UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

J. P. Rizal Ext., West Rembo, Makati City

HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
Course Title Title
Understanding Culture, Society, Module No. 7
THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
and Politics
Learning Objectives: At the end of
the module, the students should be 1. Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions.
able to:
Human beings are considered social animals because part of their nature needs
companionship which is pertinent to their psychological build-up (Cohen, 2010). For this
reason, they have a natural tendency to join groups. However, individuals have diverse
interests, that is why the inclination for man to be involved in a conflict becomes a
natural tendency because such interest that represent their identity which needs to
be preserved. At the same time, considering the predicament give from the premises,
I the inclination to join social groups becomes imminent. Hence, there is a need to
N establish a political system where power structures are defined to ensure that conflicts
are managed. In this regard, understanding how individuals organized themselves into social and political groups
T or communities becomes significant because it presents the different ways how people organize economic and
R political communities from simple to the complex system.
O
On the other hand, the most prominent challenge in any society is how to produce, distribute, and consume goods
D
and services. We as members of the society are tasked with organizing ourselves as we convert raw materials
U from nature into finished products, and how we transform human capital and talent into services that we provide
C for our comfort and convenience.
T
Hence, as individuals interacting within a social community, the process of production,
I distribution, and consumption is manifested in economic institutions, which refer to the
O processes where we engage with each other as producers and consumers of goods and
N services. Therefore, it is equally important to understand these economic institutions.
Interestingly, aside from the acquisition of basic needs or necessities such as food,
water, and shelter, people also aspire for goods and services that can only be attained
through collective effort. For this reason, economic activity plays an important role to human
life because it influences towards the shaping of its cultural and social life. Changes in the means of production as
well as the distribution and exchanges of resources and services strongly affect the overall functioning of society.
(Robertson, 1987).

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 Politics and its Structures

Political structure is the organized way of consolidating power for it to be distributed or disseminated
within the society. Because without it, socio-economic interaction which is needed for maintaining
social cohesion or strengthening the relationships among community members will not happen
(Neal, 2013). Interestingly, sociologist Max Weber viewed power as the attainment of desired ends
despite resistance. Therefore, power is essential for maintaining the normal functioning of society as expressed in
terms of force—may it be physical or psychological in nature. Force may or may not produce compliance but
oftentimes does so by inducing fear or in extreme cases terror.

Differentiating power from authority:

It is equally important to know that power is also associated with authority is which emphasize
legitimacy. Undeniably, power grants a group or an individual to control or give orders. However,
authority provides legitimacy to power by consolidating it the use of influence (Henslin, 2015).
Imagine a teacher assigns homework to a social studies class. Such an assignment may be dealt with
resistance from the students, but they still do their assignments according to the teacher's directions. The teacher
can coerce those reluctant with the threat of poor grades; thus, the system of grading is one manifestation of the
teacher's power. Nonetheless, coercion is not always the case because many students consider the teacher's
power is legitimate. The preparation of assignment by the teacher and the completion of the assigned work by
the student signify conforming to classroom norms; thus, transforming the teacher's power into authority.

Authority can be categorized into three types:

1. Traditional Power is fused with tradition. Furthermore, power is legitimized by respect for long-
established cultural patterns. Interestingly, it is seen with pre-modern periods where
societal changes are quite slow. For example, the power of Chinese emperors is
C legitimized by tradition. However, traditional authority declined as cultural diversity
O evolved because of social change, migration, and industrialization.
N
2. Rational- Also known as the bureaucratic authority where power is legitimized by legally enacted
T legal rules and regulations. Furthermore, it stresses achievement over ascribed
E characteristics or status. An office head exercises his or her bureaucratic authority over
N his or her subordinates on the basis of talent and training and not on inheritance or family
T ties.
3. Charismatic Weber defined charisma as extraordinary personal qualities that turn an audience into
followers. Therefore, power is legitimized through extraordinary personal abilities that
inspire devotion and obedience which is not from an inherited or achieved social status.
Thus, it is not constrained by conventional cultural norms since charisma makes its own
rules as shown by religious figures, such as Jesus of Nazareth and Mohammed of Mecca
and political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Political organizations were created to maintain social order, especially in the resolution of conflicts among
people dwelling in the same geographical area (Haviland et al., 2008). These political organizations include both
the centralized and uncentralized ones.

