MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE

PART II

Chapter 1.
FUNCTION AND LIMITS
 Contents
Exercise 1.1 .................................................................................................. 1
Exercise 1.2 .................................................................................................. 4
Exercise 1.3 ..................................................................................................... 8
Exercise 1.4 ................................................................................................... 12
Class 12 Chapter 1
Function: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
If A and B be two non-empty sets then f is said to be a *log10 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚.
function from set A to set B written as ;𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and *log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚.
defined as x) Hyperbolic Function:
𝑖)𝐷𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 =
𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓 2 2
Domain: 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥
The set of all possible inputs of a function is called 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
domain. 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
*the domain of every function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined. 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
xi) Inverse Hyperbolic function:
*the valves at which at 𝑓(𝑥) becomes undefined or
complex valued will be excluded from real numbers. sinh−1 𝑥 = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , ∀𝑥
*domain is also known as pre-images. cosh−1 𝑥 = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) , 𝑥 ≥ 1
Range: 1 1+𝑥
The set of all possible out puts of a function is called tanh−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 1−𝑥
range. 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
*range is also known as images. csch−1 𝑥 = ln ( + ),𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥 |𝑥|
Types of functions:
1 √1 − 𝑥 2
i) Algebraic function: sech−1 𝑥 = ln ( + ),0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥 𝑥
Any function generated by algebraic operations is
1 𝑥+1
known as algebraic function. Algebraic functions are coth−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 𝑥−1
classified as below.
xii) Explicit function:
ii) Polynomial function:
If y is easily expressed in terms of x, then y is called
A function P of the form
explicit function.
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
+ 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
xiii) Implicit function:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 . 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0
If the two variables x and y are so mixed up such that
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛
y cannot be expressed in terms of x, then this type of
− 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
function. Symbolically𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
xiv) Parametric function:
iii) Linear Function:
If x and y are expressed in terms of third variable (say
If the degree of polynomial function is 1. Then it is
t) such as 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 =
called linear function.
𝑔(𝑡) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
iv) Quadratic Function:
Called parametric equations.
If the degree of polynomial function is 2. Then it is
xv) Even function:
called a quadratic function.
A function 𝑓 is said to be an even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for
v) Identity function:
every 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓.
A function for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑥 is called
xvi) Odd function:
identity function. It is denoted by 𝐼
A function 𝑓 is said to be odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) for
vi) Constants Function:
every number x in the domain of 𝑓
A function for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑏 is called
constant function.
vii) Rational function: Exercise 1.1
𝑝(𝑥) Q1. Given that
The quotient of two polynomials such as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝒂)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊)𝒇(−𝟐)
viii) Exponential Function:
𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒂) 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)
A function in which the variable appears as exponent
Solution:
(power) is called exponential function.
(𝑎)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑒. 𝑔; 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐
(𝑖)𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 − (−2) = 4 + 2 = 6
ix) Logarithmic Functions:
𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 0 = 0
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 𝑜, 𝑎
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1)
≠ 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
= 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1

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= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑝 = 4𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 4) = ((𝑥 2 + 4)2 − (𝑥 2 + 4) Area:
= 𝑥 4 + 16 + 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑎 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √𝐴
= 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 + 12 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4(𝑖)𝑓(−2) = √−2 + 4 = √2  𝑃 = 4√𝐴
𝑖𝑖)𝑓(0) = √0 + 4 = √4 = 2 b) The area A of a circle as a function of its
𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = √𝑥 − 1 + 4 = √𝑥 + 3 circumference C.
𝑥𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 4) = √𝑥 2 + 4 − 4 = √𝑥 2 + 8 Solution:
𝒇(𝒂+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒂) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Q2. Find 𝒉
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
Then
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒙)𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒊𝒗)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Circumference:
Solution: 𝑐
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) {6(𝑎 + ℎ) − 9} − (6𝑎 − 9) 𝑐 2 𝑐2 𝑐2
=  𝐴 = 𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋. ( ) =
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
ℎ ℎ 𝑐2
(6𝑎 + 6ℎ − 9 − 6𝑎 + 9) 6ℎ  𝐴=
2𝜋
= = =6
ℎ ℎ (𝑪)𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
=
ℎ ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
1 𝑎+ℎ+𝑎 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒:
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )}
ℎ 2 2 𝑉 = 𝑥×𝑥×𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑥 3 → (𝑖)
1 2𝑎 + ℎ ℎ
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) } Area of base:
ℎ 2 2
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √𝐴 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3 3
1 ℎ ℎ  𝑉 = (√𝐴) ⇒ 𝑉 = 𝐴2
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) }
ℎ 2 2 Q4. Find the domain and range of the functions g
𝒊𝒊𝒊) (𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 defined below.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = (𝑎 + ℎ)3 + 2(𝑎 + ℎ)2 − 1 (𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5
𝑎 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 ℎ + 3𝑎ℎ2 + 2𝑎2 + 2ℎ2 + 4𝑎ℎ − 1
3
𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, +∞), 𝑅𝑦 = (−∞, +∞)
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 − 1 𝑖𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 − 4 < 0
ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 < 4 𝑜𝑟 − 2 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑎3 + ℎ3 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ2 + 2𝑎2 + 2ℎ2 + 4𝑎ℎ − 1 − 𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 1
=
ℎ
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − (−2,2), 𝑅𝑦 = [0, +∞)
ℎ(ℎ2 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ + 2ℎ + 4𝑎) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1
=
ℎ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 1 < 0 𝑜𝑟
= ℎ2 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ + 2ℎ + 4𝑎 𝑥 < −1 𝑠𝑜 𝐷𝑔 = [−1, +∞)
𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝑖𝑣) 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3|
𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, +∞), 𝑅𝑦 = [0, ∞)
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 6𝑥 + 7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −2
= 𝑣) 𝑔𝑥 = {
ℎ ℎ 4𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > −2
1 𝑎+ℎ+𝑎 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, −2] ∪ (−2, +∞)
= (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
ℎ 2 2 𝑅𝑦 = (−∞, −5] ∪ (−11, +∞)
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
1 2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 𝑣𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ −1
(−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) 𝑥+1
ℎ 2 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − {−1} ∵=
𝑥+1
2 𝑎+ℎ ℎ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 − {1} =
ℎ 2 2 𝑥+1
Q3. Express the following (a) the perimeter P of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
square as a function of its area A. 𝑥 2 − 16
Solution: 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 4 𝑔(−1) = −1 + 2
𝑥−4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒 “𝑥” 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =1
Perimeter:
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𝑥 2 − 16 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → (𝟏)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − { 4} ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 → (𝟐)
𝑥−4
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) From (1)
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 − {8} = 𝑥
𝑥−4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → (3)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 4 + 4 = 8 From (2)
𝑦
Q5. Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐) = −𝟑, = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → (4)
𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝑏
Squaring and adding (3) and (4)
Solution:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 ( ) + ( ) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )2
𝑎 𝑏
 𝑓(2) = (2)3 − 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 1
= cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
 −3 = 8 − 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 1 𝑥2 𝑦2
 -4a+2b+12=0 𝑎2
+ =1
𝑏2
 −2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 6 = 0 → (𝑖)
 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 + 𝑏(−1) + 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 → (1)
 0 = −1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 → (2)
 −𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖) From 1)
 (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 6 = 0 𝑥 𝑥2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ⇒ 2 = sec 2 𝜃 → (3)
−𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 𝑎 𝑎
−3 + 6 = 0 ⇒ −3𝑎 = −6 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 From 2)
Put in 𝑖𝑖) − 2 − 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = −2 𝑦 𝑦2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 2 = tan2 𝜃 → (4)
Q6. A stone falls from a height of h after 𝒙 second is 𝑏 𝑏
approximately given by 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 (3) − (4)
𝑥2 𝑦2
i) when is the height of the stone when  − = sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑏2
(a)𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄? 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝒃)𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝒄)𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄  − 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏
𝒅) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅. Q8.prove the identities
Solution: 𝒊) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
ℎ(𝑥) = 40 − 10𝑥 2 Solution:
(𝑎) ℎ(1) = 40 − 10(1)2 = 40 − 10 = 30 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑏) ℎ(1.5) = 40 − 10(1.5)2 = 40 − 22.5 = 17.5𝑚  2. . =
2 2 2
𝑐) ℎ(1.7) = 40 − 10(1.7)2 = 40 − 28.9 = 11.1𝑚  𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑖𝑖) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ(𝑥) Hence 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
=0 𝑖𝑖𝑖) sech2 𝑥 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) = 40 − 10𝑥 2 Solution:
 0 = 40 − 10𝑥 2
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒙
 10𝑥 2 = 40 2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
 𝑥2 = 4 =1−( 𝑥 ) = 1 −
 𝑥 = ±2 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
 𝑥 = 2 , (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 − 2) (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2) − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2𝑥 −2𝑥
Q7. Show that the parametric equation: (𝑒 + 𝑒 + 2) − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2)
=
𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2
𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 4 2
= 𝑥 = ( )
Solution: (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 → (𝟏) 1 1 2
𝒚 = 𝑥 −𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 ⇒ 𝒕 = 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊) 𝑒 +𝑒
𝟐𝒂 ( 2
)
𝒚 𝒚𝟐
 𝒙 = 𝒂 (𝟐𝒂) 𝟐 = 𝒂. 𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝒚𝟐
(iii) csch2 𝑥 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
𝟐
 𝒙= 𝟒𝒂
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 Solution:
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆
𝒙𝟐
+
𝒚𝟐
=𝟏 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 =( 𝑥 ) − 1 = −1
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
Solution:

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𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1; 𝑔 =
3
,𝑥 ≠1
= 𝑥−1
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 S0lution:
2
4 2 3
= 𝑥 =( 𝑥 ) (𝑎)𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( )
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥−1
2 3 6 6+𝑥−1
1 1 = 2( )+1= +1 =
=( 𝑥 −𝑥 ) = = 𝑐𝑠𝑒ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑒 −𝑒 sinh2 𝑥 5+𝑥
2 =
𝑥−1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
b) 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 1)
Q9. Determine whether the given function 𝒇 is even 3 3
or odd. = =
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 2𝑥
Solution: c) 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 + 1) + 1 = 4𝑥 + 3
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + (−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 3
d) 𝑔𝑜𝑔(𝑥)=𝑔(𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥−1) =
 = −(𝑥 3 + 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) 3
𝑥−1
−1
 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑. 3 3(𝑥 − 1) 3(𝑥 − 1)
 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 = = =
3 − (𝑥 − 1) 3 − 𝑥 + 1 4−𝑥
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 2)2 ≠ ±𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥−1
𝟏
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑. 𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 5 Solution:
 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥√(−𝑥)2 + 5 𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
 = −𝑥√𝑥 2 + 5 = −𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑. = 𝑓( ) = √ + 1 = √ =
1
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥
v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6 1
1 𝑏)𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(√𝑥 + 1) = 2
⇒𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6 (√𝑥 + 1)
[(−𝑥)2 ] + 6 1
1 =
= (𝑥 2 )3 + 6 𝑥+1
1 2
( )
= (𝑥 2 ) 3 + 6 = 𝑥 3 + 6 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐) 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(√𝑥 + 1) = √√𝑥 + 1 + 1
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛. 1 1 1
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙 𝑑)𝑔𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( 2 ) = = = 𝑥4
𝒗𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝑥 1 2 1
( 2) 𝑥4
(−𝑥)2 −(−𝑥) −𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 +1
= (𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟏
, 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝑥 2 +1
3 √𝒙−𝟏
(𝑥 −𝑥)
 =− 𝑥 3 +1
= −𝑓(𝑥) Solution:
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑑. a)𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
Composition of function: 1
𝑓((𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) =
If f is a function from set A to set B and g is a function √(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 1
from set B to set C then composition of f and g is
denoted by 1 1 1
= = =
(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 √𝑥 4 +1+ 2𝑥 2 −1 √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)
Inverse of a function: 𝟏
Let 𝑓 be a bijective (1 − =
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 )𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝟏
𝐴 𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑏 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓: 𝐴 𝒃) 𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈 ( )
√𝒙 − 𝟏
→ 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −1 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜)𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑖. 𝑒 = [( ) + 𝟏] = ( + 𝟏)
−1
𝑓 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑓 : 𝑅𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝟐
𝟏+𝒙−𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
=( ) =( )
Exercise 1.2 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝒄)
Q1. The real valued functions 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 are defined 𝟏
below. find 𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇 ( )
√𝒙 − 𝟏
(𝒂)𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) (𝒃)𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) (𝒄)𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) (𝒅)𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙)

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𝟏 𝟏 𝑦−8
= = 𝟏
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8 ⇒ =𝑥
−2
𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝑦−8
√ −𝟏 ( )  𝑥=
√𝒙 − 𝟏 √𝒙 − 𝟏 −2
𝑦−8
−𝟏\𝟐  𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = ⇒∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
−2
𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 −1 (𝑦)
=( )  𝑓 =𝑥
√𝒙 − 𝟏 Replace y by x we have
𝟏 𝑥−8
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐
√𝒙 − 𝟏  𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = −2
=( ) =√ −1−8 9
𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔  𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 −1 (−1) = −2
=2
d)
𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟕
= 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) Solution:
𝟐 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕
= ((𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟏)
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕
(iv) 𝒚−𝟕
𝟐
 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟑
𝟒 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏
√𝒙 𝒚−𝟕 𝟑
Solution:  𝒙= ( )
𝟑
𝒂) 𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))  ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) ⇒ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚−𝟕 𝟑
= 𝒇( ) = 𝟑( ) − 𝟐( )  𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = ( )
√𝒙 √𝒙 √𝒙 𝟑
𝟖 𝟒𝟖 𝟖 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟖𝒙 Replace y by x we have
= 𝟑(𝟏𝟔/𝒙𝟐 ) − = 𝟐 − = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒙−𝟕 𝟑
b)  𝒇 = ( 𝟑 )
𝟏
𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) −𝟏 (−𝟏) −𝟖 𝟑
Put 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒇 = ( )
= 𝒈(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 Verification:
= = = 1 1 2
√𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐) 𝒙√𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑥−7 3 𝑥−7 2
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 [( ) ] = 3 [( ) ] +7
c) 3 3
𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
𝑥−7
𝟒 𝟐 = 3( )+7= 𝑥−7+7 = 𝑥
= 𝟑(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) 3
d) 1
𝟏 −1 −1 (3𝑥 3
3𝑥 2 + 7 − 7 3
𝟐 −
𝟐
𝑓 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 + 7) = ( )
3
𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒈 ( ) 1
√𝒙
𝟏 3𝑥 3 3
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −
𝟐 =( ) =𝑥
= = = 𝟐( ) 3
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝒙 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
√ ( )
√𝒙 √𝟐 iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 9)3
𝟏  𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 9)3
√𝒙 𝟐 √𝒙 √√𝟐 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = (−𝑥 + 9)3
= 𝟐 ( ) = 𝟐√ = √𝟐. √𝟐 1
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝑦 3 = −𝑥 + 9
 𝑦 5 − 9 = −𝑥
1
= √𝟐√𝒙  𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦5
1
Q2.  𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 9 − 𝑦 3
For the real valued function f defined below, find (∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥
(𝒂)𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) (𝒃)𝒇−𝟏 (−𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
1
𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 3
1
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖 Put 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 −1 (−1) = 9 − (−1)3 = 9 − (−1) = 0
Solution: Verification:
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 8 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒇 (𝟗 − 𝒙𝟑 ) = [− (𝟗 − 𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟗]

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𝟏 𝟑  𝒙(𝒚 − 𝟏) = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏
= (−𝟗 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗) = 𝒙 𝟒𝒚−𝟏
 𝒙= 𝒚−𝟏
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
𝒇 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇 ((−𝒙 + 𝟗) ) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = ,𝒙 ≠ 𝟏
= 𝟗 − ((− − 𝒙 + 𝟗)𝟑 )𝟑
= 𝟗 − (−𝒙 + 𝟗) 𝒙−𝟏
By def. of inverse function.
=𝟗+𝒙−𝟗=𝒙
−1 (𝑥)) 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {1}
Hence 𝑓(𝑓 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {4}
iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏 iii)
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
Let 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 1
𝒙−𝟏 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ −3
 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝑥+3
1
 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3} ∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ −3
𝑥+3
 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟏 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {0} 𝑦 =
1
𝑥+3
 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝟐) = 𝟏 + 𝒚 1
𝟏+𝒚 By def. of inverse 𝑥+3=𝑦
 𝒙=
𝒚−𝟐
1
 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {0} 𝑥= −3
𝟏+𝒙 𝑦
 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 1
𝒙−𝟐
𝟏+(−𝟏) 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3} 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = − 3, 𝑥 ≠ 0
 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = −1, 𝒇 −𝟏 (−𝟏)
= =𝟎 𝑥
−𝟏−𝟐
𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3}
Verification:
𝟏+𝒙 iv)
𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟏 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 , 𝑥 ≥ 5
−𝟏 (𝒙))
𝒇 (𝒇 = 𝒇( )=
𝒙−𝟐 𝟏+𝒙 𝐷𝑓 = [5, +∞) , 𝑅𝑓 = [0, +∞)
𝒙−𝟐−𝟏 By definition of inverse function.
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙) + 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = [0, +∞), 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = [5, +∞)
= =
𝟏 + 𝒙 − (𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑 Limits of functions:
𝒙−𝟐
Hence 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function then a number L is said to be
Q3. limit of 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑥 approaches to a from both left
Without finding the inverse, state the domain and and right hand side of a , symbolically it is written as;
range of 𝒇−𝟏 ) 𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙−𝟒
,𝒙 ≠ 𝟒 And read as “limit of 𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 as approaches to a is
𝟏
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟑
,𝒙 ≠ −𝟑 equal to L”

Theorems on limits of functions:

𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)^𝟐 , 𝒙 ≥ 𝟓 i) lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) +

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Solution: lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
i) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 =𝐿+𝑀
∵ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐 ii) lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) −
<𝟎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝒐𝒓 𝒙 < −𝟐 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎
𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟐, +∞), 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞) =𝐿−𝑀
By definition of inverse function, iii) lim [𝑘, 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑫𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞) iv) lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
By definition of inverse function, 𝐿𝑀
𝑫𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞), 𝑹𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟐, +∞) 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
v) lim (𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
=𝑀
ii) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏 𝑛
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟒
,𝒙 ≠𝟒 vi) lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏
𝑫𝒇 = 𝑹 − {𝟒}, ∵ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟒 , 𝒙 ≠ 𝟒 Theorem:
𝒙−𝟏 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
𝑹𝒇 = 𝑹 − {𝟏} 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟒 Prove that lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
 𝒚𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏 And 𝑎 > 0
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Proof: Theorem:
Case 1: 𝟏 𝒏
Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝒆
𝒙→+∞ 𝒏
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 0 Using Binomial theorem we have
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 𝑛
(1 + ) = 1 + 𝑛 ( ) +
1 𝑛(𝑛−1) 1 2
( ) +
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 1 3
( ) +⋯
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 0 𝑛 𝑛 2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛
𝑛−1 𝑛−2 (𝑛−3) 2 𝑛−2 𝑛−1
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 +𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑎 +𝑎 1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
= lim =1+1+ ( )+ ( )( )+….
2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
1 1 1 1 2
2+ (1 − ) + (1 − ) (1 − ) + ⋯
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥(𝑛−3) 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 ) 2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 1 2 3
= 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 . 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 . 𝒂𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝒂𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 → ∞, , , . . 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 Thus,
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 1 𝑛 1 1 1
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 lim (1 + ) = 2 + + + + ⋯
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2! 3! 4!
𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 = 2 + 0.5 + 0.16667+..
Case 11: = 2.718281
Suppose n is +ve. Thus,
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 1 𝑛
(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓) lim (1 + ) = 𝑒
𝑥→+∞ 𝑛
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒙−𝒎 − 𝒂−𝒎 Deduction:
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 We know that
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙−𝒎 − 𝒂−𝒎 ) . = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 . 𝒏 ) = 1 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
𝒂𝒎 − 𝒙𝒎 𝟏 lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 → (1)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 1 1
𝒙𝒎 − 𝒂𝒎 −𝟏 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) ( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑥 → 0
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
𝒙𝒎 − 𝒂𝒎 −𝟏 So (i)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂
−𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒙 = 𝒆
𝒙→𝟎
𝒎𝒂𝒎−𝟏 ( 𝟐𝒎 )
𝒂 Theorem:
−𝒎𝒂𝒎−𝟏−𝟐𝒎 = −𝒎𝒂(−𝒎−𝟏) = 𝒏𝒂(𝒏−𝟏) Prove that
Thus 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ∵ 𝒏 = −𝒎 𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Proof:
𝑎𝑥 − 1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥
Theorem: 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒚
√𝒙+𝒂−√𝒂 𝟏 So 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)
Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂
=𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 √𝒂
As 𝒙 → 𝟎 , 𝒚 → 𝟎 𝒔𝒐
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: 𝒚
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 0 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏+𝒚)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝒚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 √𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)
= lim ( × ) 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥→0 𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝑥+𝑎−𝑎 𝒚→𝟎 𝟏 𝒚→𝟎 𝟏
= lim 𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟑
𝑥→0 𝑥(√𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎) 𝟏
𝟏
1 = = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂 ∵ 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝒚)𝒚 = 𝒆
= lim 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒆 𝒚→𝟎
𝑥→0 (√𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎)
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺
1 𝒂𝒙 −𝟏
= lim Thus 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂
𝑥→0 (√𝑎 + √𝑎) 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
1 Deduction:
= lim 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝑥→0 (2√𝑎) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 Since we know that
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 lim = 1/2√𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
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𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏 𝜃 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂 → (𝒊) 𝑜𝑟 1 < <
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂 = 𝒆 𝒊𝒏(𝟏)𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝜃 → 0
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏 lim (1) > lim > lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝜃→0 𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0
Important results to remember: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙 ) = ∞ 1 > lim >1
𝜃→0 𝜃
𝒙→+∞
𝟏 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝒊𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( −𝒙 ) = 𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒙→−∞ 𝒙→−∞ 𝒆 lim =1
𝒂 𝜃→0 𝜃
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝟎 𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝒙→±∞ 𝒙
The Sandwich theorem: Exercise 1.3
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
Q1. Evaluate each limit by using theorems of limits.
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) For all numbers 𝑥 in some open
𝑖) lim (2𝑥 + 4)
interval containing "c" itself .𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥→3
𝑥→𝑐 Solution:
lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑏/𝑤
𝑥→𝑐 lim (2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→3
𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥)𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 = lim 2𝑥 + lim 4 = 2(3) + 4 = 10
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
Theorem:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑖𝑖) lim (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→1
If 𝜃 is measured in radian, then lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃 Solution:
Proof: = 3(1)2 − 2(1) + 4 = 3 − 2 + 4 = 5
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 1)𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4
𝑥→3
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: √(3)2 + 3 + 4 = √16 = 4
A 𝑖𝑣) lim 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 4
𝑥→2
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: (2)√(2)2 − 4 = 0
𝜃 𝑣) lim (√𝑥 3 + 1 − √𝑥 2 + 5))
𝑥→2
√(2)3 + 1 − √(2)3 + 5 = 3 − 3 = 0
O
C B D 2𝑥 3 +5𝑥
(𝑣𝑖) lim
𝑥→−2 3𝑥−2
3
2(−2) + 5(−2) −16 − 10 26 13
= =− =
1 3(−2) − 2 −8 −8 4
Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙)
Q2. Evaluate each limit by using algebra techniques.
1 |𝐴𝐶|
= |𝑂𝐵||𝐴𝐶| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥3 − 𝑥
2 |𝑂𝐴| 𝑖) lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1
1
= (1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) |𝐴𝐶| = |𝑂𝐴|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Solution:
2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 0
1 lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 |𝐴𝐶| = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
2 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = |𝑂𝐴| = |𝑂𝐵| = 1 = lim = lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
1
Area of sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 = lim 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = (−1)(−1 − 1) = 2
2 𝑥→−1
1 1 𝑖𝑖)
= (1)2 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 2 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
1 lim ( 2 )
Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐷 = (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙) 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥
2
1 |𝐴𝐷| Solution:
= |𝑂𝐴||𝐴𝐷| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2 |𝑂𝐴| 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 0
1 lim ( 2 ) ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 |𝐴𝐷| = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥 0
2 2
𝑥(3𝑥 + 4) 3𝑥 2 + 4
Now by (1) = lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 1
1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 𝜃 < 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2
3(0) + 4 4
2 2 2 = = =4
𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 𝜃 < 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 0+1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑜𝑟 < < × (÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑥 3 −8 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 lim 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→2

