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FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE
2020, VOL. 13, NO. 1, 426–432
https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2020.1788998

Web-based system for visualisation of water quality index

Hui Chama , Sorayya Maleka , Pozi Milowb and Mohd Raznan Ramlib
a Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; b Environmental
Management, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Data visualisation is an essential tool for effective communication and interpretation of informa- Received 8 March 2020
tion. Visualisation of information using images is easier compared to numerical values. Google Accepted 18 June 2020
Earth provides a platform for a practical monitoring site visualisation system. A real-time web- KEYWORDS
based water quality monitoring system was deployed on Google Earth based on National Water Water quality index;
Quality Index of Malaysia (NWQI). The system used graphical representation through vary shape web-based system;
and colour for easy interpretation of water quality status. NWQI index uses; pH, dissolved oxygen, visualisation; river; water
chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and ammonical quality; environmental
nitrogen. The use of different colour, shades of a hue and shapes for the system can motivate pub- science
lic to participate in environmental conservation. The colour used to represent WQI value on the
map is derived from a single hue scheme of different quantities which produce varying bright-
ness and shades. Web-based WQI index can be used to identify pollution sources based on the
graphical representation of water quality trend. The system is assessed by evaluating spatial vari-
ations water quality of a river in Peninsular Malaysia known as Langat River for 2005, 2010 and
2015. The water quality index status through visualisation can be accessed at the following URL –
http://www.umlivinglabsystem.com/SiteViewer/SiteViewerAvgSL.

Introduction turbidity, salinity, major cations, major anions and

Water quality index (WQI) is an indicator of the qual- alkalinity). (Al-Shujairi 2013) developed a water qual-
ity of water. WQI relates a set of water quality parame- ity index for monitoring the water quality of Tigris and
ters to a standard scale and combines them into a single Euphrates rivers based only on seven paramters (total
number (Leščešen et al. 2015). WQI is one of the best dissolved solids, total hardness, pH, dissolved oxygen,
tools for evaluating the quality of water resources such biological oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate).
as the groundwater, lakes, and rivers (Anyachebelu The Department of Environment of Malaysia
et al. 2015). WQI is also a useful water quality mon- (DOE) developed the National Water Quality Index
itoring tool to policymakers and environmentalists (NWQI) for assessing water quality of Malaysian
(Yogendra and Puttaiah 2008). rivers. According to DOE, 36.6% of rivers in Malaysia
(Said et al. 2004, Sarkar and Abbasi 2006, Boy- were classified as slightly polluted, and 5.2% were clas-
acioglu 2007, Avvannavar and Shrihari 2008, Gan- sified as polluted in 2013. NWQI standard has been
daseca et al. 2011) have pointed out the existence of adopted in studies by (Aweng et al. 2011, Isidore
several versions of water quality indices in literature. et al. 2013, Hossain et al. 2013, Suratman et al.
This is mainly due to the use of different number or 2015) to monitor the water quality of several rivers in
combination of water quality parameters for devel- Malaysia. The NWQI index uses the following param-
oping the indices. (Meher et al. 2015) developed a eters: pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen
water quality index for evaluating Gange’s river water demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
quality based on fourteen parameters (pH, electrical total dissolved solids (TSS), and ammonical nitrogen
conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, (NH3 -N). The NWQI value ranges from 0 to 100 and is

CONTACT Sorayya Malek sorayya@um.edu.my Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2020.1788998
© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 427

