COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION
AND
ARCHITECTURE
RUSTOM D. CLEMENTE, MSIT
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
Computer organization and
architecture provides in-depth
knowledge of internal working,
structuring, and implementation of a
computer system.
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
Organization defines the way the
system is structured so that all those
catalogued tools can be used properly.
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
This topic includes the following:
• What is Computer • General System
Architecture and
Architecture,
Organization?
• Evolution of Computing • Store Program Control
Devises, Concept
• Functional Units of a Digital • Flynn’s Classification of
System, Computers
• .
 In general terms, the
WHAT IS architecture of a computer
COMPUTER system can be considered as a
ARCHITECTURE catalogue of tools or attributes
AND that are visible to the user such
ORGANIZATION? as instruction sets, number of
bits used for data, addressing
techniques, etc.
 Whereas Organization of a
computer system defines the
WHAT IS way system is structured so
COMPUTER
that all those catalogued tools
ARCHITECTURE
AND can be used. The significant
ORGANIZATION? components of Computer
organization are ALU, CPU,
memory and memory
organization.
 Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is concerned with the way Computer Organization is concerned with the
hardware components are connected together to structure and behavior of a computer system as
form a computer system. seen by the user.
It acts as the interface between hardware and It deals with the components of a connection in a
software. system.
Computer Architecture helps us to understand the Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the
functionalities of a system. units in the system are arranged and interconnected.

A programmer can view architecture in terms of Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
instructions, addressing modes and registers. architecture.
While designing a computer system architecture is An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
considered first.
Computer Architecture deals with high-level design Computer Organization deals with low-level design
issues. issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit
Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first computing system designed in the early
1940s. It consisted of 18,000 buzzing electronic switches called vacuum tubes, 42 panels each 9'x 2'x1'. It was
organized in U-Shaped around the perimeter of a room with forced air cooling.

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) design was known as the first digital electronic computer (though not
programmable). It was designed and built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford E. Berry in 1937.
In 1941, Z3 was invented by German inventor Konrad Zuse. It was the first working programmable, fully
automatic computing machine.
Transistors were invented in 1947 at Bell Laboratories which were a fraction the size of the vacuum tubes and
consumed less power, but still, the complex circuits were not easy to handle.
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the Integrated Circuit at the same time. In July 1959 Noyce filed a patent
for this.
In 1968, Robert Noyce co-founded Intel Electronics company which is still the global market leader in IC
manufacturing, research, and development.
In 1983, Lisa was launched as the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that was sold
commercially; it ran on the Motorola 68000, dual floppy disk drives, a 5 MB hard drive and had 1MB of RAM.
In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh Portable; it was heavy weighing 7.3 kg (16 lb) and extremely expensive. It
was not met with great success and was discontinued only two years later.
In 1990, Intel introduced the Touchstone Delta supercomputer, which had 512 microprocessors. This
technological advancement was very significant as it was used as a model for some of the fastest multi-
processors systems in the world.
 Evolution of Computing Devices
ENIAC Z3 Intel
(Electronic Numerical Invented by German inventor Robert Noyce co-founded Intel
Integrator and Computer) Konrad Zuse. It was the first Electronics company which is
was the first computing working programmable, fully still the global market leader in
system designed automatic computing machine. IC manufacturing, research, and
development.

1940 1937 1941 1947 1968 1983

Transistors Lisa
ABC and IC Lisa was launched as the
(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) design Were invented at Bell first personal computer
was known as the first digital Laboratories by Jack with a graphical user
electronic computer Kilby & Robert Noyce interface (GUI) that was
sold commercially
Evolution of Computing Devices
Macintosh
Power Mac G4
Portable
Apple released the A series of personal computers
designed, manufactured, and
Macintosh Portable sold by Apple Computer from
1999 to 2004 as part of the
Power Macintosh line.

1990 1990 1999 2006

Delta MacBook Pro

Intel introduced the Touchstone Apple unveiled its new
MacBook™ Pro notebook
Delta supercomputer computer featuring the new
Intel® Core™ Duo processor
which delivers up to four
times the performance of
the PowerBook® G4.
https://www.javatpoint.com/functional-units-of-digital-system
Functional Units of Digital System
• A COMPUTER ORGANIZATION describes the functions and
design of the various units of a digital system.

• A general-purpose computer system is the best-known

example of a digital system. Other examples include telephone
switching exchanges, digital voltmeters, digital counters,
electronic calculators and digital displays.
Functional Units of Digital System
• COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE deals with the specification of the
instruction set and the hardware units that implement the
instructions.
• Computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays,
magnetic and optic storage media and also the communication
facilities.
• Functional units are a part of a CPU that performs the
operations and calculations called for by the computer
program.
Functional Units of Digital System
• Functional units of a computer system are parts of the CPU
(Central Processing Unit) that performs the operations and
calculations called for by the computer program. A computer
consists of five main components namely, Input unit, Central
Processing Unit, Memory unit Arithmetic & logical unit, Control
unit and an Output unit.
General System Architecture
In Computer Architecture, the General System Architecture is divided into two major
classification units.
1. Store Program Control Concept
2. Flynn’s Classification of Computers
General System Architecture
In Computer Architecture, the General System Architecture is divided into two major
classification units.
1. Store Program Control Concept
It refers to the storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety
of tasks in sequence or intermittently.

Stored Program Concept can be further classified in three basic ways:

Von-Neumann Model
Von-Neumann proposed his computer architecture design in 1945 which was later
known as Von-Neumann Architecture. It consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic, and
Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers and Inputs/Outputs.

