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Class Note

The document discusses Miller indices for specifying directions and planes in crystal lattices and unit cells. It provides procedures for labeling points, directions, and planes using indices and describes how to determine indices from drawings and vice versa. Key families of directions and planes are listed for common crystal systems along with their symmetry properties and multiplicity factors. Examples are given to demonstrate determining crystal systems and Miller indices from drawings of directions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
91 views18 pages

Class Note

The document discusses Miller indices for specifying directions and planes in crystal lattices and unit cells. It provides procedures for labeling points, directions, and planes using indices and describes how to determine indices from drawings and vice versa. Key families of directions and planes are listed for common crystal systems along with their symmetry properties and multiplicity factors. Examples are given to demonstrate determining crystal systems and Miller indices from drawings of directions.

Uploaded by

Nafis Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POINTS, DIRECTIONS AND PLANES

Miller indices are used to specify directions and planes. These directions and planes could be in
lattices or in crystals. The number of indices will match with the dimension of the lattice or the
crystal. Naming points, directions, and planes in a unit cell can seem overwhelming at first but
will become easy as you practice and follow the following procedures. Indices of crystallographic
points, directions, and planes are given in terms of the lattice constants of the unit cell. For points
and directions, you can consider the indices to be coefficients of the lattice constants. Remember
that you only need to invert the indices for planes. It is essential to label axes, lattice constants,
and identifying information for directions (vector arrowhead) and planes (axes intercepts) to
receive full credit.

Points
Labeling points in a unit cell follows the same procedure for listing points in any Cartesian
coordinate system (Fig. 33). The indices used to refer to points are q, r, and s. They are listed
without commas, parentheses, or brackets. Consider point P, in Fig. 33a. If you were standing at
the origin of the unit cell, you could travel q · a in the x-direction, r · v in the y-direction, and s · c
in the z-direction to get to point P. Thus, we would say that point P corresponds to the q r s point
coordinates. To find q, r, and s when you are shown a drawing with a point:

Fig. 33 Crystallographic point coordinates.

1. Start with your pencil at the origin.


2. Count the number lattice constants you must move in the x-, y-, and z-directions to reach the
point.
3. Write the point as q r s without commas, parentheses, or brackets.

1 1 1
Do not convert the coordinates to reduced integers. The 2 point in the BCC structure is not the
2 2
same as the 1 1 1 point. To draw a point given qrs:
1. Start with your pencil at the origin.
2. Count q · a in the x-direction, r · v in the y-direction, and s · c in the z-direction.
3. Draw and label the point.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


In the bcc system shown in Fig. 33b, the path to point 9 would be 0 · a in the x-direction, 1 · a in
the y-direction, and 1 · a in the z-direction. Thus, the coordinates of point 9 are 0 1 1. The
1 1 1
coordinates for point 5 are .
2 2 2

Directions
To draw a direction given the [u v w] indices:
1. Choose a point for the origin of your vector. Simple directions, such as those shown in Fig. 34a,
are easy to draw using the 0 0 0 crystallographic point as the origin. For more complicated
directions (see Fig. 34b), it is more convenient to translate (add or subtract) or scale (multiply or
divide) the indices of the direction. If you translate your origin to the point 0 0 1 for example, the
tail of your direction vector will be at this point.
2. Start with your pencil on your chosen origin. Move your pencil u · a in the x-direction, v · b in
the y-direction, and w · c in the z-direction. If u, v, or w, are negative, move in the negative
direction on that axis.
3. Draw and label a point.
4. Draw a line from your chosen origin to the point you just drew. Add an arrowhead at the point.

Fig. 34 Crystallographic directions.

It is extremely important when drawing directions that you label the point that lies at the end of
your direction vector. Is it also highly preferred that you shift the origin and scale of the direction
vector so that it is contained inside the unit cell. If you shifted the origin, a way to check that you
drew your direction properly is to subtract the point coordinates of the arrowhead from those of its
tail. The resulting indices should be [u v w].

To write the [u v w] indices given a drawing of a direction:


1. Place your pencil at the tail of the given vector.
2. Count how many lattice constants you must move in the x-, y-, and z-directions to reach the
head of the vector. Write them down. Be mindful of negatives.
3. If necessary, multiply by a common number to make the indices integers.
4. Rewrite the indices and enclose them in square brackets [u v w].

