INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTION BANK

Course Title
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Course Code AEC015

Programme B.Tech

Semester VII ECE

Course Type Core

Regulation IARE - R16

Theory Practical
Course Structure
Lectures Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits

3 - 3 - -

Chief Coordinator Ms. P.Annapurna, Assistant Professor

Ms. P.Annapurna, Assistant Professor

Course Faculty
Dr. V Sivanagaraju, Professor

OBJECTIVES:

Students will try to learn:

I The Operating principles of waveguides which supports the EM mode of propagation with lower losses
and high power handling capability.

II The Fundamental concepts of microwave components such as power dividers, hybrid junctions,
Directional Couplers Ferrite Devices to make a microwave circuit
III The function, design, and integration of the major microwave components like oscillator, modulator,
amplifier, filter and mixer in building a Microwave test bench setup for measurements .
IV The real time applications of microwave engineering in Radars, Defense, Navigation, Remote sensing,
Satellite communications etc

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 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGYQUESTION BANK

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Taxonomy
UNIT-I
WAVEGUIDES
1 Define electromagnetic The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of Remember CO1
spectrum? frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and
their respective wavelengths and photon
energies.
2 Define microwaves? microwaves are form of electromagnetic radiation Remember CO1
with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to
one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz
and 300 GHz
3 Define wave guide? A hollow metallic tube of the uniform cross section Remember CO1
for transmitting electromagnetic waves by
successive reflections from the inner walls of the
tube is called as a Waveguide.
4 What is the The frequency range of L-band is 1 to 2 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range of
L-band
5 What is the The frequency range of S-band is 2 to 4 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range
of S-band
6 What is the The frequency range of C-band is 4 to 8 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range of
C-band
7 What is the The frequency range of X-band is 8 to 12 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range of
X-band
8 What is the The frequency range of L-band is Ku is 12 to 18 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range
of ku-band.

9 What is the The frequency range of Ka-band is 26.5 to 40 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range of
ka-band
10 What is the The frequency range of K-band is 18 to 26.5 GHz Remember CO1
frequency range of
K-band
11 Define bandwidth? bandwidth is defined as a range within a band of Remember CO1
frequencies or wavelengths
12 Define directivity? directivity is the measure of the concentration of an Remember CO1
antenna's radiation pattern in a particular direction.
13 Define fading? fading is defined as variation in the strength of Remember CO1
received radio signals due to variations in the
conditions
14 Define rectangular The shape of the waveguide is in the form of Remember CO1
wave guide? Rectangle then it is called as rectangular
waveguide
15 Define circular wave The shape of the waveguide is in the form of Remember CO1
guide? circular then it is called as circular waveguide.
16 Define elliptical The shape of the waveguide is in the form of Remember CO1
wave guide? elliptical then it is called as elliptical waveguide
17 What is meant by Transverse electric waves, also sometimes called H Remember CO1
TE mode? waves, characterized by the fact that the electric
vector (E) being always perpendicular to the
direction of propagation

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18 What is meant by Transverse magnetic waves, also called E waves Remember CO1
TM mode? are characterized by the fact that the magnetic
vector (H vector) is always perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
19 What is meant by The TEM wave is characterized by the fact that Remember CO1
TEM mode? both the electric vector (E vector) and the magnetic
vector (H vector) are perpendicular to the direction
of propagation.
20. Define cut off The frequency at which γ just becomes zero is Remember CO1
frequency? defined as the cut-off frequency.
21 Define guided It is defined as the distance travelled by the Remember CO1
Wave length? wave in order to undergo a phase shift of 2π radians.
22 Define phase velocity? It is defined as the rate at which the Remember CO1
wave changes its phase in terms of the guide.
23 Define group velocity? The rate at which the wave propagates through Remember CO1
the waveguide.
24 What is meant by dominant mode is the mode for which the cutoff Remember CO2
dominant mode? wavelength assumes a maximum value.

25 What is the dominant TE10 mode is the dominant mode in rectangular Remember CO1
mode in rectangular waveguide
waveguide?
26 What is meant by Two or more modes having the same cut-off Remember CO1
degenerate mode? frequency are called degenerate modes
27 Define wave wave impedance is defined as the ratio of the Remember CO1
Impedance? strength of electric field in one transverse direction
to the strength of the magnetic field along the other
transverse direction
28 Define cavity When both the ends of wave guide section are Remember CO1
Resonators? closed, with in the cavity it produces the resonance
so it is called cavity resonator.
29 How many types of There are 2 types of cavity resonators Remember CO1
cavity resonators are 1.Rectangular cavity resonator
there? 2.Circular cavity resonator

30 Define wave length? Wavelength is defined as the distance between two Remember CO1
successive crests or troughs of a wave.
31 Define quality factor? The quality factor of a resonator is defined as Remember CO1
the ratio of the amount of energy stored in the
cavity and the amount of energy lost per cycle
through the walls of the cavity .
32 Define ridge type of The ridge waveguide is a uniform rectangular Remember CO1
wave guide? waveguide with one or two (double ridge)
rectangular metal insets in the top and/or in the
bottom of the rectangular housing.
33 Define wave length? Wavelength is the distance between Corresponding Remember CO1
points of two consecutive waves.
34 Define cut-off wave The cutoff wavelength for any mode is defined as Remember CO1
length? the maximum wavelength at which that mode will
propagate.
35 Define gauss law? The electric flux across a closed surface is Remember CO1
proportional to the charge enclosed.
36 Define resonant A resonator is a device or system that Remember CO1
frequency? exhibits resonance or resonant behavior. That is, it
naturally oscillates with greater amplitude at some
frequency, called resonant frequency.