calculated based on sub-index values assigned to each Other online web-based systems developed for
parameter (DOE 2014). A monitored river can be clas- water quality assessment are IDAH2O, a web appli-
sified into one of the five classes: I, II, III, IV, and V (in cation system for storing, arranging, and publishing
descending order of water quality, where Class I being data collected on habitat, biological, physical, chem-
the ‘best’ and Class V being the ‘worst’ water quality). ical and standing water (Idaho 2013). Rideau Valley
(Bakar et al. 2013) proposed a water quality moni- Conservation Authority (RVCA) is a web-based water
toring and assessment tool called the Eco-Heart Index. quality system, which produces individual reports on
The Eco-Heart Index was developed to visualise water the Rideau watershed’s catchments and able to help
quality by drawing a ‘heart’ shape using the NWQI in understanding watershed trends for water resource
parameters. A full heart stands for clean while a bro- management (Ahmed 2010, Authority 2010).
ken heart indicates polluted water. A full heart shape The main drawback of the previous systems is that
is formed if all the parameters are classified as clean it requires expert interpretation of data and measure-
and a broken heart will appear if any of the param- ment produced in the technical reports. There is also
eters are classified as polluted. However, it is difficult a lack of graphical representation of water quality
to decipher water quality based on heart shape alone status preventing the interpretation and usability by
due to its limited resolution. The use of parameters to water quality managers, policymakers, environmental-
construct that do not fit neatly into a particular water ists and community for water quality monitoring of
class may also produce a heart-shape that is difficult to rivers. Google Earth since recently provides a platform
interprete. for a which supports a visualisation system that can
According to (McGranaghan 1993), graphic visu- be used to monitor aquatic data on-sites. According
alisation is essential in setting communication objec- to (Silberbauer and Geldenhuys 2009), Google Earth
tives beacuse different data users will have different interface allows rapid changes of scale from global to
data quality visualisation needs. Map users rely on local and back and it is user friendly. Furthermore,
graphic quality to assess map accuracy and data qual- Google’s massive centralised spatial database keeps
ity. Colours are essential aesthetically and usually rep- updates for users. Such data and information updates
resent quantitative differences with three separable include, among others, dam construction sites, pumps,
dimensions: hue, value (brightness), and saturation. and sewage works. Most importantly, the rivers and
Thus, colour is one of the important aspects of graphic drainage regions are displayed clearly which are handy
visualisation to convey information, as the human for hydrologist to navigate through their study areas.
visual system is sensitive to it. The ability of Google Earth to create KML files is useful
The deficiency of heart shape to represent water for scientist without any GIS training.
quality status can be alleviated by the use of certain Data visualisation is an essential tool for effec-
colour dimension. By adding colour dimensions, water tive communication and interpretation of informa-
quality maps visualisation can be enhanced. The varia- tion. Visualisation of information in terms of image
tion the lightness, darkness and the intensity in colour is easier as compared to numerical values. Further-
representing the data values and characteristics are more vast availability of data requires effective and
based on the WQI parameters (Brewer 1994). efficient ways to access and communicate information
Recently WQI computerised system has been used (De Vries 2011). Visualisation is essential for data anal-
by various organisations to provide information on ysis and data representation (Xu et al. 2010). The aim
water quality. This enables users to retrieve informa- of the present study is to implement a real-time web-
tion regarding the suitability of the monitored sites based water quality monitoring deployed on Google
for swimming, fishing and other activities. (Ghare- earth based on NWQI using graphical representation
hchahi et al. 2013) developed a computerised system that combines varying shape and colour for a straight-
using Iranian Water Quality Index for assessing Ira- forward interpretation of water quality status without
nian waters. (Ali et al. 2016) developed a real-time knowing the technical aspects. Graphical representa-
water quality decision support system was developed tion of the water quality status in this study is imple-
on a web-based platform for the Tigris River, and the mented by using varying shape as proposed by (Bakar
results are presented in GIS maps. et al. 2013). This study experimented the usage of
428 H. CHAM ET AL.

different hues of colour together with shape. The sim- a classification data as shown in Table 3. The six marks
plicity of this approach intended to motivate the public are connected by a curve line in order, and water qual-
towards environmental conservation. The developed ity is evaluated based on the result drawn figure. If all
web-based WQI index, named as UMH2O, should be the parameters are classified as clean (i.e. level I), a full
able to identify pollution sources based on the graph- heart shape appears. In contrast, if water is polluted
ical representation of the trends of the water quality. and some of the parameters are not classified as clean
Part of the present study is to evaluate the spatial vari- (i.e. level II, III, IV or V), a broken heart shape would
ations in the river water quality for various time frame appear.
of 2005, 2010 and 2015 taken from the Langat River
which is in Peninsular Malaysia.
WQI calculations
The six selected water quality index variables used
Materials and methods in this study are suspended solids (SS), biochemical
Study site and sampling data oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved Oxygen
The Langat River has a total catchment area of approx- (DO) and pH accordance to WQI value calculation of
imately 1,815 km2 . It lies within latitudes 2° 40 M 152 DOE (2014). These variables were selected by a panel
N to 3° 16 M 15 and longitudes 101° 19 M 20 E to of experts because they reported that when calculated
102° 1 M 10 E. The catchment is illustrated in Figure and use collectively will give some indication on the
1. The Langat River Basin comprises of 15 sub-basins water quality level or water quality index of a river
as follows; Pangsoon, Hulu Lui, Hulu Langat, Cheras, (DOE 1997). According to the best-fit relationship for
Kajang, Putrajaya, Hulu Semenyih, Semenyih, Batang each six parameters, the new variables of the 6 sub-
Benar, Batang Labu, Beranang, Bangi Lama, Rinch- indices (SI) were determined and the overall trend for
ing, Teluk Datok, and Teluk Panglima Garang. The Langat River was obtained using the formula given
main river course length is about 141 km, and situated below:
around 40 km east of Kuala Lumpur. The water qual-
ity data in this study were obtained from seven stations WQI = 0.22 SIDO + 0.19 SIBOD + 0.16 SISS
along the main Langat River, as shown in Figure 1. The
+ 0.15 SIAN + 0.12 SIpH
water quality monitoring stations are determined by
the Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Where, WQI = Water quality index; SIDO = Sub-
Natural Resource and Environment of Malaysia. The index of Dissolved Oxygen; SIBOD = Sub-index
selected stations (sampling points) are illustrated in of Biological Oxygen Demand; SICOD = Sub-index
Table 1. All the stations were identified based on the of Chemical Oxygen Demand; SIAN = Subindex
availability of recorded data from 2005 to 2015. of Ammonical Nitrogen; SISS = Sub-index of Sus-
A total of 712 samples were used for the data analy- pended Solids; SIpH = Sub-index of pH value.
sis in this study. The six selected water quality parame- Generally, WQI yield a unit-less number varies
ters were DO, BOD, COD, AN, pH, and SS to measure between 0 and 100. Measurements of each of these
the data set of 10-year as summarised in Table 2. parameters are taken and compared to a classification
table according to Table 3, where the water is identi-
fied as excellent, good, fair, poor or very poor (DOE
System development water quality representation
1999). The WQI of water quality parameters were cal-
The WQI used in this system is based on NWQI culated for each water sample by using the best-fit WQI
parameter value by (DOE), and employed the concept equation (DOE 1999).
of graphical representation proposed by (Bakar et al. Each class of water is represented on the web-based
2013). Figure 2 represents the heart-based water qual- system with varying colour of red based on the WQI
ity index concept. The heart shape was developed to to indicate the status of the water quality as depicted
visualise water quality by drawing a ‘heart’ shape using in Figure 3. This colour would then fill out the heart
the six parameters value based on NWQI, which are shape drawn earlier on the web-based system. The
monitored and marked their levels in accordance with colour is used to represent quantitative data on maps
 FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 429