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Family of Directions
Table 2 lists some family of directions. Directions having similar indices are equivalent, e.g., faces
of the cube [1 0 0], [0 1 0] and [0 0 1]. This is termed as a family of planes and denoted as <1 0
0> which includes all the [1 0 0] combinations including negative indices. For cubic lattices, few
family of planes are listed in Table 5.

Table 5. A set of directions related by symmetry operations of the lattice.

Planes
To draw a plane given the (h k l) indices:
1. Find the reciprocal of (h k l). If one or more of the indices is zero, consider the reciprocal to be
1 1 1
infinity. The values ℎ , 𝑘 and 𝑙 are the intercepts of the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. If one or
more intercept is infinity, this means that the plane will never intercept that axis (it is parallel to
1 1
that axis). For the (2 2 1) plane shown in Fig. 35a, the reciprocals would be, 2 1
2
𝑎 𝑏
2. For all non-zero indices, draw a point on the x-axis at ℎ, a point on the y-axis at 𝑘, and a point
𝑐
on the z-axis at 𝑙 .
3. Connect the dots. (001) plane is showed in Fig. 35b.

To list the (h k l) indices given a drawing of a plane:


1. Check to see if the plane goes through the origin, as in Fig. 36a. If not, proceed to step 2. If it
does, shift the plane 1 lattice constant in an axis such that it no longer passes through the origin
(see Fig. 36b). This new plane is equivalent to the first.
2. Find the coefficients by which you would multiply the lattice constants to identify where the
plane intercepts the x-, y-, and z-axes. Be mindful of negative intercepts. If the plane doesn’t
intercept an axis (it is parallel to that axis), call the intercept infinity. Write down these values.
3. Take the reciprocal of these intercepts. The value of 1 ∞ is zero.
4. If necessary, multiply or divide by a common number to put the indices in the most reduced
integer form. Sometimes you will be asked to leave the indices unreduced - for example, (2 2 0)
instead of (1 1 0) - for use in x-ray diffraction questions.
5. Enclose the indices in parentheses without commas (h k l). It is extremely important when
drawing planes that you label where the plane intersects the axes.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Fig. 35 Crystallographic planes.

Fig. 36 The method used to determine the indices of a plane that passes through the origin.

Family of Planes/Multiplicity Factor


Table 3 lists some family of planes. Planes having similar indices are equivalent, e.g., faces of the
cube (1 0 0), (0 1 0) and (0 0 1). This is termed as a family of planes and denoted as {1 0 0} which
includes all the (1 0 0) combinations including negative indices. Thus, the planes of {1 0 0} are (1
0 0), (0 1 0), (0 0 1), (1̅ 0 0), (0 1̅ 0) and (0 0 1̅). So, multiplicity factor for {1 0 0} is 6. Multiplicity
factor for {1 1 0} is 12 and the planes are (1 1 0), (1 0 1), (0 1 1), (1̅ 1 0), (1̅ 0 1), (0 1̅ 1), (1 1̅ 0),
(1 0 ̅1), (0 1 1̅), (1̅ 1̅ 0), (1̅ 0 1̅) and (0 ̅1 1̅). Multiplicity factor for {1 1 1} is 8 and the planes are
(1 1 1), (1̅ 1 1), (1 1̅ 1), (1 1 ̅1), (1̅ 1̅ 1), (1̅ 1 ̅1), (1 ̅1 1̅) and (1̅ 1̅ 1̅). For cubic lattices, few family
of planes are listed in Table 6 with number of members in the family.

Table 6. A set of planes related by symmetry operations of the lattice.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Examples
For the following structures state (Fig. 37): a. the crystal system and b. the Miller indices of the
directions (remember to use right-handed axes).

Fig. 37 Crystallographic directions.


Answers:
a) Cubic , [1 0 1] f) Tetragonal , [1 1 2]
b) Cubic , [2 1 0] g) Orthorhombic , [1̅ 1̅ 1̅]
c) Cubic , [1̅̅̅
1 1] h) Orthorhombic , [2̅ 0 1]
d) Tetragonal , [2 2̅ 1] i) Orthorhombic , [1̅ ̅1 0]
e) Tetragonal , [0 ̅1 0] j) Orthorhombic , [1̅̅̅̅
2 1]

Draw (as in Fig. 38) cells showing the [1 2 1] direction in each of the following lattices: i) cubic
ii) tetragonal where a = l, c = Z iii) orthorhombic where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 (remember to use right-
handed axes).