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Taxonomy
37 Define wave Any differential equation that describes the Remember CO1
equation? propagation of waves is called as a wave equation.
38 What is the The modes having same cut off frequency but Remember CO1
Degenerate mode in different field configuration are called Degenerate
rectangular Mode.
waveguide?
39 What is meant by Attenuation is defined as reduction in the strength Remember CO1
Attenuation? of a signal
40 Define resonant The frequency at which energy of resonator Remember CO1
frequency? becomes maximum is called resonant frequency
41 What is the dominant TE10 mode is the dominant mode in Remember CO2
mode in rectangular rectangular waveguide
waveguide?
42 Define propagation It is a measure of the propagation and the phase Remember CO1
constant shift of the incident wave travelling from source to
load
43 Define attenuation It is a measure of attenuation due to absorption of Remember CO1
constant signal as it propagates through the line.

44 What is the need for The need for the measurement is to know about the Remember CO1
measurement? unknown parameter
45 Define cut-off The cut-off wavelength is defined as the highest Remember CO1
wavelength wavelength beyond which the wave is completely
attenuation.
46 Define wave Wave impedance of a wave as seen along the Remember CO1
impedance direction of propagation of the wave is defined as
the ratio of the strength of electric field along one
transverse direction to the strength of magnetic
field along the other transverse direction
47 Define reflection It is ratio of amplitude of reflected signal to that of Remember CO1
coefficient incident signal
48 Define characteristic characteristic impedance of a transmission line Remember CO1
impedance depends upon the geometry and the material
properties. It is would be the input impedance of the
line if it is infinitely long.
49 Define wave It is equivalent to characteristic impedance in Remember CO1
characteristic waveguide.
impedance
50 Define dielectric dielectric waveguide is a type of waveguide, in Remember CO1
waveguide which the wave travels due to total internal
reflection at the boundary between two dielectric
materials.
UNIT-II
WAVEGUIDECOMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS
1 Define waveguide When waveguide pieces or components are joined Remember CO3
coupling? together it is called wave guide coupling

2 Define Probe A probe projecting into a waveguide or cavity Remember CO3

coupling? Resonator, designed to transfer energy to or from
an external circuit is called Probe coupling.
3 Define loop A method of transferring energy between a Remember CO3
coupling? waveguide and an external circuit, by inserting a
conducting loop into the waveguide is called loop
coupling
4 Define waveguide Matching devices called “Irises” are used to Remember CO3
irises? introduce either capacitance or inductance (or a
combination of both) into a wave guide

