LESSON PLAN 15 WEEKS (PRE-LIM TO FINALS_

WEEK 1
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Introduction to Filipino Psychology

Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) - is the scientific study of psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and
cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
- refers to psychological theory, knowledge, method and application through the Filipino culture.
- it started as a movement within psychology and other related disciplines in the 1970s that focuses on the following
themes:
(a) identity and national consciousness;
(b) social awareness and involvement;
(c) national and ethnic cultures and languages, including the study of tradi-tional psychology; and
(d) bases and application of indigenous psychology in health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, and
religion but also including the psychology of behavior and human abilities as originated in Western
psychology but applicable to the local setting.

- it is built on psychological knowledge that:

(a) arose from within the culture;
(b) reflects local behaviors;
(c) can be interpreted within a local frame of reference; and
(d) yields results that are locally relevant

Sikolohiyang Panlipunan sa Pilipinas - refers to a series of events related to social psychology in the Philippines and may
include ‘the number of degree programs and journals, the amount of research conducted and so forth.

Sikolohiyang Panlipunang Pilipino - refers to theories/research on the social psychology of the Filipino done by both foreign
and local researches.
- it is the product of the Filipino cultural experience, cognition, and orientation; it is derived
from indigenous Filipino sources, language and methods.

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez - the founder of the Pamabansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, PSSP (National Organization
of Filipino Psychology) which was established on 1975; the father of Filipino Psychology
- he exhorts that the study of Filipino psychology should be independent of western colonial
theoretical models and methodologies and be taught, discussed and written in Filipino native language.
- he used metaphor in clarifying concepts to explain Sikolohiyang Pilipino the difference between the
“tao sa bahay” and the “taong bahay”.

Tao sa Bahay - a person in the house

Taong Bahay - a house person; a committed person who has a role and meaning in household and is not just a temporary
occupant of the house.

- he proposed that sikolohiyang Pilipino knowledge can be borne out of two processes:
indigenization from without and indigenization from within.

Indigenization from without - is the more common approach used in knowledge and technology transfer.
- this approach is based on the search of local equivalents for assumed universal psychological
concepts or the contextualization of imported methods and techniques, and tools and instruments.

Cultural Validation - the practice of validating research through systematic replication in multiple cultures.

Indigenization from within - formalizes Filipinos’ implicit psychological theories, knowledge, methods, and practices
developed with the local culture as basis (local culture as source).

In order to frame the efforts in sikolohiyang Pilipino to formalize indigenous psychology in the Philippines, it is important to
look into the attempts to:
1. develop indigenous concepts and frameworks; and
2. adapt, develop, and use culturally appropriate instruments and methods.
WEEK 2
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Indigenous Psychology

What Is Indigenous Psychology?

Indigenous Psychology - arose as a reaction to the mainstream version of psychology and seeks to reflect the social, political,
and cultural character of people around the world.
- “the scientific study of human behaviour or mind that is native, that is not transported from
other regions, and that is designed for its people
- developing scientific knowledge system that effectively reflects, describes, explains, or
understands the psychological and behavioural activities in their native contexts in terms of
culturally relevant frame of reference and culturally derived categories and theories.

Cross-cultural Psychology - is a fascinating scientific field that studies human behavior through the lens of culture.
- It is a relatively new branch of psychology, but is quickly gaining respect as people recognize the
individualizing process that culture plays in human development.
- is the study of the impact of culture on individual- and group-level psychological functioning.

Cultural Psychology - is the study of how people shape and are shaped by their cultures.
- topics of study in this field include similarities and differences between cultures in terms of norms,
values, attitudes, scripts, patterns of behavior, cultural products (such as laws, myths, symbols, or material
artifacts), social structure, practices and rituals, institutions, and ecologies.

Ethnopsychology - a discipline that studies the psychology and behavior of the people of a particular ethnic community.
- the principal objects of study are tribes, peoples, and nations, as well as specific population groups
that are ethnically related, such as groups of immigrants.

Types of Indigenization
1. Structural Indigenization - refers to the institutional and organizational capabilities of a nation for the production and
diffusion of knowledge that is relevant.
2. Substantive Indigenization - it argues that the main thrust of psychology should be on its own society, people and problems.
3. Theoretical Indigenization - takes place when scientists are involved in constructing distinctive conceptual frameworks and
metatheories which reflect their worldviews, social and cultural experiences, and perceived goals.

Indigenous Methodological Approaches

The conventional western psychological methods, such as observation, case study, survey, correlation, and experiment have
been employed by the psychologists to obtain all data based on the need of the research and/or particular study.

*Lapit - approaches
*Pamamaraan - methods
*Kalahok - subjects/participants; are considered equal in status to the researcher; the participants are included in the research as
group, and not as individuals
*Umpukan - a natural cluster, is required to serve as participants per se.
*Tulay (bridge) - one who introduces the researcher to the umpukan (who is also part of the umpukan); a well respected man in
the community.

Some of the many approaches and methods employed in Philippine Psychology are described below:

1.Pakikipagkuwentuhan - the researcher engages in a story telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the
facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the ones who are to talk.
2.Panunuluyan - the researcher stays in the house of his kalahok, while he conducts the research with consent by the host
family, whose head serves as the tulay to the umpukan.
3.Pagdadalaw-dalaw - the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay, as opposed to staying in the house.
4.Pagtatanung-tanong - the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok. However, lead questions are
not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok’s answer
themselves.
5.Pakikiramdam - the researcher employs entirely his/her feelings to justify if his participants are ready to be part of the
research or not.
6.Pakapa-kapa - the researcher employs groping or a mixture of feelings as well as circumstances, to justify his intrusion into
the life of his participants.
WEEK 3
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Filipino Behavior

Filipino Thinking Behavior

1. Love for Poetic Speech - people in rural areas like flowery speeches (using of metaphors and allegories).

2. Scientific Mind - is said to characterize the Filipino. Filipinos do not distinguish between the object and the subject. They
think concretely and non dualistically. They regard their works and themselves as one. This thinking explains why they are often
hurt when their works are criticized.

3. Imitation - the Filipinos are imitators. In the good sense, it means the ability to exactly imitate another. A better form of
imitation is the ability to innovate or improve what is imitated. In negative sense, it implies lack or originality and blind
imitation.

Filipino as Individual
Filipino looks at himself as an individual involves loob and the body (Fr. Mercado, 1994).

1. Loob - refers as self viewed from within characterized as holistic and interior. Holistic is the Filipino’s total way of thinking
that is non-compartmentalized. Interior is the Filipino’s innate goodness.
- it puts one touch with his fellowmen and is considered as ethical as inseparable from thinking, willing, and feeling.
- the individual’s awareness and thought, his emotions and sense of value, his personality and character.

2. The Body - involves understanding of metalinguistic analysis, behavior and philosophy.

Phenomenology of Filipino Behavior/Personality

Filipino phenomenology of behavior/personality is the recurring pattern or commonality of experience as regards

majority of the societal values. The flowing of the Filipino’s non-dualistic worldview characterized the following:
1. Harmonizing Spirits - is involved in the Filipino’ time orientation and Filipino’s relations with his fellowmen. Time
for Filipinos is cyclical or they see time in its spiral time. For them there is always tomorrow.
2. Concrete Thinking - Filipinos approaches truth by way of intuition through poetic symbols.
3. Non-Scientific Mentality, Subject-Object - Filipinos do not distinguish object and subject for he thinks harmony
and holistic way explains why he is often hurt when his work is criticized.
4. The Poetic Mind - Filipinos like to use metaphors and allegories that are drawn from their experiences, emotions,
nature, and other contents of symbolism.