Fig. 38 Crystallographic directions.

Miller Indices are the reciprocals of the parameters of each crystal face. Thus in Fig. 39,
1 1 1
For pink face intercepts: 𝑥 = 1/1, 𝑦 = 1/∞, 𝑧 = 1/∞
So, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
Thus, the plane is (1 0 0).

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


1 1 1
For green face intercepts: (𝑥 = 1/∞, 𝑦 = 1/∞, 𝑧 = 1/1)
So, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 1
Thus, the plane is (0 0 1).
1 1 1
For yellow face intercepts: (𝑥 = 1/∞, 𝑦 = 1/1, 𝑧 = 1/∞)
So, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0
Thus, the plane is (0 1 0).

Fig. 39 (1 0 0), (0 1 0) and (0 0 1) planes.


In Fig. 40, the plane of interest cuts two of the crystallographic axes.
1 1 1
Intercepts: (𝑥 = 1/1, 𝑦 = 1/1, 𝑧 = 1/∞)
So, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0
Thus, the plane is (1 1 0).

Fig. 40 (1 1 0) plane.

In Fig. 41, the plane cuts all three crystallographic axes.


1 1 1
Intercepts: (𝑥 = 1/1, 𝑦 = 1/1, 𝑧 = 1/1)
So, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1
Thus, the plane is (1 1 1).

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Fig. 41 (1 1 1) plane.

In Fig 42, the plane cuts two of the reference axes, but not equidimensional.
1 1 1
Intercepts: (𝑥 = 1/2, 𝑦 = 1/1, 𝑧 = 1/∞)
So, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, Thus the plane is (2 1 0).

Fig. 42 (2 1 0) plane.

Fig. 43 lists all the (100) planes and Fig. 44 some of the (110) planes.

Fig. 43 {1 0 0} plane.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Fig. 44 {1 1 0} plane.

For the followings (Fig. 45), state a. the Bravais lattice b. the Miller Indices of the shaded plane
(remember to use right-handed axes).

Fig. 45 Crystallographic planes.

Answers:
a) Cubic , (1 1 1) d) Triclinic , (1 0 0)
b) Cubic , (1 0 2) e) Orthorhombic , (0 0 1)
c) Tetragonal , (1 1 0) f) Orthorhombic , (0 1 2)

Hexagonal Closed Pack Structure


A sketch of one third of an hcp unit cell (true unit cell) is shown below. Consider the tetrahedron
labeled as 𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀, which is reconstructed here (Fig. 46),

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Fig. 46 (Left) Sketch of one third of an hcp unit cell and (right) the reconstructed tetrahedron labeled
as 𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀.

𝑐
The atom at point 𝑀 is midway between the top and bottom faces of the unit cell that is 𝑀𝐻 = 2.
And, since atoms at points 𝐽, 𝐾 and 𝑀 touch one another, so,
𝐽𝑀 = 𝐽𝐾 = 2𝑟 = 𝑎.
Here, 𝑟 is the atomic radius. Furthermore, from triangle 𝐽𝐻𝑀,
𝐽𝑀2 = 𝐽𝐻 2 + 𝑀𝐻 2
Or
𝑐
𝑎2 = 𝐽𝐻 2 + ( )2
2
Now, we can determine the 𝐽𝐻 length by consideration of triangle 𝐽𝐾𝐿, which is an equilateral
triangle (Fig. 47).

Fig. 47 Equilateral triangle 𝐽𝐾𝐿.

Again,
𝑎
√3
cos 30 = 2 =
𝑂
𝐽𝐻 2
And,
𝑎
𝐽𝐻 =
√3
Substituting this value for 𝐽𝐻 in the expression yields,
𝑎 2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑐 2
𝑎2 = ( ) + ( ) = +
√3 3 3 4
𝑐
Now, solving for 𝑎 we get,
𝑐
= √8/3 = 1.633
𝑎

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


𝑐
This is the ideal 𝑎 ratio of the hcp crystal structure.