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5 Define inductive iris? The iris places a shunt inductive reactance across Remember CO3
the waveguide that is directly proportional to
the size of the opening
6 Define capactive iris? The iris places a shunt Capacitive reactance across Remember CO3
the waveguide that is directly proportional to the
size of the opening
7 Define series A combination of both E and H plane waveguide Remember CO3
resonant iris? irises can be used to provide both inductive and
capacitive reactance. This forms a tuned circuit. At
resonance, the iris acts as a high impedance shunt.
8 Define parallel At the resonant frequency, the iris acts as a high Remember CO3
resonant iris? shunt resistance.
9 Define waveguide A post waveguide is a synthetic rectangular Remember CO3
Post? electromagnetic waveguide formed in a dielectric
substrate by densely arraying metalized posts
which connect the upper and lower metal plates of
the substrate.
10 Define inductive When the post extends completely through the Remember CO3
Post? waveguide, making contact with the top and
bottom walls, it acts as an inductive post.
11 Define Capacitive When the post extend part of the way through Remember CO3
Post? the waveguide, it acts as capacitive
post.
12 Define Tuning Tuning screws are screws inserted into resonant Remember CO3
Screws? cavities which can be adjusted externally to the
waveguide.
13 Define capacitive For screws inserted only a small distance, the Remember CO3
tuning screw? equivalent circuit is a shunt capacitor, acts as a
capacitive tuning screw.
14 Define inductive Inserting the screw further causes the impedance to Remember CO3
tuning screw? change from capacitive to inductive acts as a
inductive tuning screw.
15 Define Matched Matched Load is a device used to terminate a Remember CO3
Load? transmission line or waveguide so that all the
energy from the signal source will be absorbed.
16 Define waveguide A waveguide attenuator is an RF device Remember CO3
attenuator? specifically designed to reduce the power of a
signal without affecting or reducing the waveform
of the signal
17 Define waveguide Waveguide phase shifters are two- port waveguide Remember CO3
phase shifters? modules that alter the phase of an output signal in
response to an external signal
18 Define Fixed Fixed Attenuators are waveguide components for Remember CO3
Attenuators? introduction of some particular attenuation value
in to the waveguide network for signal
19 Define variable The Variable Attenuators are defined as waveguide Remember CO3
Attenuators? components for tunable signal leveling or
reflection compensation in waveguide networks
20 Define rotary-vane A Device designed to introduce attenuation into Remember CO3
attenuator a waveguide circuit by varying the angular position
of a resistive material in the guide.
21 Define microwave The point of interconnection of two or more Remember CO4
junction. microwave devices is called microwave junction.
22 How many There are 4 microwave junctions. Remember CO4
microwave
junctions are
there?
23 Define E-Plane As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric Remember CO4
Tee Junction? field, this junction is called E-Plane Tee junction.
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24 Define H-Plane As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the Remember CO4
Tee Junction? magnetic field, this junction is called H-Plane Tee
junction
25 Define E-H Plane The magic T waveguide junction is effectively a Remember CO4
Tee Junction? combination of the E-type and H-type waveguide
junctions.
26 Define Magic Tee? When port 1,2 are perfectly match with the Remember CO4
junction automatically 3,4 ports also matches with
the junction that is called Magic. so it is called
magic tee.
27 Define Rat Race A normal three-port Tee junction is taken and a Remember CO4
Junction? fourth port is added to it, to make it a rat race
junction. All of these ports are connected in
angular ring forms at equal intervals using series or
parallel junctions.
28 Define hybrid ring? A rat-race coupler is also known as a hybrid ring Remember CO4
coupler.
29 Define Faraday Rotation of a beam of polarized microwaves Remember CO5
rotation principle? traversing an isotropic medium along the lines of
force of a magnetic field.
30 What is the need of A gradual twist in the waveguide is used to turn the Remember CO3
twist? polarization of the waveguide and hence the
waveform.
31 What is the need of Waveguides are bent in several ways to avoid Remember CO3
bend? reflections.
32 Define gyrator? gyrator is a phase shifting electronic device, which Remember CO5
gives an output 180 degrees out of phase with
input.
33 Define circulator? A circulator is a passive, non reciprocal three- Or Remember CO5
four-port device, in which a microwave or radio-
frequency signal entering any port is transmitted to
the next port in rotation (only).
34 Define isolator? An isolator is a mechanical switching device that, Remember CO5
in the open position, allows for isolation of the
input and output of a device.
35 What are the Magic Tee junction is used to measure the Remember CO4
Applications of Impedance, used as a duplexer and Mixer.
magic tee?
36 What are the Three port circulators are used as duplexers. Remember CO5
applications of
circulator
37 Define variable The Variable Attenuators are waveguide Remember CO3
Attenuators? components for tunable signal leveling or
reflection compensation in waveguide networks
38 Define rotary- A Device designed to introduce attenuation into Remember CO3
vane attenuator a waveguide circuit by varying the angular position
of a resistive material in the guide.
39 Define Directional Directional couplers are built in waveguide Remember CO4
coupler assemblies which can sample a small amount of
microwave power for measurement purposes.
40 What is the need The unique properties of ferrites provide a variable Remember CO5
of Ferrite? reactance by which microwave energy can be
manipulated to conform to the microwave system.
41 What are the Isolators are most widely used to protect high Remember CO5
Applications of power RF sources.
isolators?
42 What is tee junction? When the shape of micro wave junction is in the Remember CO4
form of English alphabet T then it is called tee
junction.
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43 What is the need of To spilt the energy in to different directions or Remember CO4
microwave junction? to combine the energy coming from different
directions microwave junctions are used.
44 Define coupling factor It is defined as the ratio of the incident power to the Remember CO4
forward power measured in dB.
45 Define probes? To connect the scope to the point to be monitored Remember CO3
it is necessary to use screened cable to prevent any
pick- up of unwanted signals is called probe.
46 Define Directivity It is defined as the ratio of the forward power to the Remember CO4
backward power measured in dB.
47 Define Isolation It is defined as the ratio of the incident power to the Remember CO4
backward power measured in dB.
48 Define S-matrix It is a square matrix which gives all the Remember CO4
combinations of power relationships between the
various input and output ports of
a Microwave junction.
49 List any 3 properties  [S] is always a square matrix Remember CO4
of S-matrix  [S] is a symmetric matrix
 [S] is a unitary matrix
50 Mention various 2 types of Directional couplers are there Remember CO4
types of Directional 1) single hole directional coupler
coupler 2) two-hole directional coupler
UNIT-III
MICROWAVE LINEAR BEAM AND CROSS FIELD TUBES (OTYPE AND MTYPE)
1 What are the Inter electrode capacitance effect , lead inductance Remember CO7
limitations of effect, Transit time effect and Gain-Bandwidth
conventional tubes? product limitation
2 Define linear or Linear beam or O-type tubes in which the CO7
O- type tubes. accelerating electric field is in the same direction as Remember
the static magnetic field used to focus electron
beam.
3 Define M- type tubes. M-type tubes where the static magnetic field is Remember CO7
perpendicular to the electric field.
4 Define transit time. In a conventional tube electrons emitted by the Remember CO7
cathode take a finite (non-zero) time in reaching
the anode. This interval, called the transit time
5 Define Drift The region between buncher cavity and catcher Remember CO6
space. cavity is called drift space.
6 Define velocity When the electrons pass the buncher gap their Remember CO6
modulation. velocity will be change according to the input RF
signal. This process is known as velocity
modulation
7 Define Applegate The theory of velocity modulation can be Remember CO6
diagram. explain by using the diagram known as Applegate
diagram.
8 Define current The electron beam contains an AC current and Remember CO6
modulation. variation in current density(often called current
modulation)
9 Define de bunching At the point of bunching the electrostatic force Remember CO7
of repulsion between the electrons does not allow
electronic collision, but may cause beam spreading
or undesirable de bunching.
10. Define Mutual Mutual conductance of the klystron amplifier is Remember CO7
conductance. the ratio of the induced output current to the input
voltage.
11 Define A klystron amplifier tube will deliver high gain Remember CO6
synchronous tuning. and a narrow bandwidth if all the cavities are tuned
to the same frequency. This method of tuning is
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called synchronous tuning.
12 Define staggered If the cavities are tuned to slightly different Remember CO6
tuning. frequencies, the gain of the amplifier will be
reduced but the bandwidth will be appreciably
increased. This method of tuning is called
staggered tuning.
13 Define velocity When the electrons pass the buncher gap their Remember CO6
modulation. velocity will be change according to the input RF
signal. This process is known as velocity
modulation
14 Define transit Transit time is the time taken by the electron to Remember CO7
time. travel into the repeller space and back to the gap.
15 Define slow Slow wave structures are special circuits that Remember CO6
wave structures. are used in microwave tubes to reduce the wave
velocity in a certain direction so that the electron
beam and the signal wave can interact.
16 Define electronic An electronic equation which determines the values Remember CO6
equation in TWT. of convection current induced by axial electric field.