The Filipino ethics is showing the ways of assisting the attainment of acceptance. Social acceptance differs from social
approval, the fact that the latter includes a positive expression of liking which does not seem necessary to social acceptance
among Filipinos. Filipinos are more satisfied with much more subtle expression of acceptance. The desirability of social
acceptance are described below:

1. Smooth Interpersonal Relations

A. Pakikisama - going along with.
B. Euphemism - stating of an unpleasant truth, opinion, or request as pleasantly as possible.
C. Go-Between - embarrassment, complaint, or decision is often conveyed via a middleman so that to avoid
the shame (hiya) of a face-to-face encounter.

2. Sensitivity to Personal Affront (Insult) or Amor Propio - Filipino grants a measure of social acceptance to those
he/she deals with and in the very display of courtesy of himself gains or enhances his acceptance as good member of society.
- is associated with self-esteem, a special defense mechanism against severe interpersonal
unpleasantness to retain the acceptance one already has.
- Example, a worker who would like to borrow some money from his employer may hesitate to
approach him because he is ashamed.
 3. Sakop System in Family Relatives, Peers , Officemates and other groups - it is characterized into interpersonal
and hierarchical. Filipinos belong to a society of highly interpersonal, it also follows that business must also be interpersonal.
Hierarchical nature is a relationship based on mutual dependence and is adaptive as it functions in the larger system.

Core Concept of Kapwa

The core concept or value has been identified as kapwa, a recognition of shared identity and foundation of human
values. The core value that determines not only the person’s personality but also more on his personhood or pagkatao.
*Kapwa - meaning togetherness.

Santiago and Enriquez categorized kapwa as levels of interaction, divided into:

I. Ibang Tao (outsider)

1. Pakikitungo - civility
2. Pakikisalamuha - act of mixing
3. Pakikilahok - act of joining
4. Pakikibagay - conformity
5. Pakikisama - being united with the group

II. Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)

1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob - act of mutual trust
2. Pakikisangkot - act of joining others
3. Pagkaisa - being one with others

Pivotal Interpersonal Value: Pakiramdam - shared inner perceptions, the basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.

Colonial/Accommodative Surface Value - the use of Filipino language, more particularly, surface values and/or concepts are
recognized as a triad emanating from the actual core value identified as kapwa. The triad is described below:
1. Hiya - “shame”; sense of propriety
2. Utang na Loob - Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors
3. Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa - this attitude is primarily by conformity with the majority.

Associated Behavior Pattern - the behavioral-phenomenological domain as described below:

1. Biro or Joke - refers to the truth which is delivered indirectly among intimates via teasing.
2. Lambing or Sweetness - is more likely to be observed in situations where pakikisama is operative.
3. Tampo or caress-resent/disappoint - the individual pattern and phenomenological feeling most frequently
associated with perceived disregard for utang na loob.

Confrontative Surface Value - Filipinos are considered introvert in one study but extrovert in another.
1. Bahala na - the determination at the face of uncertainty.
2. Sama/Lakas ng Loob - the resentment and/or guts.
3. Pakikibaka - it means concurrent clashes with which the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings
against a common enemy.

Associated Societal Values - it includes the following:

1. Kalayaan - Freedom and mobility.
2. Katarungan - justice. This justice includes katotohanan at katwiran (truth and reason) with which it shields one from
false accusations
WEEK 4-5
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Pagkataong Pilipino: Filipino Personality

1. FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

 Filipinos have been described as friendly, outgoing, sensitive, easily offended, noisy, garrulous, direct,
hospitable, feisty, irreverent, good natured, clever, witty, gregarious, happy, generous, easy to laugh,
gracious, easy to befriend, casual, fun loving, sensitive and hospitable.
 Personal and family honor are stressed, as well as dignity and pride.
 Education is highly valued and families make great sacrifices to educate their children.
 Hiya (shame) is instilled in Filipinos at an early age. To be shamed is the greatest form of disgrace. Filipino
culture developed over centuries in tandem with and in response to Western culture introduced by the Spanish
and later Americans.
 It is one value that regulates the Filipinos social behavior. Just as one is very careful not to be
subjected to embarrassment or “mapahiya” one must also make it a point NOT to cause another
person’s embarrassment.
 It is the currency applied within the society, controlling and motivating a person’s social
behavior. This is the reason why a vast majority of Filipinos still remain conservative in their
actions in the modern age.
 It is a controlling element in the Filipino society. A person’s behavior is socially restricted by his
sense of “hiya” while public behavior is censured, or approved of, by hiya.
 Filipinos are generally more easy going than other Asians. A survey conducted by the Hong Kong-based
Political and Economic Risk Constituency (PERC) ranked Filipinos as "the easiest people in Asia to get along
with." In the 2006 Happy Planet Index (HPI) by a British think-tank New Economics Forum (NEF), the
Philippines ranked 17th out of 178 countries, far ahead of the United States, which ranked 150. According to
NEF, this report is “an index of human well-being and environmental impact”, which moves beyond crude
ratings of nations according to national income, measured by gross domestic product to produce a more accurate
picture of the progress of nations based on the amount of the Earth’s resources they use, and the length and
happiness of people’s lives.” In the report, a list has been provided about the ranking of the countries. The NEF
study measured life satisfaction, life expectancy and environmental footprint, which is the amount of land
required to sustain the population and absorb its energy consumption.
  Filipinos have a strong sense of family and community.They are very gregarious and like to talk and hang
out with family and friends. They love to fool around, gossip, make jokes and tease one another. Rumors spread
quickly. Some say Filipinos are happy-go-lucky people who are often pessimistic about today but always
optimistic that tomorrow will be better.
  People living in urban areas are more exposed to cosmopolitan values. They tend to be less traditional and
more modern. Those living in rural areas, on the other hand, still value tradition Even though life appears to be a
struggle, many people are happy with their lives.

2. Social Values and Organization in the Philippines

 The great majority of the Philippine population is bound together by common values and a common religion.
Philippine society is characterized by many positive traits. Among these are strong religious faith, respect for
authority, and high regard for amor proprio (self-esteem) and smooth interpersonal relationships.
Philippine respect for authority is based on the special honor paid to elder members of the family and, by
extension, to anyone in a position of power. This characteristic is generally conducive to the smooth running of
society, although, when taken to extreme, it can develop into an authoritarianism that discourages independent
judgment and individual responsibility and initiative. (Library of Congress)
 Filipinos are sensitive to attacks on their own self-esteem and cultivate a sensitivity to the self-esteem of
others as well. Anything that might hurt another's self-esteem is to be avoided or else one risks terminating the
relationship. One who is insensitive to others is said to lack a sense of shame and embarrassment, the principal
sanction against improper behavior. This great concern for self- esteem helps to maintain harmony in society and
within one's particular circle, but it also can give rise to clannishness and a willingness to sacrifice personal integrity
to remain in the good graces of the group. Strong personal faith enables Filipinos to face great difficulties and
unpredictable risks in the assurance that "God will take care of things." But, if allowed to deteriorate into fatalism,
even this admirable characteristic can hinder initiative and stand in the way of progress.
 Social organization generally follows a single pattern, although variations do occur, reflecting the influence of local
traditions. Among lowland Christian Filipinos, social organization continues to be marked primarily by personal
alliance systems, that is, groupings composed of kin (real and ritual), grantors and recipients of favors, friends, and
partners in commercial exchanges.