Now, let’s demonstrate that the APF for hcp is 0.74. Again, the APF is the ratio of the total sphere
volume 𝑉𝑆 to the unit cell volume 𝑉𝐶 . For hcp, there are the equivalent of six spheres per unit cell,
and thus,
4
𝑉𝑆 = 6 ( π 𝑟 3 ) = 8 π 𝑟 3
3
1 1
Number of atoms per unit cell of hcp structure = 12 corner atoms (6) + 2 base center atoms (2) + 3
body center atoms = 6 atoms.

Now, the unit cell volume is the product of the base area times the cell height, c. The base area can
be calculated as follows. The following figure shows an hcp unit cell and the basal plane. The base
area is equal to six times the area of the equilateral triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵.

Fig. 48 hcp unit cell.

The area of equilateral triangle (Fig. 48),


𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 0.5 𝑥 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝑂𝑃
1
= 2 𝑥 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 AO sin 60𝑂
1 √3
= 𝑎𝑎
2 2
√3 2
= 𝑎
4
√3
Thus, the area of the basal plane = 6 𝑥 4
𝑎2
3√3 2
= 2
𝑎
Further, as can be seen from the figure of the basal plane,
𝑎 = 2𝑟
2
Therefore, the base area = 6 𝑟 √3
𝑐
Since 𝑎 = 1.63 thus,
𝑐 = 1.63 𝑎 = 3.26 𝑟

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


The unit cell volume can now be calculated as:
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑐 𝑥 Base area
3√3 2
= 3.26 𝑟 𝑎
2
3√3
= 3.26 𝑟 2 (2𝑟)2
3
= 33.878 𝑟
Thus,
𝑉𝑆
𝐴𝑃𝐹 =
𝑉𝐶
8 π r 𝑟3
=
33.878 𝑟 3
= 0.74

Planes and Directions for hcp Structure


It is convenient to use a four- axis (Miller-Bravais) coordinate system: a1, a2, a3 axes lay in one
basal plain and located at 120 to each other, while the z axis is perpendicular to the basal plane
(Fig.49). Same rules determine in this case four indices [u n s w]: by convention the first three
pertain to projections in a1, a2 and z axes.

Fig. 49 Directions in hcp structure.

[𝑈 𝑉 𝑊] - [𝑢 𝑣 𝑠 𝑤] Conversion system:
1
𝑢= (2𝑈 − 𝑉)
3
1
𝑣 = (2𝑉 − 𝑈)
3
𝑠 = (𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝑤=𝑊
And
𝑈 =𝑢−𝑠
𝑉 =𝑣−𝑠
𝑊=𝑤

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


𝑎 𝑐
Now, in Fig. 50, For the drawn direction, projections on the a1, a2, and z axes are 𝑎, 2, and 2, or, in
1 1
terms of 𝑎 and 𝑐 the projections are 1, 2, and 2, which when multiplied by the factor 2 become the
smallest set of integers: 2, 1, and 1. This means that 𝑈 = 2, 𝑉 = 1, 𝑊 = 1. Now, from Equations
from the previous slide, the u, v, s, and w indices become [1 0 1̅ 1]. No reduction is necessary
inasmuch as all of these indices is integers. Also, in similar way, [1 0 0] = [2 ̅1 1̅ 0] and [2 1 0] =
[1 0 1̅ 0].

In the cubic system all the faces of the cube are equivalent, that is, they have similar indices.
However, this is not the case in the hexagonal system. The six prism faces for example have indices
(1 0 0), (0 1 0), (1̅ 1 0), (1̅ 0 0), (0 1̅ 0), (1 1̅ 0), which are not same. To address this, a fourth axis
(a3) which is opposite to the vector sum of a1 and a2 is used and a corresponding fourth index i is
used along with hkl. Therefore the indices of a plane is given by (h k I l) where, i = - (h + k).
Sometime i is replaced with a dot and written as (h k . l). The indices of six faces now become (1
0 1̅ 0), (0 1 1̅ 0), (1̅ 1 0 0), (1̅ 0 1 0), (0 1̅ 1 0), (1 1̅ 0 0).

