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Group 7 Research Capsule

The document is a research proposal from a group of Grade 10 students at Lucsuhin National High School. The students propose researching the use of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish scales to create roof tiles as a way to reduce fish waste. The proposal outlines the research problem of excessive fish waste in Calatagan Public Market. The students will test roof tiles made from fish scales on water resistance, weight endurance, heat resistance and durability. They will compare the tiles to industrial roofing materials. The background research discusses Nile Tilapia fish and fish waste issues. Related studies explored using waste materials and fish scale properties for new materials.

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Thomas Daniel Cuartero
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317 views4 pages

Group 7 Research Capsule

The document is a research proposal from a group of Grade 10 students at Lucsuhin National High School. The students propose researching the use of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish scales to create roof tiles as a way to reduce fish waste. The proposal outlines the research problem of excessive fish waste in Calatagan Public Market. The students will test roof tiles made from fish scales on water resistance, weight endurance, heat resistance and durability. They will compare the tiles to industrial roofing materials. The background research discusses Nile Tilapia fish and fish waste issues. Related studies explored using waste materials and fish scale properties for new materials.

Uploaded by

Thomas Daniel Cuartero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lucsuhin National High School

Learners are Nurtured to Hit Success


Science Technology and
Engineering Program
RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Topic and Title

Name of Student Group 7

Abas, Pauleen Alexandra N.


Arias, Rogelio Miguel C.
Badilla, Gian Andrei D.
Nolasco, Lealyn M.

Grade and Section Grade 10 – STEP Sylianco

Research Topic Reduction of Fish-Related Waste

Research Problem Excessive amounts of waste being generated by fish


byproducts in Calatagan Public Market.

Research Questions How effective is the roof tile made from Nile Tilapia in
terms of:

1.1) Water Resistance


1.2) Weight Endurance
1.3) Heat Resistance
1.4) Durability Test

How does the product compare to industrial-grade


roofing in terms of:

2.1) Availability
2.2) Cost
2.3) Characteristics

Proposed Title #1 Construction and Characterization of Plastic Roof Sheet


using Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish Scales
Proposed Title #2 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Scales as an
Alternative Material for Roof Tile Production
Lucsuhin National High School
Learners are Nurtured to Hit Success
Science Technology and
Engineering Program

Brief Background of the Study

Tilapias are largely found in freshwater ecosystems with its 3 most common
species being the Nile, Blue, and Mozambique Tilapia. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) is the largest species of Tilapia fish native to tropical parts of Africa and
the Middle East while also cultured in other countries. Nile Tilapia is considered
as one of the most cultivated freshwater fish in the Philippines and other
countries in Asia as it is adapted for breeding under warm tropical conditions.
This species of fish accounts for about 70-80% of the world’s Tilapia production
and serves a crucial part in the fish farming industry.

Fish waste such as fish skin, bones, scales, guts, etc. are waste being generated
by the fishing industry. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, the volume of fish and shrimp waste has been estimated to be
around 40,796 tons (40,796,000 kilograms) per year. These scraps can pollute
the environment and if left to decay or decompose of in landfills will create
methane gas and contribute to rising man-made Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Roofing is a primary element when it comes to housing and infrastructure. Roof


tiles are a type of roofing designed to help protect structures from the heat of the
sun and keep the rain out. The study aims to create a sustainable and
environment-friendly product to reduce the amount of possible fish waste while
still being affordable and reliable.

Related Literature and Studies

Clay, asbestos, plastic, and metal are commonly used as roofing materials in Sri
Lanka and every material has its inherent drawbacks. Asbestos sheets are going
to be banned due to health hazards. Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV), a kind of
polymer blends, gives combined properties of their individual polymers.
Therefore, this study was aimed to develop a health hazard-free and
economically viable roofing material from TPV to be competitive with the existing
roofing materials. TPV pellets of 20/80 Natural rubber (NR)/High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) in two different formulas were prepared using a twin-screw
extruder. Roofing sheets having size of 40 cm × 40 cm × 0.6 cm were moulded
using TPV pellets.

2021 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), 309-314, 2021


Lucsuhin National High School
Learners are Nurtured to Hit Success
Science Technology and
Engineering Program

This study is aimed at producing roofing sheets using local waste materials High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic
waste, sawdust and sand). The study was carried out basically for the sustainable
use of raw materials in finding a good substitute, which have good tensile
strength, and poor heat conductivity thereby reusing waste materials to reproduce
new and useful roofing sheets. Laboratory experimental procedure was used for
the production of the composite roofing sheet. The result shows that zero percent
water absorption was obtained for the roofing sheet

International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 10 (12), 2021

Recent surge in the development of superhydrophobic/superoleophobic surfaces


has been motivated by surfaces like fish scales that have hierarchical structures,
which are believed to promote water or oil repellency. In this work, we show that
the under-water oil repellency of fish scales is entirely due to the mucus layer
formation as part of its defense mechanism, which produces unprecedented
contact angle close to 180°.

Waghmare, P., Gunda, N. & Mitra, S. Under-water superoleophobicity of fish


scales. Sci Rep 4, 7454 (2014).

Protective materials and structures found in natural organisms may inspire new
armors with improved resistance to penetration, flexibility, light weight, and other
interesting properties such as transparency and breathability. All these attributes
can be found in teleost fish scales, which are the most common types of scales in
modern fish species.

Schönbörner, A. A., Boivin, G., & Baud, C. A. (1979). The mineralization


processes in teleost fish scales. Cell and tissue research, 202(2), 203-212.

The mechanical properties are not the only key features that make scales unique;
they are also highly flexible and breathable. In this study, we aim to review the
structural and mechanical characteristics of the scales from ray-finned or teleost
fishes, which can be used for new bio-inspired armor designs. It is also essential
to consider the hierarchical structure of extinct and existing natural armors. The
basic characteristics, as mentioned above, are the foundation for developing
high-performance, well-structured flexible natural armors.

Rawat, P., Zhu, D., Rahman, M. Z., & Barthelat, F. (2021). Structural and
mechanical properties of fish scales for the bio-inspired design of flexible body
armors: A review. Acta Biomaterialia, 121, 41-67.
Lucsuhin National High School
Learners are Nurtured to Hit Success
Science Technology and
Engineering Program
Agaja, S. A. (2021). Production and Testing of Mechanical Property of Roofing
Sheet and Paving Block from Plastic Waste, Sawdust and Fine Sand.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 10(12).

Akindapo, J. O., Binni, U. A., & Sanusi, O. M. (2015). Development of roofing


sheet material using groundnut shell particles and epoxy resin as composite
material.
References

https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/
file/en/en_niletilapia.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_tilapia

Agaja, S. A. (2021). Production and Testing of Mechanical Property of Roofing


Sheet and Paving Block from Plastic Waste, Sawdust and Fine Sand. International
Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 10(12).

Akindapo, J. O., Binni, U. A., & Sanusi, O. M. (2015). Development of roofing sheet
material using groundnut shell particles and epoxy resin as composite material.

Rawat, P., Zhu, D., Rahman, M. Z., & Barthelat, F. (2021). Structural and
mechanical properties of fish scales for the bio-inspired design of flexible body
armors: A review. Acta Biomaterialia, 121, 41-67.

Schönbörner, A. A., Boivin, G., & Baud, C. A. (1979). The mineralization processes
in teleost fish scales. Cell and tissue research, 202(2), 203-212.

Waghmare, P., Gunda, N. & Mitra, S. Under-water superoleophobicity of fish


scales. Sci Rep 4, 7454 (2014).

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