Theorem in Plane Geometry

A list of theorems with some common terminologies

 Theorems in Plane Geometry
1. Points and Straight Lines 6. Pythagoras’ Theorem
2. Parallel Lines 7. Mid-point theorem, Intercept theorem
3. Triangles and Polygons and Equal ratios theorem
4. Congruence and Similarity 8. Special lines in triangles
5. Quadrilaterals 9. Circles and Tangents

1. Points and Straight Lines

A C

O
D B A O B A O B

If AOB and COD are st. lines, If AOB is a st. line, then If ,
then then AOB is a st. line

( )*
* No one use this nowadays.

2. Parallel Lines

i. Angles related to parallel lines

A B A B A B

C D C D C D

If AB//CD, then If AB//CD, then If AB // CD, then

ii. Test for parallel lines

A B A B A B

C D C D C D

If , then AB // CD If , then AB // CD If , then AB // CD

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3. Triangles and Polygons

i. Sum of angles in a triangle/ polygon

A A

B C B
C

Interior angle sum = Exterior angle sum =

ii. Isosceles Triangles

A A A

Definition:

An isosceles triangle
is a triangle with 2
B C B C B C
sides equal. D

A
If If If , then the
then then followings are equivalent:
(i)
(ii) bisects
B C (iii)

iii. Equilateral Triangles

Some terminologies:
1. Supplementary angles
A Definition: 2 angles and are supplement to each
other if . In this case and
An equilateral triangle are called supplementary angles.
2. Complementary angles
is a triangle with all 3
2 angles and are complement to each
B C
sides equal. other if . In this case and
are called complementary angles.
A
If is ,
then

B C

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4. Congruence and Similarity

i. Test for congruent triangles

ii. Tests for similar triangles

B B B

Y Y
C A C A C A

Z X Z X

Z X

iii. When we are given a pair of congruent / similar triangles, what we can know are:
Congruent Similar
B B B B

C A C A C A C A

Y Y Y Y

Z X Z X
Z X Z X

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5. Quadrilaterals

Definition: Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with two pairs of opposite sides parallel.

i. Properties of parallelograms

A D A D A D

O O O

B C B C B C

If is a , If is a , If is a ,
then and then then AC and BD bisect each other
and ( and )

ii. Tests for a parallelogram

A D A D A D A D

B C B C B C B C

If and , If , If and , If and ,

then is a . then is a . then is a . then is a .

iii. Other types of parallelogram

1. Rhombus 2. Rectangle 3. Square
Rhombus is a parallelogram Rectangle is a parallelogram Square is a rectangle with 2
with two adjacent sides with one angle equal to a right adjacent sides equal.
equal. angle.

Properties: Properties: Properties:

(i) its 4 sides are equal (i) its 4 angles are equal. (i) it has all properties of
(ii) the 2 diagonals are (4 right angles) rhombus and rectangles.
perpendicular to each (ii) its diagonals are equal (ii) its diagonals make angles
other. of with the sides

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6. Pythagoras’ Theorem

If If
then then

7. Mid-point Theorem, Intercept theorem and Equal ratios theorem

A A B A

H K C D H K

E F
B C B C

If and , If If
then ; and , and ,

1 then then
and
2

K H
A A A
A

H K H K

B C B C B C B C
H K

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8. Special lines in triangles
Circumcenter
A  The intersection of 3 perpendicular
bisectors

P  AG=BG=CG
 Position of G:
G
B Acute inside the triangle.
C Right-angled on the hypotenuse .
Q Obtuse outside the triangle.

Perpendicular bisector Circumcenter

Incenter
A A
 Intersection of 3 angle bisectors.
 Position of G:
Always inside the triangle.
G

B
P
C
*Coordinate of G

Angle bisector In-center

Centroid
A A  Intersection of 3 medians.
AG BG CG 2
F    
GD GE GF 1
G E  Area of the six small triangles are the
B same.
M D
C *Coordinate of G

Median Centroid
Orthocenter
A A
 Intersection of 3 altitudes.
 Position of G:
Acute inside the triangle.
G Right-angled on the right angle.
B
Obtuse outside the triangle.
H
C

Altitude Orthocenter
*It is assumed that the coordinate of the vertices , and are , and respectively, and that , and are the sides opposing to the

vertices , and respectively.

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9. Circles and Tangents
a. Chords of a Circle
Some terminologies:
1. Circle:
A circle is a collection of point such that
the distance between each of the points
O O
and a particular point O is a constant.
2. Center, radius and Diameter:
The point ‘O’ is called the center.
A M B A M B
Radius is any line segment
connecting the center O and a point at the
If , If , circumference.
Diameter is any line segment with
then then
ends at the circumference and passing
through the center O.
3. Chord:
A chord is a line segment AB, where A and
B are on the circumference.
D D 4. Arc
(i) Major arc
N N Major arc is an arc that subtends an
angle greater than at the
O O
center.
C C
(ii) Minor arc
Minor arc is an arc that subtends an
A M B A M B
angle less than at the center.
If , If , 5. Segment
A segment is a region inside circle such
then then
that it is bounded by a chord AB and a
corresponding arc AB. The arc can be a
minor arc AB or a major arc AB.
6. Sector
A segment is a region inside circle such
Major arc that it is bounded by an arc CD and two
radius OC and OD. The arc can be a minor
Center arc CD or a major arc CD.
7. Tangent
O B Tangent is any line such that it cuts the
circle at only one point.
A 8. Secant
Diameter Minor arc Secant is any line such that it cuts the
Radius
circle at two distinct points.
Circle Arc
Segment
B
B
A
A O O
chord AB

C D
Tangent Secant
Sector OCD
Chord Sector and Segment Tangent and secant

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b. Angles in a Circle

O O O O

In above cases,

A B
O

A B

If AB is a diameter, then If AB is a chord, then

c. Angles, Arcs and Chords

D

A A A

D D C

B C C
B B

 a
AB
 a

CD

b
AB

CD

b

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d. Cyclic Quadrilateral
i. Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
A A

D D

B C B C

If ABCD is a cyclic quad., If ABCD is a cyclic quad.,

then then

ii. Tests for Concyclic Points

A A A

D D D

B C B C B C

If , If , If ,
then A,B,C,D concyclic then A,B,C,D concyclic then A,B,C,D concyclic

Some terminologies:
1. Collinear
3 points are collinear if there is a line passing through all 3 points.
2. Concurrent
3 lines are concurrent if they all pass through a common point.
3. Concyclic
4 points are concyclic if there is a circle passing through all 4 points.

collinear concurrent concyclic

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e. Tangent
P

O O T
O

P T Q P T Q Q

If is the tangent at , If , If and are tangents, then:

then then is the tangent at (i)
(ii)
(iii)

C C

B B

P A Q P A

If is the tangent at A, then If ,

then is the tangent at .

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