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Class 12 Chapter 1
(𝑥)3 − (2)3 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6 ℎ→0 ℎ(√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥) 1
= lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 2(𝑥 + 3)
+ ℎ + √𝑥)
ℎ→0 √𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥) 11
= lim = =
𝑥→2 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) √𝑥 + √𝑥 2√𝑥
2
𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑥 (2)2 + 4 + 2(2) 12 𝑖𝑥)
= lim = =
𝑥→2 𝑥+3 2+3 5 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
𝑖𝑣) lim
𝜃→𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 0 Solution:
lim 3
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
𝑥→1 𝑥 −𝑥 0 lim 𝑥 𝑚−𝑎𝑚
0
(0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
(𝑥 − 1)3 𝜃→𝑎
= lim ∵ (𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 lim
= lim ( 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) = 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
(𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚
lim = lim lim
𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
(1 − 1)2 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= =0 = (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
1(1 + 1) 𝑚𝑎𝑚−1 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑣) 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛−1−𝑚+1 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑥3 + 𝑥 𝑚 𝑚
lim ( ) Q3. Evaluate the following limits.
𝑥→−1 𝑥2 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
Solution: 𝑖) lim
𝑥 3 +𝑥 0
𝑥→0 𝑥
lim (𝑥 2 −1) (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 Solution:
𝑥→−1
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥2 (−1)2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 0
lim ( ) lim = = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→−1 𝑥 − 1 −1 − 1 −2
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
𝑣𝑖) = 7 (lim ) = 7(1) = 7
𝑥→0 7𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 32 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
lim ∵ lim =1
𝑥→4 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝜃→0 𝜃
Solution: 𝑖𝑖)
2𝑥 2 − 32 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim
3 2
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 lim
𝑥−4 𝑥 − 4𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑥
2(𝑥 2 − 16) 2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) Solution:
= lim 2 = lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) 𝑥→4 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)
2(𝑥 + 4) 2(4 + 4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 0
lim = =1 lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥2 42 𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑣𝑖𝑖) lim 𝜋
= 𝑥→0𝑥180 ∵ 10 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180
√𝑥 − √2 √𝑥 + √2 𝜋𝑥
lim × 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 √𝑥 + √2 180
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
(√𝑥) − (√2) lim
= lim 𝑥→0 180 π
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 + √2 = 𝜋𝑥 ×
180
𝑥−2 1 1 180
lim = lim = π π
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 − √2 𝑥→2 √𝑥 + √2 √2 + √2 1× =
180 180
1
= Iii)
2√2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 Solution:
lim 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
ℎ→0 ℎ lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
Solution: 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√𝑥+ℎ−√𝑥 0
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = lim ×
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥 1 − cos2 𝜃
= lim × = lim
ℎ 0→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
ℎ→0 √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥

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Class 12 Chapter 1
1 − cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
= lim = lim lim ( 2
) ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑥→0 sin 𝜃 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim = = =0 lim ∵ sin 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
2
𝜃→0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0 1 − cos 2 𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 1
iv)  sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0  lim (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(1 +
lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥→0
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜋 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 1 1 1 1
 = lim = = =
 𝑥 = 𝜋−𝑡 𝜃→0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1+cos(0) 1+1 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 → 𝑜 ix)
So
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin(𝜋 − 𝑡) sin2 𝜃
lim = lim lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝜃→0 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 Solution:
= lim ∵ sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡→0 𝑡 sin2 𝜃 𝑜
=1 lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝑜
𝑣) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 lim lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1.0 = 0
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0
lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑥)
Solution: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 0
lim
lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 0 Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 0
× 𝑎𝑥
lim ( 𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
0
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
× 𝑏𝑥 1 1 1 − cos2 𝑥
𝑏𝑥 = lim ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = lim ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
lim × 𝑎𝑥 1 × 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
𝑎𝑥
= (𝑥→0 )= = 1 sin2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 1 × 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 = lim ( ) ( ) = lim . lim
lim × 𝑏𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑏𝑥
vi) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 = lim . lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 xi)
Solution: 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝜃
𝑥 0 lim
lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝜃→0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝜃
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
1 Solution:
= lim 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝜃 𝑜
𝑥→0 lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑥𝑥 𝜃→0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝜃 𝑜
= lim 𝑥.
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑝𝜃 𝜃 2
𝑥 2 sin2 ( 2 ) (lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 ) )
𝜃→0
= lim . lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝜃→0 𝑞𝜃 𝑞𝜃 2
2 sin2 (lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 2 𝜃→0
= (lim ) . lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝
= (1)−1 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1.1 = 1 (lim 𝑝𝜃2 × 𝑝𝜃 )
𝜃→0 2 𝑝𝜃 2
vii) (1 × 2 )
= 2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2 =
lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑞 𝑞𝜃 2
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑞𝜃 (1 × 2)
(lim 2 × )
Solution: 𝜃→0 𝑞𝜃 2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 0 2
lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝2 𝜃 2
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0
= 24 2 = 𝑝2 /𝑞2
2
2 sin 𝑥 𝜃
= lim 2
∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 sin ( ) 𝑞 𝜃
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 4
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 xii)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
 = 2 (lim ( 𝑥 ) 2
= 2(1) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥→0 lim
(viii) 𝜃→0 sin3 𝜃
Solution:
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
lim ( ) lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 sin2 𝜃 𝜃→0 sin3 𝜃
Solution:
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Class 12 Chapter 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 3 6
= lim ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) = lim (1 + 3𝑥)𝑥×3 = lim (1 + 3𝑥)3𝑥
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1 6
= [lim (1 + 3𝑥) ] = 𝑒 6 3𝑥
1 𝑥→0
= lim 3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑣𝑖𝑖)
𝜃→0 sin 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= lim (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = lim 1/ sin2 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 1
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 𝜃→0
lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑥2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0
= lim 2
= lim Solution:
𝜃→0 1 − cos 𝜃 𝜃→0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1
1 1 1 lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑥2
= = = 𝑥→0
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 1 2 2
2 1
Q4.express each limit in terms of 𝒆 = lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )2𝑥2 = [lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )2𝑥2 ] = 𝑒 2
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
1
Solution: lim (1 − 2ℎ)ℎ
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 ℎ→0
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) Solution:
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝟐 1 1
𝟏 𝒏 = lim (1 − 2ℎ)ℎ = lim (1 + (−2ℎ))ℎ
= [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟐 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 −2 1 −2
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 = lim (1 + (−2ℎ))−2ℎ = [lim (1 + (−2ℎ)) ]
−2ℎ
ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
−2
Solution: =𝑒
𝟏
𝒏 𝟐
𝟏 𝑖𝑥)
= [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟐 𝑥 𝑥
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
lim ( )
𝑥→0 1 + 𝑥
𝟏 𝒏 Solution:
iii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑥 𝑥
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝒏
lim ( )
Solution: 𝑥→0 1 + 𝑥
𝟑𝒏 𝟏 1 + 𝑥 −𝑥 1 𝑥(−1)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 = lim ( ) = lim ( + 1)
[ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + )] 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝒏 𝑥 −1
1
𝟏 = [lim ( + 1) ] = 𝑒 −1
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 𝒆𝟑
𝒊𝒗) (𝑥)
𝒏 1
𝟏 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − ) lim ( ),𝑥 < 0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑥→0 1
Solution: 𝑒𝑥 +1
𝒏 −𝒏 −𝟏 Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + (− )) = [ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + (− )) ]
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑒𝑥 − 1
−𝟏 1 ) lim (
=𝒆 𝑥→0
𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝒗)
Since 𝑥 < 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 > 𝑜
𝟒 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 → 0 , 𝑡 → 0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 1 1
Solution: 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑒𝑡 − 1
𝑠𝑜 lim ( ) = lim ( )
𝟒 𝒏 𝑥→0 1 𝑡→0 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑡 + 1
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 1 1
𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 1 1 11
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 ( )
−1
𝑒𝑡 −1 𝑒0 −1 𝑒 ∞∞ −1
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = [ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟒 = lim = = 1 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑡→0 1 1 1
1 1 𝑒∞ + 1 +1
𝑒𝑡 + 1) ∞
𝑣𝑖) ( ( + 1) 𝑒0
2 0−1 1
lim (1 + 3𝑥) 𝑥 = = − = −1
𝑥→0 0+1 1
Solution: 𝒙𝒊)
2
lim (1 + 3𝑥) 𝑥
𝑥→0

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𝟏 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏
,𝒙 > 𝟎 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 5
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 = −2
Solution: 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 5
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑥→+ 𝑥→1
𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝒆𝒙 +𝟏 = −2
𝟏 𝐴𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝟏) So,
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −2
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥→1
𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝑖𝑖)
𝟏)
𝑥 2 −9
𝒆𝒙 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑐 = −3
𝑥−3
𝟏 Solution:
(𝟏 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏−
∞ 𝟏−∞ 𝟏−𝟎 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
= 𝒆𝟎= 𝒆 = = =𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝟎 𝑥2 − 9
(𝟏 + 𝟏 ) 𝟏 + 𝒆∞ 𝟏 + ∞ lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3 𝑥−3
𝒆𝟎 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
The left hand limit: lim = lim − 𝑥 + 3 = −3 + 3 = 0
𝑥→−3− (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥→−3
𝑖𝑓 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑥→𝑎
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 a𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 "𝑎" 𝑥2 − 9
(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − ∞ 𝑡𝑜 𝑎)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +
𝑥→−3+ 𝑥→−3 𝑥 − 3
𝑥→𝑎
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
lim = lim + 𝑥 + 3 = −3 + 3 = 0
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕: 𝑥→−3+ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥→−3

𝑖𝑓 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

𝑥→𝑎 So,
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 a𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 a(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑎 𝑡𝑜 ∞) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥→−3
𝑥→𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡.
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5|, 𝑐 = 5
𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂 )
Solution:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓
𝑥→𝑎 L.H.S
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−|𝑥 − 5| = 5 − 5 = 0
𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→5 𝑥→5
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 R.H.S
Continuous Function: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+|𝑥 − 5| = 5 − 5 = 0
A function f is said to be continuous at a number 𝑥 = 𝑥→5+ 𝑥→5
As
𝑜 𝑖𝑓
𝑖) 𝑓(𝑎)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑖) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. 𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 So
= 𝑓(𝑎)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
Discontinuous function: 𝑥→5
A function 𝑓(𝑥)is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if Q2. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) i)
𝑥→𝑎 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = { ,𝒄 = 𝟐
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟐
 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 Solution:
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
 Any function which does not satisfied at least lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 + 5) = 2(2) + 5 = 9
one of three conditions of continuous is called 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
R.H.S
discontinuous.
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(4𝑥 + 1) = 4(2) + 1 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Exercise 1.4 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5
Q1. Determine the left hand limit and the right hand  𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 5 = 9
limit and then find the limit of the following As 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜
functions when 𝒙 → 𝒄 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟓, 𝒄 = 𝟏 𝑥→2
 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Solution: 𝑥→2

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ii) Solution:
3𝑥 − 1𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑚𝑥) = 3𝑚
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑓(𝑥) = {4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(−2𝑥 + 9)
2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= −2(3) + 9 = 3
Solution:
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑓(3) = 𝑛
L.H.S
Given that 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(3𝑥 − 1) = 3(1) − 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1  3𝑚 = 3
R.H.S  𝑚=1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥) = 2(1) = 2 We know that for a continuous function
𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 ⇒ 𝑓(1) = 4 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑎𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. 3𝑚 = 3 = 𝑛
𝑥→1
But lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(1)hence f(x) is discontinuous.  𝑛 = 3, 𝑚 = 1
𝑥→1
i)
𝟑𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟑
Q3.if 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 − 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐
𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
𝟑 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐
Solution:
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟐
= lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑚𝑥) = 3𝑚
Solution: 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
i) 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 )
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑥=2 = (3)2 = 9
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆; . lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓(3) = (3)2 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= (2)2 − 1 = 3 Given that 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 3 = 3  3𝑚 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
 𝑚=3
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 ⇒ 𝑓(2) = 3
√𝟐𝒙+𝟓−√𝒙+𝟕
∵ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. Q6. If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙−𝟐
,𝒙 ≠𝟐
𝑥→2
𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) 𝒌 ,𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑥→2 Find value of 𝒌 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒔.
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Solution:
ii) 𝑥 = −2
𝑎𝑡𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑓(2) = 𝑘
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆; . lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑥 2 − 1) 0
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 √2𝑥+5−√𝑥+7
Now lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= (−2)2 − 1 = 3 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim − 3 𝑥 = 3(−2) = −6 √2𝑥 + 5 − √𝑥 + 7 √2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 = lim ×
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(−2) = 3(−2) = −6 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 √2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7
∵ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 ≠ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 . 2𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥 − 7
= lim
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2 𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏 𝑥−2
Q4. If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒏𝒅 "𝒄" = lim
𝒄 + 𝟐, 𝒙 > −𝟏 𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕. 1
𝒙→−𝟏
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: = lim
𝑥→2 (√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 1 1
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑥 + 2) = −1 + 2 = 1 =
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 (√2(2) + 5 + √2 + 7) 6
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑐 + 2) = 𝑐 + 2 ∵ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2so
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
Given that lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 . 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→−1 𝑥→2
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 1
 6
= 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = 1/𝟔
 1+𝑐+2
 1−2=𝑐
 𝑐 = −1
Q5. Find the value of m and n, so that given function
𝒇 is continuous 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝑚𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
{ 𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3
−2𝑥 + 9 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3

13 | P a g e
MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

Chapter 2.
DIFFERENTIATION
 Contents
Exercise 2.1 ...................................................................................................... 2
Exercise 2.2 ...................................................................................................... 7
Exercise 2.3`..................................................................................................... 9
Exercise 2.4 .................................................................................................... 13
Exercise 2.5 .................................................................................................... 20
Exercise 2.6 .................................................................................................... 30
Exercise 2.7 .................................................................................................... 34
Exercise 2.8 .................................................................................................... 39
Exercise 2.9 .................................................................................................... 42
Exercise 2.10 .................................................................................................. 47
Class 12 Chapter 2
Average rate of change 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝒏−𝟐
⇒ 𝜹𝒚 = [𝒙𝒏 + 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 . 𝜹𝒙 + 𝒙 . (𝜹𝒙)𝟐 + ⋯
Let 𝟐!

𝑓 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 (𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) + (𝜹𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 ]

𝑓(𝑥1 )−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎ℎ𝑛𝑔𝑒.
𝑥1 −𝑥
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
Derivative:  𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 . 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 . (𝛿𝑥)2 + ⋯ (𝛿𝑥)𝑛−1
2!
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥)𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
𝑑𝑓 = [𝑛𝑥 (𝑛−1) + 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯
𝑏𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠; 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 2!
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim + (𝛿𝑥)𝑛−1 ]
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
 The process of finding 𝑓′ is called 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 → 0
differentiation. 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
lim = lim [𝑛𝑥 (𝑛−1) + 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)𝑛−1 ]
𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 2!
Notation for Derivative:
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−1
For the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 (0) + ⋯ + (0)𝑛−1
 𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) ⇒ 𝜹𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) − 𝑑𝑥 2!
𝑑𝑦
𝒇(𝒙)  = 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛−1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛿𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 b)
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝛿𝑥 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)𝑏𝑦 Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
𝛿𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = −𝑚(𝑚 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟). 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝛿𝑦
 𝛿𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 1
𝛿𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚 → (𝑖)
𝑥
Taking limit on both sides as 𝛿𝑥 → 0 we get 1
𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)  𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)𝑚
 lim = lim → (𝑖𝑖)
𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 1 1
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑚
− 𝑚
lim 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 , 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑥
𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑚 − (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚
= 𝑓′(𝑥) ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
𝒅𝒚 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚
Note: the symbol is used for the derivative of 𝒚 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)
𝒅𝒙 𝑥 𝑚 − (𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 . 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑚−2 . (𝛿𝑥)2 + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)2
with replace to 𝒙 and here it is not a quotient of 𝒅𝒚 = 2!
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥
+ 𝛿𝑥) 𝑚
and 𝒅𝒙 is also denoted by 𝒚′ 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚−1 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑚−2
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥 . 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 . (𝛿𝑥)2 − ⋯ − (𝛿𝑥)2
*Different mathematician used symbols given below. = 2!
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒇 𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚
Leibniz 𝒅𝒙
𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒙 Newton 𝒇′(𝒙) −𝛿𝑥 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑚−2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑚𝑥𝑚−1 + 𝑥 . (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)𝑚−1 )
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚 2!
Lagrange 𝒇′(𝒙) 𝑪𝒂𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒚 𝐷(𝑓𝑥)
Dividing both sides 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥
Finding 𝒇′(𝒙) from definition of derivative: 𝛿𝑦 −𝛿𝑥 1 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑚−2
= ( ) (𝑚𝑥𝑚−1 + 𝑥 . (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)𝑚−1 )
Given a function 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚 𝛿𝑥 2!
𝑓, 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 Applying limit as 𝛿𝑥 → 0
Steps. 𝛿𝑦 −1
lim = lim [ 𝑚 (𝑚𝑥𝑚−1
Step1. Find 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝2. 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)
. (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥) )]
𝑚−2 𝑚−1
+ 𝑥
Step3. Divide 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 to get 2!
𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑚−2
𝛿𝑥 = − 𝑚 𝑚 (𝑚𝑥𝑚−1 + 𝑥 . (0) + ⋯ + (0)𝑚−1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 .𝑥 2!
And simplify it.
𝑑𝑦 −𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1
Step4. Find lim
𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
the method of finding = = −𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1−2𝑚 = −𝑚𝑥 −𝑚−1
𝛿𝑥→𝑜 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2𝑚
derivatives by this process is called differentiation by 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = −𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑜𝑟 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
definition or by from first principle. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Derivation of 𝒙𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁 So for we have proved that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
a) Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟. Note that
𝒅
(𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒊 𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒅𝒙
 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 → (𝑖) , 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑛 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 ∈ 𝑸 − 𝒁
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏
 𝜹𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏
Using binomial theorem, we have
(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
= 𝛿𝑥 [𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛 ]
2!
Dividing both side by 𝛿𝑥
1|Page
Class 12 Chapter 2
1 1
Exercise 2.1 δy 1 1 2 (2 − 1) δx
= −x 2 ( + + ⋯)
Question # 1. δx 2x 2! x2
Find the definition, the derivatives w.r.t Taking limit when δx → 0
' ' x of the following functions defined 1 1
δy 1 1 2 (2 − 1) δx
as: lim = lim −x 2 ( + + ⋯)
δx→0 δx δx→0 2x 2! x2
(i). 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
1 1
Solution. dy 1 1 ( − 1) (0)
Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1 → (𝑖) = lim −x2 ( +2 2 + ⋯)
dx δx→0 2x 2! x2
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) dy 1 1
= −x 2 ( )
𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1 − 𝑦 dx 2x
𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 − 1 dy 1 1
= − x 2−1
𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥) − 2𝑥 2 dx 2
dy 1 −1
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝛿𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 dx
=− x 2
2
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝛿𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 𝐝𝐲 𝟏
=− 𝟏 Which is the required.
𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥(2𝛿𝑥 + 4𝑥) 𝐝𝐱
𝟐𝐱 𝟐
𝟏
Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑥 (iii).
√𝒙
𝛿𝑦
= (2𝛿𝑥 + 4𝑥) Solution.
𝛿𝑥 1 1

Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 Let 𝑦 = = 𝑥 −2 → (𝑖)

√𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−2 → (𝑖𝑖)
1
lim = lim (2𝛿𝑥 + 4𝑥)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2(0) + 4𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 1 1
= 𝟒𝒙 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−2 − 𝑥 −2
𝒅𝒙 1 1
Which is the required. 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−2 − 𝑥 −2
1
(ii). 𝟐 − √𝒙 1 𝛿𝑥 −2 1
−
Solution. 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 + ) − 𝑥 −2
𝑥
Let y = 2 − √x → (𝑖) 1 1
−
1 1 𝛿𝑥 − 2 (− 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 1
y + δy = 2 − √x + δx → (𝑖𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 − . + ( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥 −2
2 𝑥 2! 𝑥
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
1 1
δy = 2 − √x + δx − y 1 1 1 𝛿𝑥 − (− − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 1
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −
2 + 𝑥 −2 (− . + 2 2 ( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥 −2
δy = 2 − √x + δx − 2 + √x 2 𝑥 2! 𝑥