17 Define derived In order to increase the efficiency, the helix pitch Remember CO6
helix. can be gradually decreased in the output section.
Such a circuit modification is known as a derived
helix.
18 What is cathode? A cathode is the metallic electrode through Remember CO6
which current flows out in a polarized electrical
device. (Heated to emit electron).
19 What is anode? An anode is the electrode in a polarized electrical Remember CO6
device through which current flows in from an
outside circuit. (For formation of electron beam).
20 What is buncher Applied signal velocity modulates the electrons at Remember CO6
cavity? the cavity that is called buncher cavity
21 What is catcher The amplified output signal is obtained from this Remember CO6
cavity? cavity.
22 What is collector? Collector Collects the electrons coming out of the Remember CO6
catcher cavity.
23 Define Cross- Amplifier version of magnetron oscillator is called Remember CO6
field amplifier cross field amplifier
24 What is coaxial Magnetron having a outer high Q coaxial cavity Remember CO9
magnetron? in TE011-mode.
25 What is Klystron? Microwave tube which can be used for Remember CO6
amplification or generation of microwave signal.
26 What is Reflex Oscillator version of klystron Remember CO6
Klystron?
27 What is A high power microwave oscillator Remember CO9
Magnetron?
28 Define TWTA. Travelling wave tube amplifier is a high-gain, Remember CO6
low noise and wide bandwidth amplifier which can
operate a wide range of frequency from 300 MHz
to 50 GHz.
29 What is Variation in frequency of resonance of cavity Remember CO6
mechanical tuning of by varying its dimension by a mechanical method
reflex klystron? like adjusting screws is called as mechanical
tuning.
30 What is electronic Variation of frequency by the method of Remember CO6
tuning of reflex adjusting repeller voltage is called electronic tuning.
klystron?
31 What is the range Mechanical tuning: +20MHz. Remember CO6
of frequency
variation of reflex
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klystron in the X-
band by the
mechanical
32 What is the It works on the principle of velocity Remember CO6
operating modulation and current modulation.
principle of reflex
klystron?
33 What modes are 1 ¾ and 2 ¾ are the most commonly used Remember CO6
generally used in a modes in a practical reflex klystron.
reflex klystron?
34 What is the Frequency range: 4GHz – 200GHz Output Remember CO6
operating frequency power: maximum 3W in X-band to 10mW at
and power output of 220GHz.
a reflex klystron?
35 What Mode of The mode for coaxial magnetron is TE011 Remember CO9
cavity in coaxial
magnetron?
36 Define frequency The resonant frequency of magnetron can be Remember CO9
pushing. changed by changing the anode voltage. This
process referred to as frequency pushing
37 Define frequency Magnetron is also sensitive to frequency Remember CO9
pulling. variation due to changes in load impedance. These
frequency variations are known as frequency
pulling.
38 What is bunching? The effect of velocity modulation produces Remember CO6
bunching of electron beam
39 What is the efficiency The efficiency of 2- cavity klystron is 58.2% Remember CO6
of Theoretical
efficiency of 2- cavity
klystron?
40 What is the maximum The efficiency of reflex klystron is 22.7% Remember CO6
efficiency of reflex
klystron?
41 Define Coaxial Magnetron having a outer high Q coaxial cavity in CO9
magnetron TE011-mode Remember