1. Uncentralized - It does not have any true power or authority to impose compliance with societal norms.
- Power and resources were equally distributed among members of society.
- Deviant members are subjected to public scrutiny, scorn, gossip, and may even be
banished from the group.

Examples: Bands and tribes

Bands - Are small kin-ordered groups living together in a loosely defined geographical
territory who is dependent on gathering sufficient resource to sustain the
group. Once insufficiency of resources comes it separates into nuclear families.
- People have equal rights and share personal relationships.
- Decisions are made through consensus, not simply reaching the majority of
votes.
- They have a leader whose role is to determine a new settlement.

Examples:
1. Nomadic people living in the oasis region of West Asia and Northern Africa.

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 2. Moving inhabitants of North and Central Asia who are environment-
dependent for food supply.

- They are also kin-groups but they practice agriculture to support large
Tribes populations.
- Leadership here is merely titular, they neither have the power nor the
authority to impose compliance to societal norms or clan decisions.
Examples:
1. In the Philippines, the most popular are the Indigenous Peoples (IP) of the
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in Northern Luzon.

- Because of technological expansion, opportunities for individuals to exercise

political rights also came into existence as larger societies enacted authority and
power to an individual (head) or a body of individuals (state). However, inequality
came because such a phenomenon produced social stratification.
- Also, political systems also evolved and existed in various societies at different
periods and phases of development which pave the way for the creation of a
centralized political systems. Two prominent examples of centralized political
systems are chiefdoms and states.

- Power and authority are bestowed to the highest-ranking individual.

Furthermore, it is expected from him or her to ensure unity and
oversee economic activities in one’s area of responsibility. Also, it is
expected from him or her to implement the re-distributive system that
would ensure fair distribution of goods to his or her stakeholders and
2. Centralized 1. Chiefdom
subordinates.
-The leader known as the chieftain often keeps his or her position for
as long as he or she lives. Then he or she may transfer it to his or her
heir or heiress. Commonly, the chief's position is given to his or her
child or his or her sister's son.

Examples:
1. The most famous chieftains in Philippine history books include Rajah
Matanda and Rajah Soliman of Tondo.
2. The most famous sultans in Philippine history is Sultan Shariff
Kabungsuan, the founder of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, and Sulu.
Source: (Haviland et al., 2008)

2. State - It exists in a society with a clearly bounded territory that is stratified into
different social classes, and subjected to a formal government that
The State creates and implements laws to promote social order.
and Types - The state has the right to distribute authority so that order shall be
of established so as to maintain the bureaucracies under it will as well.
Authority - Through these bureaucracies, the state maintains an impersonal but
consistent presence in all parts of society.

To better understand the distribution of authority in a society, let us

examine the Theory of Authority and Legitimacy based on Max Weber's
Ideal Types. This theory describes the continuum of authority and
bureaucracy. While each ideal type holds a unique form of bureaucracy,
they are merely theoretical and were made to guide further
investigation on the empirical instances of bureaucracy.

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 In the real world, intersections of these ideal types may occur. The ideal
types cover the traditional, charismatic, and rational types of authority.

1. Traditional Authority is based on the beliefs and claim by the

leaders and their followers, there is a virtue in the
sanctity of age-old rules and powers. The leader in
such a system is a personal master.

The following 1. Its offices lack a clearly defined sphere of

characteristics competence as impersonal rules is being followed.
marked this 2. There is an unclear view of hierarchy that is why
ideal type there is an absence of rational ordering of relation
of superiority and inferiority
3. There is no regular system of appointment and
promotion.
4. Technical training is not a regular requirement
for obtaining a position or appointment.
5. Appointments do not carry with them fixed
compensations.