δy = √x − √x + δx 1 1
1 1 −
1 1 − 2 (− 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 (− + + ⋯)
δy = x2 − (x + δx)2 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
1
1 1 δx 2
δy = x2 − x 2 (1 + ) Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
x 1 1
1 1 𝛿𝑦 1 1 − 2 (− 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
1 1 1 δx 2 (2 − 1) δx 2 −
= 𝑥 2 (− + + ⋯)
δy = x 2 − x 2 (1 + . + ( ) + ⋯) 𝛿𝑥 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
2 x 2! x
1 1 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
1 1 1 1 δx ( − 1) δx 2 1 1
δy = x2 − x2 − x2 ( . +2 2 ( ) + ⋯) 𝛿𝑦 −
1 1 − 2 (− 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
2 x 2! x lim = lim 𝑥 2 (− + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 (2 − 1) δx − (− − 1) (0)
δy = −x 2 δx ( + + ⋯) 𝑑𝑦 1 1
2x 2! x2 = 𝑥−2 (− + 2 2 + ⋯)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
Dividing both sides byδx , we have
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𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑎)−3 − 𝑦
= 𝑥 −2 (− ) 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝛿𝑥)−1 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝛿𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (1 + ) − (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1
= − 𝑥 −2−1 𝑥−𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 ((1 +
𝛿𝑥 −1
) − 1)
𝑑𝑦 1 3 𝑥−𝑎
= − 𝑥 −2 𝛿𝑥 −1(−1 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (1 −
𝑥−𝑎
+
2!
(
𝑥−𝑎
) +⋯
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 − 1)
=− 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝛿𝑥 −1(−1 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (−
𝑥−𝑎
+
2!
(
𝑥−𝑎
) + ⋯)
Which is the required. 1 −1(−1 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝟏 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 𝛿𝑥 (− + + ⋯)
(iv) 𝑥−𝑎 2! (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
𝒙𝟑 Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
Solution. 𝛿𝑦 1 −1(−1 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
1 −3 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (− + + ⋯)
Let 𝑦 = =𝑥 → (𝑖) 𝛿𝑥 𝑥−𝑎 2! (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
𝑥3 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−3 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 1 −1(−1 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (− +
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖) 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥−𝑎 2! (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−3 − 𝑦 + ⋯)
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−3 − 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑦 1 −1(−1 − 1) (0)
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 (− + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑎 2! (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 (1 + )−3 − 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑥 =−
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑎)1+1
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 ((1 + )−3 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=−
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2
−3
3𝛿𝑥 −3(−3 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 Which is the required.
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 (1 − + ( )
𝑥 2! 𝑥 (vi). 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
+ ⋯ − 1) Solution.
3𝛿𝑥 −3(−3 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 Let 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
−3
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 (− + ( ) +⋯) 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝑥 2! 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 3𝑥 − 3𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦
3 −3(−3 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 𝛿𝑥 (− + +⋯)
𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 3𝛿𝑥
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥(𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3)
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
𝛿𝑦 3 −3(−3 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
= 𝑥 −3 (− + + ⋯) = (𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3)
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝛿𝑥
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝛿𝑦 3 −3(−3 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
lim = lim 𝑥−3 (− + +⋯) lim = lim (𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3 −3(−3 − 1) (0) = (0 + 2𝑥 − 3)
= 𝑥−3 (− + + ⋯) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 3 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
= − 1+3 Which is the required.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝟐
𝑑𝑦 3 (vii) 𝒙𝟒
=− 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Solution:
2
Which is the required. Let 𝑦 = 𝑥4
= 2𝑥 −4 → (𝑖)
𝟏
(v). 𝒙−𝒂
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−4 → (𝑖𝑖)
Solution. 𝑒(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒(𝑖)
Let 𝑦 =
1
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 → (𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−4 − 𝑦
𝑥−𝑎 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−4 − 2𝑥 −4
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
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𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 (1 +
𝛿𝑥 −4
) − 2𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑥 = ( 𝑥 + 4) 3 .
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3(𝑥 + 4)
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥 −4 ((1 + )−4 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑥
4𝛿𝑥 −4(−4 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
=
−4
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥 (1 − + ( ) + ⋯ − 1) 𝑑𝑥 3(𝑥 + 4)1−13
𝑥 2! 𝑥
4𝛿𝑥 −4(−4 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
−4
𝛿𝑦 = 2 𝑥 (− + ( ) +⋯) =
𝑥 2! 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐𝟑
4 −4(−4 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥 −4 𝛿𝑥 (− + + ⋯) Which is the required.
𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝟑

Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have (ix).𝒙𝟐

𝛿𝑦 4 −4(−4 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 Solution.
= 2𝑥 −4 (− + +⋯) 3
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 → (𝑖)
3
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 4 −4(−4 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
lim = lim 2𝑥 −4 (− + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 3
𝑑𝑦 4 −4(−4 − 1) (0) 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦
= 2𝑥 −4 (− + + ⋯) 3 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
3
𝑑𝑦 8 3 𝛿𝑥 2 3
= − 1+4 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 +
) − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 8
=− 5 3 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 3 𝛿𝑥 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 3
Which is the required. 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 + . + ( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥2
2 𝑥 2! 𝑥
𝟏
(viii). (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟑 3 3 3 𝛿𝑥
3 3
( − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 3
Solution. 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 ( . +2 2 ( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥2
1 2 𝑥 2! 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4) → (𝑖) 3
1 3 3
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 4)3 → (𝑖𝑖) 3 3 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 ( + + ⋯)
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖) 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
1
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 4)3 − 𝑦 Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
1 1
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4 + 𝛿𝑥)3 − (𝑥 + 4)3 3 3
1
𝛿𝑦 3 3 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
= 𝑥2 ( + + ⋯)
1 𝛿𝑥 3 1 𝛿𝑥 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)3 (1 + ) − (𝑥 + 4)3
𝑥+4
1 1 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
1 𝛿𝑥 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 +
1
4)3 ((1 + . +3 3 ( ) + ⋯ ) − 1) 3 3
3 𝑥+4 2! 𝑥+4 𝛿𝑦 3 3 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 2 ( + + ⋯)
1 1 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
1 1 𝛿𝑥 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
(𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = + 4) (1 + .
3 +3 3 ( ) + ⋯ − 1)
3 𝑥+4 2! 𝑥+4 3 3
𝑑𝑦 3 3 ( − 1) (0)
2 2
1 1 =𝑥 ( +
2 + ⋯)
1 1 1 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)3 𝛿𝑥 ( . +3 3 +⋯) 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
3 𝑥+4 2! (𝑥 + 4)2

Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have 𝑑𝑦 3 3

= 𝑥2 ( )
1 1
( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝛿𝑦 1 1 1
= (𝑥 + 4)3 ( . +3 3 + ⋯) 𝑑𝑦 3 −1 3
𝛿𝑥 3 𝑥+4 2! (𝑥 + 4)2 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝟏
1 1 = 𝒙𝟐
lim
𝛿𝑦 1 1
= lim (𝑥 + 4)3 ( .
1 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
+3 3 + ⋯) 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 3 𝑥+4 2! (𝑥 + 4)2 Which is the required.
𝟓
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 ( − 1) (0) (x).𝒙𝟐
3 3
= ( 𝑥 + 4) 3 ( . + + ⋯) Solution.
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥+4 2! ( 𝑥 + 4) 2 5
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 → (𝑖)
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𝑚𝛿𝑥 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
5
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑚
5 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 ( + ( )
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦 𝑥 2! 𝑥
5 5
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
5 + ⋯)
5 𝛿𝑥 2 5
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 +) − 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑚 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
5 5 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 𝛿𝑥 ( + + ⋯)
5 5 𝛿𝑥 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 5 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 + . + ( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥2
2 𝑥 2! 𝑥 Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
5 5
( − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦 𝑚 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 =
5
𝑥2 +
5 5 𝛿𝑥
𝑥2 ( . +2 2
5
( ) + ⋯ ) − 𝑥2
= 𝑥𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
2 𝑥 2! 𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
5 5
5 5 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝑚 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 ( + + ⋯) lim = lim 𝑥𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
2𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑚 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) (0)
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have = 𝑥𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
5 5
𝛿𝑦 5 5 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝒅𝒚
𝛿𝑥
= 𝑥2 ( +
2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
+ ⋯) = 𝒎𝒙𝒎−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 Which is the required.
𝟏
5 5 (xii). 𝒙𝒎 ,𝒎 ∈ 𝑵
𝛿𝑦 5 5 2 (2 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥2 ( + + ⋯) Solution.
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 → (𝑖)
5 5 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−𝑚 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑦 5 5 ( − 1) (0) 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
= 𝑥2 ( + 2 2 + ⋯) 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−𝑚 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−𝑚 − 𝑥 −𝑚
𝑑𝑦 5 5 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 (1 + )−𝑚 − 𝑥 −𝑚
= 𝑥2 ( ) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝛿𝑥 −𝑚
𝑑𝑦 5 −1 5 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 ((1 + ) − 1)
𝑥
= 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑚
−𝑚𝛿𝑥 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝒅𝒚 𝟓 𝟑 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 (1 + + ( ) +⋯
𝑥 2! 𝑥
= 𝒙𝟐 − 1)
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
Which is the required. −𝑚𝛿𝑥 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 ( + ( ) + ⋯)
(xi).𝒙𝒎 , 𝒎 ∈ 𝑵 𝑥 2! 𝑥
Solution. −𝑚 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑚 𝛿𝑥 ( + +⋯)
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 → (𝑖) 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 −𝑚 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖) = 𝑥 −𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚 − 𝑦 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑚 − 𝑥 𝑚 𝛿𝑦 −𝑚 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑥 lim = lim 𝑥 −𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 (1 + )𝑚 − 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑦 −𝑚 −𝑚(−𝑚 − 1) (0)
𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑚 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 ((1 + )𝑚 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑚
𝑥 = − 1+𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑚
𝑚𝛿𝑥 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 𝒅𝒚 𝒎
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 (1 + + ( ) = − 𝒎+𝟏
𝑥 2! 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
+ ⋯ − 1) Which is the required.
(xiii).𝒙𝟒𝟎

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Class 12 Chapter 2
Solution. 𝛿𝑦 −100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 −100 ( +
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 40 → (𝑖) 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)40 → (𝑖𝑖) + ⋯)
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)40 − 𝑦 −100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −100 𝛿𝑥 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)40 − 𝑥 40 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑥 Dividing both sides by𝛿𝑥 , we have
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 40 (1 + )40 − 𝑥 40 𝛿𝑦 −100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥 −100 ( + +⋯)
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 40 ((1 + )40 − 1) Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑥
40𝛿𝑥 40(40 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 lim
𝛿𝑦
= lim 𝑥 −100 (
−100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥
+
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 40 (1 + + ( ) + ⋯ − 1) 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝑥 2! 𝑥
2
40𝛿𝑥 40(40 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 + ⋯)
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 40 ( + ( ) + ⋯)
𝑥 2! 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −100 −100(−100 − 1) (0)
40 40(40 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑥 −100 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 40 𝛿𝑥 ( + +⋯) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
𝑥 2! 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 100
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have = − 1+100
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 40 40(40 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝑥 40 ( + + ⋯) 𝒅𝒙
= − 𝟏𝟎𝟏
𝒙
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2
Which is the required.
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝒅𝒚
Q2. Find 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒇
𝛿𝑦 40 40(40 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝒅𝒙
lim = lim 𝑥 40 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 (i) √𝒙 + 𝟐
𝑑𝑦 40 40(40 − 1) (0) Solution.
= 𝑥 40 ( + + ⋯) 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 → (𝑖)
𝑑𝑦 1
= 40𝑥 40−1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 2)2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 40𝑥 39 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 2)2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 1
Which is the required. 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2
(xiv).𝒙−𝟏𝟎𝟎 1
1 𝛿𝑥 2 1
Solution. 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 (1 + ) − (𝑥 + 2)2
Let 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟏𝟎𝟎 → (𝒊) 𝑥+2
1
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−100 → (𝑖𝑖) 1 𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−100 − 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 ((1 + ) − 1)
𝑥+2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)−100 − 𝑥 −100 1 1
( − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2
1 1 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 (1 + +2 2 ( ) +⋯
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −100 (1 + )−100 − 𝑥 −100 2 (𝑥 + 2) 2! 𝑥+2
𝑥 − 1)
𝛿𝑥 −100 1 1
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −100 ((1 + ) − 1) 1 1 1 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 𝛿𝑥( +2 2
−100𝛿𝑥 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 2 (𝑥 + 2) 2! (𝑥 + 2)2
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −100 (1 + + ( ) + ⋯)
𝑥 2! 𝑥
+ ⋯ − 1) Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
−100𝛿𝑥 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 1 1
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 −100 ( + ( ) 𝛿𝑦 1 1 1 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 2! 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)2 ( +2 2 + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2) 2! (𝑥 + 2)2
+ ⋯) Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
1 1
𝛿𝑦 1 1 1 ( − 1) 𝛿𝑥
−100
−100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 lim = lim (𝑥 + 2)2 ( +2 2 +⋯)
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 𝛿𝑥 ( + + ⋯) 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2 (𝑥 + 2) 2! (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑥 2! 𝑥2 1 1
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 ( − 1) (0)
2 2
𝛿𝑦 −100 −100(−100 − 1) 𝛿𝑥 = ( 𝑥 + 2) 2 ( +
𝑑𝑥 2 ( 𝑥 + 2) 2! ( 𝑥 + 2) 2
= 𝑥 −100 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2! 𝑥2 + ⋯)
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝑑𝑦 11 1
= (𝑥 + 2) 2
𝑑𝑥 2 ( 𝑥 + 2)
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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= 1 Differentiation of expression of the types.
𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥 + 2)1−2 1
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 1,2,3
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
Which is the required.
Exercise 2.2
𝟏 Question # 1
(ii). 𝒙+𝒂 Find from first principles, the derivatives of the
√
Solution. following expansions w.r.t. their respective
1
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 → (𝑖) independent variables:
1 (i) (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟑
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 → (𝑖𝑖) Solution.
1
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 2)2 − 𝑦 Let 𝒚 = (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟑 → (𝒊)
1 1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑏)3 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝛿𝑥)−2 − (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2
1 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
−
1 𝛿𝑥 −2 1 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝛿𝑥 + 𝑏)3 − 𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2 (1 + ) − (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2
𝑥+𝑎 𝛿𝑦 = ((𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑎𝛿𝑥)3 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3
1 3
1 𝛿𝑥 −2 𝑎𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎) −
2 ((1 + ) − 1) 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 (1 + ) − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3
𝑥+𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
1 1 3
1 1 𝛿𝑥 − (− − 1) 𝛿𝑥 2 𝑎𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 (1
− + 2 2 ( ) +⋯ 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 ((1 + ) − 1)
2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2! 𝑥+𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
− 1) 3 𝑎𝛿𝑥 3(3 − 1) 𝑎𝛿𝑥 2
1 1 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 (1 + + ( ) + ⋯ − 1)
1 1 1 − (− − 1) 𝛿𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 𝛿𝑥(− + 2 2 + ⋯) 3𝑎 3(3 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2! (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 𝛿𝑥( + + ⋯)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
Dividing both sides by 𝑥 , we have
Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑥
1 1
𝛿𝑦 1 1 1 − (− − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 3𝑎 3(3 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
𝑎)−2 (− 2 2
𝛿𝑥
= (𝑥 +
2 (𝑥 + 𝑎)
+
2! (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 ( +
𝛿𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
+ ⋯) + ⋯)
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
1 1
𝛿𝑦 1 1 1 − (− − 1) 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 3𝑎 3(3 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 (− + 2 2 +⋯) lim = lim (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 ( + + ⋯)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2! (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
1 1 𝑑𝑦 3𝑎 3(3 − 1) 𝑎2 (0)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 − (− − 1) (0) 3
= (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 (− +
2 2
+ ⋯) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ( +
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2! (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 + ⋯)
= (𝑥 + 𝑎)−2 (− ) 𝑑𝑦 3𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑑𝑦 1
= (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
=−
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦
2(𝑥 + 𝑎)1+2 = 3𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3−1
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝟑 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟐
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒂)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Which is the required. Which is the required.
(ii) (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟓
Solution.
Let 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)5 → (𝑖)
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 3)5 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 + 3)5 − 𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = ((2𝑥 + 3) + 2𝛿𝑥)5 − (2𝑥 + 3)5
5
5
2𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3) (1 + ) − (2𝑥 + 3)5
(2𝑥 + 3)
5
2𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)5 ((1 + ) − 1)
(2𝑥 + 3)
5 (2)𝛿𝑥 5(5 − 1) 2𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)5 (1 + + ( ) + ⋯ − 1)
(2𝑥 + 3) 2! 2𝑥 + 3
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Class 12 Chapter 2
5 (2) 5(5 − 1) 22 𝛿𝑥 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)5 𝛿𝑥( + +⋯)
(2𝑥 + 3) 2! (2𝑥 + 3)2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝛿𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 − 𝑦
Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = ((𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑎𝛿𝑥)−5 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5
𝛿𝑦 5 (2) 5(5 − 1) 22 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝛿𝑥 −5
= (2𝑥 + 3)5 ( + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (1 + ) − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5
𝛿𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) 2! (2𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
+ ⋯) 𝑎𝛿𝑥 −5
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 ((1 + ) − 1)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝛿𝑦 5 (2) 5(5 − 1) 22 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim (2𝑥 + 3)5 ( + + ⋯) 5 𝑎𝛿𝑥 −5(−5 − 1) 𝑎𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 (2𝑥 + 3) 2! (2𝑥 + 3)2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (1 − + ( ) +⋯
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 5 (2) 5(5 − 1) 22 (0) − 1)
= (2𝑥 + 3)5 ( +
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) 2! (2𝑥 + 3)2 5𝑎 −5(−5 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 𝛿𝑥(− + +⋯)
+ ⋯) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 3)5 (
5 (2)
)
Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) 𝛿𝑦 5𝑎 −5(−5 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (− +
𝛿𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
= 10(2𝑥 + 3)5−1
𝑑𝑥 + ⋯)
𝒅𝒚 Taking limit when 𝛿𝑥 → 0
= 𝟏𝟎(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟒
𝒅𝒙 lim
𝛿𝑦
= lim (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (−
5𝑎
+
−5(−5 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑥
+ ⋯)
Which is the required. 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
𝑑𝑦 5𝑎 −5(−5 − 1) 𝑎2 (0)
(iii) (𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐)−𝟐 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (− +
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
Solution.
+ ⋯)
Let 𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 2)−2 → (𝑖) 𝑑𝑦 5𝑎
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (3(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) + 2)−2 − (𝑖𝑖) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 (− )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖) 𝑑𝑦 5𝑎
𝛿𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 3𝛿𝑡 + 2)−2 − 𝑦 =−
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)1+5
𝛿𝑦 = ((3𝑡 + 2) + 3𝛿𝑡)−2 − (3𝑡 + 2)−2 𝒅𝒚 𝟓𝒂
3𝛿𝑡 −2 =−
−2
𝛿𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 2) (1 + ) − (3𝑡 + 2)−2 𝒅𝒙 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟔
(3𝑡 + 2) Which is the required.
−2
−2
3𝛿𝑡 (v)
𝟏
𝛿𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 2) ((1 + ) − 1) (𝒂𝒛−𝒃)𝟕
(3𝑡 + 2)
Solution.
−2 (3)𝛿𝑡 −2(−2 − 1) 3𝛿𝑡 2
𝛿𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 2)−2 (1 +
(3𝑡 + 2)
+
2!
(
3𝑡 + 2
) +⋯ Let 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 → (𝑖)
− 1) 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎(𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧) − 𝑏)−7 → (𝑖𝑖)
−2
2(3) −2(−2 − 1) 3𝛿𝑡 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 = (3𝑡 + 2) 𝛿𝑡(− + + ⋯)
(3𝑡 + 2) 2! (3𝑡 + 2)2
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 + 𝑎𝛿𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 − 𝑦
Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑦 = ((𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) + 𝑎𝛿𝑧)−7 − (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7
𝛿𝑦 2(3) −2(−2 − 1) 3𝛿𝑡 −7
= (3𝑡 + 2)−2 (− + 𝑎𝛿𝑧
𝛿𝑡 (3𝑡 + 2) 2! (3𝑡 + 2)2 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (1 + ) − (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7
+ ⋯) (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)
−7
Taking limit when 𝛿𝑡 → 0 −7
𝑎𝛿𝑧
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) ((1 + ) − 1)
lim
𝛿𝑦
= lim (3𝑡 + 2)−2 (−
2(3)
+
−2(−2 − 1) 3𝛿𝑡
+ ⋯) (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)
𝛿𝑡 (3𝑡 + 2) 2! (3𝑡 + 2)2
−7(−7 − 1) 𝑎𝛿𝑧 2
𝛿𝑡→0 𝛿𝑡→0
7 𝑎𝛿𝑧
𝑑𝑦 2(3) −2(−2 − 1) 3(0) 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (1 − + ( ) +⋯
= (3𝑡 + 2)−2 (− + (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 2! 𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏
𝑑𝑡 (3𝑡 + 2) 2! (3𝑡 + 2)2 − 1)
+ ⋯) 7𝑎 −7(−7 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑧
−7
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝛿𝑧(− + + ⋯)
𝑑𝑦 2(3) (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)2
= (3𝑡 + 2)−2 (− )
𝑑𝑡 (3𝑡 + 2) Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑧
𝑑𝑦 6 𝛿𝑦 7𝑎 −7(−7 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑧
=− = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (− +
𝑑𝑡 (3𝑡 + 2)1+2 𝛿𝑧 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)2
𝒅𝒚 𝟔 + ⋯)
=− Taking limit when 𝛿𝑧 → 0
𝒅𝒕 (𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐)𝟑
Which is the required. 𝛿𝑦 7𝑎 −7(−7 − 1) 𝑎2 𝛿𝑧
lim = lim (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (− +
𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)2
(iv) (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)−𝟓 + ⋯)
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 7𝑎 −7(−7 − 1) 𝑎2 (0)
Let 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−5 → (𝑖) = (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (− +
𝑑𝑧 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 2! (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)2
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑎(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑏)−5 → (𝑖𝑖) + ⋯)

