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Hydraulic Parameters in Uniform Flow For Open Channels

To determine coefficients for the Manning formula to calculate water depth at different flow rates in a corrugated channel bed. An experiment was conducted using a tilting flume with a corrugated bed to measure flow rate, depth, and calculate values like mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and slope. The Manning coefficient was determined to be 37.548 based on these experimental values. Measurement errors from parallax and equipment could affect results. The Manning equation was used to theoretically derive flow rate for comparison to measured rate.

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330 views

Hydraulic Parameters in Uniform Flow For Open Channels

To determine coefficients for the Manning formula to calculate water depth at different flow rates in a corrugated channel bed. An experiment was conducted using a tilting flume with a corrugated bed to measure flow rate, depth, and calculate values like mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and slope. The Manning coefficient was determined to be 37.548 based on these experimental values. Measurement errors from parallax and equipment could affect results. The Manning equation was used to theoretically derive flow rate for comparison to measured rate.

Uploaded by

Hala Hala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECTIVES

To obtain appropriate coefficients to satisfy the Manning formula of a corrugated and roughened
bed on the depth of water at different flow rates.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

For uniform flow in an open channel, the Manning formula states that: 𝑣 = 1 𝑛 𝑅 2 3𝑆 1 2
where n = Coefficient of roughness (Dimensionless)
v = Mean fluid velocity (m/s)
R = Hydraulic mean radius (m) = Flow area A / Wetted perimeter
P Where: 𝐴 = 𝐵. ( 𝑑0+𝑑1 2 ) and
𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2. ( 𝑑0+𝑑1 2 )
Where B= channel width (m)
S= Slope of energy line = sin θ = (d0 – d1)/x
with x = Distance between level of measurements (m) d0 = Upstream depth of flow (m)
d1 = Downstream depth of flow (m)

The actual fluid velocity can be calculated as: where:


𝑣 = 𝑄/A
v = Mean fluid velocity (m)
Q = volume of flow rate (m3 )
A = Area of flow (m2 ) = (Breadth of channel, b) x (depth of flow, h)
h = Average depth of flow above gravel bed (m) (d0 + d1) / 2

APPARATUS

i. Self-contained glass sided tilting flume


ii. Rulers
iii. Paper
iv. Corrugated bed
v. Gravel bed
vi. Point gauge

PROCEDURE/METHOD

1) Install the corrugated bed section at the bottom of the flume. Position the hook and point level
gauge on the instrument rails. Use the top of the corrugations in the bed as a datum and
measure the datum height.
2) Ensure the downstream tilting overshot weir is at the bottom of its water flow, open the flow
control valve and admit the water into the flume. Once a small head of flowing water has been
achieved do not adjust the flow control valve again, in order to maintain a constant flow rate
throughout the experiment.
3) Measure the volume flow rate, Q, and the depth of flow d0 and d1 above the roughened bed
at each end.
4) Raise the downstream tilting overshot weir in small stages, repeating the measurements at
each stage.
5) Further sets of readings can be obtained by repeating the above measurement with different
flow rates but increasing the slope of the flume.
6) Repeat the whole procedure with a gravel bed section.

DATA ACQUISITION

Slope = 0.6%
h1 = 1.8 cm
h2 = 1.7 cm
d = 10
L =3 m
t = 1 min 24 s = 84 s

Volume Time (s) d0 (m) d2(m) Area (m2) Velocity Flowrate,


(m3) (m/s) Q (m3/s)

0.1 84 0.6 0.4 0.05 0.0238 1.19x10^-3

Flowrate,Q Mean Fluid Hydraulic mean Slope of energy Coefficient of


(m3/s) velocity, V (m) radius,R (m) line, S roughness, n

1.19x10-3 1.999 1.1 0.6 37.548

A = B x (d0+d1)/2
Velocity = Q/A
Q = volume/t

Mean fluid velocity = v(m/s) x t


R = A/P
P = b+2 x (d0+d1)/2
V = 1/n R^(3/2) S^(½)
DISCUSSION

In this experiment, the purpose is to measure the coefficient of roughness, n.The


formula that was used in the experiment is manning formula;

V=1/π R ^2/3 S^½

The manning value (n) in this formula measures the roughness of friction of surface. There are
also a few more equations that are used while obtaining the roughness factor. As example, R =
A/P, to calculate Hydraulic mean radius, R and P = b+2 x (d0+d1)/2. Based on the data
obtained, area, velocity, flowrate and others in the table were calculated.

The calculation obtained may be off because of human error when obtaining the result such as
parallax error and zero error. The eye is not perpendicular to the scale which may affect the
result. There also may be an error with the equipment used such as point gauge.

CONCLUSION

Flow meters were used to record the values for the measured flow rate, and the Manning
equation was used to derive the theoretical flow rate value. The difference between these two
flow rates' values is caused by the fact that the theoretical flow rate depends on both the slope
of the channel bed and additional factors, such as the Manning roughness coefficient, whereas
the measured flow rate only depends on the area and fluid velocity through that area.

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