Source: (Ritzer & Goodman, 2004)

2. Charismatic Individual's authority is legitimized by one’s followers

by perceiving him or her to be charismatic.
Furthermore, his or her capabilities can make
revolutionary changes in society as he or she can
cause a "subjective internal reorientation” among
the members of society.
1. The staff members are chosen if they have
charismatic qualities.
The following
2. The offices have no clear hierarchy.
characteristics
3. Their work does not constitute a career as there
marked this
are no merits such as promotions, clear
ideal type
appointments, or dismissals.
4. The charismatic leader is in control of everything
cannot handle a situation.
5. The organization has no formal precedents to
guide new judgments.
Source: (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004:130)

3. Rational Achieving social change by modifying social and

material structures of society to meet ends is
determined by the rational leader. Afterwards,
members of society in return needs to adapt and
contribute to the rational leader's end goal.

The following 1. Emphasis on calculability

characteristics 2. Focus on efficiency
marked this 3. Ensuring predictability
ideal type 4. Replaces human technology with nonhuman
technology
5. Gaining control over uncertainties
6. Tends to negate people involved with rational
systems.

Source: (Mackinnon, 2001; Ritzer, 1999; M. Schneider, 1993 and Ritzer and Goodman, 2004:134-5)

Source: (Haviland et al., 2008)

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NATION AND STATE
A nation, constitute a common sense of identification and consciousness among its members to be autonomous.
Hence, it remains a political entity if its status is unrecognized. A state, on the other hand, is the highest form of
political organization consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well-
defined territory.

NON-STATE ACTORS
It refers to entities that plays a role in Examples:
international politics. It can be seen in an 1. Multinational corporations
unconventional setting. 2. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
3. International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs)

Non-state actors such as NGOs have contributed to the wellbeing of various sectors of society especially in the
Philippines. Also, they focus mostly with the following:

1. Campaigning for policy reform;

2. Adopting good practices; and
3. Advancing "sustainable development” as a uniting vision for all.

The two most important civil society categories in the country:

1. NGO- are non-profit entities that were formed to cater humanitarian cause (Folger, 2022)
2. People's Organizations (PO)- are composed of disadvantaged individuals who work to advance their members'
material or social well-being.

Filipino civil society uniqueness.

1. Political activism takes on a larger role for Filipino organizations than elsewhere. Indeed, it played an
important role in advancing the welfare of Filipinos.

2. Non-State welfare activities are clearly distinguished from religious or state-

initiated welfare activities.

3. NGOs in the Philippines benefited greatly from the national government since
the mid-1980s as it has been generally supportive of civil society. As a result, it led to the
creation of the establishment of regional and international civil society networks in the
Philippines, like the Asia Pacific Alliance for Reproductive Health, Clean Air Initiative for
Asian Cities, South East Asian Committee for Advocacy, and the Southeast Asia Coalition to Stop the Use
of Child Soldiers (ADB).

Philippine NGOs have successfully:

1. Advocated for a commitment in the delivery of social services by stressing their strong relationships in local
communities (Racelis, 2008).
2. Facilitated the prospects for a truly democratic and just society as it continues to offer hope and fulfillment to
poor Filipinos struggling for a dignified life (Racelis, 2008).

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Non-state actors include both governmental and non-governmental institutions.

-INGOs are comprised of private individuals and groups. Furthermore, they

transcend borders in pursuit of common causes.

Examples:
1. International Non-
UN Peace-keeping Forces sent to distressed areas, such as North and Central
governmental
Africa.
Organizations (INGOs)
Also, the International Red Cross that were deployed in areas that were affected
by man-made and natural disasters, such as flood, tsunami, super typhoon, fire,
and acts of terrorism.