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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 7𝑎 𝑑𝑦 3 3
= (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)−7 (− ) = −3𝑥 −3−1 − 2. 𝑥 −2−1 + 0
𝑑𝑧 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 7𝑎 𝑑𝑦 −4 −
5
=− = −3𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)1+7 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7𝑎
=−
𝑑𝑧 (𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏)8 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟑 ( 𝟒 + 𝟓 )
Which is the required. 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒙𝟐
Theorems on Differentiation: Which is required.
We have, so far proved the following two formulas; 𝟑
𝑑 Question#3. 𝒙−𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 + 𝟑
1. (𝑐) =0
𝑑𝑥 Solution.
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜. 𝑎+𝑥
𝑑 Let 𝑦 =
𝑎−𝑥
2. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎+𝑥
Derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖. 𝑒
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥) = ( )
3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
Proof: 𝑑𝑦 (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥) − (𝑎 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) → (𝑖) 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖) =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 (𝑎 − 𝑥)(1) − (𝑎 + 𝑥)(−1)
⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓)𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
Dividing by 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 1 =
⇒ lim ( ) = lim [𝑐(𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒂
 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝒅𝒙 (𝒂 − 𝒙)𝟐
Reciprocal Rule: Which is required.
1 𝟐𝒙−𝟑
If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(𝑥) Question#4. 𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝑑 1 𝑔′(𝑥) Solution.
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )=− 2𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2 Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
Differentiate w.r.t x
Exercise 2.3` 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑 2𝑥 − 3
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1
Differentiate 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 "𝒙" 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3) − (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)
Question # 1. 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 =
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)2
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 + 1)(2) − (2𝑥 − 3)(2)
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)2
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑦 2(2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 =
= (𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2(4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 𝑑 2 =
= 𝑥 + 2 𝑥3 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚 𝟖
𝑑𝑦 =
= 4𝑥 4−1 + 2.3𝑥 3−1 + 2𝑥 2−1 𝒅𝒙 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Which is required.
= 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 Question#5. (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝟑 − 𝒙)
𝑑𝑥
Which is required. Solution.
𝟑
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)(3 − 𝑥)
Question # 2. 𝒙−𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 + 𝟑
Differentiate w.r.t x
Solution.
3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 + 2𝑥 −2 + 3 = ((𝑥 − 5)(3 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 = (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 15 + 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 −3 + 2𝑥 −2 + 3) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (−𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 15)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −3 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 −2 + (3) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥2 + 8 𝑥 − (15)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
𝟐
= − 𝑥2 + 8 𝑥 − (15) Question#8.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝑑𝑦 Solution.
= −2𝑥 + 8 + 0 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 +1)
𝒅𝒚 Let 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −1
= −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝒅𝒙
Which is required. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 1)2
= ( 2 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
Question#5. (√𝒙 − ) 𝑑𝑦
√𝒙
Solution. 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑑 𝑑 2
Let 𝑦 = (√𝑥 − ) (𝑥 2 − 1) ((𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) − (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)
√𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 2 2 2 1 𝑑 2 2 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(2(𝑥 + 1) ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥)
= (√𝑥 − ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 1 2 1 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1)(2(𝑥 2 + 1)1 )(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (2𝑥)
= ((√𝑥) + ( ) − 2(√𝑥)( )) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1))(2(𝑥 2 − 1) − 𝑥 2 − 1)
2
= (𝑥 + − 2) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1))(2𝑥 2 − 2 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
2
= (𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 − 2) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 −1 𝑑
= 𝑥+ 𝑥 − (2) 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏))(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐
= 1 − 𝑥 −2 − 0 Which is required.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
=1− 2 Question # 9.
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Solution.
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝑥 2 +1
= Let 𝑦 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝑥 2 −3
Which is required. Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑥2 + 1
𝟑
(𝟏+√𝒙)(𝒙−𝒙𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑦
Question#7. = ( )
√𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 3
Solution. 2 𝑑 2 2 𝑑 2
3 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)
(1+√𝑥)(𝑥−𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)2
Let 𝑦 =
√𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
2
1 =
(1 + √𝑥)𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)2
𝑦= 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥((𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 2 + 1))
2
√𝑥 =
2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)2
𝑥 (1 − (√𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
2
𝑦= =
√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)2
𝑦 = √𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(−4)
=
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)2
1 3 𝒅𝒚 −𝟖𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐
Differentiate w.r.t x
Which is required.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 3
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) Question#10.
√𝟏+𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝟏−𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 3 Solution.
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 1 −1 3 1 √1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
Let 𝑦 = = √1−𝑥 = (1−𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥2 √1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 Differentiate w.r.t x
= ( − 3√𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1+𝑥 2
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 = (( ) )
= ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥
1
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 √𝒙 𝑑𝑦 1 1 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑 1 + 𝑥
Which is required. = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥
10 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥)(−1) − (𝑎 − 𝑥)(1)
𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( )
1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 − 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
1 1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 1
= ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 −𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑥
2 1+𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2 = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 − 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 −2𝑎
= ( ) ( ) = ( 1 1)
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 2 2−
1
(𝑎 + 𝑥) 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − 𝑥 2 2
= ( ) ( ) 𝒅𝒚 −𝒂
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2 =( 𝟑 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝒂 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝒂 − 𝒙)𝟐
=( 1 1) Which is required.
𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥)2−2 (1 + 𝑥)2 √𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Question # 13.
√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
=( 𝟑 𝟏)
Solution.
𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 √𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
Let 𝑦 = = √𝑥 2 −1
Which is required. √𝑥 2 −1
𝟐𝒙−𝟏 Differentiate w.r.t x
Question # 11.
√𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥2 + 1
= (√ 2 )
Let 𝑦 =
2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
√𝑥 2 +1
1
Differentiate w.r.t x −
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 + 1 2 𝑑 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑥 − 1 = ( ) ( )
= ( ) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (√𝑥 2 + 1) (2𝑥 − 1) − (2𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
=( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) 1 𝑑 2 𝑑 2
2 2
𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 2 + 1)
2
1 𝑥 2 − 1 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
= ( 2 ) ( )
2 𝑥 +1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
1
(√𝑥 2 + 1)(2) − (2𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 2+1 1
= 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 − 1 2 (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2
+ 1)(2) − (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
= 1
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 − 1 2 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)2 = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 + 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
= 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)1+2 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 − 1 2 2𝑥(−2)
𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝟐 = ( ) ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
= 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝑑𝑦 𝑥(−2)
Which is required. = ( 1 1)
𝑑𝑥
√𝒂−𝒙 (𝑥 2 − 1)2−2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2
Question # 12. 𝒅𝒚 −𝟐𝒙
√𝒂+𝒙
= 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
Solution. (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
√𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 Which is required.
Let 𝑦 = =√
√𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 √𝟏+𝒙−√𝟏−𝒙
Question # 14.
Differentiate w.r.t x √𝟏+𝒙+√𝟏−𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎−𝑥 Solution.
= (√ ) √1+𝑥−√1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 Let 𝑦 =
1 √1+𝑥+√1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎 − 𝑥 −2 𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
= ( ) ( ) 𝑦= .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 (√1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥)
1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑦= 2 2
1 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥) − (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥) (√1 + 𝑥) − (√1 − 𝑥)
= ( ) ( ) 2
2 𝑎−𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (√1 + 𝑥)2 + (√1 − 𝑥) − 2(√1 + 𝑥)(√1 − 𝑥)
𝑦= 2 2
(√1 + 𝑥) − (√1 − 𝑥)
11 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
1 + 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 − 2√1 − 𝑥 2 Which is required.
𝑦= 𝟏 𝒅𝒚
1+𝑥−1+𝑥 Question # 16. 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = √𝒙 − , 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 +
√𝒙
2 − 2√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦= 𝒚 = 𝟐√𝒙.
2𝑥 Solution.
1 − √1 − 𝑥 2 1
𝑦= Since 𝑦 = √𝑥 −
𝑥 √𝑥
1 1
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 − √1 − 𝑥 2 Differentiating w.r.t ‘’x’’
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 −1 1 −3
𝑑 2 𝑑
= 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1 − √1 − 𝑥 ) − (1 − √1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
= Multiplying by 2x both sides
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 3
−2𝑥 2𝑥 = 2𝑥( 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −2 )
𝑥 (− ) − (1 − √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑦 2√1 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑦 1
−
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 2𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑥
= Adding u on both sides, we have
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 + 𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥
1
𝒙√𝒂+𝒙 𝑑𝑦
Question # 15. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
√𝒂−𝒙 𝑑𝑥
Solution. 𝒅𝒚
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐√𝒙
𝑥√𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑥
𝒅𝒙
Let 𝑦 = = 𝑥√ Hence Proved.
√𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x Question # 17. 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +
𝒅𝒚
𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟒𝒙√𝒚 − 𝟏.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎+𝑥 𝒅𝒙
= (𝑥√ ) Solution.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎+𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑎+𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. ’’𝑥’’
=√ (𝑥) + 𝑥 √ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑎 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=√ +𝑥 ( ) ( ) = 4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥√(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=√ 𝑑𝑦
𝑎−𝑥 = 4𝑥 √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 2 − 1
1
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎 − 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)(1) − (𝑎 + 𝑥)(−1) 𝒅𝒚
+𝑥 ( ) ( ) = 𝟒𝒙√𝒚 − 𝟏 ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
2 𝑎+𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝒅𝒙
1 Hence Proved. Which is require
𝑑𝑦 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥+𝑎+𝑥 The Chain Rule:
=√ +𝑥 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎+𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥)𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑎−𝑥 2 2𝑎
=√ +𝑥 ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎+𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎𝑥 = . 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.
=√ +( 3 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 ((𝑎 + 𝑥)2 Derivative of a function given in the form of
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑎 − 𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 parametric equation.
= 3 1 Differentiation of implicit Relations:
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
𝒅𝒚 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙
= 𝟑 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒙)𝟐
12 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑢” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑥
Exercise 2.4 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
Question # 1. = (𝑥 + √𝑥)
𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find by making the suitable substitution in the 𝑑𝑢 1 −1
𝒅𝒙 =1+ 𝑥 2
following functions defined as: 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 1
Differentiate the following w.r.t ‘’x’’. =1+
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝟏−𝒙
(i) 𝒚 = √𝟏+𝒙 𝑑𝑢 2√𝑥 + 1
=
Solution. 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
1−𝑥
Now differentiate y w.r.t. u
Given 𝑦 = √ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
1+𝑥
= 𝑢2
Put 𝑢 =
1−𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
So 𝑦 = √𝑢 = 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 2
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 −
𝑦 = 𝑢2 = (𝑥 + √𝑥) 2
Differentiate ‘’u” w.r.t . x 𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1−𝑥 =
= ( ) 𝑑𝑢 2√𝑥 + √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Now by chain rule
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= = .
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑥)(−1) − (1 − 𝑥) (1) 𝑑𝑦 1 2√𝑥 + 1
= = .
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 + √𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑢 −1 − 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 =
𝑑𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑥 4√𝑥. √𝑥 + √𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 Which is required.
Now differentiate y w.r.t. u
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝒂+𝒙
= 𝑢2 (iii) 𝒚 = 𝒙√𝒂−𝒙
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 −1 Solution.
= 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑎+𝑥
−
1 Given 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − 𝑥 2
= ( ) 𝑎+𝑥
𝑑𝑢 2 1 + 𝑥 Put 𝑢 = 𝑎−𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 + 𝑥 2 So 𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑢
= ( ) 1
𝑑𝑢 2 1 − 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑢2
Now by chain rule
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑢” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . " 𝑥"
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= . 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ( )
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 + 𝑥 2 −2 𝑑 𝑑
= ( ) . (𝑎 − 𝑥) (𝑎 + 𝑥) − (𝑎 + 𝑥) (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
= 1 1 𝑑𝑢 (𝑎 − 𝑥)(1) − (𝑎 + 𝑥) (−1)
𝑑𝑥 =
(1 − 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑥)2−2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑢 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑥
= 3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
√1 − 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
Which is required. 𝑑𝑢 2𝑎
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
(ii) 𝒚 = √𝒙 + √𝒙
Now differentiate y w.r.t. x
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
Given 𝑦 = √𝑥 + √𝑥 = (𝑥𝑢2 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Put 𝑢 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 𝑑
= 𝑥. (𝑢2 ) + 𝑢2 (𝑥)
So 𝑦 = √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑦 = 𝑢2 = 𝑥. 𝑢−2 + 𝑢2 (1)
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑥
13 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
= 𝑥. 𝑢−2 + 𝑢2 Given 𝑦 = √𝑎2 −𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑥
Now Using Above values 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
1 1
Put 𝑢 =
− 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎+𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 2
So 𝑦 = √𝑢
= 𝑥. ( ) . + ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑎−𝑥 1
1 1 𝑦 = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑢” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑥
= 1 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
= 1 1 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2− 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑢 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )(2𝑥) − (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥)
2 2
= 1 3 + 1 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
1 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 =
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥 1 1 + 1 2
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)1 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑢 2𝑎 𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )2
= 1 1 Now differentiate y w.r.t. u
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)1 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑢2
= 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1 3 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑢 2
Which is required. 𝑑𝑢 2
1
−
(iv) 𝟐
𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕)
𝟔 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 2
= ( )
Solution. 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
1
Given 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7)6 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2
Put 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 = ( )
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
So 𝑦 = 𝑢6
Now by chain rule
Differentiate ‘’u” w.r.t . x 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 = .
= (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2 2𝑎2 𝑥
= 3(2𝑥) − 2(1) + 0 = ( 2 ) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
= 6𝑥 − 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
Now differentiate y w.r.t. u (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2−2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 6 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
= 𝑢 = 1 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
= 6𝑢5 Which is required.
𝑑𝑢 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 Question # 2 Find 𝒊𝒇 ∶
= 6(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7)5 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑢 (i) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎
Now by chain rule Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= . Given 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’
𝑑𝑦
= 6(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7)5 . (6𝑥 − 2) 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7) = (0)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 12(3𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7)5 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3+4 =0
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
= − 4.
𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥
(v) 𝒚=√ Which is required.
𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Solution. (ii) 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐

14 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
Solution: (v) 𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝟎
Given 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2 Solution:
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’ Given 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = (2) Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑 2 (𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥) = (0)
(𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 ) = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥√1 + 𝑦) + (𝑦√1 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑦. (1) + 𝑥. + 2𝑦. =0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
√1 + 𝑦. (𝑥) + 𝑥. (√1 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 (√1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = −𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 (𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1 − 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
=− √1 + 𝑦. (1) + 𝑥(1 + 𝑦) 2 + 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)−2 (1)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Which is required. + √1 + 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution: √1 + 𝑦 + + + √1 + 𝑥 =0
2 √1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’ ( + √1 + 𝑥) = −( + √1 + 𝑦)
𝑑 2 𝑑 2√1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥
(𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦) = (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2√1 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 ( )
(𝑥 ) − 4 (𝑥𝑦) − 5 (𝑦) = 0 2√1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + 2√1 + 𝑦. √1 + 𝑥
2𝑥 − 4 (𝑦. (1) + 𝑥. ) − 5 =0 = −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √1 + 𝑦(𝑦 + 2√1 + 𝑦. √1 + 𝑥)
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑥 −5 =0 = −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √1 + 𝑥(𝑥 + 2√1 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥)
−(4𝑥 + 5) = −(2𝑥 − 4𝑦) Which is required.
𝑑𝑥
(vi) 𝒚(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 4𝑦
= Given 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 5
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’
Which is required.
𝑑 𝑑
(iv) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1) = (𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟎. 𝑑 𝑑
Solution: (𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑦) + 𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given 4𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑑 𝑑
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘’x’’ = 𝑥 (√𝑥 2 + 4) + √𝑥 2 + 4 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
( 4𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐) = (0) (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑦(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 1
(4𝑥 2 ) + 2ℎ (𝑥𝑦) + 𝑏 (𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 4)−2 (2𝑥) + √𝑥 2 + 4(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
+ 2𝑓 (𝑦) + (𝑐) = 0 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑥𝑦 = + √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
4(2𝑥) + 2ℎ (𝑦. (1) + 𝑥. ) + 2𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔(1) (𝑥 2 − 1) = + √𝑥 2 + 4 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑓 +0 = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4 − 2𝑥𝑦√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
8𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑦 + 2ℎ𝑥. + 2𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔 + 2𝑓 =0 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥𝑦√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦 =
2(ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓) = −2(4𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥 Which is required.
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔
=−
𝑑𝑥 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓)
Which is required.

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Class 12 Chapter 2
Question # 3 Find
𝒅𝒚
of the following parametric 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑏𝑡
𝒅𝒙 = ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
functions: 𝑑 𝑑
𝟏 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) (𝑡) − (𝑡) (1 + 𝑡 2 )
(i) 𝒙= 𝜽+𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 2𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution. 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
2
(1 + 𝑡 )(1) − (𝑡)(2𝑡)
1 𝑑𝑦
Since 𝑥 = 𝜃 + = 2𝑏
𝜃 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝜃 −1 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 2 )
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑥” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝜃, 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑏
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
= 1 + (−1. 𝜃 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
=1− 2
𝑑𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝜃 2 − 1 Now by chain rule
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝜃2 = .
𝑑𝜃 𝜃2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) − (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑥 𝜃 2 − 1 = 2𝑏 .
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 4𝑎𝑡
Now 𝑦 = 𝜃 + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑏(1 − 𝑡 2 )
=−
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝜃, 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑥 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑦 Which is required.
=1+0 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝜃 Question # 4. Prove that 𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝟏−𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕
=1 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟏+𝒕𝟐.
𝑑𝜃 𝟏+𝒕𝟐
Solution.
Now by chain rule (1−𝑡 2 )
Since 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
= . 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑥” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑡 , 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝜃2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 (1 − 𝑡 2 )
= 1. 2 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝜃 −1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜃2 2 𝑑 2 2 𝑑 2
= 2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 (1 − 𝑡 ) − (1 − 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝜃 − 1 =
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
Which is required.
𝑎(1−𝑡 2 ) 2𝑏𝑡
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 )(−2𝑡) − (1 − 𝑡 2 )(2𝑡)
2
(ii) 𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = =
1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
Solution. 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡2 + 1 − 𝑡2
𝑎(1−𝑡 2 ) = −2𝑡
Since 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 −4𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑥” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑡 , 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑎(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
= ( ) 𝑑𝑡 − (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 4𝑡
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) (1 − 𝑡 2 ) − (1 − 𝑡 2 ) (1 + 𝑡 2 ) 2𝑡
Now 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2
=𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑡, 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 2
(1 + 𝑡 )(−2𝑡) − (1 − 𝑡 2 )(2𝑡) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑡
=𝑎 = ( )
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡2 + 1 − 𝑡2 𝑑 𝑑
= −2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) (𝑡) − (𝑡) (1 + 𝑡 2 )
(1 + 𝑡 2 )2 =2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
2
(1 + 𝑡 )(1) − (𝑡)(2𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 −4𝑎𝑡 =2
= 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 2 )
=2
𝑑𝑡 − (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑡 2 )
=2
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
2𝑏𝑡
Now 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑡, 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 Now by chain rule

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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 Differentiate u w.r.t. x
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) − (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 = (𝑥 )
=2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 4𝑡 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
=− Now by chain rule
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑦 +𝑥 = 2𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥
2𝑡 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) (1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = . − + = 𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛−1
1 + 𝑡2 2𝑡 1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑢
2
(1 − 𝑡 ) (1 − 𝑡 2 ) Which is required.
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = − + 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 (iii) 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕.
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 0 Solution.
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥−1
Hence Proved. Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 =
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥+1
Question # 5. Differentiate 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . "𝑥"
(i) 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
− 𝒙𝟐 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝒙𝟒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥2 + 1
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1
Solution.
1 2 𝑑 2 2 𝑑 2
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥2 =
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . "𝑥" 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
2
= (𝑥 2 − 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
2
= (𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(−2)
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 −3 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 4 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2
= 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑢 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑥−1
Differentiate u w.r.t. x = ( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
= (𝑥 ) 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑢 =
= 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1)
Now by chain rule =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 + 1
= . =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= . 𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 4 + 1) 1 Now by chain rule
= . 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑥3 4𝑥 = .
4 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑢 2𝑥 6 = .
Which is required. 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝒏 𝑑𝑥
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
= 2 .
Solution. 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 − 1) 2 2
Suppose 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . "𝑥" 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 =
𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
= ((1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 =
= 𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛−1 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 =
= 2𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
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Class 12 Chapter 2
Which is required. 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 − 1 − 𝑥2 − 1
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃
= 2𝑥
(iv)
𝒂𝒙+𝒃
𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝒄𝒙+𝒅 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒅 𝑑𝑦 −2
Solution. = 2𝑥 2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑑 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
= 2
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Differentiate u w.r.t. x
= ( ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 ( 𝑥3)
𝑑 𝑑 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) 𝑑𝑢
= = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)(𝑎) − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐) Now by chain rule
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑎𝑐𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐 = .
= 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
Differentiate u w.r.t. x = 2 . 2
𝑑𝑢 (𝑥 − 1) 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏
= ( ) 𝑑𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑 =
𝑑𝑢 3𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑢
Which is required.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Derivative of Trigonometric function:
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏) − (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑) 𝒅
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1. (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2
Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑑𝑢 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)(2𝑎𝑥) − (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏)(2𝑎𝑥)
=  𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) → (𝒊𝒊)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢 2𝑎𝑥(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏)
2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2 2 2
𝑑𝑢 2𝑎𝑥(𝑑 − 𝑏) 𝑥+𝛿𝑥+𝑥 (𝑥+𝛿𝑥−𝑥)
=  𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos ( 2 ) sin 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2 2𝑥+𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
Now by chain rule  𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos ( 2
) sin ( 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
= .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (sin ( 2 ))
= . lim = lim [2 cos (𝑥 + ) . ]
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (sin( 2 ))
= .  𝑑𝑥
= 2 lim [cos (𝑥 + 2
). 𝛿𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑢 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 2𝑎𝑥(𝑑 − 𝑏) 𝛿𝑥→0 2×
2
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2 
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (∵ )lim
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝑥 𝜃→0 2
= 𝑑
Thus 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 2𝑎𝑥(𝑑 − 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝑥
Which is required. 𝒅
2. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑥 2 +1 𝒅𝒙
(v) 𝑥 2 −1
𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝑥 3 Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 → (𝑖)
Solution.  𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) → (𝒊𝒊)
𝑥 2 +1 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑥 3
𝑥 2 −1  𝛿𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 ‘’𝑦” 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 . 𝑥 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 +1 2 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= ( ) 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥+𝛿𝑥+𝑥
 𝛿𝑦 = −2 sin ( 2 ) sin
(𝑥+𝛿𝑥−𝑥)
2
2 𝑑 2 2 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)  𝛿𝑦 = −2 sin (
2𝑥+𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
) sin ( 2 )
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)2

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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝛿𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (sin ( 2 ))
lim = lim [−2 sin (𝑥 + ) . ] 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜 sec(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2 𝛿𝑥 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝛿𝑥 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 (sin( ))
2 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = − =
 𝑑𝑥
= −2 lim [−2 (𝑥 + 2
). 𝛿𝑥 ] sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 2×
2 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵

𝑑𝑦
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (∵ )lim
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=1 (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝜃→0 2 2 2
𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥
Thus 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
= 2 2
𝒅 sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3. (𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
1 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥 → (𝑖) = [2cos (𝑥 + ) sin (− )]
sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 2
 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖) 1 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = Tan(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥 = [cos (𝑥 + ) sin (− )]
cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 2
sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∵ sin(−𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 𝛿𝑦 = −
cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥−𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Dividing by 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
 𝛿𝑦 2
cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 lim = lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝛿𝑥
sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑠−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 ( )
 𝛿𝑦 = = [ lim 2 cosx (𝑥 + ) lim sin 2𝛿𝑥]
cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 2 𝛿𝑥→0 2×
2
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝑑𝑦 1 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 = − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 1) = .
𝛿𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim = lim . lim ( ) 
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (1) = 2 = sec 2 𝑥  ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝒅
6. 𝒅𝒙
(𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝑑𝑦 2
 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥 Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑑
 Thus 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥 = sec 𝑥2  𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) → (𝒊𝒊)
𝑑𝑥
𝒅 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = cot(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
4. (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒅𝒙
 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Proof:
cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥−𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 → (𝑖) 
sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥 = sec(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖) (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 sin(𝑥−𝛿𝑠−𝑥) sin(−𝛿𝑥)
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)  𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = sin(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = − =
cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝛿𝑦 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
(∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )) lim = lim . lim ( )
2 2 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥 
𝑑𝑦
=
1 1
(1) = 2 = −𝑐𝑜 sec 2 𝑥
−2 sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥
=
cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−2 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥  = −cosec 2 𝑥
= [sin (𝑥 + ) sin (− )] 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 2 𝑑
2 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
 Thus 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
[sin (𝑥 + ) sin ( 2 )]
2 Derivative of inverse trigonometric function:
∵ sin(−𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1.
𝒅
[𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙] =
𝟏
𝒙 ∈ (−𝟏, 𝟏) 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
Dividing by 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 2
lim = lim [ lim sin (𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑑
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 cos(𝑥+𝛿𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0  𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
( )
𝛿𝑥
) lim sin 2
𝛿𝑥 ]  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑠
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
2 𝛿𝑥→0 2×
2 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 1)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥  = ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
 =− = cos 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) =  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥  = ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝒅 𝑑 1
5. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 Hence (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ) =
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
Proof: 𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
2. 𝒅𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒙 𝒙) = − 𝒙 ∈ (−𝟏, 𝟏)
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
19 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
Proof: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑑 𝑑
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) = (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦. = 1 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑦 −1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
 = ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

