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PHYC Week11 Momentum Energy

Momentum is a characteristic of a moving object that is related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass by velocity, and has both magnitude and direction. The momentum of a system remains constant unless an outside force acts on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum. Collisions provide examples of momentum being transferred between objects to satisfy this law. Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, while kinetic energy is energy due to an object's motion. The total energy in a system remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy.

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36 views36 pages

PHYC Week11 Momentum Energy

Momentum is a characteristic of a moving object that is related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass by velocity, and has both magnitude and direction. The momentum of a system remains constant unless an outside force acts on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum. Collisions provide examples of momentum being transferred between objects to satisfy this law. Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, while kinetic energy is energy due to an object's motion. The total energy in a system remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy.

Uploaded by

Manuel Latayan
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What is Momentum?

• All moving objects have what Newton


called a “quantity of motion.”
• Today we call it momentum.
• Momentum is a characteristic of a moving
object that is related to the mass and the
velocity of the object.
What is Momentum?
• The momentum of a moving object can
be determined by multiplying the object’s
mass and velocity.
• Since mass is measured in kilograms and
velocity is measured in meters per second,
the unit for momentum is kilogram-meters
per second (kg x m/s).
• Like velocity, acceleration, and force,
momentum is described by its direction
as well as its quantity.
Example: If both dogs have the same velocity, which one
has the greater momentum?

Labrador Chihuahua
What is Momentum?
• The momentum of an object is in the same
direction as its velocity.
• The more momentum a moving object has, the
harder it is to stop.
• For example, you can catch a baseball moving
at 25 m/s, but you cannot stop a car moving at
the same speed.
• The car has more momentum because it has a
greater mass.
Momentum = mass x velocity
p=mxv
Sample Problems
1. What is the momentum of a 250kg motorcycle
traveling at 26m/s.
Sample Problems
2. If a 0.145kg baseball has a momentum of 4kg
.m/s, what is the velocity of the ball?
Sample Problems
3. Which has more momentum: a 3.0 kg
sledgehammer swung at 1.5m/s, or a 4.0 kg
sledgehammer swung at 0.9 m/s?
Sample Problems
4. A golf ball travels at 16 m/s while a baseball
moves at 7 m/s. The mass of the golf ball is 0.045
kg and the mass of the baseball is 0.14 kg. Which
has a greater momentum?
Conservation of Momentum
• In physical science, conservation refers to
the conditions before and after some
event.
• An amount that is conserved is the same
amount after an event as it was before.
Conservation of Momentum
• The total amount of momentum objects
have is conserved when they collide.
• Momentum may be transferred from one
object to another, but none is lost.
• The law of conservation of momentum
states that, in the absence of outside
forces, the total momentum of objects that
interact does not change.
Conservation of Momentum
• The total momentum of any group of
objects remains the same, or is
conserved, unless outside forces act on
the objects.
• Friction is an example of an outside force.
Momentum = mass x velocity
m1v1=m2v2
Collisions With Two Moving
Objects
• In Figure A, a train car travels at 4 m/s down the same track
as another train car traveling at only 2 m/s.
• The two train cars have equal masses.
• The blue car catches up with the green car and bumps into
it.
• During the collision, the speed of each car changes.
• The blue car slows down to 2 m/s, and the
green car speeds up to 4 m/s.
• Momentum is conserved – the
momentum of one train car decreases
while the momentum of the other
increases.
Collisions With One Moving
Object
• In Figure B, the blue car travels at 4 m/s but the green car is not
moving.
• Eventually, the blue car hits the green car.
• After the collision, the blue car is no longer moving, but the green
car travels at 4 m/s.
• Even though the situation has changed, momentum is conserved.
• All of the momentum has been transferred from the blue car to the
green car.
Collisions With Connected
Objects
• Suppose that, instead of bouncing off each other, the
two train cars couple together when they hit.
• Is momentum still conserved in Figure C?
• After the collision, the coupled train cars make one
object with twice the mass.
• The velocity of the coupled trains is 2 m/s
– half the initial velocity of the blue car.
• Since the mass is doubled and the velocity
is divided in half, the total momentum
remains the same.
Examples:
1. A cannon of mass 750kg shoots a cannon ball of mass
30kg with a velocity of 20m/s. Find the recoil velocity of the
cannon.
Examples:
2. A bullet of mass 0.010kg is shot at a speed of 30m/s
towards a 5kg stationary block. The bullet becomes
embedded in the block on the two fly off together. Find the
speed with which they fly off.
What is energy?

• “the ability to do work”


• The combination of energy and matter
make up the universe:
– Matter is substance, and energy is the
mover of substance.
What is the source of our
energy?
• The source of
practically all
our energy is
the Sun.
The Law of Conservation of
Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it


may be transformed from one form into
another, but the total amount of energy
never changes.
We sense energy only
when the score
changes,
either a transformation
from one form of
energy to another,
or a transfer of energy
from one point to
another.
How is all energy divided?
All Energy

Potential Kinetic
Energy Energy

Gravitation Elastic Chemical


Potential Potential Potential
Energy Energy Energy
Potential Kinetic
• energy of position • energy of motion,
or energy in the form capable of
storage. doing work
– Flowing water
– Water behind a dam – A falling hammer
– Hammer over head – Electrons regenerating
– Food on the plate ATP in a bio’l cell
What is Potential Energy?
o Energy that is stored
and waiting to be
used later
What is Gravitational Potential
Energy?
o Potential energy
due to an object’s
position
o P.E. = mass x
height x gravity
What is Elastic Potential Energy?
o Potential energy due compression or
expansion of an elastic object.

Notice the ball compressing


and expanding
What is Chemical Potential Energy?
o Potential energy
stored within the
chemical bonds of
an object
What is Kinetic Energy?
o Energy an object has due
to its motion
o K.E. = .5(mass x speed2)
6 Fundamental Forms of Energy
1. Mechanical Energy
2. Thermal (Heat) Energy
3. Electromagnetic Energy
4. Electrical Energy
5. Nuclear Energy
6. Chemical Energy
THE END!

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