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Kendriya Vidyalaya C.M.E, PUNE-31: Physics Investigatory Project

The document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Aditya Sabale that verifies experimentally the charging and discharging behavior of a capacitor in an RC circuit. It describes the aim to verify that 63% of the charge is stored in the capacitor at the time constant during charging and remains during discharging. The report documents the procedure, observations, calculations and conclusions from the experiment.

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128 views19 pages

Kendriya Vidyalaya C.M.E, PUNE-31: Physics Investigatory Project

The document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Aditya Sabale that verifies experimentally the charging and discharging behavior of a capacitor in an RC circuit. It describes the aim to verify that 63% of the charge is stored in the capacitor at the time constant during charging and remains during discharging. The report documents the procedure, observations, calculations and conclusions from the experiment.

Uploaded by

peter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

C.M.E, PUNE-31
Physics investigatory
project…

Name:- Aditya Sabale


th
Class:-12 (Sci)
Roll no:-04
Session:-2022-23
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aditya S. Sabale of


class - XII has successfully complete the
project on the topic Charging and
discharging of capacitor in RC circuit
under the guidance of Mrs. K. Shanti
Ma’am during the year 2022-23 in the
partial fulfilment of the physics
practical examination conducted by the
CBSE

SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGH OF TEACHER


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher Mrs. K.Shanti Ma’am for the

help and guidance he provided for completing this

project. I also thank my parents who gave their

ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all

I thank our school management, for providing us

the facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who

have done this project along with me. Their

support made this project fruitful.

Aditya Sabale
INDEX

CONTENT
CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TOPIC

AIM

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

PROCEDURE

CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOPIC

CHARGING & DISCHARGING OF


CAPACITOR IN R-C CIRCUIT
AIM
To verify that 63% charge is stored in a
capacitor in a R-C
circuit at its time constant and 63% charge
remains when
capacitor is discharged and hence plot graph
between voltage and and time
INTRODUCTION
An R-C circuit is a circuit containing a resistor and capacitor in series
to a power source. Such circuits Find very important applications in
various areas of science and in basic circuits which act as building
blocks of modern technological devices.
It should be really helpful if we get comfortable with the
terminologies charging and discharging of capacitors.
1. Charging of Capacitor: -
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to
store energy in an electric field. In the hydraulic analogy, charge
carriers lowing through a wire are analogous to water flowing
through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a
pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but
some water can move by stretching the membrane. The analogy
clarifies a few aspects of capacitors:
▪ The low of current alters the charge on a capacitor, just as the
low of water changes the position of the membrane. More
specifically, the effect of an electric current is to increase the
charge of one plate of the capacitor, and decrease the charge of
the other plate by an equal amount. This is just like how, when
water low moves the rubber membrane, it increases the
amount of water on one side of the membrane, and decreases

the amount of water on the other side.


▪ The more a capacitor is charged, the larger its voltage drop; i.e.,
the more it "pushes back" against the charging current. This is
analogous to the fact that the more a membrane is stretched,
the more it pushes back on the water.
▪ Current can low "through" a capacitor even though no
individual electron can get from one side to the other. This is
analogous to the fact that water can low through the pipe even
though no water molecule can pass through the rubber
membrane. Of course, the low cannot continue the same
direction forever; the capacitor will experience dielectric
breakdown, and analogously the membrane will eventually
break.
▪ The capacitance describes how much charge can be stored on
one plate of a capacitor for a given "push" (voltage drop). A
very stretchy, flexible membrane corresponds to a higher
capacitance than a stiff membrane.
▪ A charged-up capacitor is storing potential energy, analogously
to a stretched membrane.
2. Discharging of Capacitor: -
Using hydraulic analogy only we can understand that when the
capacitor is charged the membrane is stretched, but now if you
allow the water to come out slowly and let the membrane relax,
then it is called discharging of capacitor. In other words, when the
charge on each of the plates becomes zero and the potential
difference across its terminals drops to zero. Below is a graphical
description of capacitor as a pipe with a membrane: -
1. relaxed membrane (uncharged)

Materials Required: -
1. Breadboard
2. 100µF capacitor
3. 1 MΩ resistor
4. Multi-meter
5. 9V battery
6. Wire stripper, connecting wires,
battery connector
7. Stopwatch
THEORY
When a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in
series with a resistor of resistance R and then
connected to a battery of EMF E it gets charged but
since some resistance has been introduced, this
charging process takes some time and hence the
potential difference between the plates of the
capacitor varies as an exponential function of time,
i.e. V α e^xt The circuit diagram for this experiment
is given below: -