𝑑𝑦
=
−1
∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥 Exercise 2.5
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 −1 QUESTION NO.1:
Hence (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ) = Differentiate the following trigonometric functions
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝒅 𝟏
3.
𝒅𝒙
(𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ,𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 from the first principals.
Proof:𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑥 i) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝑑 𝑑 ii) Tan3x
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥) iii) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 iv) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝟐
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. =1⇒ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 v)
𝑑𝑦 1 vi) √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 ∵ 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 1 vii) 𝒄𝒐𝒔√𝒙
 = ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 Solution:
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 1
 Hence (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = (i)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝒅 −𝟏 Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 → (1)
4. (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟏 𝒙) = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ,𝒙 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟏]′ ,
𝒅𝒙 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (2)
[−𝟏, 𝟏] = (−∞, −𝟏) ∪ 𝐸𝑞 2 − 𝑒𝑞1
(𝟏, +∞) 𝑦 − 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Proof:𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦) = (𝑥) 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑄 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 2𝑥
⇒ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. =1⇒ = 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 2 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 4𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 2𝛿𝑥
 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑦 −1 2 2
 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝑑 −1 Dividing both side by 𝛿𝑥
 Hence 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) =
1+𝑥 2
𝒅 𝟏 𝛿𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
5. (𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙) = , 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟏] =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
−1
Proof:𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
lim = 2 lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). lim
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
⇒ (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦) = (𝑥) ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦. =1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 0). 1
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 =
1
∵ 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦√𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1 (ii) 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝒙 → (𝟏)
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (2)
𝑑𝑦 1 Eq2-eq1
= ∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝛿𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝒅 −𝟏 =
6. 𝒅𝒙
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙) = ,𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
−1 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝛽 − 𝑐0𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Proof:𝒍𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥 − 3𝑥)
⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦) = (𝑥) ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦. =1 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 1 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥
⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 2𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝛿𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛿𝑥
∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = .
𝛿𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝛿𝑥
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1
20 | P a g e
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𝛿𝑦 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛿𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 → (1)
lim = lim . lim 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (2)
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑒𝑞2 − 𝑒𝑞1
= .1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 0)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3 𝛿𝑦 = {𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥}. {𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥}
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = {𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥}. [ − ]
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝛿𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]. [ ]
(iii) Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 → (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) → (2) 𝛿𝑦 = [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]. [ ]
𝐸𝑞2 − 𝑒𝑞1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
[𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 = . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥] 𝛿𝑦 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
+ [𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥] 𝛿𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
.
𝛿𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝛿𝑦 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) lim = lim . lim
2 2 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝛿𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0
− 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 2 = .1
4𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
4𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
2 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = [2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥)]. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥 (𝑣𝑖)
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − − − − − −1
𝛿𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑐
= [2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥)]. 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − − − − − 2
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑒𝑞2 − 𝑒𝑞1
𝛿𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
lim = lim[2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥)] lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥}. 1 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ×
(iv) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 2
Solution: (√𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)) − (√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑦 =
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 → (1) √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 → (2) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝛿𝑦 =
𝐸𝑞(2) − 𝑒𝑞(1) √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑦 = [ −
𝛿𝑦 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 2
𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑥(𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥)
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 2 ). 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
) =
1
[
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥). 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
]
𝛿𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥)
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = .
𝛿𝑥 √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿𝑥(𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥)) 𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝛿𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑥 2 ). .
𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 1
𝛿𝑥. = . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
2
lim
𝛿𝑦
= lim − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 2 ).
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿𝑥(𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥)) 𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥
.
√𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
𝛿𝑥.
2
2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑥
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 1. 𝛿𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 2 lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 = lim . lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0

(𝑣)
21 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1 (ii) 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝜽. 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽
= .1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Solution.
𝑑𝑦 1 Let 𝑦 = tan3 𝜃 . sec 2 𝜃
= Differentiate w.r.t 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= = (tan3 𝜃. sec 2 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) = (sec 2 𝜃) (tan3 𝜃) + (tan3 𝜃) (sec 2 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: = (sec 2 𝜃)(3tan2 𝜃(sec 2 𝜃))
𝑑𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑥√𝑥 → (𝑖) + (tan3 𝜃)(2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃))
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑑𝑦
= (3 sec 4 𝜃tan2 𝜃) + (2tan4 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃)
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃(3 sec 2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 + 2tan2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝑑𝜃
∵ cos 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( ) (iii) 𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽)𝟐
2 2
Solution.
√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥
= − 2sin ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) Let 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)2
2 2
Differentiate w.r.t 𝜃
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)2
𝛿𝑦 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
⇒ = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)
∵ (√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥)(√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥) = 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (2𝜃) − (−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 (3𝜃)]
√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝛿𝑦 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = × = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)
𝛿𝑥 (√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥) √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2× 2 Which is required.
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0 (iv) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥 Solution.
𝛿𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
⇒ lim = lim 2 × lim 2
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 (√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + √𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥
2 Differentiate w.r.t x
√𝑥 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
⇒ = 2 (1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 1
= + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− sin (
2 ) 𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= = ( )
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 Which is required.
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 𝒅𝒚
Question # 3. Find 𝒅𝒙 if:
Question # 2.
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Differentiate the following w.r.t the variable
Solution.
involved.
Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
(i) 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒𝒙
Differentiate w.r.t x
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) (𝑥) + (𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
= (𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦(1) + 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
= (𝑥 2 ) (𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥) (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= (𝑥 2 )(𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥 (4𝑥)) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥)(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥𝑇𝑎𝑛4𝑥) + 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥

22 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 Solution.
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 1+2𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛√
Which is required. 1+𝑥
(ii) 𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 Differentiate w.r.t x
Solution.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 + 2𝑥
Since 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛√ )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= (𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑥 𝑑 1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠√ ) (√ )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) (𝑦) + (𝑦) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) ( ) + (𝑦)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑥 1 1 + 2𝑥 −2 𝑑 1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 √ ) ( ) ( )
1= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑥 1 1 + 2𝑥 2
= = (𝑐𝑜𝑠√ ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥
Question # 4. Find derivative w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑
(i) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔√
𝟏+𝒙 (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 2𝑥) − (1 + 2𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)
𝟏+𝟐𝒙 ( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
(1 + 𝑥)2
Solution.
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√ 𝑑𝑥
1+2𝑥
1
Differentiate w.r.t x 1 + 2𝑥 1 1 + 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥)(2) − (1 + 2𝑥)(1)
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 √ ) ( ) ( )
1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1+𝑥
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠√ ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑑 1+𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 1 1 + 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 − 2𝑥
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛√ ) (√ ) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠√ ) ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)2
1
1 𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑥 1 1 2 1
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥 −
2 𝑑 1+𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠√ ) ( ) ( 1)
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛√ ) ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2−2
1 + 2𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑑
1 + 𝑥 1 1 + 2𝑥 2 (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠√
𝑑𝑦
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 √ ) ( ) ( ) 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)2 = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥)2 √1 + 2𝑥
( )
𝑑𝑥
1 Which is required.
1 + 𝑥 1 1 + 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)(1) − (1 + 𝑥)(2)
2
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛√ ) ( ) ( ) Question # 5 Differentiate
1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)2
(i) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
𝑑𝑦 Solution.
𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑦 = sinx and 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
1 + 𝑥 1 1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 2𝑥 − 2 − 2𝑥 we find 𝑑𝑢
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛√ ) ( ) ( )
1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)2 Now 𝑦 = sinx
1 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 1 1 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛√ ) ( ) ( 1) = (sinx)
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 2𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑦
1+𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛√1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Now 𝑢 = cotx
= 3
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
2(1 + 2𝑥)2 √1 + 𝑥
( ) 𝑑𝑢
Which is required. = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(i) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏√ 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏+𝟐𝒙 𝑑𝑥 1
=−
𝑑𝑢 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒 2 𝑥
23 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑥 Question.7.
= −𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Now using chain rule If 𝒚 = √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + ⋯ ∞
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
= . , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏) = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥.
𝑑𝑢

(ii). 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 Solution.

Solution. Since

Let 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 and 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ⋯ ∞ − − − (𝑖)

𝑑𝑦
we find
𝑑𝑢
Squarring on both sides, we have
Now 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ⋯ ∞
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ⋯ ∞
= 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦
Differentiate w.r.t x Differentiate w.r.t ‘’x’’ , we have
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥(−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) = −4𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2𝑦 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=− 2𝑦 − = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 4𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now using chain rule (2𝑦 − 1) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= . Hence Proved.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 Question.8
= (2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (− ) If 𝒙 = 𝒂𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒃 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 , Show that 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 +
𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑢 4𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎
=−
𝑑𝑢 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 Solution
𝑑𝑦 1
= − 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
𝑑𝑢 2 Diff. ′′𝑥′′ w r.t.′′𝜃 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
Question.6. = (𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑎. 3𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)
−1. 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Solution. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎. 3𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Since 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = −3𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠 2
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑑𝜃 −1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 =
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 3𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠 2
tan 4 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ′′
Diff. ′′𝑦′′ w r.t.′′𝜃 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝜋
tan 4 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)
𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = tan ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
4 = 𝑏. 3𝑆𝑖𝑛2 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4 = 𝑏. 3𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Differentiate w.r.t ‘’x’’ , we have 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=0−1 = 3𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒
= −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = .
Hence proved. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥

24 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 Which is required.
= 3𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃. 1 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 3𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (iii) 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑎
= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 Solution.
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑎 = −𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0 = ( 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
Hence proved. 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑 𝑎
Question.10. Differentiate ′′𝒙′′ , 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = . . ( )
𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(i) 𝑪𝒐𝒔−𝟏 √1 − ( )
𝒂 𝑥
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 1 1 −𝑎
𝑥 = . .( 2)
Let 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑥
𝑎 √1 − 𝑎 2
Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1 −𝑎
= (𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ) = . .( 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥
√
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥2
=− . ( ) 𝑑𝑦 1 1 −𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
√1 − (𝑥 ) = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥
.( 2)
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑥
=− .( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 = .( 2)
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 −1
=− .( ) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
√𝑎 −2 𝑥 Which is required.
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1 1 (iv) 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 √1 − 𝑥 2
=− .( ) Solution.
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑎 Let 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 1 Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
=− .( )
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 = ( 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
=− . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= . (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒙 √1 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
(ii) 𝑪𝒐𝒕−𝟏
𝒂
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
Solution. = .( (1 − 𝑥 2 ) )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1 1
Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = .( (−2𝑥) )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 1 + 𝑥 2 2√1 − 𝑥 2
= (𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 ) 𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 = .( )
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
=− . ( ) 𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 = .( )
1 + (𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 −1
=− 2 .( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1+ 2
𝑎 Which is required.
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑥 2 −1
=− 2 2 .( ) (v) 𝑆𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥 2 +1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎
𝑎2 Solution.
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑥 2 +1
=− 2 2 .( ) Let 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 2 −1
𝑎2 Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥2 + 1
=− 2 2
.( ) = (𝑆𝑒𝑐 −1 ( 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
=− 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥2

25 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥2 + 1 Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
= . ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 − 𝑥2
𝑥2 + 1 √ 𝑥2 + 1
2 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ))
( 2 ) ( 2 ) −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 =− . ( )
= . 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝑥 2 + 1 √(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − (𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑥 2 − 1√1 − ( )
( 2 ) 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 −1 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 − 1 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
=− .(
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
)
(𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑥 2 + 1) − (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 − 1) (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑥 2 − 1√1 −
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑦
=−
𝑥2 − 1
.(
(𝑥 2 + 1)(−2𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥)
)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2 − 1 √
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
= .( ) 𝑥2 − 1 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 √4. 𝑥 2 . 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 = .
(𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 − 1)√𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − (𝑥 4 + 1 − 2𝑥) (𝑥 2 − 1)2
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
2
𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 2𝑥(−2)
= 2 . (2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 1) = .
(𝑥 2 + 1)√2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1). 2𝑥
−4𝑥 −4𝑥 −2𝑥
= 2 = 2
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥 ∓ 1)√4𝑥
2 2 (𝑥 − 1). 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
= 2 . (−2) 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) ⇒ =− 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 −2 Which is required.
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 Question.11.
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙
Which is required. Show that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚
𝟐𝒙 Solution.
(vi) 𝑪𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝟐)
Since
Solution. 𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥 = tan−1
Let 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1
( 2) 𝑥 𝑦
1−𝑥
−1
𝑥
Diff.w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑥 ′′
Diff. w.r.t ′′𝑥 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
= (𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 2𝑥 =𝑥 tan−1 + tan−1 (𝑥)
=− . ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
1+( ) =𝑥 ( ) + tan−1 . 1
1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+( )
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑥−𝑥
1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )
=𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦
=− . (2. ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥
4𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 1+ 2
1+ 𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ). 1 − 𝑥(−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦−𝑥
=−
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 4𝑥 2
. (2. )
=𝑥 2 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 1
=− . (2(1 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2
4 =𝑥 2 2
(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) +
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 +𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
=− . (2(1 + 𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
4
= (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) +
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
=− . (2(1 + 𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 = − +
𝑑𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
+ 2 2
= 2 2
+
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥2
(vii) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 (1+𝑥2 )
(1 + 2 ) = ( +1)
Solution. 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1−𝑥 2
Let 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 (1+𝑥2 )
26 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 . 𝑎𝛿𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 − 1)
(1 + ) = (1 + )
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑥
𝑎𝛿𝑥 − 1
= lim = lim [𝑎 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
Hence Proved. 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 − 1
= 𝑎 𝑥 lim = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
Question.12. 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 − 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎 (∵ lim
If 𝑦 = tan(𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ) , 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 − 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑝(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑎)
Solution. Note: as 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 ⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒙
Since ⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝑦 = tan(𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 )
tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
= 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒂. 𝒍𝒏𝒆 ∵ 𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒃 = 𝒃𝒍𝒏𝒂
Differentiate with respect to ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒂 ∵ 𝒍𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏
1 𝑑𝑦
=𝑝
1 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒂
2
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 Derivative of the logarithmic function:
𝑑𝑦
Since = 𝑦1 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0 𝑎 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥. (𝑥 > 0)
2
𝑦1 = 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎.
1+𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 𝑝(1 + 𝑦 2 ) The logarithmic functions
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 − 𝑝(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Hence Proved. 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Derivative of exponential Functions: 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 1. (𝑙𝑛𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
> 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 Proof:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Let 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒. ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − (𝑖𝑖)
𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒 ⇒ (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑙𝑛𝑥
≅ 2.71 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑥
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑦 = ln (∵ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ln )
𝑥 𝑦
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒. 𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = ln ( + ) = ln (1 + )
1. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 𝑜
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 → (𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 1 𝛿𝑥
lim = lim [ ln (1 + )]
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 1 𝑛
= lim ln (1 + ) (∵ lim (1 + ) = 𝑒)
⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝛿𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 =
lim
𝛿𝑦
= lim [𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −1
( )] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝑒 −1 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) =
= 𝑒 𝑥 . lim 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 − 1 2. [𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙] =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒂
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝑒 ∵ lim = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 Proof:
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = log 𝑎 𝑥 → (𝑖)
= 𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = log a (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = log a (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − log 𝑎 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = log a (∵ log 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = log a )
2.
𝒅
(𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒂 𝑥 𝑦
𝒅𝒙 𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
Proof: 𝛿𝑦 = log a ( + ) = log a (1 + )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 → (𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑥 → 𝑜
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝛿𝑦 1 𝛿𝑥
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 lim = lim [ log a (1 + )]
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝑥

27 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 1 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= lim log a (1 + ) (∵ lim (1 + ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 (𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 )2
2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒 + 2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 4
= =
= 𝑒) (𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1 1 𝑑 2
= log 𝑎 𝑒 = . = .
(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥) = ( 𝑥 ) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥)2 = sech2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (log 𝑎 𝑥) = 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 ⇒ (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥) = sech2 𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥
Logarithmic differentiation: 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Derivative of hyperbolic function: 4.
𝒅
1. (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝑑
𝒅𝒙 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
Proof: 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Proof:
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 1
2 we know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑠𝑜(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥) = ( ) 𝑠𝑜 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
( ) = { (𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 )} 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 (1) − (1) (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑑 1 sinh2 𝑥
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (−𝑥) = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥(0) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 2 =
1 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
+ 𝑒 −𝑥 sinh2 𝑥
−𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑 −𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
2 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥
𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
𝒅 𝑑𝑥
2. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙
𝒅𝒙 5.
Proof: 𝑑
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
2
Proof:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑠𝑜 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 1
1 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑑 −𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 =
( ) = { (𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 )} 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 
𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) =
𝑑
(
1
)
1 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (−𝑥) = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) 𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 (1)−(1) (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥 2  = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
− 𝑒 −𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥(0) − (1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)
2 2 =
𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
= = −𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝒅 𝑑
3. 𝒅𝒙
(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒙) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Proof: 6.
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥
We know that 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑
So (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥) = (
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
) (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) Proof:
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1))  (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥)= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 (1) − (1) (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 )(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tanh2 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥(𝑜) − (1)(sech2 𝑥)
= =
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 tanh2 𝑥

28 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
− sech2 𝑥 − sech2 𝑥 1 (𝑒 𝑦 )2 + 1
= = cosh2 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 + =
sinh2 𝑥 sinh2 𝑥 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦
cosh2 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑒 = 𝑒 + 1 ⇒ 𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑒 + 1 = 0
− sech2 𝑥 1 1 ⇒(𝑒 𝑦 )2
− 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0
= 2
× 2
=−
sinh 𝑥 sech 𝑥 sinh2 𝑥 −(−2𝑥) ± √(−2𝑥)2 − 4(1)(1)
𝑑 ⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥
Hence (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 2(1)
𝑑𝑥
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
=
2𝑎
Derivative of inverse hyperbolic function:
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4 2 ± √4(𝑥 2 − 1)
The inverse hyperbolic functions are = =
2 2
1. 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 ; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈
2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑅 = = 2( )
2 2
2. 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦; 𝑥 ∈
[1, ∞), 𝑦 ∈ [0, ∞) 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
3. 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦 ; 𝑥 ∈ ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1 , 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 − √𝑥 2 − 1
(−1,1), 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 𝐴𝑠 𝑒 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑠𝑜 (𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑥 > 1
4. 𝑦 = coth−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑦 ; 𝑥 ∈ ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1 , Note:
[−1,1]′ , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} ∵ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥
⇒𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
5. 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦; 𝑥 ∈ (0,1], 𝑦 ∈ 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Hence 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 +
[0, ∞) 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝑦(1) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 −
{0}, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅 𝟏
1. (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹
Proof: 𝒅𝒙 √𝟏+𝒙𝟐

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:

𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥
⇒𝑥= ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
2 2 ⇒ (𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦
1 (𝑒 𝑦 )2
−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑒 𝑒 ⇒ cosh =1⇒ =
⇒ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦
⇒(𝑒 𝑦 )2 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
−(−2𝑥) ± √(−2𝑥)2 − 4(1)(−1) 𝑑𝑥 √𝑐𝑜ℎ2 𝑦 √1 + sinh2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥
2(1) ∵ cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
=
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑑𝑦 1 1
2𝑎 = =
𝑑𝑥 √cosh 𝑦 √1 + sin2 𝑦
2
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 + 4 2 ± √4(𝑥 2 + 1)
= = (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 = 𝑥)
2 2
2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1 𝒅 𝟏
= = 2( ) 2. (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒙) = 𝒙 ∈ [𝟏, ∞), 𝒚 ∈
2 2 𝒅𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1 [𝒐, ∞)
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 , 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 − √𝑥 2 + 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑒 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑠𝑜 (𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
∈ 𝑅) ⇒ (𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
Note: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 , 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) ∵ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ sinh =1⇒ =
𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
Hence 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝑦(1) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦 √𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 1
2
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∵ cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝑑𝑥 √cosh2 𝑦 − 1 √𝑥 2 − 1
Proof: 3.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 𝒅 𝟏
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙) =
⇒𝑥= ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
2 2 Proof:
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 Class 12 Chapter 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−1,1), 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦 = 𝑥
Exercise 2.6
𝑑 𝑑 Question # 1) Find 𝒇′ (𝒙) if
⇒ (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥) i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑒 √𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Solution:
⇒ sech2 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 √𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= = Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑥 sech 𝑦 1 − tanh2 𝑦
2
𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 = (𝑒 √𝑥−1 )
= (∵ sech2 𝑥 + tanh2 𝑥 = 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑
4. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 √𝑥−1 (√𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 √𝑥−1
(coth−1 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑦 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 =
Proof: 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
Which is required.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = coth−1 𝑥 ; |𝑥| > 1 𝟏
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑦 = 𝑥 ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝒙
𝑑 𝑑 Solution:
⇒ (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ −𝑐𝑜sech2 𝑦 =1 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 1
= = = (𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜 sech 𝑦 1 − coth2 𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 )
= (∵ −𝑐𝑜 sech2 𝑥 + coth2 𝑥 = 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 1 1 𝑑 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) ( )
𝒅 𝟏 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5. 𝒅𝒙
(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙) =− ,𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏 1 1 𝑑 1
𝒙√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) ( )
Proof: 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1 −1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) ( 2 )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦) = (𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑦 Which is required.
⇒ −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥 iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙)
𝑑𝑦 −1 −1 Solution:
⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 √tanh2 𝑦 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 −1 Differentiate w.r.t x
= (
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 √1 − sech2 𝑦 𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 𝑥
= (𝑒 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥))
∵ sech2 𝑦 + tanh2 𝑦 = 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(sech−1 𝑥) =− 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√1−𝑥 2 ′ 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑒 (0 + ) + (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)(𝑒
𝑥
𝑥
𝒅 𝟏 𝑒 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 )
6. 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙) =− , 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 − {𝟎} 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝒙√𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝑥
Proof: (1 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥))𝑒 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜 sech−1 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Which is required.
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦) = (𝑥) 𝒆𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 +𝟏
𝑑𝑦
⇒ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑦 =1 Solution.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 −1 𝑒𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 +1
⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦 √coth2 𝑦 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 𝑒𝑥
2
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1) = ( −𝑥 )
(∵ coth 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 + 1
coth 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 −1 (𝑒 −𝑥 + 1) (𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)
=− = ′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑦√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)2
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Class 12 Chapter 2
(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) 1 1 𝑑 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = [ 2𝑥 −2𝑥
(𝑒
(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)2 2√𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
(1 + 𝑒 ) − (−1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )]
(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)2 2(𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑥 2√𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
(𝑒 + 1)2
(𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
Which is required. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
v) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) √𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
Solution: Which is required.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) viii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏√(𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 )
Differentiate w.r.t x Solution:
𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 1
= (𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛√(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 2 (ln(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
1 𝑑 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 1 𝑑
𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 = (ln(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ))
1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 ]
1 𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2𝑥
1 𝒅𝒚
𝑒𝑥 + Question # 2. Find if
𝑒𝑥 𝒅𝒙
2𝑥
𝑒 −1 Solution.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑒 +1 i) 𝑦 = x 2 ln√x
Which is required. 1
Let 𝑦 = x 2 ln√x = 2 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝒆𝒂𝒙 −𝒆−𝒂𝒙
vi) 𝒇(𝒙) = Differentiate w.r.t x
𝒆𝒂𝒙 +𝒆−𝒂𝒙
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 2
= ( 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = [(𝑥 2 ) (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑥 2 )]
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 2 1
= ( ) = [𝑥 ( ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 (2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑑 ii) 𝒚 = 𝒙√𝒍𝒏𝒙
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution.
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎) − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (−𝑎)) − (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎) + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (−)) Let 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑙𝑛𝑥
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2
𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑥 2 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑎[(𝑒 +𝑒 ) − (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = ( 𝑥√𝑙𝑛𝑥)
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎[(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )2 + (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 + 2(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )2 − (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 − 2(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )]
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2
= (𝑥) (√𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (√𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑥)
𝑎[4𝑒 0 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 =𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + √𝑙𝑛𝑥 (1)
4𝑎 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2 =𝑥 ( ) + √𝑙𝑛𝑥 (1)
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
2
vii) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒍𝒏(𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 ) 𝑑𝑦 1 + 2(√𝑙𝑛𝑥)
=
Solution: 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑙𝑛𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) =
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑( 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑 Which is required.
= (√𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )) iii)
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 Solution.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )) 𝑥
2𝑥
2√𝑙𝑛(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑦 =
𝑙𝑛𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x