INTER PLANAR SPACING


The spacing between planes in a crystal is known as interplanar spacing and is denoted as 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 . In
the cubic system spacing between the (ℎ 𝑘 𝑙) planes is given as (a is lattice parameter),

Fig. 50 Directions in hcp structure.

1 1
2 = (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑙 2 )
𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 𝑎2
𝑎
For example, 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 of {1 1 1} planes is 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 =
√3
In tetragonal system where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are lattice parameters, 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 is given by,
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 = (ℎ + 𝑘 ) + 𝑙 )
𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 𝑎2 𝑐2
In orthorhombic system where, 𝑎, b, c are lattice parameters, 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 is given by,
1 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 = 𝑎2 (ℎ ) + 𝑏 2 (𝑘 ) + 𝑐 2 (𝑙 )
𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙
In hexagonal system where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are lattice parameters, 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 is given by,
1 4 1
2 = (ℎ2 + hk + ℎ2 ) + (𝑙 2 )
𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 3𝑎 2 𝑐2

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


INTERSTITIAL SITES
Voids in Close Packed Lattices
The arrangement is close packed only when the centers of three spheres are at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle. Since the spheres touch each other only at one point, there must be some empty
space between them. This empty space (hole or void) is called a triangular site.
Similarly, it is observed that when a sphere in the second layer is placed upon three other touching
spheres a tetrahedral arrangement of spheres is produced (Fig. 51).

Fig. 51 Tetrahedral Site.

The centers of these four spheres lie at the apexes of regular tetrahedron. Consequently, the space
at the center of this tetrahedron is called a tetrahedral site. It may be mentioned here that it is not
the shape of the void, which is tetrahedral, but that the arrangement of the spheres which is
tetrahedral. In a close packed arrangement, each sphere is in contact with three spheres in the layer
above it and three other spheres below it. As result there are two tetrahedral sites associated with
each sphere. We may also observe that the size of the empty space is much smaller than the size
of the spheres. But as the size of the spheres increases, the size of the empty space shall also
increase.

Fig. 52 Octahedral Site.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Another type of empty space in close packed arrangement is created by joining six spheres whose
centers lie at the apexes of a regular octahedron. The creation of such an empty space in close
packed arrangement may be visualized as shown in the figure (Fig. 52). From this diagram, it is
obvious that each octahedral site is generated by two set of equilateral triangles whose apexes point
in opposite directions. We may also note that there is only one octahedral site for every sphere.
This means that the number of octahedral sites is half as many as there are tetrahedral sites. The
size of an octahedral hole is larger than a tetrahedral hole. But once again the size of an octahedral
site will vary with the size of the spheres. The size of each empty space is fixed relative to the size
of the spheres. Now, assuming that atoms are hard spheres in contact and letting r' be the radius of
the interstitial site and r the radius of the solvent atom, using diagrams we can show that for the
two FCC interstitial sites (r'/r) equals 0.4142 (Fig. 53) and 0.2247 (Fig. 54).

Fig. 53 Octahedral Site in FCC.

𝑎√2
Here, 4𝑟 = 𝑎√2 or, 𝑟 = 4
𝑎√2 𝑎 𝑎√2
And, 2𝑟 + 2𝑟′ = 𝑎 or, + 2𝑟′ = 𝑎 or, 𝑟 ′ = 2 −
2 4
1 √2
𝑟′ −
2 4
So, = 𝑎√2
= 0.4142
𝑟
4

Fig. 54 Tetrahedral Site in FCC.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


The tetrahedral interstice from the figure is situated at 1/4 of the diagonal. The distance between
the center of a "corner" atom and the center of the tetrahedral interstice is: r+r' So to express the
whole diagonal as a function of r and r' we have to multiply the previous distance by 4. Therefore,
we have the following system:
𝑎√2
Here, 4𝑟 = 𝑎√2 or, 𝑟 = 4
𝑎√3 𝑎√2
And, 4(𝑟 + 𝑟 ) = 𝑎√3 or, 𝑎√2 + 4𝑟′ = 𝑎√3 or, 𝑟 ′ =


4 4
𝑟′ √3 − √2
So, = = 0.2247
𝑟 √2

Voids in BCC

Fig. 55 Octahedral Site in BCC.