by employing a single hue scheme which enables the The obtained values are subsequently classified into
user to assets water quality status with the hue and the 5 different classes based on the National Water Qual-
different quantities or magnitudes with the lightness ity Standards for Malaysia. The following steps is to
or darkness of the hue (Harrower and Brewer 2003). plot the coordinates according to value based on each
Lighter hues represent lower quantities (lower WQI parameter. These values are calculated and converted
value and polluted water) while darker hues are for into percentage according to the formula and the data
higher quantities (higher WQI value and clean water). obtained comprises an array of numbers which indi-
cate the location of the point on the plane, based on
the coordinate system. The data obtained is defined in
Development of the web-based WQI
both hozizontal and vertical coordinate systems from
The web-based water quality system was developed the calculation previously to be able to identify the
using C# programming language. The main advantage position on the plane.
of C# is the ease to integrate with components written WQI is calculated to identify the colour using the
in other languages and many of Microsoft’s proprietary ‘if-else’ statement to classify the water quality based
technologies and can be run on other platforms such as on its ranking according to Figure 4. According to
Google Earth. C# have access to the. NET Framework Microsoft.NET, to complete the shape by connecting
class libraries, which is essential in developing graphi- the points and display the colour on the plane using
cal representation of the system (Microsoft. n.d.). the C# function ‘FillClosedCurve(Brush, PointF[])’ to
Google Maps API V3.27 have been deployed in this fill the interior of a closed cardinal spline curve defined
study to view the graphical representation of WQI by an array of the PointF structures which represents
real-time on Google Earth platform. The water qual- an ordered pair of floating-point x- and y- coordi-
ity data in this study have been archived using MySQL. nates that defines a point in a two-dimensional plane
My SQL is a free, open-source database management to display the shape. The ‘Brush’ determines the char-
system that is suitable for web sites because of its high- acteristics of the fill and for the points ‘PointF’ is the
performance query engine, tremendously fast data array of x- and y- coordinates structures that define the
insert capability, and strong support for specialised spline. The points are connected and display the google
web functions like quick full-text searches. map on the page, by repeating the array of makers and
To generate graphical visualisation of water quality place each one on the map, fitting all markers by iden-
index on the web, the selected site unique ID stored tify the coordinates on the map and display on the map
in the system will be retrieved together with starting (ESRI. n.d.).
and ending date of the data that needs to be displayed.
The associated parameters for the selected data and
Results and discussion
sampling site extracted and averaged if the time frame
differences were more than one day. The second step The web-based WQI graphical visualisation system is
is designed to retrieve the longitude and latitude of the as depicted as in Figure 5. The system has been tested
selected site. This important step is used to indicate the on data from Langat River for the year 2005, 2010 and
position on Google Earth where the heart that repre- 2015. A pop box that contain an associated water qual-
sents the WQI would be drawn. Based on the classes of ity parameters will appear when there is a shape on
the water quality parameter the heart shape would be the Google Earth map is clicked. The summary WQI
drawn. The WQI index would then be calculated auto- report can be downloaded in excel format for the user
matically and based on the WQI value, colour would perusal. Figures 6 and 7 depict WQI generated auto-
be assigned as shown in Figure 4. matically by the system for Langat River for the year
The parameters to visualise the water quality index 2005, 2010 and 2015. The detail of WQI value for each
are Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Chemical Oxy- figure is extracted and presented in Table 5 for the year
gen Demand (COD), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), 2005, Table 6 for 2010 and Table 7 for the year 2015.
Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3 N), Biological Oxygen As can be seen from the Supplementary Figure 6
Demand (BOD). These parameters are then cate- below, the WQI for Sungai Langat from 2nd September
gorised in classes which are shown in the tables below 2010 to 2nd September 2019 at the sampling point
by using the ‘if-else’ statement. 1L07 is 71.073 under Class III, which is consider as
430 H. CHAM ET AL.