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 - Refers to a grouping of established states. Furthermore, they are based on
treaties, have formal structures, and meet at regular intervals

2. International Examples:
Governmental Include military contingents sent by the Philippine government during the Korean
Organizations (IGOs) War in the 1950s as well as various representations in regional and international
organizations, such as the UN and Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN).

Source: Magstadt, 2013: 493

UNCONVENTIONAL NON-STATE ACTORS

Unconventional non- These are mostly terrorist organizations that are threats to both local and
state actors international security.
Examples of these organizations are the following:
New People’s Army
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Abu Sayyaf

Their presence poses challenge in today’s society since they carry out acts of
violence, destabilize societies, sabotage economies, and obstruct peace efforts.
They can also bring down a popularly elected government and influence the
outcome of elections.

Source: (Magstadt, 2013: 511-2)

OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS

Non-state actors also include banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy
groups, and development agencies. These groups contributed in the development of society and to some extent
enriched culture.

1. Banking These legally-binded business entities that are tasked to carry out economic activities
Corporations (Wascher, 2022)

According to the article titled “Cooperatives: A Short History," these are

2. Cooperatives
organizations of people that were formed to the meet their needs.

Furthermore, they are integrated within the society or community. For example,
some cooperatives offer educational opportunities to non-members and support
community projects.

In the Philippines, cooperatives are present in various parts of the archipelago

including fisher-folks, farmers, traders, and perhaps an employee and or teacher’s
cooperative in your school.

2.1 Trade unions or Workers organization formed to achieve common goals, to ensure higher pay and
labor unions benefits, acquiring health care and retirement benefits, and improving work
conditions.

Its main objective is to bargain with the employer for its members. Simply, it
negotiates with employers to improve the working condition of employees, maintain
their jobs, and safeguard their welfare (Webb and Web, 2013).

The common topics that a trade union discusses to employers are wage hikes, work
rules, promotion and firing of employees, work safety, and employee benefits,
among others.

In the Philippines, the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) is the largest
confederation of labor federations in the Philippines since 1975. Composed of 30

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 federations, TUCP has members in all working sectors, such as agriculture,
manufacturing and services. Moreover, its members come from various groups such
as labor organizations, Overseas Filipino workers, informal sector, cooperatives,
urban poor, youth groups, and other civil society groups (http://tucp.org.ph/ about-
us/).
3. Transnational According to authors Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, transnational advocacy
advocacy groups networks or groups "are networks of activists, distinguishable largely by the
centrality of principled ideas or values in motivating their formation."

Transnational advocacy groups create and multiply opportunities for dialogue and
exchange as they establish new links among actors in civil societies, states, and
international organizations (Keck and Sikkink, 1999).

According to Keck and Sikkink, Transnational advocacy networks help address key
issues, such as human rights, environmental concerns, rights of women, and the
welfare of indigenous people by providing resources.

Members of advocacy networks include domestic and international NGOs, research

and advocacy organizations, media, churches, social movements, trade unions,
regional and international intergovernmental organizations, and even branches of
government, among others.

During the 1980s and 1990s, development agencies were created to assist countries
to develop industrially and technologically to achieve economic growth and reduce
poverty through investments and research.
A development agency performs four key roles.

First, a development agency performs an economic assistance role by encouraging

entrepreneurial activities in countries.

4. Development Second, it performs a leadership role; it provides long term plans for countries.
agencies
Third, it helps coordinate development plans and strategies among stakeholders,
such as government, private sectors, and civic sectors.

Fourth, a development agency can also implement development strategies or

projects with the cooperation of the public and private sector by partnership (OECD,
2018).

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
The economic institution is any establishment whose activities have bearing on society, whether these
institutions are businesses or not. It also refers to a network of commercial organizations (such as
manufacturers, producers, wholesalers, retailers, and buyers) who generate, distribute, and purchase
goods and services (businessdictionary.com).

Patterns of Distribution and Exchange of Material Goods

• RECIPROCITY is a transaction between two socially equal parties concerning goods or services that is
estimated to be of equal value. More than economic, these transactions signify social ties being created
or strengthened by the gesture of gift-giving (Haviland et al., 2008).