Filipino Values
 Three main traits underlie Filipino values and value-orientation: 1) personalism, 2) familialism, and 3)
particularism (popularism). These strongly influence Filipino behaviour and decision making, and are the basis of
his personal beliefs, and cultural traditions and practices. They are the basis for acceptable behaviour.
1.  Personalism is the emphasis Filipinos give to interpersonal relations or face-to-face encounters. Successful
leadership or being a good manager necessitates a personal touch, and problem-solving is effective if handled
through good personal relations.
2.  Familialism emphasises the welfare and interest of the family over those of the community. The family is the
basis of group action and almost all community activity centers on the family. The family, and not the
individual, decides on important matters, and these are decided on the basis of family, not individual interest.
The family honour, and not that of the individual, is at stake when a family member makes a mistake.
3.  Particularism results from the strong family influence on individual and group behaviour. Individuals strive to
promote their own and their family’s interests over community interests. Being popular among peer groups is
highly desirable, hence Filipinos make special efforts to entertain friends and relatives. Knowing how to
entertain people (marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important. Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the
rewards of cooperation and assistance; non-conformity is punished by withdrawal of support.
 Value orientation is the way individuals relate to objects, events and ideas. Three main obligations underlie
Filipino value orientation ‘ relational (pakikipagkapwa), emotional (damdamin), and moral (karangalan). All,
or one may influence work or social relationships.
Relational obligations are interpersonal or face-to-face relationships and their resulting obligations. This is relative
to the personalism value in Filipino cultural orientation.
The nature of interpersonal relationships are determined by pakikiramay, pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang.
1. Pakikiramay means going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e., unsolicited help.
2. Pakikisama or smooth interpersonal relations (SIR) means going along with someone’s views, whether
agreeing or not. This enhances camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty.
3. Bayanihan or reciprocal labour and giving help without compensation. In turn, one can request help in time of
need from those to whom you extended help.
4.  Galang or respect is part of most social encounters. It indicates deference to the opinions of elders, peers, or
those in authority, during important deliberations. Any verbal clash with older people in public, or any sign of
extreme familiarity with members of higher official status in public meetings, are signs of disrespect.

3. Religion and Filipino Character

The Philippines is one the most religious countries in world, particularly in Christianity and Islam. Families would
encourage and strengthen the values of their children and would at least have one day a week for worship and at the
same time strengthening family ties.
 Most Filipinos are Roman Catholics, but there are other large Christian groups throughout the country especially
among the Indigenous ethnic groups in the Autonomous Mountain Region of Northern Luzon. In southern and
western Mindanao and the islands of Jolo and Sulu Sea that constitute the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao, there is a substantial Muslim community, which has been aggressively pushing for independence through
such organizations as the Moro national Liberation Front and Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
 Religion is openly and overtly practised throughout all aspects of life in the Philippines, including the work place.
Strong beliefs and religious practices and events are not always matched by social norms and practices.

Island Influence and the Philippines Multi-Cultural Stew

 It is said that Filipino culture is derived from all the cultures that have resided on the islands. The bayanihan or spirit
of kinship and camaraderie is thought to have taken from their Malay ancestors. Close family ties are said to have
been inherited from the Chinese.
 The Tagalog word tsismis, wrote journalist Alan Berlow describes "stories, intrigue, lies, gossip, speculation,
gathered like rice in a basket and tossed up in the air, sending husks to the wind, leaving behind kernels of truth.
Truth and half truths, anyway." It is a "missing link, a smoking gun, the connective tissue of random events, the
effort to explain things that resist explanation.
 Philippine Pinoy culture has been described as "a buoyant chaos of Asian and Spanish influence." The
Philippines has been a crossroads between east and west and meeting point for cultures from all over Asia and the
Pacific, and the country's culture and people reflect this merging of cultures.

4. Filipino Traits
1) The Filipino attitude of bahala na (“come what may”) enables a person to meet difficulties and shortcomings with
resignation by leaving it up to the Almighty to sort things out. This attitude can also result in overconfidence that
everything will work out in his interest without doing anything.
2) The Filipino’s mañana habit causes the delays in many public transactions and even corporations. This attitude
can effect the engagement to wait until tomorrow or the next day especially when the person involve is not interested
or not in the mood. However, one must remember that many Filipinos take their time in doing things or in making
decisions.
 3) The bahala na attitude is the outcome of the mañana habit when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown
and even expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just leave everything in fate.
4) Some Filipinos do not mostly practice being late or not showing up. There are few people who are punctual for
social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time especially at a party. It is advised that you
always check with the host or hostess the time of you are expected to arrive.
 5) Some male Filipinos are proud and arrogant that they will not accept losing face, particularly in the crowd. They
don’t like the idea of being defeated or embarrassed. In some cases, losing face or being humiliated is the cause of
street brawls, drinking bouts or even killings in the country.
6) The Filipino hiya or shame trait stems from losing amor propio which is a Spanish word, meaning pride. Filipinos
find it difficult to confront someone so as not to humiliate the person or cause person to lose his amor propio.
 Some Positive Traits of Filipinos:
1) Say Opo/ Po To elders as respect in talking.
2) Filipinos Mano on the elders when greeting them, which is also a part of respect.
3) Most Filipino schools don’t bully, not like in other foreign countries.
4) Most Filipinos are monotheistic
5) Religious
6) They love to laugh.
7) Some are helpful.

Emotional Filipinos
 Filipinos have been accused of being overly fatalistic and concerned only with the here and now. Bahala na is
popular expression that roughly translates to “I don’t care what happens in the future, as long as I survive now.”
 The Philippines was ranked as the most emotional society in the world, with Latin American countries dominating
the top of the list, in a three-year study conducted by Gallup in more than 150 countries. In another study Filipinos
were ranked as the 6th most positive people in the world, Panama was the most positive country with Paraguay
coming in second and Thailand came in sixth. (Agence France Presse, 2012)

“Pakikisama”
 Pakikisama is involved in important idea in the Philippines. In its most basic sense, ‘pakikisama’ means going
along with others.
Its basic etymological source is ‘sama’ (to go with).
A derived term is ‘kasama’ (companion; together with). In the social interaction context, ‘pakikisama’ means
‘getting along with others’, and ideally getting along ‘well’ with others.
The first part of the term ‘paki-’ is also significant, since it also happens to be the Tagalog affix for ‘please’. It’s as if
the individual is being requested to ‘please’ get along well one’s fellow human beings.
  To be polite is to use paki- or maki-. This is part of the so-called “S.I.R.” coined by Filipino social scientists. SIR
stands for Smooth Interpersonal Relationship. Filipinos go to great lengths to avoid offending another’s feelings
which is why they have this linguistic social convention. It is also part of this whole system of pakikisama and
pakikipagkapwa-tao.
Pakikisama is the opposite of individualism.
Pakikisama is also sharing one’s wealth, talent, time and self with fellow human beings as in bayanihan, working
together for a common good without regard for monetary remuneration. The wonderful feeling of having helped
achieve something for the common good is its own reward. It is interesting to note that the root word for bayanihan
is bayani, “hero;” hence, “being heroes.”

WEEK 7-8
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Pagkataong Pilipino: Indigenous Filipino Personality

I. Salazar’s Kaluluwa at Budhi

Hangarin ng disiplinang antropolohiya na pag-aralan ang likas na tao, kasama na rito

ang pagdalumat ng pagkataong Pilipino. Di gaya ng siyensya na may pretensyong panukat na unibersal,
ang gagamitin kong parametro ay kaalamang bayang dalumat.
Kaya’t ang pagkataong Pilipino ay tatangkain kong isalarawan ayon sa konteksto ng kulturang Pilipino. Sa
ganitong ehersisyo, ang mapapala ay pag-uugnay-ugnay ng mga pangyayaring nagtatalaban sa isang
larangan. Ang pagkataong Pilipino at ang mga salik nito.

Kaluluwa at Budhi

Ayon sa Tesauro ni Panganiban, ang salitang “kaluluwa,” “ikaruruwa” o “kararua” ay palasak sa

iba’t-ibang wikang katutubo sa Pilipinas

Sa pag-aaral ni Manuel, ang mga salitang “kaluluwa,” “ikaruruwa” o “inikaduwa” ay

buhat sa salitang “duwa.” “Two”, dahilan sa dalawa ang kalagayan nito; una ay ang tambalan
ng kaluluwa at katawan, at ang pangalawa ay ang pansariling kalagayan ng kaluluwa.

