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Charging and Discharging of A Capacitor

This document summarizes a student project on charging and discharging a capacitor in an RC circuit. The project aims to verify that a capacitor reaches 63% of its maximum charge after one time constant during charging, and retains 63% of its maximum charge after one time constant during discharging. The document outlines the circuit setup, theoretical background explaining capacitor charging and discharging equations, experimental procedure for collecting voltage readings over time, and results confirming the 63% rule at the time constant for both charging and discharging.

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28K views16 pages

Charging and Discharging of A Capacitor

This document summarizes a student project on charging and discharging a capacitor in an RC circuit. The project aims to verify that a capacitor reaches 63% of its maximum charge after one time constant during charging, and retains 63% of its maximum charge after one time constant during discharging. The document outlines the circuit setup, theoretical background explaining capacitor charging and discharging equations, experimental procedure for collecting voltage readings over time, and results confirming the 63% rule at the time constant for both charging and discharging.

Uploaded by

kangaanushka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

CHARGING AND

DISCHARGING OF A
CAPACITOR

NAME: CH.S.C. VAISHNAVI


CLASS: XII B
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ch.S.C.Vaishnavi


of class 12 B has successfully complete
the project on the topic Charging and
discharging of capacitor in RC
circuit under the guidance of Ms.
Amulya mam during the year 2022-23.

SIGN. OF
EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude
to my physics teacher
Ms. Amulya mam for the help and
guidance she provided for completing this
project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas


and inputs in making this project. Most of all I
thank our school management, for providing
us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.

-Ch.S.C. Vaishnavi
AIM
To verify that 63% charge is stored in a
capacitor in a R-C circuit at its time constant
and 63% charge remains when
capacitor is discharged.
INTRODUCTION
An R-C circuit is a circuit containing a resistor
and capacitor in series to a power source. Such
circuits find very important applications in
various areas of science and in basic circuits
which act as building blocks of modern
technological devices.

It should be really helpful if we get


comfortable with the terminologies charging
and discharging of capacitors.

1. Charging of Capacitor: -
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy in an electric
field. In the hydraulic analogy, charge carriers
lowing through a wire are analogous to water
flowing through a pipe.
A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed
inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass
through the membrane, but
some water can move by stretching the
membrane. The analogy clarifies a few aspects
of capacitors:

▪ The low of current alters the charge on a


capacitor, just as the low of water changes the
position of the membrane. More specifically,
the effect of an electric current is to increase
the charge of one plate of the capacitor, and
decrease the charge of the other plate by an
equal amount. This is just like how, when
water low moves the rubber membrane, it
increases the amount of water on one side of
the membrane, and decreases
the amount of water on the other side.
▪ The more a capacitor is charged, the larger
its voltage drop; i.e., the more it "pushes
back" against the charging current. This is
analogous to the fact that the more a
membrane is stretched,
the more it pushes back on the water.

▪ Current can low "through" a capacitor even


though no individual electron can get from
one side to the other. This is
analogous to the fact that water can low
through the pipe even though no water
molecule can pass through the rubber
membrane. Of course, the low cannot
continue the same direction forever; the
capacitor will experience dielectric
breakdown, and analogously the membrane
will eventually break.
▪ The capacitance describes how much charge
can be stored on one plate of a capacitor for a
given "push" (voltage drop). A very stretchy,
flexible membrane corresponds to a higher
capacitance than a stiff membrane.

▪ A charged-up capacitor is storing potential


energy, analogously to a stretched membrane.

2. Discharging of Capacitor: -
Using hydraulic analogy only we can
understand that when the capacitor is charged
the membrane is stretched, but now if you
allow the water to come out slowly and let the
membrane relax, then it is called discharging
of capacitor. In other words, when the charge
on each of the plates becomes zero and the
potential difference across its terminals drops
to zero.
THEORY
When a capacitor of capacitance C is
connected in series with a resistor of resistance
R and then connected to a battery of EMF E it
gets charged but since some resistance has
been introduced, this charging process takes
some time and hence the potential difference
between the plates of the capacitor varies as an
exponential function of time, i.e.
V ∝
e xt

The circuit diagram for this experiment is


given below: -
Applying KIRCHHOFF’S LAW in the above
circuit during charging i.e.capacitor is connected
to battery
E – Vc− IR = 0 ..............................(i)
Vc =Q/C
Putting above in eq. (i)
E −Q/C − IR = 0
Since,
I =dQ/dt
Therefore,
E – Q/C – dQ/ dt R = 0
E – Q/C = dQ/dt R
EC − Q = dQ/dt RC
Integrating both side
dt = ∫ EC1−Q dQ
t Q
1
∫ RC
0 0

– ln EC−Q/EC = t/RC ....................(ii)

1 – Q/EC = e-t/RC
Hence, we get
Q = EC(1 – e-t/RC)

Since, EC = Q0 (*For a capacitor)


Therefore,
Q = Q0 (1 – e-1/RC) .....................(iii)

Where,
Q → Charge at time T
QO → Maximum charge
Also,
Q = CV and QO=CVO
Where,
V → Voltage at time T
VO → Maximum voltage
Therefore, from eq. (iii)
CV = CVO (1 − e−1/RC )
V = VO (1 − e−1/RC ) (*Required expression)

[Note: This is the charging equation only, for


discharging equation proceed the same way but
only remove E from Kirchhoff law
equation]
Thus, equation for discharging
V = VO (e−1/RC )

When RC = t, then equation becomes


V = VO (e−1) , which on solving gives

V = 0. 63VO
i.e. the voltage on capacitor at time ‘T = RC’
becomes 63% of the max voltage, which means
63% of total charge has been stored in the
capacitor.
This product of R and C has been given a new
name, i.e. time constant and is denoted by τ, which
mean for any capacitor in RC
circuit 63% of total charge is at time constant.
PROCEDURE
➢ Connect all the components in breadboard

➢ Now take multimeter leads and place them in


the two terminals

➢ Now take the Battery and its terminal across the


terminal of the capacitor and start the stopwatch.
Note the readings at 20sec intervals and write them
down.
Take 10 readings and if required the 20sec gap
could be increased because as the time passes by
the change in voltage becomes smaller and
smaller.

➢ Now let the capacitor be charged up to 460 secs


because then it will become 99.99% charged. Now
remove the battery and now attach a wire in place
of the battery terminals and again note the mult
imeter readings changing and record them.
CONCLUSION
Hence it is verified experimentally that 63%
charge is there on capacitor after time constant
during charging and 63% charge is lost at time
constant during discharging.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ Wikipedia.com

▪ Google search engine

▪ WWW.YOUTUBE.COM

▪ Physics NCERT book for class XII

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