42 Define inverted Magnetron having inverted anode and cathode CO9

Coaxial magnetron structure is called Coaxial magnetron Remember

43 Define Voltage A broad-band oscillator and oscillation frequency Remember CO9

tunable magnetron can be control by varying the applied voltage
between anode and sole
44 Define multi cavity Multi cavity klystron use more than two cavities Remember CO6
klystron with more bunching, voltage amplification and
power gain.

45 Define Strapping A method commonly employed to avoid mode Remember CO9

jumping is known as strapping
46 Define phase focusing The formation of electron bunch inside the tube is CO9
Effect known as phase focusing effect. Due to this, the Remember
orbit of the electron gets confined into spokes.
These spokes rotate according to some fractional
value of electron emitted by the cathode until it
reaches anode while delivering their energy to
oscillations.
47 Define frequency The change in resonant frequency of the Remember CO9
pushing magnetron shows variation due to the change in
the anode voltage then it is known as frequency
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pushing.
48 Define frequency The change in resonant frequency is sometimes a Remember CO9
pulling result of the change in the load impedance of the
magnetron.. This frequency variation is known
as frequency pulling. 

49 Define hull cutoff In a magnetron, the electron will just graze the Remember CO9
condition? anode and return towards the cathode depends on
Vo and Bo . The hull cut of magnetic equation is
Boc = (8Vo m / e) ½
50 Define backward A backward wave oscillator (BWO) is microwave Remember CO7
wave oscillator cw oscillator with an enormous tuning and ever all
frequency coverage range.
UNIT-IV
MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES
1 Define Gunn A microwave negative resistance device whose Remember CO10
diode. operation depends upon as transferred electron
effect (or Gunn effect) originating from the bulk
properties of the semiconductor material.
2 What is IMPATT A type of transit time microwave diode. All Remember CO8
diode? transit time devices depend upon two mechanisms
namely generation of charge carriers and transit of
these carriers through a drift space.
3 Define A type of microwave circuit that uses a varactor Remember CO8
Parametric amplifier. diode for providing low noise amplification
of microwave signals.
4 What is PIN- A semiconductor diode comprising of two heavily Remember CO8
diode? doped p-type and n-type semiconductor materials
separated by a very high resistivity
5 Define Point One of the early microwave devices. It uses a Remember CO8
contact diode. metal semiconductor junction and was used earlier
for microwave mixing and detection applications.
6 Define Schottky Uses a schottky junction similar to metal Remember CO8
barrier diode. semiconductor junction.
7 Define Tunnel A pn junction diode with a very high concentration Remember CO8
diode. Of impurity atoms leading to tunneling
phenomenon. It exhibits negative resistance
characteristic.
8 Define TRAPATT A type of transit time microwave diode is Remember CO8
diode. similar to an IMPATT diode with difference
in aulandic invitation and carrier drift mechanisms.
9 What is TUNNEL A type of transit time device that uses tunneling Remember CO8
diode? phenomenon for generation.
10 What is Varactor A pn junction diode designed to maximize Remember CO8
diode? capacitance variation as a function of applied
reverse bias.
11 What is a solid Solid-state device, electronic device in which Remember CO7
state device? electricity flows through solid semi conductor
crystals (silicon, gallium arsenide, and
germanium) rather than through vacuum tubes.
12 What are Low-power microwave sources use solid- Remember CO7
microwave devices? state devices such as the field-effect transistor (at
least at lower frequencies), tunnel diodes, Gunn
diodes, and IMPATT diodes
13 What is negative Negative resistance is defined as that property of a Remember CO10
resistance? device which causes the current through it to be
180 degree out of phase with the voltage across it.
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14 What is MESFET? If the field effect transistor is constructed with Remember CO8
metal semiconductor schottky barrier diode,the
device is called metal-semiconductor field effect
transistor.
15 What is Gunn Gunn effect, high-frequency oscillation of Remember CO10
diode effect? electrical current flowing through certain
semiconducting solids. The effect is used in a
solid-state device, the Gunn diode, to produce
short radio waves called microwaves.
16 Who invented John Battiscombe "J. B." Gunn (13 May 1928 – Remember CO10
Gunn diode? 2 December 2008), known as Ian or Iain, was a
British physicist, who spent most of his career in
the United States.
17 What are the various  Transit time mode Remember CO8
modes of transferred  Quenched and delayed domain modes
electron oscillators?  limited space charge accumulation mode.
18 Define RWH Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory (RWH) explains Remember CO10
theory. the mechanism by which differential
negative resistance is developed in a bulk solid
state semiconductor material when a voltage is
applied to the terminals of the sample.
19 Define avalanche The devices that help to make a diode exhibit this Remember CO8
transit time property are called as Avalanche transit
devices. time devices.
20. List the type of circuit  Broadly tunable circuits Remember CO8
