Chapter 02

(Measures of Central Tendency)

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• The one single value that reads the
characteristics of the complex and
varied mass of data is called
Average or Central value.

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Purpose of Average
1. Brief Description
2. Comparison
3. Formulation of policies
4. Statistical Analysis
5. One value for all

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Characteristics of a Good Average
1. It should be based on all observations.
2. It should be easy to understand.
3. It should be easy and simple to calculate.
4. It should be capable of further
mathematical or algebraic treatment.
5. It should not be affected by extreme
values.

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Arithmetic Mean
A.M is a number obtained by dividing the sum
of given observations by their Number.
AM are of 2 kinds
1. Simple Arithmetic Mean

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2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean

Simple Arithmetic Mean can be calculated by any of the

following method
1. direct method
2 assumed mean method (short cut method)
3. step division method Abhishek Singla- JSO- Statistics
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Q. Find Arithmetic mean of 8, 2, 15,
3, 12

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Q. If 7, 4, 9 be the Arithmetic Mean of
3 groups containing 6, 2, 5
observations respectively, then find
the Arithmetic Mean of all the 13
observations.

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Q. Find the A.M of first N-Natural
numbers.

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Q. Find A.M. of 7, 4, 9, 3 with
frequency 2, 5, 1, 2.

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Q. The following table gives the
information about the marks
obtained by 100 students in an
examination.

Find the mean marks of the students

using assumed mean method.

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Class (CI) Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) di = xi – a fidi

0-10 12 5 5 – 25 = – 20 -240

10-20 28 15 15 – 25 = – 10 -280

20-30 32 25 = a 25-25 = 0 0

30-40 25 35 35-25 = 10 250

40-50 13 45 45-25 = 20 260

Total Σfi =100 Σfidi = -10

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Q. CALCULATE THE MEAN

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Properties
1. Algebraic sum of the deviations of a set
of values from their A.M is zero.

  xi – x   0
N

ii

2. The sum of the squares of the

deviations of a set of values is
minimum when taken about mean.
By Symbol :- ∑(X−A)2 is least when A=X

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1. If each value of the variate x is
increased or decreased by a
constant value then the A.M is also
increased or decreased by the
same value.
2. If the value of the variate are
multiplied or divided by a constant
value, then the A.M is same as the
initial AM multiplied or divided by
the constant value.
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Mean of composite series:

n1 x1  n2x 2  .......nR x R
x
n1  n2  n3  .........nR

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Note:
1. It is based on all observations.
2. It cannot be calculated. If a single
observation is missing.
3. A.M is affected very much by
extreme values.
4. It may not be actually present in
the series.

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Geometric Mean
It is the Nth root of the product of N observations.
It is defined only when all observations have the same +
sign and none of then
is zero.
For the value x1, x2, x3 ………xn of the variate x, the
geometric mean is given by.

If the values of the variate x have the frequencies F

then

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Q. Find the geometric mean of 4 and 3?

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Q. What is the geometric mean of 4,
8, 3, 9 and 17?

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• The Geometric Mean of any series is
always less than or equal to the A.M.
i.e. A.M. G.M.
• If n1 and n2 are the sample size, G1 and
G2the G.M. of 2 series resp. then
combined series is G.M.

• It is based upon all observations.

• It is very useful in dealing with ratio and
rates.
• It is undefined if any of the observation is
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Harmonic Mean
H.M. of a set of observations is the
reciprocal of the A.M. of the reciprocal
observations.

1
H.M. 
1 N 1

N i1 x i

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Example: Find the harmonic mean of
the following data {8, 9, 6, 11, 10, 5} ?

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Median
'According to Connor':
The Median is that value of the
variable which divides the group into 2
equal parts, one part comprising all
values greater and the other values
less than theMedian.

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Determination of Median
I. For Individual Series:
If frequency is even.
Median = [(n/2)th term + {(n/2)+1}th]/2
If total frequency is odd
Median =  N  1
th
observation
2

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Example 1:
Find the Median of 14, 63 and 55

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Example 2:
Find the median of the following:
4, 17, 77, 25, 22, 23, 92, 82, 40, 23, 14, 12,
67, 23, 29

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II. For Discrete Series: In this, convert
the simple frequencies of a series
into cumulative frequencies, then
 
th
determine the N  1 item of the
2
series.
 N  1
th
The corresponding value of the
2
observation is the Median.

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Q.
Marks No. of Students
F
10 2
20 8
30 16
40 26
50 20
60 16
70 7
80 4

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Q. Calculate the median from the
following data:
Value Frequency
(f)
Less than 10 4
Less than 20 16
Less than 30 40
Less than 40 76
Less than 50 96
Less than 60 112
Less than 70 120
Less than 80 125

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Q. In the frequency distribution of 100 families given below, the
number of families corresponding to expenditure groups 20–40 and
60–80 are missing from the table. However, the median is known to
be 50. Find the missing frequencies.
Expenditure : 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
No. of families : 14 ? 27 ? 15

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Mode
The word mode has been derived from the French
word 'la mode' which signifies the most
fashionable values of a distribution because it is
repeated the highest number of times in the
series.
"the value of the variable which occurs most
frequently in a distribution is called mode".
• When there are two modes in a data set,
then the set is called bimodal
• When there are three modes in a data set,
then the set is called trimodal
• When there are four or more modes in a data
set, then the set is called multimodal
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Mode in grouped data.

M0= 11  f1 – f0
h
2f1 – f0 – f2

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Example :
In a class of 30 students marks
obtained by students in mathematics
out of 50 is tabulated as below.
Calculate the mode of data given.

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 Chapter- 2

By Abhishek sir

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