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Examples:

1. The dowry given by the Indian bride to his prospective groom is equivalent to the wealth
possessed by the latter.
2. Arranged marriages among the Chinese are not solely a manifestation of equal stature
of families in terms of acquired wealth and properties; it is also about building ties and
understanding between business partners

Types of Reciprocity
1. Generalized This is undertaken by closely related people; this type of reciprocity is more of a
reciprocity gesture that expresses personal relationships than an economic transaction
(Kottak, 2000).

Example: The reciprocity between parents and children. In the Philippines, children
express generalized reciprocity to their parents by graduating in college and
fulfilling the wishes of their parents.

2. Balanced reciprocity This is a transaction between two distantly related people; the giver expects
something in return, although it does not have to be done immediately.

Examples: Business transactions between two companies; or a certain company

sponsors a particular activity of an organization or group in exchange for promotion
and publicity.

3. Negative reciprocity This transaction is undertaken with people who are considered outsiders of the
group. The transaction is based on distrust because there is no personal
relationship between one party to the other. In this form of transaction, people try
to profit as much as possible and pay the least amount as possible; also, often,
deceitful means are practiced to gain profit (Kottak, 2000).

Example: Business transactions with a real estate developer introduced to you by a

friend or other parties you do not have direct knowledge or relationship.

B. REDISTRIBUTION
All produce from the community is sent to the center where they are stored, counted, and, later
on, distributed back to the people. It is usually the chief of the community who is in charge of this
process. The chief may keep any surplus for various purposes (e.g. give to his or her children,
or prepare a feast for a visitor who is a potential partner in military operations) (Haviland
et al., 2008).

For instance, the surplus incurred by a local cooperative is redistributed to all its members
in the form of dividends or patronage refunds.

C. MARKET EXCHANGE/TRANSACTIONS
The price of the exchange of goods and services are supposedly dictated by the rules of supply and demand;
however, personal loyalties and moral values intervene in price determination most of the time (Haviland, Prins,
Walrath, and McBride, 2008).

Types of Exchange

Pre-industrial and industrial societies have varying practices of this type of exchange.
1. pre-industrial societies Trade is done face-to-face, and payment may be done through barter (Haviland
et al., 2008).
2. Industrial societies Trade may be done face-to-face, virtually, or through a proxy, among others.
Money is used in all transactions, and prices are set at a monetary value.
Source: (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, 2008)

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Market transactions are considered as the major economic force in the industrialized societies of the world, a
market is a place where direct exchanges of commodities occur. It also refers to a group of buyers (groups that
determines the demand of the product) and sellers (a group which determines the supply of the product) of a
particular commodity (Liwanag et al., 2014).
Market exchange requires:
(1) some object used as medium of exchange, i.e. money;
(2) a rate at which goods exchange for money, i.e. price; and
(3) parties to exchange who have alternative buyers or sellers and are free to make the best deal they can,
i.e. prices determined by supply and demand.

If prices are set by supply and demand, neither party of a transaction can be forced to buy or sell from the other
party. This is what free market is—no third party sets the prices or forces anyone to buy or sell from anyone else
(Peoples & Bailey, 1997).

Market transactions may occur freely in any society but in a most developed societies
where large numbers of people are involved; marketplaces are found convenient to
carry out the exchange. Strangers and people from the different communities can see
each other infrequently but like negative reciprocity, there is little emphasis on mutual
obligation as each party is only concerned with his own welfare in the transaction.

In smaller societies that have market system, exchanges may take the form of barter, a form of exchange of
goods by trading. For example, a potter and a farmer exchange water for a sack of grain (Carpo, 2002).

MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS

The economy is composed of three major sectors: primary sector, secondary sector, and tertiary sector.
1. Primary Sector It involves the gathering or extracting of undeveloped resources; these are usually
part of the agricultural sector, fishing and farming.