Satisfactory. The shape generated shows a proper heart This study proposes the usage of symbol and various
shape, which indicate the water from 1L07 sampling colour to demonstrate WQI value deployed on Google
point is consider clean and not polluted. Earth platform. The Google Earth interface as it is easy
In contrast, the WQI obtained from the sampling to use and allows rapid changes of scale from global to
point 1L14 is 44.651 with the Class IV, under the cat- local and back. Sampling points can be located easily
egory of polluted. The map shows an irregular heart and the spatial database of the Google Earth keeps the
shape, which indicated that the water at the sam- background information of such as rivers and roads
pling point is polluted as shown in Supplementary data up-to-date. Lighter hues represent lower quali-
Figure 7. ties (lower WQI value and polluted water) while darker
By using the UMH2O system, users can easily visu- hues are for higher quantities (higher WQI value and
alise the water bodies, hydrological and ecological data clean water). The shape has been said to be inappro-
with interactive user interface. The interactive Google priate for encoding quantitative data because shape
Map enable users to visualise the WQI indicated by the does not form a natural (Cleveland and McGill 1984).
Eco-Heart and able to decide easily whether the river However, we believed that shape might be a useful
is polluted or not. From Figures 5–7, we can notice that code for conveying quantitative data if a continuum
the upstream of the Sungai Langat is not contaminated of shapes could be established in the legend and detail
as the downstream. explanation of the heart shape is illustrated in the pop-
The visualisation of water quality index can be up window on the web-based system. The web-based
accessed at the following URL – http://www.umliving WQI monitoring has been tested on data from Langat
labsystem.com/SiteViewer/SiteViewerAvgSL. A heart River.
shape representing water quality status (WQI) will The heart shape and colour for all the sampling site
appear on Google earth map based on users selection in this study has shown improvement in water qual-
of location and date. Users are also able to download ity from the year 2005–2015 except for sampling point
more details related to the heart representing water 1L05 and 1L15. Both of the sampling stations is rep-
quality status for the selected location and date. resented as distorted heart shape with a lighter colour
Graphical analysis is important to determine the of red that indicates a lower WQI value. The water at
pattern, trends and other features which are not eas- this sampling point represents class IV that is polluted
ily apparent using numerical summaries. Data visu- water. Station 1L05 and 1L15 are both located at the
alisation is important as it enables communication of Hulu Langat catchment area of the Langat catchment.
information clearly and effectively through graphical The Langat catchment area consists of agriculture, for-
means. It is useful for analysing data that are important est, water bodies and commercial and residential area.
for water quality monitoring and decision making. Rapid urbanisation from agriculture land of the
The goal of visualisation in this study is to com- Langat River has been identified since the year 1981
bine the strengths of human vision, creativity, and (Amini et al. 2009, Jaafar et al. 2009). Station 1L05 and
general knowledge with the storage capacity and the 1L15 are located along Langat River which is used for
computational power of modern computers to explore drinking water, recreation, industry, fishery and agri-
extensive hydrological data. This is implemented in culture. The river flows from Gunung Nuang across
this study by presenting graphical representations of Langat Basin to Kuala Langat and land use activities
the data to the user, which allows him/her to interact along the river banks contribute to deterioration of
with the data to gain insight and to draw conclusions river water quality (Charlie 2010).
quickly (Keim et al. 2005). It is also important to be Langat River deteriorating water quality is caused by
able to visualise relationship and pattern discovered the point of source pollution and non-point sources.
from complex ecological data. Point of source pollution at the Langat River is
Effective visual data mining tools are required to from industrial and agro-based industry discharge and
display multivariate and spatial–temporal ecological domestic sewage from treatment plants and animal
data to easily perceive patterns and relationships. farms. The non-point of source pollution in Langat
Conventional visualisation techniques for multivariate River is contributed from rainfall, irrigation and over-
data are geometric, glyph or icon-based pixel oriented land surfaces into the drainage system (Juahir et al.
and hierarchical (Schroeder 2005). 2011).
 FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 431

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