𝑎√3
Here (Fig. 55), 4𝑟 = 𝑎√3 or, 𝑟 = 4
𝑎√3 𝑎 𝑎√3
And, 2𝑟 + 2𝑟′ = 𝑎 or, + 2𝑟′ = 𝑎 or, 𝑟 ′ = 2 −
2 4
1 √3
𝑟′ −
2 4
So, = 𝑎√3
= 0.1547
𝑟
4

Fig. 56 Tetrahedral Site in BCC.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


In the body centered cubic system the tetrahedral sites are located at 1/2 0 1/4. Therefore, we can
draw the following scheme: Using Pythagoras theorem we have the following system of equations:

𝑎√3
Here (Fig. 56), 4𝑟 = 𝑎√3 or, 𝑟 = 4
′ 2 𝑎 𝑎 5𝑎2 𝑎√5 𝑎√3
And, (𝑟 + 𝑟 ) = ( 4 )2 + ( 2 )2 or, (𝑟 + 𝑟 ′ )2 = or, 𝑟 ′ = −
16 4 4
𝑟′ √5 − √3
So, = = 0.2910
𝑟 √3

Voids Locations and Atom to Void Ratio


FCC - octahedral sites:
(½ 0 0) (0 ½ 0) (0 0 ½) (½ ½ ½)

FCC - tetrahedral sites:


(¼ ¼ ¼) (¼ ¾ ¼) (¾ ¼ ¼) (¾ ¾ ¼)
(¼ ¼ ¾) (¼ ¾ ¾) (¾ ¼ ¾) (¾ ¾ ¾)

BCC - octahedral sites:


(½ 0 0) (0 ½ 0) (0 0 ½)
(½ ½ 0) (½ 0 ½) (0 ½ ½)

Bcc - tetrahedral sites:


(½ ¼ 0) (½ ¾ 0) (¼ ½ 0) (¾ ½ 0)
(½ 0 ¼) (½ 0 ¾) (¼ 0 ½) (¾ 0 ½)
(0 ½ ¼) (0 ½ ¾) (0 ¼ ½) (0 ¾ ½)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANES AND ANGLES


Interplanar Spacing
Consider a plane ABC which belongs to a family of planes (Fig. 57). Here, h, k, l are the Miller
indices of this plane, which represents the set of planes. The perpendicular ON from the origin O
to the plane represents the inter-planar spacing d=ON of this family of planes. Let ON make an
angle α1, β1, γ1 with the x, y and z axes respectively.

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


Fig. 57 Interplanar spacing.

The intercepts of the plane on the three axes are OA= a/h; OB= a/k; OC=a/l Where ‘a’ is the
length of the cube edge. Then from figure, we have,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑ℎ
cos 𝛼1 = = 𝑎⁄ =
𝑂𝐴 ℎ 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑘
cos 𝛽1 = = 𝑎⁄ =
𝑂𝐵 𝑘 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑙
cos 𝛾1 = = 𝑎⁄ =
𝑂𝐶 𝑙 𝑎

We know,
cos 𝛼1 2 + cos 𝛽1 2 + cos 𝛾1 2 = 1
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑙
𝑜𝑟, ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 = 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑙 2
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑑2 𝑎2

This is the equation for interplanar spacing d for cubic system.

Angle between Two Planes/Directions


Angle between two planes (h1, k1, l1) and (h2, k2, l2) or directions [h1, k1, l1] and [h2, k2, l2] are
given by,

ℎ1 ℎ2 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 + 𝑙1 𝑙2
cos 𝛼 =
√ℎ12 + 𝑘12 + 𝑙12 √ℎ22 + 𝑘22 + 𝑙22

Zone Axis
Zone axis [uvw] for planes (h1, k1, l1) and (h2, k2, l2) are given by,
𝑢 = 𝑘1 𝑙1 − 𝑘2 𝑙2

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211


𝑣 = 𝑙1 ℎ1 − 𝑙2 ℎ2
𝑣 = ℎ1 𝑘1 − ℎ2 𝑘2
Here,
ℎ1 𝑢 + 𝑘1 𝑣 + 𝑙1 𝑤 = 0
ℎ2 𝑢 + 𝑘2 𝑣 + 𝑙2 𝑤 = 0

Dr. Md. Muktadir Billah, MME 211

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