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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 Which is required.
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 vii) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑥) − (𝑥) (𝑙𝑛𝑥) Solution.
=( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 Let 𝑦 = ln(9 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)(1) − (𝑥) ( ) = (ln(9 − 𝑥 2 )
=( 𝑥 )
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= (9 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 = (−2𝑥)
𝟏 𝑑𝑥 9 − 𝑥 2
iv) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙) 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
=
Solution. 𝑑𝑥 9 − 𝑥 2
1 Which is required.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln ( ) = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥 −1 ) = −𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)
𝑥
viii) 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
Differentiate w.r.t x
Solution.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= ( −𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)) Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 Differentiate w.r.t x
= − [(𝑥 2 ) (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2)
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − [(𝑥 ( ) + (𝑙𝑛𝑥)(2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (2)) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)(𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= −[𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥(1 + 2𝑙𝑛𝑥) Which is required.
𝑑𝑥
Which is required. ix) 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ) .
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Solution.
v) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏√𝒙𝟐−𝟏 Since 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 )
Solution. Differentiating w.r.t ‘’x’’
𝑥 2 −1 1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 3
Let 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛√ = ln ( ) = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 ) (𝑒 −𝑥 )+𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
𝑥 2 +1 2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x +1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑦
= ( ln ( 2 )) = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 )(𝑒 −𝑥 (−1))+𝑒 −𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑 𝑥 2 −1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
= 2 [ 𝑥2−1 ( )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 +1
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
𝑑 2 𝑑 2
2 2
𝑑𝑦 1(𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) x) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑥 2 + 1)2 Solution.
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) Since 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=( ) Differentiate w.r.t.’’x’’
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 1 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
=( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) (𝑥) + (𝑥) (𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
=( 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑒 )(1) + (𝑥)(𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥))
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
vi) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
Solution. 𝑑𝑥
Which is required.
Let 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
xi) 𝒚 = 𝟓𝐞𝟑𝐱−𝟒
Differentiate w.r.t x Solution.
𝑑𝑦 1 √𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥 Let 𝑦 = 5e3x−4
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 1 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= = (5e3x−4 )
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= 5e3x−4 (3𝑥 − 4) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Which is required.
= 5e3x−4 (3)
𝑑𝑥 (ii) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟑𝒙
𝑑𝑦 Let 𝑦 = cosh 2𝑥
= 15e3x−4
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
Which is required. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
xii) 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒙 = (sinh 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 (3)
Taking ln on both sides 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝝅 𝝅
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 (iii) 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙), − 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
= (ln(𝑥 + 1)) (𝑥) + 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1))
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sol:
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 Let 𝑦 = tanh−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= (ln(𝑥 + 1))(1) + (𝑥) ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (x + 1) 𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑦( ) = (tanh−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥),)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= (𝑥 + 1)𝑥 ( = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
) 𝑑𝑥 1 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 = (cosx)
𝑑𝑥 1−sin2 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1)𝑥−1 (ln(𝑥 + 1) + 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
Which is required. 𝑑𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
xiii) 𝒚 = (𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝒍𝒏𝒙 (iv) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏(𝒙𝟑 )
Solution. Let 𝑦 = sinh−1 (𝑥 3 )
Let 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑛𝑥 Differentiate w.r.t x
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (sinh−1(𝑥 3 ) )
Taking ln on both sides 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 3
= (𝑥 )
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 √1 − (𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
=
1
(3𝑥 2 )
= (ln(𝑙𝑛𝑥)) (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (𝑙𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 6
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 6
= (ln(𝑙𝑛𝑥)) ( ) + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑥 (v) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙)
𝑑𝑦 ln(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 1 Let 𝑦 = ln(tanh 𝑥)
= 𝑦( ) Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑥 ( ) = (ln(tanh 𝑥) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 1)𝑥 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)
= (ln(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝒅𝒚 = (sech2 𝑥)
Q#3) Find 𝒅𝒙 if: 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
(i) 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
=
Solution. 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Let 𝑦 = cosh 2𝑥 =
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (vi) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝟐)
= (cosh 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sol:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 Let 𝑦 = sinh−1 (2)
𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Differentiate w.r.t x
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 (2) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = (sinh−1 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 Again differentiate w.r.t x
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑥 1 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑦2 = 3 (√2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
= ( ) 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦2 = (2)
√1 + ( )
2 2√2𝑥 + 5
3
𝑦2 =
𝑑𝑦 1 1 √2𝑥 + 5
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 Which is required.
√1 + 𝑥 𝟏
4 (iii) 𝒚 = √𝒙 −
√𝒙
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= ( ) Sol: Since 𝑦 = √𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 2 2 √𝑥
√4 + 𝑥 1 1
4 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑦 2 1 Differentiating w.r.t ‘’x’’
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 √4 + 𝑥 2 2 1 −1 1 −3
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
= 2 2
𝑑𝑥 √4 + 𝑥 2 Again differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑 1 −1 1 −3
𝑦2 = ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2)
𝑺𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑑𝑥 2 2
−1 −3 −3 −5
(𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 ) 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 2
4 4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 −1 −3 −3 −5
= 𝑓(𝑥)𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 2
4 4
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤. Which is required.
1𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 3𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Question # 2 Find 𝒚𝟐 if:
𝑦′ 𝑦′′ 𝑦′′′
𝑑𝑦 (i) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒆−𝒙
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
Solution.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑦2 𝐷𝑦3 Differentiate w.r.t x
𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓′′(𝑥) 𝑓′′′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 −𝑥
= (𝑥 . 𝑒 )
𝑑𝑓 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦1 = (𝑥 2 )(𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) + (𝑒 −𝑥 )(2𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑦1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
Again differentiate w.r.t x
Exercise 2.7 𝑑 −𝑥
Question # 1 𝑦2 = (𝑒 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥
Find 𝒚𝟐 if: 𝑦2 = ((2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ))(𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)) + (𝑒 −𝑥 )(2 − 2𝑥)
(i) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑦2 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2 − 2𝑥)
Solution. 𝑦2 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2)
Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 2 Which is required.
Differentiate w.r.t x 2𝑥+3
(ii) 𝑦 = ln (3𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (2𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 2) ⇒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑦1 = . ln (
2𝑥+3
)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+2
𝑦1 = 10𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 [ln(2𝑥 + 3) − ln(3𝑥 + 2)]
Again differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑦1 = 2(2𝑥 + 3)−1 − 3(3𝑥 + 2)−1
𝑦2 = (10𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2 = 𝑦2 = 2 (2𝑥 + 3)−1 − 3 (3𝑥 + 2)−1
𝑦2 = 40𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
Which is required. = 2(−1)(2𝑥 + 3)−1 (2𝑥 + 3) − 3(−1)(3𝑥 + 2)−2 (3𝑥 + 2)
𝟑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐 = −2(2𝑥 + 3)−2 (2) + 3(3𝑥 + 2)−2 )(3)
Solution. 4 9
𝑦2 = − 2
+
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 (2𝑥 + 5) (3𝑥 + 2)2
= (2𝑥 + 5)2 2
−4(3𝑥 + 2) + 9(2𝑥 + 3)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3 1 (2𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2
𝑦1 = (2𝑥 + 5)2 (2)
2 −4(9𝑥 + 4 + 12𝑥) + 9(4𝑥 2 + 3 + 12𝑥)
2
1 =
𝑦1 = 3(2𝑥 + 5)2 = 3√2𝑥 + 5 (2𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2
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Class 12 Chapter 2
−36𝑥 2 − 16 − 48𝑥 + 36𝑥62 + 81 + 108𝑥 𝑥2
= (𝑦2 )(2𝑥) − (𝑥2 ) (2𝑦 ( 2 ))
(2𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2 𝑦
60𝑥 + 65 𝑦2 =
𝑦2 = 𝑦4
(2𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2
2𝑥4
Q#3) Find 𝒚𝟐 if: (2𝑥𝑦2 ) − ( )
𝑦
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝑦2 =
𝑦4
Sol:
2𝑦2 𝑥2 − 2𝑥4
Differentiate w.r.t x ( 𝑦
)
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑦2 =
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑎 ) 𝑦4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦1 = 0 2𝑥(𝑦3 − 𝑥3 )
𝑦2 =
2𝑦𝑦1 = −2𝑥 𝑦5
𝑥 −2𝑥 3
𝑦1 = − = (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )
𝑦 𝑦5
Differentiating again w.r.t “x”
𝑑2𝑦 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑥 = − (𝑎 ) ∵ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3
=− ( ) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥𝑎3
𝑑𝑦1 (𝑦) (𝑥) − (𝑥) (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 = − 5
=− 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦)2 (iii) 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
(𝑦)(1) − (𝑥)(𝑦1 ) Sol:
𝑦2 = − ( )
(𝑦)2 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Put value of “𝑦1 ” 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑏𝜃) = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(𝑦) − (𝑥) (− ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 = (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦2 = − ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(𝑦)2
By chain rule, we have
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝜃 1
( ) = . = (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦2 = − ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑥𝜃
(𝑦)2 =− = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ⇒ 𝑦1 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝜃
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 ⇒ 2= (−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = −(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)
𝑦2 = − ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦3 1 1 1
2
−𝑎2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ( )= ( )
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦2 = 𝑑2 𝑦 −1
𝑦3 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
(ii) 𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑
Sol: −1
𝑦2 =
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑎 sin3 𝜃
𝑑 3 3 𝑑 3 Which is required
(𝑥 −𝑦 ) = (𝑎 ) (iv) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑦1 = 0 Sol:
𝑥
3𝑦 2 𝑦1 = 3𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡 2 =
𝑥2 𝑎
𝑦1 = 2 𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑏 (𝑎)
Differentiating again w.r.t “x” 𝑏𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑥2 𝑦=
𝑎2
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 Differentiate w.r.t x
2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑 2
2
𝑑𝑦1 (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ) − (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 )
2 = 2 (𝑥 )
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 )2 𝑏
𝑦1 = 2 (2𝑥)
2
(𝑦 )(2𝑥) − (𝑥2 )(2𝑦𝑦1 ) 𝑎
𝑦2 = Again differentiate w.r.t x
𝑦4
2𝑏 𝑑
𝑦2 = 2 (𝑥)
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
Put value of “𝑦1 ”

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Class 12 Chapter 2
2𝑏 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦2 = = 𝑦3 = (−9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) = −9(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) (3𝑥)
𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(v) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 = −9 𝑐𝑜𝑠3x (3)
Sol: differentiate w.r.t “x” 𝑦3 = −27𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐) = 𝑑𝑥 (0) Again differentiate w.r.t x
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦1 + 2𝑔 + 2𝑓𝑦1 = 0 𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑
4
= 𝑦4 = (−27𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)
𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑓𝑦1 = −𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑦1 (𝑦 + 𝑓) = −(𝑥 + 𝑔) = −27(−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) (3𝑥)
𝑥+𝑔 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = − = −27 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (3))
𝑦+𝑓
𝑦4 = 81𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
Differentiating again w.r.t “x”
Which is required
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑥+𝑔
=− ( ) (ii) 𝑦 = cos 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 1
∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 3
𝑑𝑦1 (𝑦 + 𝑓) (𝑥 + 𝑔) − (𝑥 + 𝑔) (𝑦 + 𝑓) Sol: ( ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑥 )
=− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑓)2 ⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥
4
(𝑦 + 𝑓)(1) − (𝑥 + 𝑔)(𝑦1 ) Thus
𝑦2 = − ( ) 1
(𝑦 + 𝑓)2 𝑦 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
4
Put value of “𝑦1 ” 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥+𝑔 = 𝑦1 = [ (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) + (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
(𝑦 + 𝑓)(1) − (𝑥 + 𝑔) (− ) 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 1
𝑦2 = − ( ) = [(−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥(3) + 3(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
(𝑦 + 𝑓)2 4
3
(𝑦 + 𝑓)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑔)2 𝑦1 = − (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦2 = − ( ) 4
(𝑦 + 𝑓)3 2
𝑑 𝑦 3 𝑑 𝑑
2 ⇒ 2 = − ( (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥))
𝑦2 + 𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑥2 + 𝑔2 + 2𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 = − ( ) 3
(𝑦 + 𝑓)3
= − (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 (3) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
4
𝑦2
𝑑2 𝑦 3
2 ⇒ 2 = 𝑦2 = − [(3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐) + 𝑓2 + 𝑔 − 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 4
= −( ) 𝑑3 𝑦 3 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦 + 𝑓)3 ⇒ 3 = 𝑦3 = − [3( (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
2 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 0) + 𝑓 2 + 𝑔 − 𝑐 3
𝑦2 = − ( ) = − [3(−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)(3) + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
(𝑦 + 𝑓)3 4
3
2 = − (−9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
−𝑓2 − 𝑔 + 𝑐 4
𝑦2 = 3
( 𝑦 + 𝑓) 3 𝑦3 = (9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
4
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑓 2 − 𝑔2 + 𝑐 𝑑4 𝑦 3 𝑑 𝑑
= ⇒ 4 = 𝑦4 = [9 (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑓)3 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑐 − 𝑓 2 − 𝑔2 3
= = [9𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥(3) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑓)3 4
3
Q#4 Find 𝑦4 if: = [27𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4
3
Sol: Differentiate w.r.t x = (27(4 cos3 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 3 × 27 × 4 3 × 27 × 3 3
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 (3𝑥) = cos3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 4 4
𝑦1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3x (3) 243 3
𝑦1 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3x 81 cos 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4 4
Again differentiate w.r.t x 3
3 − 243
𝑦4 = 81 cos + ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 4
2
= 𝑦2 = (3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) = 3(−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) (3𝑥) 240
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦4 = 81 cos3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (3)) 4
𝑦2 = −9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑦4 = −60𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 81 cos 3 𝑥
Again differentiate w.r.t x 𝑦4 = 81 cos 3 𝑥 − 60𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
36 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
(iii) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 − 9) = ln(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑2 𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 )(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 3) + ln(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦1 = [ln(𝑥 − 3) + ln(𝑥 + 3)] = 𝑒𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2
1 1
𝑦1 = + = (𝑥 − 3)−1 + (𝑥 + 3)−1 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑥−3 𝑥+3 = 𝑒𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥2
2
= 𝑦2 = (𝑥 − 3)−1 + (𝑥 + 3)−1 Now consider
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 = (−1)(𝑥 − 3)−2 + (−1)(𝑥 + 3)−2 𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦
− + 2𝑦
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
= 𝑦3 = (−1)(𝑥 − 3)−2 = (𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ (−1)(𝑥 + 3)−2 − 2(𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)) + 2(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦3 = (−1)(−2)(𝑥 − 3)−3 = 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
+ (−1)(−2)(𝑥 + 3)−3 = 𝑒 𝑥 (0)
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦4 = ((−1)(−2)(𝑥 − 3)−3 + (−1)(−2)(𝑥 + 3)−3 − + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= (−1)(−2)(−3)(𝑥 − 3)−4 Hence proved.
+ (−1)(−2)(−3)(𝑥 + 3)−4 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6 6 Q#7) 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 , show that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 𝒅𝒙 +
𝑦4 = − 4
− (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3)4
1 Sol: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
= −6 [ + 1/(𝑥 + 3)4 ]
(𝑥 − 3)4 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥
Q#5) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, show that (𝟏 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 (𝑏) ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎))
1 𝑑𝑥
Sol: Since 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑚 sin−1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
And 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
1 Differentiating again w.r.t x
⇒ sin−1 (𝑥) = cos−1 (𝑦)
𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦
Differentiate w.r.t x = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 (𝑏) + 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 (𝑎))
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑 𝑑 + (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎))
(sin−1(𝑥)) = (cos−1(𝑦)
𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
1 1 −1 2
= 𝑒𝑎𝑥 (−𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
= (𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
2
𝑑 𝑦
⇒ 𝑚√1 − 𝑦2 = −√1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 (−𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
𝑑𝑥2
On squaring Now consider
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 𝑚2 (1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating again w.r.t x 2
− 2𝑎 + (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + (−2𝑥)(𝑦12 ) = 𝑚2 (−2𝑦𝑦1 ) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (−𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
Taking common 2𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥))
2𝑦1 [(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 ] = −2𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)) + 𝑎2
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑏 2 (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (−𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
Hence proved. − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦
Q#6) 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − + 2𝑦 = 0 + 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Sol: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Differentiate w.r.t x
2
− 2𝑎 + (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) Hence proved.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
𝑑𝑦 Q#8) 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙) ,
= (𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚𝟏 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) Sol:
𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑦 = (cos−1 𝑥)2
Differentiating again w.r.t x
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Class 12 Chapter 2
Differentiate w.r.t x 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎4 𝑥 3 + ⋯
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
= ((cos −1 𝑥)2 ) ′ (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒𝑓 = 𝑎1 ⟹ 𝑎1 = 𝑓′(0)
−1 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
= 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 12𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯
𝑦1 = 2 cos −1 𝑥 ( )
√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2
On squaring
1 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑓 ′′ (0)
𝑦12 = 4 (cos−1 𝑥)2 ( ) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = =
1 − 𝑥2 2 3!
2
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 4 (cos−1 𝑥)2 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑎3 + 24𝑎4 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−3
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 4𝑦 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
⇒ 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 6𝑎3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = =
Differentiating again w.r.t x 6 3!
𝑓 𝑛 (0)
(1 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + (−2𝑥)(𝑦12 ) = 4𝑦1 Similarly, ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛!
Taking common 2𝑦1 Putting valves of 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . , 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (1)
2𝑦1 [(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 ] = 4𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 2 2 3!
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 − 2 = 0 + 𝑓 (0
𝑛!
Hence proved. NOTE:
Q#9) If 𝑦 = acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥), prove that 𝑨 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 2 + 𝑥 +𝑦 =0 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 If the function is defined in the interval containing
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 and its derivative exist at 𝒙 = 𝟎 the expansion is only
Solution.
valid if it is converge.
Let 𝑦 = acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥)
The above expansion is also named as “McLaren’s
Differentiate w.r.t x
theorem”
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥)) Note:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 McLaren’s series for 𝑥+1 is the geometric series with
= 𝑎 (− sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( )) + 𝑏 (cos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 first term 1 and common ratio 𝑥
𝑎
Multiply by x ∵𝑆= 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑟
1 1
𝑥 = −𝑎sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏 cos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + ⋯ + =
𝑑𝑥 1−(−𝑥) 1+𝑥
Differentiating again w.r.t x Taylor Series:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
(𝑥) ( 2 ) + (1) ( ) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 2 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) 3 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)ℎ + ℎ + ℎ + ⋯+ ℎ
2! 3! 𝑛!
1
= −𝑎 (cos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( )) Is known as “Taylor series expansion”
𝑥 Proof:
1 Let the power series of 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
+ 𝑏 (− sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( ))
𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)3
𝑥 2+ = − ( ) (acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥)) + 𝑎4 (𝑥 − 𝑎)4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 → (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Multiply by x ⇒ 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑎 − 𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑎 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑎3 (𝑎 − 𝑎)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 (𝑎 − 𝑎)𝑛
𝑥2 2 + 𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑜 = 𝑓(𝑎)
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑥 +𝑦=0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 3𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 4𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑎)3
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛−1
McLaurin Series: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒂) = 𝒂𝟏 ⇒ 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒇′ (𝒂)
′ (𝑜) 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 + 2!
𝑓 (0) + ⋯ + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) is
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐𝒂𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + ⋯
known as “McLaurin Series expansion.
+ 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒏−𝟐
Proof:
We know that power series of 𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒇′′′ (𝒂)
⇒ 𝒇′′ (𝒂) = 𝟔𝒂𝟑 ⇒ 𝒂𝟑 =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝟑!
→ (𝑖) 𝒇𝒏 (𝒂)
⇒ 𝑓(𝑜) = 𝑎0 ⇒= 𝑓(𝑜) Similarly, 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏!