used for IMPATT  Low ‘Q’circuits
diode circuits.  high ‘Q’circuits
21 Define IMPATT An IMPATT diode (Impact ionization Avalanche Remember CO8
diode. Transit-Time diode) is a form of high-power
semiconductor diode used in high-frequency
microwave electronics devices.
22 Define BARITT The BARITT diode (barrier injection transit- Remember CO8
diode. time) is a high frequency semiconductor
component of microelectronics. A related
component is the DOVETT diode.
23 Define TRAPATT A microwave oscillator device with a similar Remember CO8
diode. structure to the IMPATT diode is the
TRAPATT diode, which stands for "trapped
plasma avalanche triggered transit".
24 Define Baratter Baretter has positive temperature coefficient and is Remember CO8
less sensitive .
25 What Is PIN PIN Diode. PIN photodiode is a kind of photo Remember CO8
photo diode? detector; it can convert optical signals into
electrical signals.
26 Define Thermistor Thermistor has negative temp coefficient and is Remember CO8
more sensitive .
27 What is a tunable The tunable detectors are used to demodulate the Remember CO8
detector? signal and couple the required output to high
frequency scope analyzer. The low frequency
demodulated output is detected using non
reciprocal detector diode monunted in the
microwave transmission line.
28 Define Laser A semiconductor device that generates coherent Remember CO8
Diode. light of high intensity is known as laser diode.
-LASER is an abbreviation for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. Stimulated emission is the basis of
working of a laser diode.
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29 Define Light The LED is a PN-junction diode which emits light Remember CO8
Emitting Diode. when an electric current passes through it in the
forward direction. In the LED, the recombination
of charge carrier takes place.
30 What is a RF (radio frequency) and microwave switches are Remember CO8
microwave switch? used extensively in microwave test systems for
signal routing between instruments and devices
under test (DUT).
31 What is transferred The variation in the effective drift mobility of Remember CO8
electron effect? charge carriers in a semiconductor when
significant numbers of electrons are transferred
from a low-mobility valley of the conduction band
in a zone to a high- mobility valley, or vice versa.
32 Define avalanche Avalanche effect is “the sudden rapid increase in Remember CO8
effect. the current in a non conducting material (insulator)
or semiconducting material
33 Define Light You are surrounded by electromagnetic waves. Remember CO8
wave detection. They're everywhere! From the light you can see, to
the infrared your body is producing, to the
ultraviolet coming through
34 What is high speed Have a look at Circuit Specialists collection of Remember CO8
switching diode? low-cost 1N914 and 1N4148 high-speed
switching diodes
35 Define voltage A voltage stabilizer is an electrical appliance used Remember CO7
stabilizer. to feed constant voltage current to electrical
gadgets like ACs and computers, and protects
them from damage due to voltage fluctuations.
36 What is hot carrier A Schottky diode is also known as a hot carrier Remember CO10
diode? diode; it is a semiconductor diode with a very fast
switching action, but a low forward voltage drop.
37 Define lower noise. A low-noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic Remember CO7
amplifier that amplifies a very low-power signal
without significantly degrading its signal-to-noise
ratio.
38 Define microwave A type of electron tube or semiconductor device Remember CO7
oscillators. used for generating microwave radiation or voltage
waveforms with microwave frequencies. Also
known as microwave generator
39 What is saw SAW devices are used as filters, oscillators and Remember CO8
devices? transformers, devices that are based on the
transduction of acoustic waves.
40 Define microwave Microwave detectors are the instruments used to Remember CO8
detector? detect the presence of microwave power is a
microwave circuit.
41 List some of power  Schottky diode Remember CO10
detecting elements?  Baretter
 Thermistor
 Thermocouple
42 What are the  Used in airborne Remember CO8
applications of  Marine radars.
TRAPATT?
43 What are the  Low and medium power oscillators Remember CO10
applications of Gunn  Used in high pump frequencies
Diode?  Burglar alarms and aircraft rate-of-climb
indicators.
44 What is the operating TRAPATT devices operate at frequencies from 400 Remember CO8
frequency of MHz to about 12GHz.
TRAPATT devices?
45 What are the  Phased-array Radar systems Remember CO8
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applications of  Intermediate frequency transmitters.
TRAPATT devices?  Proxity fuse sources
 Radio altimeters
 Microwave landing systems.
46 What are the elements The elements are Remember CO10
that exhibit Gunn  Gallium arsenide
effect?  Indium phosphide
 Cadmium telluride
 Indium arsenide.
47 What is negative The carrier drift velocity increases linearly from 0 Remember CO10
resistance in gunn to maximum when the electric field is increased
diode? from 0 to threshold value in Gunn diodes. When
the electric field is beyond the threshold value of
3000v/cm the drift velocity is decreased and the
diode exhibit negative resistance.
48 What are the  Used in microwave integrated circuits for high Remember CO10
applications of GaAs power, low noise applications.
MESFET.?  Used in broadband amplifier application.