This sector is also the main producer or supplier of raw materials. For instance, the
fisher folks of Dagupan are primary suppliers of milk fish in the various markets of
Manila in the same way the Baguio growers for flowers and vegetables.

It is also known as the manufacturing sector as it turns the raw materials produced
2. Secondary Sector
by the primary sector into manufactured goods; for example, houses, furniture,
automobiles, and canned goods.

This sector is closely associated with manufacturing and re-assembling of pieces and
converting them into finished products. For instance, raw tobacco from Cagayan
and Ilocos regions are manufactured into cigarettes.

3. Tertiary Sector It provides services to the community; for example, medicine, teaching, and
broadcasting. A public-school teacher belongs to the tertiary sector because he
provides education to students.

The aforementioned sectors work together in the economy both independently and interdependently.
They operate independently based on the nature and demand of their group. The primary sector provides the raw
material; the secondary sector manufactures goods; and for tertiary sector offers services.

BANKS AND CORPORATIONS

Banks and corporations are authorized by governments to act as an intermediary in financial transactions and
provide other financial services to its customers (www.businessdictionary.com).

Bank can accept deposits from citizens and day interest in return. Having an entrepreneurial nature thus, profit-
driven entities. Even if banks are non-profit, they still operate in order to pay expenses (socialstudies.com).

Banking institutions in the Philippines are classified into:

1. Universal bank;

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 2. Commercial thrift bank;
3. Rural cooperative bank;
4. Islamic bank; and
5. Micro-finance bank.

These types are based according to banks' function, size, and the scope of services being offered (Costales et al.,
2013).
Macionis (2006) defines Corporations as an organization with legal existence, including rights and liabilities, apart
from those of its members. The modern economy is said to be dominated by large corporations which provide
them extensive power.

For instance, when one firm is found to have a commanding influence in a given industry, it is in a monopoly
position. While a cluster of firms that wields influence, the situation is said to be an oligopoly. Its dominance with
greater power (giant corporations) puts influence on government policy and on the consumption of goods. This
oftentimes results to a profound effect on people's lives.

COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS

The Cooperative Development Authority (CDA), by virtue of Republic Act No.9520 (Philippine Cooperative Code
of 2008), defined cooperatives as an autonomous and duly registered association of persons, with
a common-bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to achieve their social,
economic and cultural needs and aspirations by making equitable contributions to the capital
required, patronizing their products and services and accepting a fair share of risks and
benefits of the undertaking in accordance with the universally accepted cooperative principle.

Types of Cooperatives:
1. Credit Promotes and undertakes savings and lending services among its members by
cooperative generating a common pool of funds to provide financial assistance to its
members for productive and provident purposes.
2. Consumer
Aims to procure and distribute commodities to members and non-members.
cooperative
3. Producers A group formed by producers with a common end goal; help one another to
cooperative increase market efficiency, market productivity, and production efficiency.
4. Marketing Engages in the supply of production inputs to members and markets their
cooperative products.
Engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance,
5. Service
housing, labor, electric light and power, communication, professional and other
cooperative
services.
6. multi-Purpose Combines two (2) or more of the business activities of these different types of
cooperative cooperatives.
7. Advocacy It advocates cooperativism among its members and the public through socially-
Cooperative oriented projects, education and training, research and communication, and
other similar activities to reach out to its intended beneficiaries.
Organized by marginal farmers majority of which are agrarian reform
8. Agrarian
beneficiaries for the purpose of developing an appropriate system of land tenure,
reform
land development, land consolidation, or land management in areas covered by
cooperative
agrarian reform.
9. Cooperative Organized for the primary purpose of providing a wide range of financial
bank services to cooperatives and their members.
10. Education
Organized for the primary purpose of owning and operating licensed
cooperative
educational institutions.