Sa pag-aaral naman ni Salazar, ang kaluluwa ay batis ng buhay at ginhawa. Ang

Cebuanong salitang “ginhawa” ay “hininga” ang salin sa tagalong. Ang mga Pilipino ay
naniniwala na ang pagkamatay ng isang tao ay dahilan ng pagkalagot ng kanyang hininga.
Kung namamatay ang tao, ang kanyang kaluluwa ay yumayao o pumapanaw. Ang
kaluluwa ay kumakalag (Bk. Hlg. Sl. kalag) sa katawan ng tao. Sa sementeryo ay madalas
nating Makita na ang bansag ay “Sumalangit Nawa.” Ang “nawa” sa Malayo-Polynesia ay
“nawa” sa lumang tagalong na tumutukoy sa espiritu o kaluluwa. Kung gayon, ang tahasang
kahulugan ng SLN ay “ang nawa, kalag, kaluluwa, anito, esppiritu, atbp., sana ay
sumalangit.”

Ang salitang “yawa” sa Cebuano ay masamang uri ng kaluluwa.

Ang kaluluwa ng tao, kapag pumanaw, ay nagiging anito.

Dalawang uri ng anito; (1) ang

anito ng ating ninuno at (2) ang anitong nagbabantay sa ating kalikasan. Sa Benguet at
mayroong silang tinatawag na “puun ti balay” (ancestral house). Ito ang pinalalagakan ng mga
kagamitan ng yumao. Dito rin naninirahan ang anito ng ating mga ninuno.
Ang puun ti balay ay mayroon ding iniingatang “chilos.” Ito’y uri ng ritwal na dapat
gampanan pana-panahon ng mga kamag-anakan ng yumao. Upang maipatupad ito, may
lupang ipinamana na ang kita ay ginugugol sa paghahanda taun-taon.
Ang pag-alis ng kaluluwa sa katawan ng tao ay maaaring pansamantala lamang, ito’y
siyang nagdudulot ng pagkaksakit o pagkawala ng malay o bait.
Puwede ring maglagalag ang kaluluwa kung natutulog ang tao sa pamamagitan ng
panaginip o kung ito’y “In a state of trance” sa pag-awit ng epiko.

Sa pansamantalang pagkawala ng kaluluwa sa katawan ng tao, maaaring ang isangkatawan ay mapasukan

ng ibang kaluluwa. Ang ganitong phenomenon ay tinaguriang langkap, lapi, sanib. Ang kaluluwa na
sumasanib o lumalangkap ay siyang nagpapagalaw ng tao. Angkatawang ng tao ay nagiging kasangkapan
ng kaluluwang lumalangkap o sumasapi. Tingnanang mga sumusunod na babasahin: Abrera, Lieban, Tan
at Terada.

Noong unang panahon at magpahanggang ngayon, ang babaylan, baglan, katalonan,mambunong at

talaytayan ang nakapagaalis ng langkap o sapi sa papamagitan ng karapatangritwal gaya ng tawas,
pagbuhos ng kumukulong tubig sa katawan ng sinasapian na hindi itonalalapnusan o pag-ipit ng pakpak ng
manok saPagitan ng daliri nng sinasapian, nagagalwa o linalangkapan. Ibinabalik nila ang datingkaluluwa
ng may katawan. Ang pagkataong Pilipino sa konteksto sa kaluluwa ay may ilang tambalangkategorya:
(1) maganda/pangit na kaluluwa, (2) matuwid/haling na kaluluwa at (3)dalisay/maitim na kaluluwa.

Ang budhi ay katambal ng kaluluwa. Kung ang kaluluwa ay siyang nagpapagalaw ng buhay, ang budhi
naman ay siyang humuhusga sa buhay na naganap na. Ang budhi ay nag-uusig at siya ring umuukit. Ang
pagsisisi at paghingi ng kapatawaran, pati na rin angpagbabayad ng anumang masamang nagawa, ang
maaaring magpatigil sa budhi sapagpapatuloy ng panguusig at pang-uukilkil nito. Marahil, ito ang
kalagayan ng mga kaluluwangligaw, ligalig at lagalag kaya hindi matahimik hanggang hindi
makapagparamdam atipinagdarasal. Ito ang nagtutulak sa paggwa ng mabuti o masama at nag-uusig
kungmasama ang nagawa. Ang lokasyon ng budhi, katulad ng kaluluwa, ay laganap sa buongkatauhan ng
pagkatao, sa ilalim o kaibuturan. Tulad ng loob, hindi natin maapuhap o maipuwesto ang mga ito sa parte
ng ating katawan.

II. Covar’s Bayang Dalumat at Pagkataong Pilipino

“Madaling maging Tao; Mahirap magpakatao”

Ang salitang tao ay isang pangngalan. Kung ito ay dadagdagan ng panlapi maaaringmaging iba ang
kahulugan. Ayon kay Ramaos, ang “ka – han” kapag inilapi sa isang salitang –ugat ay nagpapahayag
ng kaisipang basal (abstract). Ang salitang katauhan ay nangangahulugang “kabasalan ng diwang
taglay ng salitang – ugat”. Sa ingles ang salin nito ay“humanity”. Ayon naman kay Miranda, ito ay
“humanhood”.

Metapora ng Katawan at Banga

“sa alikabok ka nagmula, sa alikabok ka rin babalik”

Sa Bibliyang paniniwala, ang tao ay nagmula sa isang kipil ng putik, hiningahan ng Maykapal at
naging si Adan. Ganyun din naman, ang banga ay nagbuhat sa putik. Ang katawan ng tao
ay parang isang banga. Ang banga ay may labas, loob at ilalam; halintulad sa kaluluwa nang tao. Ito
ay isang sisidlan o vessel. Ang laman nito ay kaluluwa. Sa ilalim tumatahan ang kaluluwa,
kaniig ng budhi.
Ang jar o sisidlan na tinutukoy ay ang Manunngul Jar na kilala rin bilang “secondaryburial jar”. Ibig
sabihin, pagkatapos ilibing ang bangkay ng tao, ang buto ay muling hinuhukay athinuhugasan saka
inilalagay sa loob ng banga.

TAMBALANG LABAS, LOOB AT LALIM

LABAS: salamin ng kalooban

LOOB:
• Kaut - konsepto ng utang – na – loob sa isang bayan ng Bulakan.
• Lynch at Hollnsteiner – isa sa tatlong pangunahing pagpapahalaga ang pagtanaw ng
utang – na – loob para sa mga Pilipino.
• Ileto – Pasyon and Revolution – tinignan ang koteksto ng lakas ng loob sa kasaysayan.
• De Mesa –loob ng Diyos sa tao at loob ng tao sa Diyos.
• Salazar – loob at labas
• Enriquez – kayamanan ng loob
• Alejo – ang loob ay may laman, lalim at lawak
• Mercado – 5 klasipikasyon ng loob: intelektwal, emosyonal, bolisyunal, etikal at sari –
sari.
• Covar
• Konteksto ng sisidlan (loob at labas)
• Loob – nilalagyan ng laman

PAGKATAONG PANLABAS

Ang katawang panlabas ng tao ay binubuo ng iba’t ibang bahagi ngkatawan mula
ulo hanggang talampakan.

Mukha
Sa mukha nababatid o nababanaag ang saloobin ngating kapwa. Sa mukha
matatagpuan ang noo, kilay, mata, plik – mata, ilong, pisngi, labi, bibig, tainga at baba.