49 What are the They are used in Remember CO8

applications of High  Low power transmitters
Q-oscillators and  Parametric amplifier pumps
amplifier circuits?  Police radars and intrusion alarms.
50 What are the  used in self excited mixers Remember CO8
applications of Tunnel  High speed switching and logic operations
Diode?  Low power oscillators.
UNIT-V
MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS
1 Define Gunn Gunn power supply comprises of an electronically Remember CO10
Power Supply. regulated DC power supply and a square wave
generator designed to operate Gunn oscillator and
pin modulator simultaneously.
2 What is Gunn Gunn oscillator has been designed as a stable and Remember CO10
Oscillator? spectrally pure microwave source. The oscillator
has a Gunn diode mounted in a waveguide cavity
which is tunable over the range 8.5 to 11.5 GHz by
a micrometer controlled tuning plunger.
3 Define PIN Modulator. The Pin Modulator is a transmission line i.e. wave Remember CO8
guide shunted with a Pin Diode.
4 What is Klystron Klystron Power Supply, is a state-of the-art solid- Remember CO6
Power Supply? state, regulated power supply for operating low
power Klystrons such as 2K25.
5 What is SWR SWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned Remember CO11
meter? voltmeter operating at fixed frequency. It is
designed for making standing wave measurement
in conjunction with a suitable detector and slotted
line or wave guide section.
6 What is Double In the double minimum method, it is necessary to Remember CO11
Minimum Method? establish the electrical distance between the points
where the output is double the minimum.
7 What is an isolator? An isolator is a two-port device that transfers Remember CO5
energy from input to output with little attenuation
and from output to input with very high
attenuation.
8 Define VSWR meter. A VSWR meter basically consists of a high Remember CO11
gain, high Q, low noise voltage amplifier,
normally tuned at a fixed frequency (1 kHz) at
which the microwave signal is modulated.
9 What is the To measure the frequency of a microwave signal, Remember CO11
function of frequency The Resonant Cavity Frequency Meter is tuned
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meter? until it resonates at the signal frequency.
10 Define Reflex The reflex klystron is a single cavity variable Remember CO6
klystron. frequency microwave generator of low power and
low efficiency.
11 What is Slotted Slotted section is basically used to measure Remember CO11
section? standing wave ratio (VSWR).
12 What is Tunable A tunable probe helps in detecting the low Remember CO11
Probe? frequency square wave modulated microwave
signal. It is made by the use of crystal diode
mounted in the transmission line.
13 What is matched Matched Termination is used in making Remember CO3
termination? measurement of waveguide component and it is
often desirable to absorb the power propagated
down the waveguide. These are designed in such a
way to absorb the maximum energy without
having appreciable reflection assuring low VSWR.
14 Define reflection The reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of Remember CO11
coefficient. the complex amplitude of the reflected wave
to that of the incident wave.
15 Define 3dB 3dB Beam Width is the angle between the two Remember CO16
Beam Width. points on a main lobe where the power intensity is
half the maximum power intensity.
16 Define radiation In the field of antenna design the term radiation Remember CO11
pattern. pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern)
refers to the directional (angular) dependence of
the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or
other source.
17 What is directivity? It is a measure of how 'directional' an antenna's Remember CO4
radiation pattern is. An antenna that radiates
equally in all directions would have effectively
zero directionality, and the directivity of this type
of antenna would be 1 (or 0 dB).
18 What is A directional coupler is a device with it is Remember CO4
directional coupler? possible to measure the incident and reflected
wave separately. It consists of two transmission
line, the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electromagnetically coupled to each other.
19 Define Magic Tee. The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E Remember CO4
and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an H
plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane
Tee in combination with arm 1 and 2 a side or
collinear arms.
20. What is circulator? Circulator is a device with ports arranged such that Remember CO5
energy entering a port is coupled to an adjacent
port
but not coupled to other ports.
21 Define insertion Insertion loss The ratio of power supplied by a Remember CO11
loss. source to the input port to the power detected by a
detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with
other port terminated in the matched load, is
defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
22 Define attenuators. The attenuators are two port bi-directional Remember CO3
devices which attenuate power when inserted into
the transmission line. Attenuation A (dB).
23 What is phase A phase shifter consists of a piece of Wave- Remember CO3
shifter? guide and a dielectric material inside the wave-
guide placed parallel to Electric vector of TE10
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mode. The phase changes as piece of dielectric
material is moved from edge of wave-guide
towards the center of the wave- guide.