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Class 12 Chapter 2
Putting valves of 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 , … , 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏 (𝟏) 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
𝒇′′ (𝒙)
2! 3!
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂) + 𝟐!
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝑥4 4
𝑓 (0) + … … …
+
𝒇′′′ (𝒂) 𝒇𝒏 (𝒂) 4!
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟑 + ⋯ + (𝒙 − 𝒏
𝒂) → (𝟐)
𝟑! 𝒏! 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
ln(𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 𝑥(1) + (−1) + (2) + (−6)
This expansion is the Taylor series𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒂. 2 6 24
+ ………
Replace 𝒙 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙)(𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒙) ln(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 − + − + … … …
2 3 4
𝒇′′ (𝒙) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
+ (𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟔
𝟐! (ii) 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐱 = 𝟏 − + − + ………
𝒇′′′ (𝒙) 𝟐! 𝟒! 𝟔!
+ (𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒙)𝟑 + ⋯ Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = Cosx
𝟑!
𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) 𝑓(0) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠0 = 0
+ (𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒉)𝒏 + ⋯ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝒏!
𝑓 ′ (0) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝒇′′ (𝒙) 𝒇′′′ (𝒙)
𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙)(𝒉) + (𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒉)𝟑 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝑓 ′′ (0)
= −𝐶𝑜𝑠0 = −1
𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)
+ ⋯+ (𝒉)𝒏 + ⋯ 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝒏!
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛0 = 0
Note: 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎 = 0 𝑖𝑛(2)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (4) (0) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑜) 2 𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯ (5)
𝑓 (0) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛0 = 0
2!
𝑓 𝑛 (0) 𝑛 𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑓 (6) (0) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠0 = −1
Which is McLaurin’s series.
The above expansion is also named as Taylor theorem By Maclaurin Series
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
Exercise 2.8 2! 3!
Question # 1. Apply the Maclaurin series expansion 𝑥4 4 𝑥 5 (5)
+ 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0)
to prove that: 4! 5!
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥 6 (6)
(i) ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − + ……… + 𝑓 (0) … … …
2 4 4 6!
Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑓(0) = ln(0 + 1) = 𝑙𝑛1 = 0 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥(0) + (−1) + (0) + (1)
2! 3! 4!
1 𝑥5 𝑥6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + (0) + (−1) … … …
𝑥+1 5! 6!
′ (0)
1 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
𝑓 = =1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − + − ………
0+1 2! 4! 6!
−1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
(𝑥 + 1)2 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
−1 (iii) √𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 − 𝟖
+ 𝟏𝟔 + … … …
𝑓 ′′ (0) = = −1
(0 + 1)2 Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥
2 𝑓(0) = √1 + 0 = 1
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 + 1)3 1 1
2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)−2
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = =2 2
(0 + 1)3 1 1 1
−6 𝑓 ′ (0)
= (1 + 0)−2 =
2 2
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 1 −1 3
(𝑥 + 1)4 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = . (1 + 𝑥) 2−
−6 2 2
𝑓 (4) (0) = = −6 1 −1 3 1
(0 + 1)4 𝑓 ′′ (0)
= . (1 + 0)−2 = −
By Maclaurin Series 2 2 4
1 −1 −3 −
5
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = . . (1 + 𝑥) 2
2 2 2
1 −1 −3 5 3
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = . . (1 + 0)−2 =
2 2 2 8
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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑓(𝑥) = Cosx
By Maclaurin Series 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥3 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
2! 3!
+ ……… By Taylor Series
1 𝑥2 1 𝑥3 1 ℎ2 ′′ ℎ3
√1 + 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 ( ) + (− ) + ( ) + … … … 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥)
2 2! 4 3! 8 2! 3!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 + ………
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 + − + ……… ℎ2
2 8 16
𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ℎ(−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 2!
(iv)
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝐞𝐱 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝟐! + 𝟑! + … … … ℎ3
+ (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) + … … …
3!
Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = ex ℎ2 ℎ3
𝑓(0) = e0 = 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 − ℎ𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
2! 3!
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ex + ………
′ (0)
𝑓 = e0 = 1 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = ex 𝜋
′′ (0) 𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 600 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 10 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓 = e0 = 1 180
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = ex = 0.01745 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓 ′′′ (0)
= e0 = 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠(60 + 1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠600 − (0.0174 5)𝑆𝑖𝑛600
0 0)

(0.01745)2
− 𝐶𝑜𝑠600
By Maclaurin Series 2!
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥3 (0.01745)3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛600 + … … …
2! 3! 3!
+ ……… 𝐶𝑜𝑠(610 ) = 0.5 − (0.01745)(0.866)
𝑥2 𝑥3 (0.01745)2
𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥(1) + (1) + (1) + … … … − (0.5)
2! 3! 2!
𝑥 2
𝑥 3 (0.01745)3
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + ……… + (0.866) + … … …
2! 3! 3!
0)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(61 = 0.5 − 0.0151117 − 0.000076125
4𝑥 2 8𝑥 3 + 0.000000072 + … … ….
(v) e2x = 1 + 2𝑥 + + + ……… 0)
2! 3! 𝐶𝑜𝑠(61 = 0.484812247 ≈ 0.4848
2x
Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = e Which is required.
𝑓(0) = e2(0) = 1
Question # 3 Show that 𝟐𝒙+𝒉 = 𝟐𝒙 [𝟏 + (𝒍𝒏𝟐)𝒉 +
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2e2x
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟑
𝑓 ′ (0) = 2e0 = 2 (𝒍𝒏𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒍𝒏𝟐)𝟑 𝟑! + … … … . ]
𝟐!
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4e2x Solution.
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 4e0 = 4 Let 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥+ℎ
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 8e2x 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
′′′ (0)
𝑓 = 8e0 = 8 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 2𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
By Maclaurin Series 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥3 By Taylor Series
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
2! 3! ℎ2 ′′ ℎ3
+ ……… 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥)
2! 3!
𝑥2 𝑥3 + ………
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥(2) + (4) + (8) + … … …
2! 3! ℎ2
4𝑥 2
8𝑥 3 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ℎ(−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 + + ……… 2!
2! 3! ℎ3
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. + (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) + … … …
3!
Question # 2 Show that 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙 − ℎ2 ℎ3
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟑 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 − ℎ𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝒉𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝟐!
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟑!
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 + ……… 2! 3!
𝟎 + ………
And evaluate𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟏 .
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
Solution.
Geometrical meaning of a derivative:
Let 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ℎ)

40 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
Let us draw a curve of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
take two neighboring points 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) and
𝑸(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚) on the curve. Draw a
tangent line to the curve 𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒕.
𝒑(𝒙, 𝒚) Such that it makes an angle
𝝋 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 .
𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 Draw a secant line to the curve passing through Constant function:
the pts. 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦 + A function 𝑓 is said to be constant function on an
𝛿𝑦). 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
Draw ⊥ 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁. 𝑖𝑛 △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅
|𝑄𝑅|
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = |𝑃𝑅| |𝑄𝑅| = 𝛿𝑦 |𝑃𝑅| = 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦
⇒ 𝑇𝑎𝑛∅ = Alternative definitions:
𝛿𝑥
When 𝑄 → 𝑃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝛿𝑦 → 0 Increasing functions:
∅ → 𝜑 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. A differentiable function 𝑓 is said to be increasing
Now, function 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Decreasing function:
lim 𝑇𝑎𝑛∅ = lim ⇒ 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜑 =
∅→𝜑 ∅→𝜑 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 A differentiable function 𝑓 is said to be decreasing
But 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜑 is slope of tangent line. Thus geometrically function 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
derivative of Constant function:
𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) A differentiable function 𝑓 is said to be constant
function 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
Stationary point:
Any point where 𝑓 is neither increasing nor
decreasing is called stationary point.
Provided that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
Relative Maxima:
∅ A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐) at
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝛿𝑥 R 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑖𝑓
(𝑖)𝑓(𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥) > 0 (𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥)
φ ∅
<0
0 M N 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
Relative Minima:
Increasing and decreasing function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative minima 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑎𝑡
Increasing functions: 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑖𝑓
A function 𝑓 is said to be increasing function on an (𝑖)𝑓(𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥) < 0 (𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥)
interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 >0
𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
Alternative definitions.
Relative maxima:
A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐)𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐶.
Relative minima:
A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative minima 𝑓(𝑐)𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Decreasing function: 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
A function 𝑓 is said to be decreasing function on an 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐶
interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Relative Extrema:
𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 Both relative maxima and relative minima are called in
general “relative extreme”
Critical Valves and critical points:
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Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑐 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑐)𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡,
Exercise 2.9
Them the number 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓
Question No.1
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑥))𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠
Determine the intervals in which f is increasing
Named as a critical as a critical point.
or decreasing for the domain mentioned in each
Important note:
case
There are functions which have extrema (maxima or
minima) at the points where there derivatives do not(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 ; 𝒙 ∈ [−𝝅 , 𝝅]
exist. For example Solution.
𝟐 − 𝒙 ,𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅(𝒙) = { Given that
𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
𝒅𝒐 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟐𝟎) 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋 , 𝜋]
′ (𝑥)
But 𝑓 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒇 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅ 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟐) 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
First derivative: 𝑥=− ,
2 2
Let So we have Sub-intervals
𝑓 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(−𝜋 , − ) , (− , ) , ( , 𝜋)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 2 2 2 2
𝜋
1. A function 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 < 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (−𝜋 , − )
𝑥=𝑐∈ 2
𝜋
(𝑎, 𝑏)𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−𝜋 , − )
2
𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥) < 0 ′ (𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 > 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (− , )
2. A function 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥) < 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (− , )
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 2
′ (𝑥)
𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥) > 0 𝑓 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 < 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ( , 𝜋)
2
Second derivative: 𝜋
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ( , 𝜋)
Let 2
𝑓 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙 ;𝒙 ∈
Then, 𝝅 𝝅
1. 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐)
<0
(− 𝟐 , 𝟐 )
2. 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0 Solution.
Turning point: Given that
𝜋 𝜋
A stationary point is called a turning point or a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ (− , )
minimum point. 2 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
Point of inflexion:
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
A point at which the function has neither −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0
maximum nor minimum value is called point of 𝑥=0
inflexion. 𝜋 𝜋
So we have Sub-intervals (− ,0 ) , (0 , )
2 2
Procedure for finding maxima and minima of a 𝜋
function: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 > 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (− ,0 )
2
𝜋
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (− ,0 )
𝑑𝑦 2
Step1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ′ (𝑥)
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 < 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (0 , )
𝑑𝑦 2
Step11: put 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝜋
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0 , ).
𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑓"(𝑥) 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠.
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝐼𝑉 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 (iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟐, 𝟐]
*if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Solution.
*if𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒. Given that
*𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= −2𝑥
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒" 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
−2𝑥 = 0

42 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑥=0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 → (𝑖)
So we have Sub-intervals (−2 ,0 ) , (0 ,2) For stationary points , Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 > 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (−2 ,0 ) 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−2 ,0 ) 1
𝑥=
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 < 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (0 ,2) 2
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0 ,2). Differentiate (i) w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 − − − (𝑖𝑖)
1
(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 ;𝒙 ∈ Now put 𝑥 =
2
𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
[−𝟒, 𝟏] 1
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 2
Solution. 2
1
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = .
2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 1 1 2 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 Now 𝑓( ) = ( ) −
−2
2 2 2
3 1 1 1 9
⇒𝑥=− 𝑓( ) = − −2 = − .
2 2 4 2 4
3
∵ 2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (− , 1) (iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐
2 Solution.
3
So 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (− 2 , 1) Given that
∵ 2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
3
− 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (−4, − ) 𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 Differentiate w.r.t ′′𝑥′′
2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 − 6 − − − (𝑖)
3
On the interval (−4, − ) For stationary points. Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
2
Question. 2. 10𝑥 − 6 = 0
Find the extreme values of the following 3
𝑥=
5
functions defined as Differentiate (i) w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 10 − − − (𝑖𝑖)
3
Solution. Now put 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
5
Given that 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 3 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 10
5
Differentiate w.r.t ′′𝑥′′ 3
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − − − (𝑖)
Now
For stationary points. Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
3 3 2 3
−3𝑥 2 = 0 𝑓( ) = 5( ) − 6( ) + 2
𝑥=0 5 5 5
′′
3 9 18 1
Differentiate (i) w.r.t ′′𝑥 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑓( ) = − +2= .
5 5 5 5
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥 − − − (𝑖𝑖)
Now put 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) (iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −6(0) = 0 Solution.
So second derivative test fails to determine the Given that
extreme points 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
Put 𝑥 = 0 − 𝜀 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) Differentiate w.r.t ′′𝑥′′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3(−𝜀)2 = −3𝜀 2 < 0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − − − (𝑖)
Put 𝑥 = 0 + 𝜀 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) For stationary points. Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3(−𝜀)2 = −3𝜀 2 < 0 6𝑥 = 0
As 𝑓′(𝑥) does not change its sign before and after 𝑥 = 𝑥=0
′′
0. Differentiate (i) w.r.t ′′𝑥 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
Since 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 therefore (0,1) is the point 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6 − − − (𝑖𝑖)
inflection. Now put 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0.
Solution.
Given that Now
𝑓(0) = 3(0)2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑓(0) = 0.
Differentiate w.r.t ′′𝑥′′

43 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
(v) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 𝑓(
1 + √55
)=
2
(1 + 3√55 + 3.55 + 55√55)
Solution. 3 27
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 4 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6 → (𝑖) 2
− (1 + 2√55 + 55) − 12(1 + √55) + 3
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 6𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 9
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑜) = 6 > 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1 + √55 2 2
𝑓( )= (166 + 58√55) − (56 + 2√55)
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0) = 3(0)2 = 0 3 27 9
(vi) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑 − 12(1 + √55) + 3
Solution. 1 + √55 332 116 112 4
Given that 𝑓( )= + √55 − − √55 − 12
3 27 27 9 9
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 3 − 12√55 + 3
Differentiate w.r.t ′′𝑥′′
1 + √55 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 36 − − − (𝑖) 𝑓( ) = − (247 + 220√55)
3 27
For stationary points . Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
1−√55
6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 36 = 0 Now put 𝑥 = 3
𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 18 = 0
2 ± √(2)2 − 4(3)(−18) 1 − √55 1 − √55
𝑥= 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 12 ( )−4
2(3) 3 3
2 ± √4 + 216
𝑥= 1 − √55
6
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 4(1 − √55) − 4
2 ± √220 3
𝑥=
6
2 ± 2√55 1 ± √55
𝑥= 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 4 − 4√55 − 4
6 3
1 ± √55
𝑥=
3 1 − √55
Differentiate (i) w.r.t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −4√55 < 0
3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 4 → (𝑖𝑖) So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡
1+√55
Now put 𝑥 = 3
𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥=
1−√55
.
3
Now
′′
1 + √55 1 + √55 3 2
𝑓 ( ) = 12 ( )−4 1 − √55 1 − √55 1 − √55
3 3 𝑓( ) = 2( ) − 2( )
3 3 3
1 + √55 1 − √55
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 4(1 + √55) − 4 − 36 ( )+3
3 3
1 − √55 2 3 2 2
𝑓( )= (1 − √55) − (1 − √55)
1 + √55 3 27 9
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 4 + 4√55 − 4
3 36
− (1 − √55) + 3
3
1 + √55 1 − √55 2
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 4√55 > 0 𝑓( )= (1 − 3√55 + 3.55 − 5√55)
3 3 27
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
− (1 − 2√55 + 55)
1+√55 9
.
3 − 12(1 − √55) + 3
Now
3 2 1 + √55 2 2
1 + √55 1 + √55 1 + √55 𝑓( )= (166 − 58√55) − (56 − 2√55)
𝑓( ) = 2( ) − 2( ) 3 27 9
3 3 3
− 12(1 − √55) + 3
1 + √55
− 36 ( )+3 1 + √55 332 116 112 4
3 𝑓( )= − √55 − + √55 − 12
3 27 27 9 9
1 + √55 2 3 2 2
𝑓( )= (1 + √55) − (1 + √55) + 12√55 + 3
3 27 9
1 + √55 1
36 𝑓( ) = − (247 − 220√55)
− (1 + √55) + 3 3 27
3
44 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
(vii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
′ (𝑥)
Solution: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 =0, 𝑠𝑜 (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 − 2 = 0 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
4
→ (𝑖) 𝑥=2 𝑥=
′ (𝑥) 3
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 = 0 𝑠𝑜 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 = 0 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1)𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6(2) − 10 = 12 − 10 = 2
⇒ 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥) = 0 >0
⇒4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2) = 𝑠𝑝 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
 4𝑥 = 0 𝑥2 − 2 = 0 𝑓(2) = (2 − 2)2 (2 − 1) = 0
 𝑥=0 𝑥 = ±√2 4 4 4
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 6 ( ) − 10 = 8 − 10 = −2 < 0
3 3 3
 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = √2 , 𝑥 = −√2 4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
3
 𝑓 ′′ (0)
= 12(0)2 − 8 = −8 < 0 4 4 2
4 4−6 2 4−3
𝑓 ( ) = ( − 2) ( − 1) = ( ) ( )
 So 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5 3 3 3 3
2
2 1 4
𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (− ) ( ) =
3 3 27
 𝑓(0) = (0)4 − 4(0)2 = 0 (ix) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = √2 𝑖𝑛 (1)  𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 3 − 3𝑥 2
2
 𝑓 ′′ (√2) = 12 (√2) − 8 = 12(2) − 8 =  𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥 → (1)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ,3 − 3𝑥 2 = 0
16 > 0
 3(1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0 3 ≠ 0 𝑠𝑜 1 − 𝑥 2 = 0
 So 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
 1 = 𝑥2
√2 𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑥 = ±1
2
𝑓(√2) = 12(√2) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
2 2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(1) = 5 + 3(1) − (1)3
=[(√2) ] − 4(2) = (2)2 − 8 = 4 − 8 = −4 < =5+3−1=7
0 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)𝑓 ′′ (−1) = −6(−1) = 6 > 0
Put 𝑥 = −√2 𝑖𝑛 (1) So f(x) ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−1) = 5 + 3(−1) − (−1)3 = (5 − 3 − (−1)
𝑓 ′′ (−√2) = 12(√2) − 8 = 12(2) − 8 𝑓(−1) = 2 + 1 = 3
= 24 − 8 = 16 > 0
𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 Question.3.
4 2 Find the maximum and minimum values of the
𝑥 = −√2 𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓(−√2) = (−√2) − 4(−√2)
function defined by the following
2 2
[(−√2) ] − 4(2) equation occurring in the interval 0,2
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= (2)2 − 8 = 4 − 8 = 4 Solution. Given function
(viii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0,2𝜋]
Solution. ′′
Differentiate with respect to ′′𝑥 .
𝒅
 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒅𝒙 {(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)} 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − − − (𝑖)
𝒅 𝒅
= (𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 For Stationary points , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0
𝒅
= (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟏). 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝒙 − 𝟐) −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟏) =1
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1
= (𝒙 − 𝟐){𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐} 𝜋 𝜋
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒) 𝑥 = tan−1 1 = , 𝜋 +
4 4
𝒅 𝜋 5𝜋
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = {(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)} 𝑥= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝜖[0,2𝜋]
𝒅𝒙 4 4
𝒅 Now diff. (𝑖) 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 ′′ ′′
= (𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝒅𝒙 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒅 𝜋
+ (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒) (𝒙 − 𝟐) Now put 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
4
𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟑) + (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝟏)
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒

45 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
𝑑2 𝑦 −3(𝑒) + 2(𝑒)ln(𝑒)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 2 2
|𝑥=𝑒 =
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) = − − =− 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒)4
4 4 4 √2 √2 √2 2
𝑑 𝑦 −3𝑒 + 2𝑒
<0 |𝑥=𝑒 =
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒4
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = . 𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑒 1
4
2
|𝑥=𝑒 = 4 = − 3 < 0
Now 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Hence 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑒.
𝑓 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( )
4 4 4 Question.5.
𝜋 1 1 2 𝟏
𝑓( ) = + = = √2. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 has maximum value at 𝒙 = .
4 𝒆
√2 √2 √2 Solution. Given that
5𝜋
Now put 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
4
Taking Log on both sides
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( )
4 4 4 Diff. w r .t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
1 1 𝑑 𝑑
= − (− ) − (− ) (𝑙𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥)
√2 √2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
5𝜋 1 1 2 . = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑥. 1
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = + = = √2 > 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4 √2 √2 √2 𝑑𝑦
So second derivative test 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
5𝜋
. = 𝑦(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) − − − (𝑖).
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) For critical points , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑦
4 4 4 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1 1 2 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) = 0
𝑓( ) = − − =− = −√2.
4 √2 √2 √2 𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 , 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 0
Question.4. 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 0
𝒍𝒏𝒙
Show that 𝒚 = has maximum value at 𝒙 = 𝒆. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = −1
𝒙
Solution. Given that 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛𝑒
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 −1
𝑦= 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
𝑥
Diff. w r .t ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 1
𝑥=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑒
= ( ) Now diff. (i) with respect to ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑥. 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥. 1 = (𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥))
= 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
= (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
= − − − (𝑖) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑2 𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦
For critical points. 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 0 2
= (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 1
=0 = 𝑥 𝑥 [(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 + ]
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 0 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) 2
+ 1
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 1 2
= 𝑥𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , we have
𝑥=𝑒 𝑒
Now diff. (i) with respect to ′′𝑥 ′′ , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 1 1 1 2
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑒 𝑒 (1 + ln (𝑒 )) + 1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 | 1=( ) [ ]
2
= ( ) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑒 𝑒 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑒
2 1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 . (− 𝑥 ) − (1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥)(2𝑥) 𝑑2 𝑦
= >0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 2
2 1
𝑑 𝑦 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 Hence 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑒.
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥4 Application of maxima and minima:
2
𝑑 𝑦 −3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 1. If we first from the relation of the form 𝑦 =
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥4 𝑓(𝑥) from the given information.
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑒 , we have
46 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 2
2. Find the maximum or minimum value of 𝑓 𝑎𝑠 𝑓 ′′ (8) = −24 < 0
required by using 1st or 2nd derivative value. 𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
*mostly we will uses 2nd derivative rule. 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑦 = 12 − 8 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4.
Exercise 2.10 Question No.4 The perimeter of a triangle is 16cm. if
one side of the other sides for maximum area of the
Question No1.find two integers whose sum is 20 and triangle?
their product will be maximum. Solution:
Solution:
Let 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 be req. integer’s product 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑦
By given condition 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 30
 𝑦 = 30 − 𝑥 → (𝑖)
So,𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(30 − 𝑥) = 30𝑥 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 30 − 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 → (𝑖𝑖) Let 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠.
Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 30 − 2𝑥 = 0 ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
 2𝑥 = 30 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)  16 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6
 𝑓 ′′ (15) = −2 <  16 − 6 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
0 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒  𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 = 30 − 15 = 15  And 𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 → (𝑖)
So 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 16
∵𝑆= = 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 = 8
Question No: 2 divide 20 into two parts so that the 2 2
Also area 𝐴2 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 6)
sum of their squares will be minimum.
 𝑓(𝑥) = 8(8 − 𝑥)(8 − 𝑦)(8 − 6)
Solution:
 𝑓(𝑥) = 16(8 − 𝑥)(8 − 𝑦)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 20. 𝑠𝑜𝑥 + 𝑦 =
= 16(8 − 𝑥)(8 − (10 − 𝑥))
20
𝑓(𝑥) = (8 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 𝑦 = 20 − 𝑥 → (𝑖) 𝑑
𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 16 {(8 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)}
𝑑𝑥
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + (20 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 + 400 + 𝑥 2 − = 16((8 − 𝑥)(1) + (𝑥 − 2)(−1))
40𝑥 = 16(8 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2) = 16(10 − 2𝑥)
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 40 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 160 − 32𝑥 = 0
 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 4𝑥 − 40 = 0 𝑓 ′′ (𝑋) = −32 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 10 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 160 − 32𝑥 = 0
𝑓 ′′ (10) = 4 > 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥  32𝑥 = 160 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
= 10 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 5 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (5) = −32 < 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)𝑦 = 20 − 10 = 10 Thus 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
So req. two parts of 20 are 10 and 10. 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
Q3. Find two positive integers whose sum is 12 and 𝑦 = 10 − 5 = 5
the product of one with the square of the other will Hence req. sides are 5cm and 5cm.
be maximum. Question No.5 find the dimension of a rectangular of
Solution: largest area having perimeter 12cm.
Let 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥 → (𝑖)
Product = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (12 − 𝑥)
 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 24 − 6𝑥 →
(𝑖𝑖)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 24𝑥 − 30𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 2(8 − 𝑥)
=0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 8
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑜) = 24 > 0
So 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦(𝑠𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 8 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′′ (8) = 24 − 6(8) = 24 − 48
⇒ 120 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
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⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 60  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 4(𝑥 × 𝑦)
And𝑦 = 60 − 𝑥 → (𝑖)  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥𝑦
∵ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(60 − 𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 60𝑥 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 60 − 2𝑥
𝑦
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑠𝑜 60 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑠𝑜 60 − 2𝑥 = 0 𝑥
4 4
60 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ( 2 ) ∵ 𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 = 60 ⇒ 𝑥 = = 30 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (30) = −2 < 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 −1 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 16(−1)𝑥 −2
𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡)𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 16
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
= 30 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)𝑦 = 60 − 30 = 30 ⇒𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 + 16(−1)(−2) 𝑥 −3
32
Thus required dimensions are 30𝑐𝑚2 where its 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 + 3 → (𝑖𝑖)
??perimter is minimum. 𝑥
16 2𝑥 3 − 16
Question N0.6 find the length of sides of a variable 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑠𝑜 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ =0
𝑥 𝑥2
rectangular having area 𝟑𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟐 where its permeter ⇒2(𝑥 3 − 8) = 0 ⇒ (𝑥)3 − (2)3 = 0
is minimum. 32
Solution: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 + >0
(2)2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ  𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡)𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 4
 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) → (𝒊) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 = = 1
4
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝒙𝒚 Hence
𝟑𝟔 2𝑑𝑚, 2𝑑𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑑𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑥
 𝟑𝟔 = 𝒙𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙
36 Question No.8 find the dimensions of a rectangular
𝑠𝑜(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) garden having perimeter 80m.if its area is to b
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 72−1 maximum.
72
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −72(−2)𝑥 −3 Solution: 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.
144 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥3 80 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40
72
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝒙 → (𝒊)
2=
72
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 36 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±6n 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2
 𝑥=6 𝑥 = −6(𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑠 +
𝑣𝑒)
144 144
 Put 𝑥 = 6 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 ′′ (6) = (6)3 = 216 > 0
So 𝑓(𝑥) has minimum value at 𝑥 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
36
⇒𝑦= =6 𝑥
6
So sides of rectangle are 6cm and 6cm. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥(40 − 𝑥) = 40𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Question No.7 A box with a square base and open 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 40 − 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 → (𝑖𝑖)
top is top is to have a volume of 4 cube dm. find the 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑠𝑜 40 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 40
dimensions of the box which will require the least ⇒ 𝑥 − 20 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (20) = −< 0
material.  𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Solution: 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑦 = 40 − 20 ⇒ 𝑦 = 20
Let length, width, and hieght of box are x,x and y So dimensions of rectangular garden are 20m and
repectively. So 20m
Volume=𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 → (𝑖) Question No.9 An open tank of square base of side 𝒙
4
 4 = 𝑥 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and vertical sides is to be constructed to contain a
∵ 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 = given quantity of water. Find the depth in terms of 𝒙
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 4 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) if the tank with lead will be least.
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Class 12 Chapter 2
Solution: ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 519𝑥2𝑥 − 16𝑥 3
Let length, width and height of tank with square base 𝑓 ′′ = 512 − 48𝑥 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
are 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 respectively. 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 512𝑥 − 16𝑥 3 = 0
 16𝑥(32 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
∵ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑣  16𝑥 = 0 𝑥 2 = 32 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√32
𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = √32 ,
𝑥
∵ 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑥 = −√32 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 So put 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = √32 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)(√32)
2
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 512 − 48(√32)
𝑣 4𝑣 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (√32) = 512 − 48(32) = −1024 < 0
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ( 2 ) = 𝑥 2 +
𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = √32
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑣𝑥 −1
2
4𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)𝑦 = √64 − (√32) = √64 − 32 = √32
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4𝑣(−1)(𝑥 −2 ) = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑥 𝑦 = √32
8𝑣
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 + 4𝑣(−1)(−2)𝑥 −3 = 2 + 3 → (𝑖𝑖) Thus length of rectangular = 2𝑥 = 2(4√2) = 8√2
𝑥
8𝑣 Width of rectangular = 𝑦 = 4√2
′ (𝑥) −3 )
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 = 0 ⇒ 2 + 4𝑣(−1)(−2)(𝑥 =2+ 3 Hence dimensions are 8√2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4√2
𝑥
→ (𝑖𝑖) Question No.11 find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
4𝑣 that is closed to the point (𝟑, −𝟏)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 Solution:
𝑥
2𝑥 3 −4𝑣 3
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 → (𝑖)
 𝑥2
= 0 ⇒ 2 = 4𝑣 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
1
4𝑣 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3, −1)
 𝑥3 = = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = (2𝑣)3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
2  𝑑 = √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2
1 1 −3
𝑓 ′′ (2𝑣)3 = 2 + 8𝑣 [(2𝑣)3 ] = 2 + 8𝑣(2𝑣)−1  𝑑 2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2 2
 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 + 1)
8𝑣 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 9 − 6𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1)2 + 1 + 2(𝑥 2 − 1)
=2+=2+4=6>0
2𝑣 ∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1
1
 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = (2𝑣)3 = 𝑥 + 9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 − 2
2

