FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

COURSE CODE : CEW 431

COURSE : FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
LEVEL OF OPENNESS : 2
CATEGORY : PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) : 66%
PERIOD ACTIVITY : 3 WEEKS
2.8 DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN
EXPERIMENT NAME : NON- UNIFORM FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD
CRESTED WEIR OR VENTURI FLUME)

PART 1: PROCEDURES
EXPERIMENT DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
(Level 2)
2.8 : FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)

Prepared by: haidel

THEORY

The discharge over the weir will be, therefore, be maximum possible in the channel, Example; q=𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
Thus, over the weir, D₂ = Dc
For a rectangular channel,

√
2
3 Q
Dc=
g B2
So, Q=B √ g Dc 3

Dc is only dependent on Q and B, the depth over the crest of the weir is fixed irrespective of its height;
 Any increase of height of the weir will not alter Dc, but will cause and increase in depth of the flow
upstream.
 Thus, the maximum height of weir for constant width of channel is
Z = D₁-D₂
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

For a rectangular channel, it has been shown that,

2
Dc= E 2
3
Therefore,
Q=B √ g Dc =B √ g ¿ ¿
3

Or
3/ 2
Q=1.705 B DC . (¿ SI unit)

The specific energy, E₂ measured above the crest of the weir will, assuming no losses be,
v2
E2= H+
2g
H = height of upstream water level above the crest
V = mean velocity at point upstream where the flow is uniform

If the depth upstream is large compared with the depth over the weir, D₁>Dc the velocity terms is neglible
Therefore,
E₂ = H
So, Q = 1.705 𝐵𝐻3/2
A single measurement of the head, H above the crest of the weir would then be sufficient to determine Q.
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the broad crested weir inside the flume.

2. Measure and record the width of the weir, B
3. Open the valve then turn on the pump on the control panel board so water will flow into the flume.
4. Set the bottom slope with a 1% reading.
5. Ensure the water level inside the flume and through the slope adjusting knob.
6. Adjust the level gauges to coincide with the bed of the flume and record the datum readings.
7. Carefully lower the gauge until the point just touches the bottom of a flume and record the reading as.
D 1= upstream depth of water.
8. Moved the point gauge to the broad crested weir and set the top of the weir as new datum,
D 2= downstream depth of water.
9. Use gauge to measure the height of the weir above the bed of flume as, Z.
10. Measure and record the flow rate as, Q.
11. Change the valve opening for at least 5 reading to vary the flow rate, Q.
12. Repeat step from 3 to 11 with a different flow rate.
13. Determine the theoretical discharge, Qt and coefficient discharge, C d for broad crested weir by using
formula;

Qa 3 /2
C d= Qt =1.705 B D C
Qt

v2
Where, Qa= A x V Where, E=D2+
2g

The velocity is the average velocity upstream of the weir, found as;

V = √ g D2

Where;
Q = calculated flow rate
E = specific energy
D 2 = Downstream depth of water
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

g = gravity (9.81)

PART 2: RESULT & DATA COLLECTION

DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
EXPERIMENT 2.8 : FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
(Level 2)
Tabulate readings and calculations as follows: prepared by: haikal

Width of weir B = ……………0.30………… (m)

Height of weir Z = ……………0.12………… (m)

Length of weir L= …………….0.40………… (m)

Upstream depth of Downstream depth of Theoretical

Flowrate,
No water, water, Flowrate,
Qa (L/s)
D 1 (cm) D2 (cm) Dc (cm)

1 1.04 13.94 13.75 1.75

2 0.75 13.64 13.04 1.04

3 1.29 14.29 13.42 1.42

4 1.57 14.52 13.51 1.51

5 2.05 14.83 13.78 1.78

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

PART 3 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
EXPERIMENT 2.8 : FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
(Level 2)

Upstream Downstream Coefficient

Theoretical Theoretical
Flowrate, Velocity, depth of depth of of
No Flowrate, Flowrate,
water, water, discharge,
Qa (m/s) V (m/s)
Dc (cm) Q T (m3 /s )
D 1 (m) D 2 (m) Cd

1 1.04 x 10−3 0.0087 0.1394 0.1375 1.75 1.18 x 10−3 0.88

2 0.75 x 10−3 0.0625 0.1364 0.1304 1.04 0.54 x 10−3 1.40

3 1.29 x 10−3 0.0108 0.1429 0.1342 1.42 0.87 x 10−3 1.48

4 1.57 x 10−3 0.0130 0.1452 0.1351 1.51 0.95 x 10−3 1.65

5 2.05 x 10−3 0.0170 0.1483 0.1378 1.78 1.21 x 10−3 1.70

Formula:

3 /2
Theoretical discharge, Qt =1.705 B D C

Qa
Coefficient discharge, C d=
Qt

Q
Velocity, V =
A

A = Area of broad crested weir

Flow rate, Qa = A x V
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA (SAMPLE CALCULATION)

Area, A ( m²)

=0.30 x 0.40

=0.12 m²

Flow rate, Qa

= 1.04 l/s

=1.04 x 10 -3 m/s

Velocity (m/s)

V = Q /A
−3
1.04 x 10
=
0.12

= 0.0087 m/s

Qt = 1.705 B DC 3/2

= 1.705 (0.30) ( 0.0175) 3/2

= 1.18 x 10-3 m/s

Qa
Cd =
Qt

1.04 x 10−3
=
1.18 x 10−3

= 0.88
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

Q Actual vs Q Theoretical
2.5

2
flowrate, (m/s)

1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5

sample

Q Actual Q Theoretical

PART 4: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM

EXPERIMENT 2.8: FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
(Level 2)
Prepared by: khairul

Discussion

based on the experiment that we have done, we found that the values of the flow rate wasa recorded by using
flow meter and value of theoretical flow rate was calculated by using manning equation. Difference between
the values of these two flow rates is because the theoretical flow rate depends on the slope of the channel bed
and also on the other factory like manning roughness coefficient but the measure flow rate depends only on
the area and velocity of the fluid through that area. The coefficient of the discharged of the reading also is
slightly difference as we can see it is increase from the first reading sample until 5 reading sample. The data
shown that we managed to get the better coefficient of discharge at first reading sample which is 0.88. At
another reading, we get the coefficient of discharged more than 1 which is not the result we wanted. When
the coefficient of discharged is more than 1, it means that it use more energy.

Conclusion

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, we managed to achieved our objective of this experiment
which is to examine the flow profile of water flows over broad crested weir and to determine the coefficient
for broad crested weir. We can also find the occurrence of non-uniform flow in an open channel.
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21

PART 5: REFERENCES
DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
EXPERIMENT 2.8: FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
(Level 2)

I. Laboratory manual determination of hydraulic parameters in non- uniform flow for

open channels (broad crested weir

II. (Jan 17. 2017. Non uniform flow in pen channel. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/337174443/Chapter-4-Non-Uniform-Flow-in-
Open-Channels

III. (Dec 19, 2016). Open channel hydraulics. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/yourmohsin/chapter-2-open-channel-hydraulics