24 Define dielectric The dielectric constant is the ratio of the Remember CO3
constant. permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of
free space. ... For example, dry air has a low
dielectric constant, but it makes an excellent
dielectric material for capacitors used in high-
power radio-frequency (RF) transmitters.
25 Define The propagationconstant of a sinusoidal Remember CO1
propagation electromagnetic wave is a measure of the
constant. change undergone by the amplitude and
phase of the wave as it propagates in a
given direction. The quantity being measured can
be the voltage, the current in a circuit, or a field
vector such as electric field strength or flux
density. The propagation constant itself measures
the change per unit length, but it is otherwise
dimensionless.
26 What is Guide Guide wavelength is defined as the distance Remember CO1
wavelength? between two equal phase planes along the
waveguide. The guide wavelength is a function of
operating wavelength (or frequency) and the lower
cutoff wavelength, and is always longer than the
wavelength would be in free-space.
27 What is resonator? A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Remember CO1
resonance or resonant behavior. That
is, it naturally oscillates with
greater amplitude at some frequencies,
called resonant frequencies, than at other
frequencies. The oscillations in a resonator can be
either electro magnetic or mechanical (including
acoustic).
28 What is calorimeter? It is convenient device setup for measuring the Remember CO11
high power at microwave which involves
conversion of microwave energy in to heat,
absorbing the heat in a fluid and determine the
temp.
29 Define cavity A cavity resonator is one in which waves exist Remember CO2
resonator. in a hollow space inside the device. In electronics
and radio, microwave cavities consisting of hollow
metal boxes are used in microwave transmitters,
receivers and test equipment to control frequency,
in place of the tuned circuits which are used at
lower frequencies.
30 What is Bolometer? A bolometer is a square law device and it produces Remember CO11
a current that is proportional to the applied power,
i.e., square of the applied voltage, rather than the
applied voltage.
31 Define quality factor. The quality factor or Q factor is a measure of the Remember CO11
performance of a coil, capacitor inductor in terms
of its losses and resonator bandwidth.
32 What is the The relationship between reflection co efficient Remember CO11
relationship between and VSWR is ῤ =VSWR-1/VSWR+1
reflection co efficient
and VSWR?
33 What are Klystron and TWT are linear beam or O-type tubes Remember CO6
Klystron and TWT in which the accelerating electric field is in same
tubes? direction as the static magnetic field used to focus
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electron beam.
34 Define transit time. Transit time is the time taken for the electron to Remember CO7
travel from cathode to anode.
35 Define gain band Gain-bandwidth product is defined as the product Remember CO7
width product. of gain and band width.
36 What is skin effect? The skin effect is the tendency of current to Remember CO7
distribute itself such that current density at surface
is greater than its case.
37 Define catcher Catcher cavity is a resonant cavity from where the Remember CO6
cavity. amplified RF signal is coupled out.
38 What is mutual Mutual conductance is the mutual conductance of Remember CO6
conductance? the klystron amplifier is the ratio of the induced
output current to the input voltage.
39 Define Efficiency The efficiency of the klystron amplifier is the Remember CO6
of Klystron. ratio of the output power to the input power.
40 What is travelling The TWT is an amplifier which makes use of Remember CO6
wave tube distributed interaction between an electron beam
amplifier? and a travelling wave RF field (input).
41 List the different types  Slotted line method Remember CO11
of Impedance  Reflectometer method
measurement
methods?
42 What is a wave meter? It is a device used for frequency measurement in Remember CO11
microwave. It has cylindrical cavity with a
variable short circuit termination .It changes the
resonant frequency of cavity by changing cavity
length.
43 What is spectrum Spectrum analyzer is a broad band super Remember CO11
analyzer? heterodyne receiver which is used to display wave
in frequency domain additionally, power
measurements, side bands can also be observed.
44 What is radiation Radiation efficiency is defined as the ratio of total Remember CO11
efficiency? power radiated to total power accepted at its input
45 List the types of  Real time spectrum analyzer Remember CO11
spectrum analyzer  Swept tuned frequency spectrum analyzer
46 List some application  Identifying frequency terms and their power Remember CO11
of spectrum analyzer. levels
 Measuring harmonic distortion in a wave
 Determine type of wave modulation Signal to
noise ratio
 For identifying wave distortion
47 List the methods for  Waveguide method Remember CO11
measuring dielectric  cavity perturbation method
constants?

48 List the methods for  Transmission method Remember CO11
measuring Q of cavity  Impedance Measurement
Resonator
49 Define Noise factor It is defined as the ratio of actual noise power of Remember CO11
the device to the noise ower that would be
available if the device were perfect without itself
contributing any noise.
50 Define Attenuation Attenuation is defined as the ratio of input power Remember CO3
to the output power and is normally expressed in
decibels.

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