and instructions being processed.

Uploaded by

Dinkesh Jain
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

What is a computer? ·
A machine for high end computation. An extended size of a calculator. · It can be analog, if it
processes data in form of analog devices and digital, if processes data in form of digital signal.
Definition of Computer
• A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes data into information.
The computer is able to work because there are instructions in its memory directing it.
Functionalities of a Computer
If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following five functions −
• Step 1 − Takes data as input.
• Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
• Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Step 4 − Generates the output.
• Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
Advantages of Computers
1. High Speed

2. Accuracy

3. Storage Capability

4. Versatility

5. Reliability

6. Automation

7. Reduction in Paper Work and Cost


Von Neumann architecture
1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Th Main Memory Unit
3. The Input/Output Device
• Control Unit –A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all
input and output flow, fetches code for instructions and controlling how data
moves around the system.
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU
that handles all the calculations the CPU may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction,
Comparisons. It performs Logical Operations, Bit Shifting Operations, and
Arithmetic Operation.
1. Main Memory Unit (Registers) –Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by
ALU.
2. Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location of the next instructions to be
dealt with. The PC then passes this next address to Memory Address Register (MAR).
3. Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory locations of instructions that
need to be fetched from memory or stored into memory.
4. Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched from memory or any data
that is to be transferred to, and stored in, memory.
5. Current Instruction Register (CIR): It stores the most recently fetched instructions while it
is waiting to be coded and executed.
6. Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): The instruction that is not to be executed immediately
is placed in the instruction buffer register IBR.
• Input/Output Devices – Program or data is read into main memory from the input device or
secondary storage under the control of CPU input instruction. Output devices are used to output the
information from a computer. If some results are evaluated by computer and it is stored in the
computer, then with the help of output devices, we can present it to the user.

• Buses – Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting all major internal
components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses. Types:
• Data Bus: It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the processor.
• Address Bus: It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between memory and processor.
• Control Bus: It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals from other devices) in order
to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer.
Motherboard :
This is a circuit board or the main logic board where different components which are required to
setup a computer are slotted and soldered together. This is one of the most crucial and complicated
parts of the computer hardware.
Some components attached to it are: RAM, ROM, FLASH Memory, USB Ports etc.

FLASH Memory :
This is a non-volatile memory, Flash memory was made from EEPROM memory (1 bit) to the
conventional FLASH memory (1 bit). 25 billion FLASH memory units are shipped each year. It take
50 to 100 ns to write 1’s to 0’s.
1. Stack - The operands are implicitly on top of the stack.
2. Accumulator - One operand is implicitly the accumulator.
3. General Purpose Register (GPR) - All operands are explicitly mentioned, they are either registers
or memory locations.
Register Transfer Language
• The Register Transfer Language is the symbolic representation
of notations used to specify the sequence of micro-operations.
• Notations R0, R1, R2..., and so on represent processor registers.
• The addresses of memory locations are represented by names such
as LOC, PLACE, MEM, etc.
• Input-output registers are represented by names such as DATA IN,
DATA OUT and so on.
• The content of register or memory location is denoted by placing
square brackets around the name of the register or memory
location.
If (P=1) then (R2 ← R1); Here P is a control
signal generated in the control section.
P:R2<-R1
• Here, the letter 'n' indicates the number of bits for the register.
• The 'n' outputs of the register R1 are connected to the 'n' inputs of register
R2.
• A load input is activated by the control variable 'P' which is transferred to the
register R2.

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