Applying KIRCHHOFF’S LAW in the above circuit during


charging i.e. Capacitor is connected to battery
𝑬 − 𝑽𝑪 – 𝑰𝑹=0
(i) 𝑽𝑪 = 𝑸 /C
Putting above in eq. (i)
𝑬 −𝑸\𝑪− 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟎
Since,
𝑰 =𝒅𝑸/𝒅𝒕 Therefore,
𝑬 – 𝑸/𝑪– 𝒅𝑸/𝒅𝒕 𝑹 = 0
𝑬 – 𝑸/𝑪 = 𝒅𝑸/𝒅𝒕 𝑹
𝑬𝑪 − 𝑸 = 𝒅𝑸/𝒅𝒕 𝑹𝑪
Integrating both sides,
∫𝟏/𝑹𝑪𝒅𝒕 = ∫𝟏/𝑬𝑪−𝑸𝒅𝑸
– 𝐥𝐧 𝑬𝑪−𝑸/𝑬𝑪=𝒕/𝑹𝑪……………………….(ii)
𝟏 −𝑸/𝑬𝑪 = 𝒆^-𝒕/𝑹𝑪
Hence, we get
𝑸 = 𝑬𝑪(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕/𝑹𝑪)
Since, 𝑬𝑪 = 𝑸𝑶 (*For a capacitor)
Therefore,
𝑸 = 𝑸𝑶 (𝟏 – 𝒆^−𝟏\𝑹𝑪 ) …………………(iii)
Where,
𝑸 → Charge at time T
𝑸𝑶 → Maximum charge
Also,
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑽 and 𝑸𝑶=𝑪𝑽𝑶
Where,
𝑽 → Voltage at time T
𝑽𝑶 → Maximum voltage
Therefore, from eq. (iii)
𝑪𝑽 = 𝑪𝑽𝑶 (𝟏 – 𝒆^−𝟏/𝑹𝑪 )
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑶 (𝟏 – 𝒆^−𝟏/𝑹𝑪 ) (*Required expression)
[Note: This is the charging equation only, for discharging equation
proceed the same way but only remove E from Kirchhoff law
equation]
Thus, equation for discharging
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑶 (𝒆^−𝟏/𝑹𝑪 )
When 𝑹𝑪 = 𝒕, then equation becomes
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑶 (𝒆^−𝟏) , Which on solving gives
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝑽𝑶
i.e. the voltage on capacitor at time ‘𝑻 = 𝑹𝑪’ becomes 63% of the
max voltage, which means 63% of total charge has been stored in the
capacitor.
This product of R and C has been given a new name, i.e. time
constant and is denoted by τ, which mean for any capacitor in RC
circuit 63% of total charge is at time constant.
In my experiment I have used a 100µF capacitor and 1 MΩ resistor
thus, Time constant = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆c
PROCEDURE
➢ Connect all the components in breadboard

➢ Now take multimeter leads and place them in the two terminals

➢ Now take the Battery and its terminal across the terminal of the
capacitor and start the stopwatch. Note the readings at 20sec
intervals and write them down. [NOTE: - Reading the previous
statement could be astonishing as it says that measure voltage at
20sec interval but one could question that current move at very
high speed so how could one measure the changing readings! But
believe me it wasn’t an easy task but since the voltage depends on
reciprocal of exponential function and as time passes by the
changing readings will get slowed down and even after infinite
time the capacitor could not be charged up to max voltage. Also,
since its time constant is 100sec which is quite practical to
measure at and hence this experiment is very much justified.].
Take 10 readings and if required the 20sec gap could be increased
because as the time passes by the change in voltage becomes
smaller and smaller.

➢ Now let the capacitor be charged up to 460 secs because then it


will become 99.99% charged [since we have a limited time and we
can’t wait for infinite time for it to charge completely!]. Now
remove the battery and now attach a wire in place of the battery
terminals and again note the multimeter readings changing and
record them.

➢ Plot a graph between voltage and time for charging as well asdischarging
OBSERVATION

GRAPH
Plot of voltage vs time
Time on X-axis and Voltage on Y-axiS
On next page--------------------→
• For Charging

• For Discharging
CALCULATION
Now since the Graph are very much similar to the graph of charging
and discharging of capacitor.
At τ=100s, during charging of capacitor the voltage on capacitor is
5.69 volt as it is observed in the experiment. Now using the charging
formula:
𝐕 = 𝟗(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕/𝒕 )
𝐕 = 𝟗(𝟏 −𝟏/𝒆)
𝑽 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 ≈ 5.69
Which is achieved experimentally as well.
Similarly, during discharging,
𝑽 = 𝟗 × 𝒆−𝟏
𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 ≈ 3.30
Which is achieved experimentally as well.
CONCLUSION
Hence it is verified experimentally that 63%
charge is there on capacitor after time constant
during charging and 63% charge is lost at time
constant during discharging.
PRECAUTIONS

• Do all the connection carefully


• Do all the connection neat and tight
• Do not connect Led without resistance
• Keep yourself safe from high voltage
• Before doing any experiment please consult
to your subject teacher or lab assistance
BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ Wikipedia.com
▪ Google search engine
▪ WWW.YOUTUBE.COM
▪ Physics NCERT book for class XI

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