PAGBIBIGAY KAHULUGAN SA BAWAT BAHAGI NG ATING MUKHA:

1.) NOO
a. Malapad ang noo – matalino
b. Makitid ang noo, makitid mag – isip
2.) KILAY
a. Salaubong ang kilay – mainit ang ulo
b. Taas – kilay – isnabera
3.) MATA
a. Mapungayang mata – inaantok
b. Nandidilat ang mata – galit
4.) ILONG
a. Matangaos ang ilong , ilong kastila – dominante
b. Ilong na gumagapang sa pisngi – pango
5.) PISNGI
 a. Matambok ang pisngi – sexy
b. Kulubot ang pisngi – matandang hukluban
6.) LABI
a. Makapal ang labi – “kissable”
b. Manipis ang labi – matabil
7.) DIBDIB – ay kaugnay ng mga salitang “damdam” at “dama”. Ang dibdib ang pandama
ng damdamin.
a. Mayaman ang dibdib – malaki ang hinaharap
b. Dibdiban – seryoso
8.) TIYAN
a. Malaki ang tiyan – busog, matakaw, may bulate,mapagkamakam
b. Maliit ang tiyan – gutom, mahirap, kulang sa kain
9.) SIKMURA
a. Masama – di- mabuting pakiramdam
b. Mahapdi o nangangasim – hindi matanggap
c. Malakas - tanggap ang lahat ng bagay
d. Hindi ko ma “take”

PAGKATAONG PANLOOB

Ang bahaging panloob ng ating katawan ay mayroon ding pagkataong pagpapakahulugan, gaya ng mga
sumusunod:

1.) ISIPAN – pinagmulan ng diwa, kamalayan, ulirat, talino at bait

a. Isip biya – slow learner
b. Matayogmag – isip – deep thinker
2.) PUSO
a. Pusong mammon – soft hearted
b. Pusong bata – heart of stone
3.) BITUKA
a. Sala – salabid na bituka – murderous, buhay na punung-puno ng balakid
b. Halang ang bituka – anti – social
4.) ATAY – ginagamit na panawas ng mambubunong upang matamo ang magiging
kapalaran ng isang desisyon.
a. Madilaw – magiging matagumpay ang isasagawang balak
b. Maitim ang atay – evil, sakuna ang susuungin
c. Walang atay – inconsiderate

PAGKATAONG PANG – ILALIM

KALULUWA
Ang kaluluwa at budhi ay nagtatalaban o in constant dynamic interaction. Samga
Pilipino, ang nagpapagalaw sa katawan ng tao ay ang kaluluwa. Ang kaluluwa ay “life force”.
Hindi namamatay ang kaluluwa sa halip ay humihiwalay sa katawan ng tao. Ito ay umaalis,
lumilisan o yumao.

BUDHI
Ang budhi an gating “built – in corrective mechanism”. Ito ang siyang umuukilkil sa
kaluluwa kung ito ay nagkakamali. Ito ang siyang kumukulit sa kaluluwa upang magsisi at
magbalik – loob.
KATUTUBONG TEOLOHIYA

• KONSISTORYO – ay ang nagdedesisyon sa mga mahahalagang gawain gaya ng

paglalang ng mundo paglalang ng tao sa mundo.
• nagdesisiyon sa kung bakit ang Dios Ama, Dios Anak at Dios Ina
• ang naghahari sa sanlibutan ayon sa kani-kanilang kapanahunan.
• Unang Panahon – Dios Ama – Banal na Tinig
• Dios Anak – nagligtas sa sangkatauhan sa pamamagitan ng pagkakatawang tao at
pagkabuhay sa krus.
• Dios Ina – Women’s Liberation.

TATLONG PERSONA
- Dios Ama, Anak at Espiritu Santo
- Santicima Trinidad
Ang tatlong persona ay naging Dios Ama, Dios Ina at Dios Anak. Naging bayolohikal ang
pinag – ugatan ng Santicima Trinidad. Ang dahilan na sila ay persona, ang bawat persona sa
kanila ay mayroong katawan at kaluluwa.

SIKILOHIYA NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO

• Ang pagbabago ng pagkatao ay nangyayari kung siya ay linalangkapan, sinasapian o
sinasaniban.
• Bulatao – “altered state of consiousness”
• Ang palatandaan ay pinahihiwatig sa pagbabago ng damdamin, isipan,

• kilos, gawa, pati na ang wika.

• Sa madaling salita, may dalawang klase ng pagkataong Pilipino na pinatotohanan ng
pag-aaral ng tao:
(1) likas na pagkatao at
(2) pagkataong may sapi.

WEEK 9
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Loob as a Psycho-Moral Reality

Sarili: Man as Self (Enriquez)

Sarili - a reflex concept at the center of human experience.

- Taga-salo ng karanasan; tumatanggap ng stimuli mula sa labas

- ang Karanasan ay nangyayari sa Sarili - the object of experience

- it is not merely an Object, but the Subject of experience

- it is the core/center that is not merely a receiver of the experience, but is actually the generator of
it.

- there is experience because there is an awareness of it - an awareness of the experience

happening to self

- it is an “Ako” which is conscious of the thing happening “sa akin”.

- it is the locus of freedom

- it affirms itself as an individual through kasarinlan - a separate identity from the external

- it is “malaya” in the sense that it can stand alone.

- it affirms itself as autonomous and capable of self-generated and self-constructive actions in the
sense of “pagsasarili; sariling gawa; sariling sikap”

- “loob is the zone that surrounds it - from where the sarili emanates from (container)

- sarili grows outward, as it does, so does loob

- sarili becomes not like the outside, but the loob.

- supporting structures act as the bridge to link loob to sarili (such as perceptions, emotions,
initiative)

- it is the core of both personality and character

- it manifests it self either as personality or character

Two dimensions of Sarili

1. Psychological Personality - outer, objective aspect of self

- “aking sarili” - personality (defines the actual self)
 - it is a function of sarili insofar as it constitutes the subjective self as distinct and
identifiable individual - the seal of a person’s concrete individuality.

2. Moral Character - set of values and attitudes, principles, norms and ideal that lead a
person his moral form.
- how a person functions as determined by an internal state of deciding whether
something is right or wrong - inner perception of reality

- character - pagkatao (existential self)

WEEK 10
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Katutubong Panukat na Sikolohiyal (Indigenous Personality Measurement)

I. Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (Carlota)

 - it was initiated in 1978 and was motivated by several factors such as:

1. lack of agreement among Filipino researchers about the most salient dimensions of Filipino
personality
2. Choice of traits were from foreign-made tests
3. Scarcity of indigenous measures

- the primary basis for trait identification and item development was an inductive and empirical
approach whereas the final selection depended on the internal consistency of the items in each sub-scale.

- 16 dimensions were originally identified where “Pagkaresponsable” was top ranked; other traits such
as “Pagkamalikhain (Creativity), “Pagkamasikap (Achievement Orientation), and “Pagkamapagsapalaran”
(risk taking) were added because of the interest of the researchers.

- it is a 200-item inventory which assesses 19 personality listed below:

1. Pagkamaalalahanin/Thoughtfulness

2. Pagkamaayos/Social Curiosity

3. Pagkamadaldal/Social Curiosity

4. Pagkamagalang/Respectfulness

5. Pagkamahinahon/Emotional Stability

6. Pagkamalikhain/Creativity

7. Pagkamapagkumbaba/Humility

8. Pagkamapagsapalaran/Risk-taking

9. Pagkamadamdamin/Sensitiveness

10. Pagkamasayahin/Cheerfulness

11. Pagkamasikap/Achievement Orientation

12. Pagkamasunurin/Obedience

13. Pagkamatalino/Intelligence

14. Pagkamatapat/Honesty

15. Pagkamatiyaga/Patience
16. Pagkamatulungin/Helpfulness

17. Pagkamaunawain/Capacity for Understanding

 18. Pagkapalakaibigan/Sociability

19. Pagkaresponsable/Responsibility

II. Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Enriquez)

- Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez sought to construct a test in Filipino that measured Filipino-oriented
traits, behaviors, and attitudes, primarily to identify inventive talent. This materialized with the help of
the National Science and Development Board (NSDB) by sponsoring research project in the early
1970s.