~End nothing follows~

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 Module 7: Post-Test

A. True or False: Write True if the statement is true and False if it is false.
_________1. The market system uses prices to coordinate and direct economic activities.
_________2. The command system allows nongovernmental organizations and private individuals to participate in the
production and distribution of goods and services.
_________3. In a pure command system, the economy relies exclusively on a central planning board in allocating
government-owned resources.
_________4. Transfer payments are normally carried out by the private sector.
_________5. Examples of transfer payments are donations and charity works by developmental agencies and organizations.

B. Crossword Puzzle: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

6
7 8 9

10

11

12 13

A 14
S
S
E
S
15
S Across
M 7. An economic system that allows the free flow of goods between and among private individuals and firms with very limited
E government participation.
10. A type of economic system where the government takes over the functions of the market in producing and distributing
N
essential goods and services.
T 11. Tax on imported goods
12. The granting of mutual concessions among different countries with respect to commercial trade restrictions
14. The limit set on the quantity of imported goods
15. A political body that exercises legitimate control over the use of force within its territory

Down
6. A signaling device that indicates the value of the goods or service to both buyers and sellers
8. Government spending on the private sector that does not require the absorption or utilization of economic resources
9. Normally levied on workers’ income, business profits, and consumption of goods and services in order to raise revenues
13. Retaliatory escalation of tariffs and quotas that reduce the world’s total output

C. Matching type: Match the item in column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the
space before each number.

A. B.
a. These banks are not for general public or community. They are for
___16. Savings Banks private personnel's assets and transactions alone.
___17. Industrial Development b. These banks provide services to the community where there has been
Banks nothing or very little development over the years.
c. These banks control the principles and policies of other banks across the
___18. Land Development country. These banks are managed and run by the government. These
Banks banks provide benchmarks which other banks should follow.
d. Provides banking facilities only via internet. All transactions are
___19. Islamic Banks permitted only through online.

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 e. These banks are committed toward enhancing the growth of industries
___20. Mortgage Banks by providing loans for a very long period of time. This is vital for the long-
term growth of the industries.
___21. Commercial Banks f. These banks specialize in providing mortgage loans alone.
g. These banks are suited for employees with a monthly salary. Low-waged
___22. Investment Banks people may open an account in the savings bank.
h. These banks get money from the general community without any bias
___23. Federal or National and provide loans to all sections of people in the neighborhood. Their
Banks motto is not profit alone, but service.
___24. Indigenous Banks i. These banks promote growth in the food sector by giving loans to farmers at a
relatively lower interest rate. The loan is usually given on the basis of land.
___25. Cooperative Banks j. These banks have a wide spectrum of financial assistances. From insurances to
stocks, they promote everything across all countries around the globe.
k. These banks are for large organizations' investment ventures across the
___26. Consumer Banks industry. They provide advice on investments and promote corporate
transactions.
l. Known as native banks. They are normal moneylenders but they handle huge
___27. Community Development amounts of money. They collect money from the community and provide loans
Banks to business men and industrialists for a short amount of time
m. These banks are based on the principles of the religion Islam. There are no
___28. Internet Banks interests for loans acquired from these banks. Service charges may apply.
n. These banks exist for a long time. They promote investing in organizations that
___29. Merchant Banks reap huge benefits for a long time rather than brand new organizations.
o. These are consumer-friendly banks. They encourage the consumer to buy
___30. Private Banks commercial products and provide options for easy repayment of the loan
amount.
___30. Universal Banks p. These banks collect money from people in various sectors and give the same
as a loan to business men and make profits in interests these business men pay.
Since the loan is large the interest rates are also high.

D. Critical Thinking: Answer the following.

1-3. Discuss and differentiate band, tribe and chiefdom.

4-6. Explain why bands, tribes, and chiefdoms have ceased to exist in modern times.

7-9. Discuss and differentiate nation and state.

10-12. Is the Philippines a nation-state? Explain your answer.

13-15. Discuss and differentiate authority and legitimacy.

16-20. Explain the sources of legitimacy according to the type of authority.

