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Zone of Protection System

The document discusses zone protection systems for electrical power grids. It explains that the power system is divided into multiple zones, each containing components and circuit breakers. When a fault occurs within a zone, the protection system for that zone isolates it by tripping the circuit breakers. Zones have overlapping boundaries to ensure full coverage and backup protection in case of primary protection failure. Primary protection aims to quickly clear faults, while backup protection acts as a slower second line of defense if primary fails.

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188 views4 pages

Zone of Protection System

The document discusses zone protection systems for electrical power grids. It explains that the power system is divided into multiple zones, each containing components and circuit breakers. When a fault occurs within a zone, the protection system for that zone isolates it by tripping the circuit breakers. Zones have overlapping boundaries to ensure full coverage and backup protection in case of primary protection failure. Primary protection aims to quickly clear faults, while backup protection acts as a slower second line of defense if primary fails.

Uploaded by

tefe yabatu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Zone of Protection System

All the electrical power system works under zone protection and which can be divided in to several
zones of protection. Each zone of protection, contains one or more components of a power system in
addition to two circuit breakers. When a fault occurs within the boundary of a particular zone, then the
protection system responsible for the protection of the zone acts to isolate (by tripping the Circuit
Breakers) every equipment within that zone from the rest of the system. Some of the protecting zone
has backup protection for their primary protection.

The circuit Breakers are inserted between the component of the zone and the rest of the power system.
Thus, the location of the circuit breaker helps to define the boundaries of the zones of protection.

Different neighboring zones of protection are made to overlap each other, which ensure that no part of
the power system remains without protection. However, occurrence of the fault with in the overlapped
region will initiate a tripping sequence of different circuit breakers so that the minimum necessary to
disconnect the faulty element

Overlapping Zone of Power System:

Overlapping Zones are having powerful advantage; If our power system does not contain
overlapping in the protective zone means, then the failure occurs in the equipment will not lie in any
one of the zones and hence no circuit breaker would be tripped. The fault occurs in the unprotected
system will damage the equipment and hence disturb the continuity of the supply.
The fault in the overlapping zones creates the tripping of one or more circuit breaker associated with
the zones, in order to isolate the system.

Consider the two protective zone 1 and Zone 2. Here zone 2 overlap the zone1. If there is a fault occurs
in the zone 2, the circuit breakers of zone 2 tripped along with the zone 1 circuit breaker. The relay of
the zone 2 will also trip the circuit breaker of zone 1 for other faults in the zone 2 which occurs to the
right of the circuit breaker. Hence the unnecessary tripping of the breaker can be tolerated only in the
particular region.

Primary and Backup Protection Working Principle

What is primary protection and backup protection:

Generally, the protection given by the protective devices can be divided in to two categories

• Primary protection

• Backup protection

Let see the full detailed explanation about the categories.

Primary protection:
The primary protection scheme ensures fast and selective clearing of any circuit fault within the
boundaries of the circuit element, that the zone is required to protect. Primary Protection as a rule is
provided for each section of an electrical installation. It is a first line of defense for our system, very
sensitive, the fault clearing time and the current setting value is lesser as compared with back up
protection. It is responsible for all system protection. Always the primary protection is having the relay
co-coordination of tripping before the backup protection.

Example: Restricted Earth Fault, Differential protection etc.

Reason for Primary protection failure:

1. Current or voltage supply to the relay.

2. D.C. tripping voltage supply-absence of DC tripping voltage. DC Voltage trip are commonly used
for monitoring battery voltage conditions, but can be used in any application where dc voltage
level is critical. Whenever the Battery voltage reaches abnormal condition the DC tripping relay
works in order to protect the other protective equipment’s relay coil. DC tripping voltage system
is mainly used in sensitive equipment like alternator control circuit and protective circuit, high
voltage Power transformer protective circuit, turbine control panel etc.

3. Protective relays- Relays’ malfunctioning.

4. Failure in the Tripping circuit.

5. Failure in the Circuit Breaker.

6. loose contact or insufficient contact to reach the trip circuit.

Backup protection:

Back-up protection is the name given to a protection which backs the primary protection whenever
the primary protection failed to operate during fault condition. The back-up protection by definition is
slower than the primary protection system. The design of the back-up protection needs to be
coordinated with the design of the primary protection and essentially it is the second line of defense
after the primary protection system. Here the backup protection and primary protection do not have
anything common. Generally, the backup protection is located in different location. From the cost
effect and economy point of view the backup protection will be implemented to protect the system
against short circuit.

Refer above scheme, here the relays C, D, G and H are primary relays while A, B, I and J are the backup relays.

Normally backup relays trips the circuit breaker, if primary relay fails. So if the primary relay E fails to trip, then

backup relays A and B get tripped. The backup relays and associated backup relaying equipments are physically

apart from the faulty equipment.


The backup relays A and B provide backup protection for fault at station K. Also the backup relays at
A and F provide the backup protection for the faults in line DB. The backup relaying often provides
primary protection when the primary relays are out of service for repairs. It is obvious that when the
backup relay operates, the larger part of the system is disconnected The important requirement of
backup relaying is that it must operate with sufficient time delay so that the primary relaying is given
a chance to operate. Also the backup relays should be coordinated with the primary relays. When
fault occurs, both the type of relays starts relaying operation but primary is expected to trip first and
backup will then reset without having had time to complete its relaying operation. When the given set
of relays provides the backup protection for several adjacent system elements then the slowest
primary relaying of any of those will determine the necessary time delay of the given backup relays.

Types of Backup Protection:

Relays backup protection: Single circuit breaker is used to for both primary and backup relays.

Breaker Backup protection: Separate circuit breakers is used for both protections in the same
station.

Remote backup protection: one breaker for primary protection in one station and then another
breaker for backup protection in another station.

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