A Von Neumann-based computer:

• Uses a single processor
• Uses one memory for both instructions and data.
• Executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle
Von-Neumann Basic Structure:

Components of Von-Neumann Model:

• Central Processing Unit
• Buses
• Memory Unit
Von-Neumann Basic Structure:
Registers Description
MAR (Memory Address This register holds the memory
Register) location of the data that needs
to be accessed.
MDR (Memory Data Register) This register holds the data
that is being transferred to or
from memory.
AC (Accumulator) This register holds the
intermediate arithmetic and
logic results.
PC (Program Counter) This register contains the
address of the next instruction
to be executed.
CIR (Current Instruction This register contains the
Register) current instruction during
processing.
Buses
- are the means by which information is shared between
the registers in a multiple-register configuration system.

- A bus structure consists of a set of common lines, one for

each bit of a register, through which binary information is
transferred one at a time. Control signals determine which
register is selected by the bus during each particular
register transfer.
Bus Description
Address Bus Address Bus carries
the address of data
(but not the data)
between the
processor and the
memory.
Data Bus Data Bus carries data
between the
processor, the
memory unit and the
input/output devices.
Control Bus Control Bus carries
signals/commands
from the CPU.
Memory Unit
A memory unit is a collection of storage cells
together with associated circuits needed to
transfer information in and out of the storage.
The memory stores binary information in groups
of bits called words. The internal structure of a
memory unit is specified by the number of words
it contains and the number of bits in each word.

Two major types of memories are used in

computer systems:

1.RAM (Random Access Memory)

2.ROM (Read-Only Memory)
General Purpose System
The General Purpose Computer System is the modified version of the Von-Neumann
Architecture. In simple words, we can say that a general purpose computer system is a
modern day architectural representation of Computer System.
The CPU, Memory Unit and I/O subsystems are interconnected by the system bus which
includes data, address, and control-status lines.
General Purpose System
The following image shows how CPU, Memory Unit and I/O subsystems are connected
through common single bus architecture.
However, practical systems may
differ from the single bus
architecture in the sense that it
may be configured around
multiple buses.

Multiple Bus Architecture favors

high throughput as compared to
Single Bus Architecture.
Parallel Processing
• Parallel processing can be described as a class of techniques which enables the system
to achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to increase the computational speed of
a computer system.
• A parallel processing system can carry out simultaneous data-processing to achieve
faster execution time. For instance, while an instruction is being processed in the ALU
component of the CPU, the next instruction can be read from memory.
Parallel Processing
The primary purpose of parallel processing is to enhance the computer processing
capability and increase its throughput, i.e. the amount of processing that can be
accomplished during a given interval of time.

A parallel processing system can be achieved by having a multiplicity of functional units

that perform identical or different operations simultaneously. The data can be distributed
among various multiple functional units.
The following diagram shows one possible way of separating the execution unit into eight
functional units operating in parallel.
The operation performed in each functional unit is indicated in each block if the diagram:
• The adder and integer multiplier performs
the arithmetic operation with integer
numbers.
• .

• The floating-point operations are separated

into three circuits operating in parallel.
• The logic, shift, and increment operations
can be performed concurrently on different
data. All units are independent of each other,
so one number can be shifted while another
number is being incremented.
General System Architecture
2. Flynn's Classification of Computers
• M.J. Flynn proposed a classification for the organization of a computer system by
the number of instructions and data items that are manipulated simultaneously.
• The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction
stream.
• The operations performed on the data in the processor constitute a data stream.
• Parallel processing may occur in the instruction stream, in the data stream, or
both.
Flynn's classification divides
computers into four major groups
that are:
1. Single instruction stream,
single data stream (SISD)
2. Single instruction stream,
multiple data stream (SIMD)
3. Multiple instruction stream,
single data stream (MISD)
4. Multiple instruction stream,
multiple data stream (MIMD)
1. Single instruction stream,
single data stream (SISD)
SISD stands for 'Single Instruction and Single
Data Stream'. It represents the organization of
a single computer containing a control unit, a
processor unit, and a memory unit.
Instructions are executed sequentially, and the
system may or may not have internal parallel
processing capabilities.
Most conventional computers have SISD
architecture like the traditional Von-Neumann
computers.
2. Single instruction stream,
multiple data stream (SIMD)
SIMD stands for 'Single Instruction and
Multiple Data Stream'. It represents an
organization that includes many processing
units under the supervision of a common
control unit.
All processors receive the same instruction
from the control unit but operate on different
items of data.
The shared memory unit must contain multiple
modules so that it can communicate with all
the processors simultaneously.
3. Multiple instruction stream,
single data stream (MISD)
MISD stands for 'Multiple Instruction
and Single Data stream’.
MISD structure is only of theoretical
interest since no practical system has
been constructed using this
organization.
In MISD, multiple processing units
operate on one single-data stream.
Each processing unit operates on the
data independently via separate
instruction stream.
C.mmp computer (1971)
4. Multiple instruction stream,
multiple data stream (MIMD)
MIMD stands for 'Multiple Instruction
and Multiple Data Stream'.

In this organization, all processors in a

parallel computer can execute different
instructions and operate on various
data at the same time.

In MIMD, each processor has a

separate program and an instruction
stream is generated from each
program.
 IBM-SP2

Cray T90
 COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
AND
ARCHITECTURE
RUSTOM D. CLEMENTE, MSIT
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

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