21-26. Give two evident examples (government, religious order, or scenario) for each type of authority or legitimate rule.
a. traditional
b. charismatic
c. rational

27-30. Why are authority and legitimacy vital components in acquiring and maintaining peace and order in society?

~End nothing follows~

Prepared by: Stephanie O. Amon, LPT.

 Program Design

Food for the Food-Growers: A Program on Government Spending

The El Niño and La Niña phenomena are wreaking havoc in the agricultural industries of different countries, but most
especially to the developing ones. Design a program that the government can use to help the agricultural industry, both in
the food-growing and livestock-raising sectors, during times of extreme weather conditions. Identify the specific assistance
that the government should extend to the beneficiaries, and also the criteria or conditions they will set in exchange for the
assistance. The aim of the conditions is to ensure the productivity and sustainability of the government program. The program
should involve the collaboration of both the public and private sectors. Identify the spending that falls under government
purchases and the spending that falls under transfer payments. This type of program involves major spending from the
government. Justify its use by discussing the short-term and long-term benefits to the individual beneficiaries, to the
agricultural industry, and to the country as a whole.

Essay Writing

II. Write a critical essay analyzing the type of leadership of the president. Give a particular attention on how he or she
exercises authority in time of crisis.

RUBRICS

CATEGORIES 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

A
INTRODUCTION Well-developed intro Introduction creates Introduction is Introduction is
S reader engages reader & interest. Contains an generic, creating collection of random
S engagement creates interest. explanation of topic. little interest. information not
I explanation of Contains well- Contains adequate related to topic.
topic defined & thorough explanation of topic Explanation of topic
G
explanation of topic. but is vague. is vague or unclear.
N TOPIC Argument logical & Argument present & Argument present Argument not
M Argument main thoughtful. Well- adequate. Main points but weak. Some present. Few main
E points developed points relate to topic but main points are points, poor
development of
N supporting directly relate to don’t go beyond the present. Few
ideas. No supporting
examples topic. Supporting obvious. Supporting supporting
T examples given.
examples are examples general examples given are
concrete & detailed. and/or unspecific. weak or irrelevant.
ORGANIZATION Logical progression Logical progression of Structure is clear No discernible
Structure of ideas with a clear ideas but structure but at times is structure and/or
transitions structure that not always clear. awkward and/or organization. No
enhances topic. Transitions are distracting. Some transitions are
Transitions are present, but often weak/poor present.
thoughtful & flow weak or awkward. transitions are
with essay. present.
STYLE& Writing is smooth & Writing is clear & Writing is clear Writing is confusing
MECHANICS skillful, with strong & sentences often have overall, but & hard to follow
sentence flow varied sentences. varied structure. sentences lack with fragments or
& variety Language is direct & Language is variety. Language is run-on sentences.
language & concise, and words sometimes overly often redundant or Language is chaotic
word choice chosen are clear & wordy, and/or words pompous, and/or and words chosen
suitable. chosen are fillers or words chosen are are inappropriate for
artificial. pretentious or college-level work.
unsuitable.
SPELLING & Spelling & grammar Spelling & grammar Some errors in Distracting number
GRAMMAR are correct. No mainly correct, with spelling & grammar of spelling &
errors. few errors (1-3). (4-6). grammar errors.

Prepared by: Stephanie O. Amon, LPT.

R
Carlos, A., Damilig, A., Saluba, D., Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High School. Mutya Publishing
E House. Quezon City. 2010.
F
Madrid, R., Santarita, J., Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Vibal Publishing. Manila. 2010.
E
R http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/history-banking-money-society
http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/history-banking-money-society
E https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/none/cooperatives-short-history
N http://www.oecd.org/cfe leed/44682618.pdf
C https://www.smartcapitalmind.com/what-is-a-bank-corporation.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/political-structure
E https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-would-aristotle-do/201009/you-are-social-animal
S

Prepared by: Stephanie O. Amon, LPT.