Pre Calculus Reviewer

Trigonometry
-Came from a Greek Word “trigon” which means triangle and “metron” which means
measure.
-Branch of Mathematics that deals with the triangles, specifically right triangle.

LESSON 1: Angles in Rectangular Coordinate System

Angle
-A union of two rays intersecting at a common endpoint
-The two rays are the Sides of the Angle while the common endpoint is called the

Vertex
-If an angle is drawn in a rectangular coordinate system where the initial sides at the
positive x-axis and its vertex lies at the origin such angle is said to be in its standard
position

Quadrantal Angle
-Terminal Sides of an angle in Standard Position
-Axes such as 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360° are called Quadrantal Angle

*The angle rotates in a counter clockwise direction*

Coterminal Angle
- It can be a negative or positive coterminal angle.
- If an angle measures greater than or equal than 0° but less than or equal to 360
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 360)
- Its positive coterminal angles can be found by adding multiples of 360° and its
negative coterminal angles can be found by subtracting multiples of 360°.

Examples:

1. Find 1 positive and negative angles coterminant angle with 80°

2. Find 1 positive and negative angle coterminant angle with 215°

3.Find the least positive and highest negative angle coterminant with 650°

Least Positive Coterminant = 650° - 360°=290°

Reference Angle
-A positive acute angle formed between x-axis and the terminal side falls in the first
quadrant

Example
1. Find the reference angle of 75°

The reference angle of 75° is simply 75° due to angle is in quadrant 1

2. Find the reference angle of 135°

Since the angle is in quadrant 2 we need to subtract 135 by 180

The reference angle of 135° is 45°

3. Find the reference angle of 260

Since the angle is in quadrant 3, we still need to subtract 260° by 180°

The reference angle corresponding to 260° is 80°

4.Find the reference angle of 310°

Since the angle is in quadrant 4, we need to subtract 310° by 360°

The reference angle corresponding to 310° is 50°

If the value of theta is 0 - 90° (0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°) then it is automatically located in Quadrant 1
If the value of theta is 91° - 180° (91° ≤ θ ≤ 180°) then it is automatically located in Quadrant 2
If the value of theta is 181° - 270° (181° ≤ θ ≤ 270°) then it is automatically located in Quadrant 3
If the value of theta is 271° - 360° (271° ≤ θ ≤ 360°) then it is automatically located in Quadrant 4

If the angle is located at Quadrant 1, the reference angle will be the same as the given reference angle
If the angle is located at Quadrant 2, the formula to be used is 180° - θ, where theta is the measure if the given angle
If the angle is located at Quadrant 3, the formula to be used is θ - 180°.
If the angle is located at Quadrant 4, the formula to be used is 360° - θ.
LESSON 2: Angular Measurements (Degree Measure and Radian Measure)

-1 Complete revolution is equal to 2π and half revolution is equal to π 

Conversion of Angle Measure from Degree to Radian and Vice Versa

1.To convert an angle measure from degrees to radian, multiply the given degree by
π
180°

2.To convert an angle measure from radian to degrees, multiply the given degree by
180°
π

Examples:
1.Convert 80° into radian measure

80 π 80 π 4 π
× = =
1 180 180 9

4π
So 80° is equal to
9

2.Convert 240° into radian measure

240° π 240 π 4 π
× = =
1 180 180 3

4π
So 240° is equal to
3

5π
3.Convert into a degree measure
6

5 π 180 150
× = =150°
6 π 1

4π
4. Convert in degree measure.
3

4 π 180 240°
× = =240 °
3 π 1
Arc Length

-The length of an arc S of a circle is given by S=rθ , where θ is the central angle (in
radians) and r is the radius

Examples:
1.Find the length of the arc of the circle with radius of 25 cm subtended by the central
π
angle measuring
3

Solution
s= rθ
π
s= (25 cm) ( )
3
25 π
s= cm
3
s≈ 26.18 cm

2. . Find the length of the arc of the circle with radius of 15 m subtended by the central
angle measuring 2.7.

Given:
r=15m
θ=2.7

Solution
s= rθ
s= (15 m) (2.7)
s= 40.5 m

3. Find the radius of the circle whose central angle is 75° and subtends an arc of 15cm.

Given:
5π
θ=
12
S=15cm
Solution
s
r=
θ
15
r= π
5
12
r=11.46m

Practice Question:

Noah and Lance are conducting a physics experiment on pendulum motion. Their 30 cm
pendulum traverses an arc of 15 cm. to the nearest degree, how many degrees of rotation
did the pendulum swing?

Given:
r=30cm
S=15cm

Solution
s
θ=
r

15 cm
θ=
30 cm

1
θ= cm
2

we still need to convert this to degrees

1 180 90°
× = =28.65 °
2 π π

Therefore, the pendulum swings at 28.65°

Sector of a Circle
- Region bounded by two radii and an arc intercepted by the central angle

Formula for the Sector of a Circle

2.A garden has a sprinkler that waters over a distance of 10 feet and rotates through an
angle of 1500 . What is the area of the garden that the sprinkler waters?
Angular Speed and Linear Speed
Consider a particle moving at a constant speed along a circular arc of radius r. If s is the length of
an arc travelled intime t which subtends an angle θ, then the angular speed (measures in radians
per unit of time), denoted by 𝝎, of a particle is given by

The linear speed, denoted by v, (measured in distance per unit time) of a particle is given by

EXAMPLES
1.The wheels on a racing bicycle have a radius of 13 inches. How fast is the cyclist travelling in miles per
hour, if the wheels are turning 300 revolutions per minute?
LESSON 3: The Unit Circle

A unit circle is a circle drawn in a cartesian coordinate system such that its center lies at the origin and
its radius is equal to 1 unit.

Recall that the equation of a circle with center at (0,0) is x 2+ y2= r2 . Thus, the equation of the unit
circle is given by

x2+ y2= 1.

This equation can be used to verify whether a given point with coordinates (x, y) lies on the unit circle.

Trigonometric Ratios
LESSON 4: Graphing Circular Functions
EXAMPLES:
LESSON 5: Angle of Elevation and Depression
EXAMPLES:
LESSON 6: Trigonometric Identities