- it consists of 160 items which is in Filipino and with English translations. 141items of which are
organized into 24 trait scales and 2 validity scales.

- the items may be rated through a 5-point bipolar scale (Hinding-hindi or definitely no,Hindi or
no, Walang masabi or nothing to say, Totoo or true, and Totoong totoo or definitely true).

- 19 “identifier items” on self-claimed personality traits which were included in the PUP for
personality research purposes. They assess culturally-relevant behaviors and attitudesfor use as
criterion variables in personality research studies.

- domains under this tool are as follows:

I. Extraversion/Surgency

(-) Pagkasunud sunuran (Conformity)

(+) Ambisyon (Ambition)

(-) Pagkamahiyain (Shyness/Timidity)

(+) Lakas ng Loob (Guts/Daring)

II. Agreeableness

(-) Pagkamapunahin (Criticalness)

(-) Pagkapalaaway (Belligerence)

(-) Hirap Kausapin (Difficulty to Deal w/)

 (+) Pagkamapagkumbaba (Humility)

(+) Pagkamatulungin (Helpfulness)

(+) Pagkamaagbigay (Generosity)

(+) Pagkamagalang (Respectfulness)

III. Conscientiousness

(-) Pagkasalawahan (Ficklemindedness)

(+) Katiyahaan (Perseverance)

(-) Tigas ng Ulo (Stubbornness)

(+) Pagkaresponsable (Responsibleness)

(+/-) Pagkasigurista (Prudence)

(+) Kapatiran (Thriftiness)

IV. Emotional Stability

(+/-) Pagkamapagtimpi (Restraint)

(-) Pagkapikon (Low Tolerance for Teasing)

(-) Pagkamaramdamin (Sensitiveness)

(-) Sumpong (Mood)

V. Intellect/Openness to Experience

(+) Pagkamausisa (Inquisitiveness)

(+) Pagkam aalalahanin (Thoughtfulness)

(+) Pagkamalikhain (Creativity)

- It has 2 Internal Validity Sub-scales:

1. Pagkakaila (Denial) Validity Subscale - consists of items that the respondents are expected to
disagree with if they are honest and careful in answering the questions. The respondents may also deny
the truth, although not necessarily or consciously to protect their ego.
2. Kaugalian (Cultural Norms) Validity Subscale - consists of items that tap some standing
truths about the Philippine culture as gleaned from previous studies and observations (e.g A man
should offer his bus seat to a pregnant woman).
WEEK 11
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Filipino Psychopathology: Sikopatolohiya

Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia - is the study of

abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several 'mental' disorders have been identified that can be
found only in the Philippines or in other nations with which Filipinos share racial connections. Examples of
such are:

A. Amok - Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called 'Austronesian Mood Disorder', in which a
person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and
falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event.

B. Bangungot - a relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his
respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death.

- the person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death.

- this syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndrome and to
the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties have been proven.

Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino people.
One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are for the
most part, less violent.

WEEK 13
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Filipino Psychomedicine: Sikomedikal na Sikolohiya
Filipino psychomedicine, or sikomedikal na sikolohiya in Filipino - is the application of basic psychology
to native healing practices loosely considered as 'medicine'. These practices are closely tied to the faith
healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the babaylan or katalonan, who were suppressed by
the Spaniardsduring their colonization of the Philippines. Examples of such practices include:

1. Hilot - the use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of her child.
2. Kulam - hex or bewitchment.
3. Lihi - an intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or manghihilot
testify that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result.
4. Pasma - a concept that explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness,
especially rheumatism.
5. Susto - soul-flight; derived from Latin American traditions.
6. Pagtatawas - a method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically used by
the albularyo or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions.
- the tawas is used to 'cross' (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or
ailing parts of the body as prayers are being whispered (bulong or oracion). It is then
placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small
receptacle of water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and
assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous
forces:dwarfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo). The water in
the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil
forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the
setting sun.

7. Usog - concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a stranger acquires a mysterious
illness. Apparently derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo.
8. Gaba or gabaan - the Cebuano concept of negative Karma.

WEEK 14-15
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Batayan ng SP sa Kultura at Kasaysayan
Ano ang maaaring maging basehan ng pagkakaroon ng sariling Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino?

Saan natin makikita ang mga ebidensiya para sa pagkataong Pilipino?

Kultura: sining, musika, kasaysayan, kasabihan, pag-uugali, etc…

Sikolohiyang Pilipino vs Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

- MAKIKITA kung papaano TINITINGNAN mula sa PANANAW ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ang

Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

Batayan sa Kinagisnang Sikolohiya

1.KAALAMANG SIKOLOHIKAL ng mga babaylan at catalonan

BABAYLAN - mga unang sikolohistang Pilipino

Maaari bang tingnan ang mga babaylan at katalonan bilang katutubong sikolohista?

Nagmumula sa paniniwalang MAYROON NG SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS (at saibang

kultura) bago pa ito maging isang agham.

2. Ang Sikolohiya sa literaturang Pilipino

PASALITA o PASULAT

salawikain; kuwentong bayan; alamat at epiko

EX: alamat ni malakas at maganda

Talaga bang KATUTUBONG ALAMAT ito? O REDIFINITION at TOKEN utilization ng mga

Espanyol?
 EX: Juan Tamad

Ang pagkakaroon ng ganitong PIGURA na kumakatawan sa mga Pilipino(Uncle Sam) ang maaaring
dahilan ng PATULOY na PANINIWALA sa KATAMARAN ng mga PILIPINO

3. Mga kaugaliang minana ng mga Pilipino

Child-rearing practices

Pamamalo; MATAAS sa pag-AARUGA, MABABA sa INDEPENDENCE training

Paniniwala at ugali ng mga Pilipino

Anu-ano ang mga pamahiin na mayroon tayo?

Makikita ang PATULOY NA PANINIWALA sa mga ito kahit sa kasalukuyang panahon.

Pagtutunguhan sa isa't isa; PAKIKISAMA

Batayan sa Tao at sa Kanyang Diwa

Dito NAGSASAMA ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino at ang Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas

Binibigyang DIIN na ang tao ay may MATERYAL at IMATERYAL na ASPETO

Sa papaanong paraan nagsama ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino at Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas?

FUSION of western PHILOSOPHICAL approach to Psychology; mga tradisyon sa sikolohiya

(philosophical; scientific; ethno-psychology; psycho-medical)

Batayan sa Panahon ng Pagbabagong-Isip

Renaissance period

PAGBIBIGAY ng SIKOILOHIKAL KAHULUGAN sa pumapailalim na ibig sabihin ng mgaakda

nila Rizal at mga gawa nila Luna.
 Example: Noli Me Tangere, Spolarium - sikolohikal na interpretasyon sa panitikan; tinitingnan
mula sa sikolohikal na perspektibo

Batayan sa Panahon ng Pagpapahalaga sa Kilos at Kakayahan ng Tao

INFLUENCED by the western RATIONALIZED PERSPECTIVE in Psychology; LOGICAL

POSITIVISTS; EXPERIMENTATION

- SUMASABAY ang pagsulong ng SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS sa kalagayan ng

PANDAIGDIGANG Sikolohiya

Augusto Alonzo: unang nakatapos ng master's degree in psychology sa UP.

- dissertation: EXPERIMENTAL; paggabay ng mga kamay sa dagang nasa liku-likongdaan;

learning; BEHAVIORIST ORIENTATION

Pagpapahalaga sa KILOS at GAWA ng mga tao; BEHAVIORISM

Batayan sa Panahon ng Pagpapahalaga sa Suliranin ng Lipunan

Experimental/objective Psychology (positivism) vs Psychology that is SOCIALLY USEFUL (critical

social scientists)

Aldaba-Lim (1938 – 1969):

- dapat LUMABAS ang mga sikolohista sa KAGINHAWAHAN ng mga LABORATORYO at

pagsasagawa ng mga PAG-AARAL na WALANG social SIGNIFICANCE

- pumili ng mga paksang may KABULUHAN sa mga tao

- GAMITIN ang PAGKASANAY sa pananaliksik at pag-aaral sa mga tao para MAKABUO ng

mas MABUTING DAIGDIG.

Batayan sa Wika, Kultura at Pananaw ng Pilipino

Enriquez:
 - mahalaga na sa SARILING WIKA GAWIN ang mga PAG-AARAL para hindi maiba ang ibig
sabihin.

- maari ding gamitin ang PAG-IIBA ng WIKANG gamit sa pag-aaral para ma-test ang
RELIABILITY (consistency) at VALIDITY (tama ang sinusukat) ng mga resulta; a form of
TRIANGULATION

- mahalaga na BALIK-ARALIN ang mga pananaliksik na NAISAGAWA ng mga DAYUHAN

WEEK 16-17
Subject: Filipino Psychology
Topic: Tungo sa Maka-Pilipinong Paraan ng Pananaliksik

Mga isyu sa pagpili pa lamang ng paksa ng mga mananaliksik:

1. Mayroong natural na pagkiling sa pagpili ng mga paksa ang manananliksik (intrinsic bias).
2. Pag-uulit ng mga pag-aaral ng mga dayuhan sa konteksto ng Pilipinas.
3. Pagdidikta ng mga taga-utos ng mga pag-aaral sa mga paksang mapag-aaralan.

Ang mga problema tungkol sa pagpili ng paksa ng mga mananaliksik:

1. Ang mga paksa ay hindi hango sa taong pinag-aaralan.

2. Wlang kaugnayan o kabulohan sa kanilang buhay at suliranin ang mga sinasagawang mga pag-aaral.
3. Hindi makakatulong upang mabawasan ang kamang-mangan ng mga tao.
4. Ito ay reresulta sa pagbabago at paglihis ng pag-iisip mula sa katutubo at makatotohanan ayon sa
karanasan ng mga Pilipino, patungo sa oryentasyon ng mga dayuhan.

Mga mungkahi para sa maka-Pilipinong pananaliksik:

1. Ibatay sa interes ng mga kalahok ang pagpili ng paksang sasaliksikin. Dapat kilalanin muna ang kalahok
at hanguin mula sa kanila ang paksa. Ito ay may kaugnayan sa kanilang sariling karanasan ang pag-aaral.
2. Ang paglahad ng katotohanan ayon sa mungkahi ng mga kalahok ang mahalaga.
3. Ang katotohanan tungkol sa sikolohiya at agham panlipunan ay nagmumula sa karanasan ng mga tao, at
hindi sa mga eksperto.
4. Gumamit ng modelo ng pananaliksik na batay sa karanasan ng mga Pilipino.

Mga metodong maaring gamitin para makalikom ng mga datos:

I. Pakikitungo - ang pagsunod sa atas ng mabuting asal ayon sa kaugalian ng pakikipagkapwa

II. Pakikisalamuha - tumutukoy sa pakikitungo sa maraming tao.

III. Pakikilahok - pagsali or pagsubok

IV. Pakikibagay - pag-ayon ng mga kilos, loobin at salit ng isang tao sa kanyan kapwa.

V. Pakikisama - paglahok at pagsama sa gawain ng ibang tao dahil sa pakikipagkaibigan o dahil sa

maaaring ipakinabang sa hinaharap o siyang hinihingi ng pagkakataon
VI. Pakikipagpalagayang-Loob - mga kilos, loobin at salit ng isang tao na nagpapahiwatig na panatag
ang kanyang kalooban sa kanyang kapwa; wala nang nararamdamang hiya dahil sa ganap na pagtititwala.

VII. Pakikisangkot - mas malalim na pakikilahok.

VIII. Pakikiisa - kilos, loobin at salita na nagpapahiwatig ng ganap at lubos na pagmamahal;

pagkakaunawa at pagtanggap sa minimithi bilang sariling mithiin din.

IX. Pakapa-kapa - isang paraan o metodo na walang bahid ng anumang pag-aakala o suppositions.

X. Pagtatanong-tanong - naglalayong malaman o makatuklas ng mga bagay-bagay tungkol sa eksternal

ng mga pangyayari.

- pinakikiramdaman at nagmamasid muna ang mga tao, bago magsimulang magtanong.

- ginagamit upang makatiyak sa mga bagay na gusto niyang malaman at makasiguro o

pagtibayin ang impormasyong nakuha mula sa ibang tao.

Mga Katangian ng Nagtatanong-Tanong:

- kinikilatis mabuti ng mga pinagtatanungan ang nagtatanong bago sila sumagot sa

mga tanong.

- dapat isagawa ng mananaliksik ang mga inaasahan sa kanya ng mga kalahok

(pagbibigay galang, pag-aalay kung ito ay sa tradisyon, pananamit, nararapat na paraan
ng pananalita, atbp.).

- dapat alisto at sensitibo ang mananaliksik sa:

1. Lugar
2. Wika
3. Populasyon
4. Kasaysayan
5. Paniniwala
6. Tradisyon

Pisikal na katangian ng nagtatanong-tanong:

1. Kasarian - mahalagang elemento para sa paksang pangkalahatan o hindi

gaanong maselan sa aspetong pang-kasarian.
2. Edad
 3. Pananamit - pag-aangkop ng pananamit dipende sa kung sino ang magiging
kalahok
4. Kagandahan o Kakisigan - maaaring maging balakid sa pagsasakatuparan ng
layunin at ng kabuuang pananaliksik
5. Lahi - pangunahing balakid ang wika
6. Pagdala ng mga kasangkapan/instrumentong pampananaliksik - maaaring
hindi magdulot ng pagka-hiya ng mga kalahok; maaring hindi pa nakikita ng mga
modernong kagamitan ang ilan at mabighani sa kung papaano nakukuha ang kanilang
mga boses at mukha.
7. Institusyong kinbibilangan - depende sa konotasyon o mga pag-aakala tungkol
sa institusyong kinabibilangan; maaaring makatulong ito o makasama sa kalalabasan
ng pag-aaral.

Pook

- ang mananaliksik ang dapat magtungo sa lugar nga mga pagtatnungan

- dapat matao ang lugar at hindi iilang lamang ang mga maaaring mapagtanungan

- nasa angkop na lugar para sa paksa

- malaki ang epekto ng kapaligiran sa uri nga mga datos na maaaring makuha

Pagkakataon

- kakayahan ng mag-direkta ng patutunguhan ng pakikipag-usap ng mananaliksik

- kailangan ang sapat na kakayahan ng nagtatanong upang maramdaman ang kanilang pagbabago
na hinihingi ng pagkakataon

Panahon

- kailangan sa mga natural na kondisyon at kung kailan masasagot ng maayos ng mga kalahok ang
mga tanong.

- nasa mabuting kalagayan ang pag-iisip; walang mabigat na problemang dinadala

Mga taong pagtatanungan

- mga taong may mataas na posisyon o kalagayan sa lugar

- mga bata

- mga nirekomenda ng ibang tao bilang mga taong nararapat na pagtanungan tungkol sa mga nais
malaman
 - mga taong kinasasalaminan ng kaalaman sa paksang tinatalakay

- mga taong nagpapakita ng interes sa paksang tinatalakay

- sinumang mukhang may nalalaman

Pamamaraan

Mahalagang alamin muna ang mga mahahalagan detalye tungkol sa pook na pagsasagawaan ng
pag-aaral. Sa pagtatanong, mahalagang sundin ang mga sumusunod:

1. Pakatok/Pagbati
2. Pagpapakilala ng sarili at pagsabi ng nilalayon - gumamit ng simpleng pananalita sa
pagpapaliwanag ng layunin at ng paksa ng pag-aaral; dapat ding ipaalam kung gaano katagal
aabutin ang pagtatanong; ipaalam kung magkakaroon ng mga sensitibong tanong upang maihanda
ng kalahok ang kanyang sarili at maiwasan ang pagkabigla.
3. Pagtatantiya sa pagtanggap ng pagtatanungan
4. Pinakaproseso ng pagtatanong-tanong - dapat may ayos o progression ang pagkakasunod-
sunod ng mga tanong; maaring mayroong simpleng gabay para sa mga tanong; dapat
magkakaroon ng kakayahang dalhin sa direksyong inaasam ang mga sagot (probing questions)
5. Pagbubuod - hindi dapat basta na lamang tapusin kapag nakuha na ang mga datos na
kailangan. Dapat na ipaalam, ipaliwanag, at ipakita ang naging resulta ng pag-aaral

XI. Pagmamasid - ang pagmamasid ay isang paraan ng pagdanas ng kapaligiran at kalooban sa

pamamagitan ng paggamit ng senses.

Uri ng paglikom sa pagmamasid batay sa konteksto ng pangyayari

1. Naghahagilap o Naghahanap - walang target

2. Nag-aabang - alam ang target subalit di alam kung kailang ito darating o mangyayari
3. Panonood - may lantarang target
4. Pagsilip - may target na hindi lantaran
5. Pag-aninag - pagkakataong di malinaw ang nais pagmasdan; di malinaw ang target
6. Pagkilatis - maliwanag ang nais pagmasdan; gustong malaman ang mga iba pang detalye

Uri ng paglikom sa pagmamasid batay sa layo ng minamasdan:

1. Pagtanaw
2. Pagdungaw
3. Pagtingala

Uri ng paglikom sa pagmamasid batay sa tagal ng pagtingin:

1. Pagsulyap - mabilis lang

2. Pagtitig - may katagalan
XII. Pakikipagkuwentuhan - ang kuwentuhan ay likas sa umpukan.

Nagsisimula ang kuwentuhan kapag mayroong isang nag-alok ng paanyaya.

Kadalasan ay di tuwirang natatapos ang pakikipagkuwentuhan. Ang pagpapaalam ay senyales na

maaari nang tapusin ang kuwentuhan.

Nagsisimula ang paksa sa kung anumang kapansin-pansin. Nagsisimula sa pakapa-kapa sa kung

ano ang mapag-usapan

Ang gaan at ginhawa sa kuwentuhan:

- nangyayari ang kuwentuhan sa kahit anong lugar na maaring makapagpahinga at maupo ng

komportable

- hinihiwalay ng umpok ang kanilang sarili sa karamihan ng mga tao.

- pantay-pantay ang katayuan ng mga kalahok sa kuwentuhan; walang tagapangasiwa o

tagapamahala sa magiging daloy, takbo o direksyon ng kuwentuhan

- sa kuwentuhan, isinasalaysay ang karanasan sa buhay, pagbubunyag ng lihim depende sa lalim

ng pag-uugnayan.

Ang kuwentuhan ay:

1. Bunga ng isang dinamiko sa loob ng grupo

A. May kamustahan
B. Kilalanan
C. Pakapa-kapa sa paksa
D. Pakikiramdam sa kapwa
E. Pagpapalitan ng kuro-kuro at kaalaman
2. Ang pagpapalitan sa kuwentuhan ay may mga proseso ng:
A. Pasa-pasa - pagpapamahagi ng impormasyon sa grupo
B. Pagsasalin - pagkalap ng impormasyon mula sa pasa-pasa upang mailapat sa sariling
karanasan, at maipamahagi ito sa grupo o kuwentuhan.
C. Pagsasanga- pagkakataon para magkaroon ng ibang sanga o dumami mula sa isang
paksa; magkakaroon ng maraming maliliit na paksa
D. Pagbubuo ng kuwento - ang resulta ng pakikibahagi ng mga kasapi sa grupo

XIII. Ginabayang Talakayan: Katutubong Pamamaraan ng Sama-Samang Pananaliksik

Hindi sapat ang pag-uusap ukol sa mga paimbabaw na katangian ng bagay, pangyayari o
penomena, kailangan itong pag-usapan ng malalim upang maintindihan ng husto.
 Hindi lamang isang tao ang kasangkot. Ito ay may katalakay na nagkakaroon ng palitan ng
palagay at kuro-kuro.

Gabay - isang patnubay, isang taga-akay tungo sa isang layunin; walang dominante o mapang-
aping relasyon sa kanyang ginagabayan.

Ginagabayang Talakayan - isang palitan ng karanasan, kuro-kuro o paliwanag na may iisang

tunguhin. Ito ay ginagamit kapag nais ng mananaliksik na magkaroon ng pang-unawa sa isang
konsepto, karanasan o pangyayari sa pananaw ng mga kalahok. Mas napapalalim ng husto ang
talakayan kaysa kung tatanungin ang mga kalahok ng isa-isa.

Pormat ng Istruktura ng Ginabayang Talakayan

Ito ay binubuo ng 5-7 kalahok na may 3 mananaliksik.

Ang mananaliksik ay binubuo ng:

1. Taga-gabay - tumitiyak na maayos ang magiging daloy ng talakayan; sinisikap

panatilihin ang talakayan sa loob ng napagkaisahang paksang tatalakayin; tumitiyak na
sistematiko ang pag-usad ng talakayan; sinisiguradong ang lahat ng kalahok ay nasa
lugar; sinisigurong ang mga kalahok ay hindi nahihiyang magsalita dahil sa takot na
magkamali
2. Taga-Tala - nagtatala ng mga mahahalaga o pangunahing ideyang manggagaling
mula sa kalahok; itinatala rin ang mga katanungang lumalabas mula sa kalahok;
nagbibigay ng paglalagon sa mga natalakay matapos ang talakayin ang bawat
pangkalahatang paksa sa gabay sa talakayan; siya ang gumagawa ng pinakabuod ng
talakayan; nagbibigay rin ng pangunahing ulat tungkol sa naging proseso ng talakayan.
3. Tagamasid - Nagsasabi sa taga-gabay kung: nalalayo na ang usapan sa paksang
dapat talakayin, kung masyadong nagtagal sa isang paksa; pinagmamasdan ang mga
behavioral gestures ng mga kalahok at ilapat ito sa kanilang mga mungkahi.

Ang proseso ng ginabayang talakayan

1. Pagpili ng Kalahok - homogenous (e.g. isang grupo ng mga manggawa) or heterogenous (e.g. halu-
halong mga estudyante sa iang paaralan)
2. Pagpili ng Panahon - mahalagan pumili ng panahon kung kailan isasagawa ang talakayan.; ibatay ang
kakailanganing oras para sa talakayan sa dami ng mga kalahok at haba ng pag-uusapn.
3. Pagpili ng Lugar - madaling puntahan ng mga kalahok
4. Posisyon ng mga Kalahok - ang posisyon ay paikot, upang mabawasan ang pagkakaroon ng hirarkiya.

Pagsulong ng Talakayan

1. Pagsisimula - pagkakaroon ng isang Ice Breaker para makapagpalagayang-loob ang mga kalahok sa
isa’t isa.; linawin sa mga kalahok ang layunin ng pananaliksik; ipaliwanag ang prosesong pagdadaanan sa
pananaliksik.
2. Pagpapatuloy - paggamit ng mga visual aids upang malinaw ang mga tinatalakay
 3. Pagtatapos - tingnan kung mayroon pang gustong linawin ang mga kalahok; maaring kjnin ang
pahayag ng mga kalahok tungkol sa naging proseso ng talakayan; pagsusuri at paglalahad ng resulta.