𝑥3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 6
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)𝑦 = 22 =
𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ)𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥. Put 𝑓 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 6 = 0
2 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 1
Question No.10 find the dimensions of the rectangular of
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) = 0
maximum area which fits inside the semi –circle of radius
⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 (𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥)
8cm as shown in figure.
𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑂 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2 0 1 -3
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
1 ↓ 2 2 3
𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2 2 3 0
Of radius 8cm as
Shown in figure.
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
8cm 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12(1)2 + 2 = 14 > 0
⇒𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 |𝐴𝐶| = |𝐵𝐷| = 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 = (1)2 − 1 = 0
𝐴𝐿𝑆𝑂 𝑙𝑒𝑡 |𝐴𝐶| = |𝐵𝐷| = 𝑥
So (1,0)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 (3, −1)
𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙
Question No.12
= 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑦
Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 so
∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 8𝑐𝑚(𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)𝑠𝑜 |𝑂𝐶| = 8𝑐𝑚
(𝟏, 𝟎)𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒐 (𝟏𝟖, −𝟏)
𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑂𝐴𝐶 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (8)2 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
Solution:
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 64 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±√64 − 𝑥 2 ∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 → (𝑖)
𝑦 = √64 − 𝑥62 → (𝑖) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝)𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
𝑦 = −√64 − 𝑥 2 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∵ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑚𝑑 (18,1)
∵ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑 = √(𝑥 − 18)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒𝐴2 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 (64 − 𝑥 2 ) = 256𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 ⇒ 𝑑 2 = √(𝑥 − 18)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 18)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 18)2 + (𝑥 2 + 1 − 1) ∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1
49 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 2
= 𝑥 2 + 324 − 36𝑥 + 𝑥 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 𝑥 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 36
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 12𝑥^2 + 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 36 = 0
⇒2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 18 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
2
⇒(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 9) = 0
2
𝑥 = 2, 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥
Put𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)

2 0 1 -18
2 ↓ 4 8 18
2 2 9 0
2
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 18 = 0
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
′′ (𝑥)
⇒𝑓 = 12(2)2 + 2 > 0
⇒𝑓(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
⇒𝑦 = (2)2 + 1 = 5
So (2,5)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 (18,1)

2|Page
MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

Chapter 3.
INTEGRATION
 Contents
Integration: ...................................................................................................... 1
Exercise 3.1 ...................................................................................................... 2
Exercise 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 5
Exercise 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 9
Exercise 3.4 .................................................................................................... 12
Exercise 3.5 .................................................................................................... 19
Exercise 3.6 .................................................................................................... 32
Exercise 3.7 .................................................................................................... 38
Exercise 3.8 .................................................................................................... 41
Class 12 Chapter 3

Integration: The technique or method to 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥

find such a function whose derivative is given − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜
involves the inverse process of differentiation, Draw ⊥ 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 ⊥
called anti derivative or integration. PR 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. |𝑃𝑅| = 𝑑𝑥
Differential of variable: |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅|
Let 𝑓 be a differentiable function defined as ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅| → (𝑖)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) |𝑇𝑅| |𝑇𝑅|
𝐼𝑛 △ 𝑇𝑃𝑅, 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 = =
⇒ 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 |𝑃𝑅| 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ |𝑇𝑅| = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) So(𝑖) ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇|
𝑁𝑜𝑤 lim = lim 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ |𝑄𝑇| 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 So 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 |𝑄𝑇|
∵ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 Example:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑏𝑦𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ∈. 𝑖. 𝑒 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)+
𝛿𝑥 Find𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 of the function defined as
∈ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑒 Solution:
𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑦.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 =?
𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Note: 1.The differential of 𝒙 is denoted by 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑦
 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
and defined as 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝒅 Take 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.01
𝒊. 𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙)𝜹𝒙 𝑑𝑦 = 2(2)(0.01) = 0.04
𝒅𝒙
⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝜹𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒙 Now we find 𝛿𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2
′ (𝒙)𝒊𝒔
2. 𝒇 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕.  𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦 , 𝑦 = (𝑥)2 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥 (2)2 = 4
= (2 + 0.01)2 − 4 ∵ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥 = 0.01
𝛿𝑦 = 4.041 − 4 = 0.0401
Example:
𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
Use differentials find 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Solution:
𝒚
− 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
𝒙
𝒚
 𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒄)
𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦  𝒅 (𝒙) − 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
 − 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) ∅ 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
R 𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝑦 𝛿𝑥  𝒙𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∅  𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝑥
𝑥 M N  𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙
0 𝒙+𝒚
 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜
𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

1|Page
Class 12 Chapter 3
1
Exercise 3.1 d𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 1
𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 d𝑦 = (0.41)
2√4
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐
d𝑦 = 0.1025
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3 𝑡𝑜 3.02, 𝑠𝑜 Now.
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦
d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 0 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥
d𝑦 = 2(3)(0.02) 𝑥 =4,
d𝑦 = 0.12 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 4.41 − 4 = 0.41
Now 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 𝛿𝑦 = √4 + 0.41 − √4
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 = 0.1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 1 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 𝒊) 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟒
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥=3
𝑑(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑑(4)
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 3.02 − 3 = 0.02
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑥) = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝛿𝑦 = (3 + 0.02)2 − (3)2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝛿𝑦 = 0.1204
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 dy 𝑦+1
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝟏. 𝟖 dx
=− 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
dx 𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = − 𝑦+1
dy
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝟐 𝟐
𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 2
𝑑(𝑥 + 2𝑦 ) = 𝑑(16)
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = 0
d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2.2𝑦 2−1 . 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
d𝑦 = 2(2)(−0.2) + 2(−0.2) 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d𝑦 = −1.2 dy 2𝑥 𝑥
dx
= − 4𝑦 = − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Now
dx 2𝑦
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) dy
=− 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦 𝟒 𝟐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑(𝑥 4 ) + 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = (𝑥)′ (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2 )′𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2
4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑦 2 + (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦)𝑥
𝑥 =2,
4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 1.8 − 2 = −0.2
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
(2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (2 − 0.2)2 + 2(−0.2) − (2)2 Dy 𝑦 2 −4𝑥 3
𝛿𝑦 = −1.16 = 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = √𝒙 dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
= 2
dy 𝑦 −4𝑥 3
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒 𝒕𝒐 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒊𝒗) 𝒙𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 − ln 𝑥) = 𝑑(𝑐)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑑(ln 𝑥) = 0
𝑦 = √𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(√𝑥)

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Class 12 Chapter 3
1 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 30° ,
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 29° − 30° = −1° = −0.01745
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = cos 30° = 0.866
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − (
𝑥𝑦−1
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(cos 𝑥)
dy 1−𝑥𝑦
= 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx 𝑥
dx 𝑥
= 1−𝑥𝑦
2
𝑑𝑦 = − sin 30° (−0.01745)
dy 𝑑𝑦 = − (0.5) (−0.01745)
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇: 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 cos 29° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝟒
𝒊) √𝟏𝟕 = 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 0.8747
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 4√𝑥 = 𝑥 4 𝒊𝒗) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟏°
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 17 − 16 = 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1 1 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 60° ,
𝑦 = (16)4 = (24 )4 = 2 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 61° − 60° = 1° = 0.01745
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑥4 𝑦 = sin 60° = 0.866
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 ) 4

1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(sin 𝑥)
1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3 𝑑𝑦 = cos 60° (0.01745)
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (0.5) (0.01745)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087
3 3
1 1 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 sin 61° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 4 (16)−4 (1) = 4 (24 )−4
1 1 1 1 = 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑑𝑦 = (2)−3 = . = = 0.8747
4 4 8 32
𝑑𝑦 = 0.03125 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
4
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 √17 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕
= 2 + 0.03125 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐.
= 2.03125 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝒊𝒊) (𝟑𝟏)𝟓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝐿 . 𝑊 . 𝐻
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑉 = 𝑥. 𝑥. 𝑥
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑉 = 𝑥3
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑(𝑉) = (𝑥 3 )
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 31 − 32 = −1 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5 𝑡𝑜 5.02, 𝑠𝑜
𝑦 = (32)5 = (25 )5 = 2
1 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 5.02 − 5 = 0.02
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑥5 𝑑𝑉 = 3(5)2 (0.02) = 1.5 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 5 ) 𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
1
𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔
1
𝑑𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎.
1 4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−
𝑑𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑𝑥 = −1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑦 =
1
(32)−
4
1 −
5 (−1) = − (25 ) 5
4
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑥 2
5
1 1 1 1
5 𝑑(𝐴) = 𝑑(𝜋𝑥 2 )
−4
(2) = . =
𝑑𝑦 = 5 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋. 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 16 80
𝑑𝑦 = −0.0125 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 44 𝑡𝑜 44.4,
1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 (31)5 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 22 𝑡𝑜 22.4, 𝑠𝑜
= 2 − 0.0125 𝑥 = 22 , 𝑑𝑥 = 22.2 − 22 = 0.2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(2)(22)(0.2)
= 1.9875
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟗° 𝑑𝐴 = 27.646 𝑐𝑚2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

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Class 12 Chapter 3
Integration as anti-derivative 𝒙𝟓+𝟏 𝒙𝟔
= +𝒄= +𝒄
(inverse of derivative) 𝟓+𝟏 𝟔
1
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒗. 𝒗. 𝒗. 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(∗∗∗) 2. ∫ √𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3
− +1
1 3 𝑥 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2
( ) 3
𝑥 3 −2 + 1
Consider 𝐹(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 1
−
𝑥 2 2
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹 ′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐=− +𝑐
1 √𝑥
𝑑 −
2
=∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 3. ∫ (2𝑥+3)4 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑 1 (2𝑥 + 3)−4+1
∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟. ∫(2𝑥 + 3)−4 𝑑𝑥 = . +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 −4 + 1
*The symbol 1
=− +𝑐
∫ … 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 6(2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 "𝑥" 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
*The anti- derivative of a function is also called 𝑎
+𝑐
integrated is called integrand of the integral. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
*The function which is to be integrated is called = +𝑐
2
integrand of the integral. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎
+𝑐
Some standard formulae for Anti- 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=− +𝑐
derivatives 3
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑛
∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐(𝑛 ≠ −1) 7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1
𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥
= +𝑐 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
5
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥
= +𝑐
𝑎
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑒5𝑥
= 5
+𝑐
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+𝑐
1 𝑎
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑎 9. ∫ 3𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐
1 3𝜆𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐, 𝑥 ≠ 0 , ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜆𝑙𝑛3
𝑥
1
= 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐|𝑥| + 𝑐 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐 10. ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−1 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑠| + 𝑐 1. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Here c is constant of integration. These formulae 2. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +
can be verified by showing that the derivatives of ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
right hand side of each w.r.t “x” is equal to the Prove that
corresponding integral [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
Examples: 𝒏+𝟏
𝑥 (𝑛+1)
Proof:
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒏+𝟏
+𝑐

4|Page
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑑 1
We know that (𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥)) = ∫ 𝑥 1+2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑
= (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑 +1
𝑥2 𝑥 1+1
 (𝑓 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3 + +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 +1 1+1
2
Taking integration 5
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑 = 5 + +𝑐
∫ 𝑓 (𝑛+1) (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑥 2 5 1
 𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥) = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑐
2

𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥) 𝟏
 ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
𝒇′(𝒙) = ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
Prove that ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄
× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Proof: 1 1
= ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 . 2 𝑑𝑥
We know that 2
1
+1
𝑑 1 =
1 (2𝑥+3)2
+𝑐
[𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = . 𝑓′(𝑥) 2 1
+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 2
3
Taking integration both sides 1 (2𝑥+3)2
= 3 +𝑐
2
𝑑 1 2
∫ [𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 2 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 . 3 (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
𝒇′ (𝒙) 1 3
 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
3
𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒗) ∫(√𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) +
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒄 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∫(√𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
(∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝒄) = ∫((√𝑥)2 + 2√𝑥. 1 + (1)2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved. = ∫[𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 1]
1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
Exercise 3.2 𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
1
+1
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: = + 2. 1 + x+𝑐
1+1 +1
2
𝒊) ∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = + 2. 3 + x+𝑐
2
= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 2
3
1 2
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 + 2. 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 1 4 3
= 3. − 2. +𝑥+ 𝑐 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2+1 1+1 2 3
𝑥 3 𝑥 2
𝟏 𝟐
= 3. 3 − 2. 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒗𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙
3 2
= 𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥+𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏 1 2
𝒊𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝒙 √𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2 1 2 1
1 = ∫ [(√𝑥) + ( 𝑥) − 2√𝑥. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √ √
√𝑥 1
1
−
1 = ∫ [𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
1
+1
1
− +1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 2
= 1 + 1 +𝑐 𝑥 1+1
2
+1 − +1
2 = 1+1
+ ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
3 1
1 2
=
𝑥2
+
𝑥2
+𝑐 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
3 1 2
2 2 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑸. (𝒗𝒊)
2 3 1
= 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 AGAR FUNCTION OVER M HO AUR FUNCTION KI
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙(√𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 POWER 1 HO TU AP US PAR POWER RULE NI LAGA
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: SAKTAY.
= ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 FOR EXAMPLE:
1 𝑥 −1+1 𝑥0 1
= ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = −1+1
= 0
=0=∞
5|Page
Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1
IS M ANSWER ∞ A GIA SO NOT SOLVED? 𝜃2
+1 − +1
𝜃 2
THEN AGAR FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE UPER MAJOOD = 1 + 1 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
+1 − +1
2 2
H T US K 𝑙𝑛 K SATH LIKH DE. 3 1
𝜃2 𝜃2
𝒗𝒊𝒊)
𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = + − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
∫ 𝒙 3 1
√ 2 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2 3 1
= 𝜃 + 2𝜃 2 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
2
3𝑥+2 3
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
√ (𝟏 − √𝒙)
=
3𝑥 2
∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√ √ √𝒙
3√𝑥√𝑥 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 = √𝑥. √𝑥
√ √ 2
2 (1−√𝑥)
= ∫ [3√𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √𝑥
1 1 (√𝑥)2 +(1)2 −2√𝑥
−
= ∫ [3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 1 𝑥+1−2√𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥
2
−
2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 1
+1 − +1 𝑥 1 2√𝑥
=3
𝑥2
+2
𝑥 2
+𝑐 = ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 √ √ √
+1 − +1
2 2 1
3 1 = ∫ [√𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 √
=3 +2 +𝑐 1 1
3 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
2 3 1
𝑥2
+1 − +1
𝑥 2
= 3 3 𝑥 + 2 .2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 = 1 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
+1 − +1
3 1 2 2
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥2
3
𝑥2
1

= + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝒚(𝒚 + 𝟏) 3 1
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 2 2
𝒚 2 3 1
= 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒆𝒙
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒆𝒙
𝑦
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
√ √ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 ∫ 𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
√ =
𝑦 1
∫ [ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥]
√ √ =∫ [𝑒 𝑥
+ 1] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= ∫ [√𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑒𝑥
1
−
1
= + 𝑥+𝑐
= ∫ [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑥] 1
𝑥
1 1 = 𝑒 +𝑥+𝑐
+1 − +1
𝑦2 𝑦 2
= 1 + 1 +𝑐 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑫𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑽𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑀
+1 − +1
2
3 1
2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION KA JAB DERIVATIVE LATY H
𝑦2 𝑦2 T FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KA DERIVATIVE
= 3 + 1 +𝑐
2 2 MULTIPLY KARTY H. LAKIN INTEGRATION M DIVIDE
2 3 1
KARE GAI.
= 3 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝟐 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆:
(√𝜽 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝜽 𝐢) ∫
√𝒙+𝒂+√𝒙+𝒃
√𝜽 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑥
(√𝜃−1)
2 ∫𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
√
∫ 𝑑𝜃 1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
√𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(√𝜃)2 +(1)2 −2√𝜃 √𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
√𝜃
= ∫ ( 𝑥+𝑎)2 −(√𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥−𝑏 𝑑𝑥
𝜃+1−2√𝜃 √
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 1
√𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏 ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑑𝑥
𝜃 1 2√𝜃
= ∫[ + − ] 𝑑𝜃 1 1 1
√𝜃 √𝜃 √𝜃 = {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥}
1 𝑎−𝑏
= ∫ [√𝜃 + − 2] 𝑑𝜃 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
1
√𝜃
1
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄
− 𝒏+𝟏
= ∫ 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝜃
2 2 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃

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Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1 (𝟏+𝒆𝒙 )𝟑
+1 +1
=
1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
{ 1 +
(𝑥+𝑏)2
}+𝑐 𝒗) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
1 𝒆𝒙
𝑎−𝑏 +1 +1
2
3
2
3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)2 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )3
= { 3 + 3 }+𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎−𝑏 𝑒𝑥
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 ∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
3
= { (𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥 + 𝑏) } + 𝑐 2 2
13 +(𝑒 𝑥 )3 +3(1)(𝑒 𝑥 )(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑎−𝑏 3 3
2 3 3 =∫ 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= {(𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥 + 𝑏) } + 𝑐 2 2
1+𝑒 3𝑥 +3𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
3(𝑎−𝑏)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝑒𝑥
𝐢𝐢) ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1 𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥
= ∫ [𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥
+ 𝑒𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1−𝑥 2 =∫ [𝑒 −𝑥
+ 𝑒 + 3 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2−1−𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = + + 3𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐
−1 2 1
2−(1+𝑥 2 ) 1
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐
2
2 1+𝑥 2 𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 ∫ sin(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
= 2 tan 𝑥−𝑥+𝑐 −cos(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥
𝒅𝒙
= + 𝑐
𝑎+𝑏
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙+𝒂+ 𝒙 1
√ √ = − 𝑎+𝑏 cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 DERIVATION M FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE LENA HOTA
∫ H AUR SATH ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE KO MULTIPLY
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥
1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 KARTY H. BUT INTEGRATION M ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥
√𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥
K DIVIDE KARE GAI.
= ∫ ( 𝑥+𝑎)2 −( 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ √ 𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
= 𝑎 ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + )𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
= 𝑎 {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥} ∫ √1 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄 𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒏+𝟏

1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
1
+1
(𝑥)2
1
+1 𝑺𝒐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= 𝑎
{ 1 + 1 }+𝑐 = ∫ √2sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+1 +1
2 2

1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
3
(𝑥)2
3
= ∫ √2 √sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= { 3 + }+𝑐
𝑎
2
3
2
= √2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 2
= { (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐
2 = √2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 3 3
2 3 3 = −√2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
= {(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐 1
3𝑎
𝟑 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝒂 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑥
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
3 ∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒔 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝟏
3 𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙 , 𝒔𝒐
1
= ∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥) . (−2) 𝑑𝑥 2
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
−2
3 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏
+1
1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2
=− +𝑐 (ln 𝑥)𝟏+𝟏
2 3
+1 = 𝟏+𝟏
+ 𝒄
2
5 (ln 𝑥) 𝟐

=−
1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2
+𝑐 = 𝟐
+𝒄
5
2 𝟐
2
5
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 2
= − 2 . 5 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 5 ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 5 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 =
FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KE DERIVATIVE S DIVIDE KARNA H. 𝟐
𝑒𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐 =∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
1

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Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1
= ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 sin 2𝑥 As 2cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= [𝑥 − ]+𝑐 1
2 2 = ∫[sin(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) − sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
= 𝑥− sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐 1
2 4 = 2 ∫[sin(5𝑥) − sin(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 1
= {∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 − cos 5𝑥
= 2{
−cos 𝑥
− 1 }+𝑐
1 5
∫ 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 cos 5𝑥
𝒙 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
=− { − cos 𝑥} + 𝑐
2 5
𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝒐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

1
𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
=∫ 𝒙 𝑑𝑥 Cos 2𝑥−1
= ∫ 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos2
𝟐
1 𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥
= 2 ∫ sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+cos 2𝑥
𝑥 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
1 tan 𝑥 ∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = ⟹ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
=2 1
2
+ 𝑐 = tan 2 + 𝑐 𝟐
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
2 ∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = ⟹ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝟐
2 sin2 𝑥
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑖 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑗𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑦𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑎𝑝 𝑦𝑒 = − ∫ 2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑒.
1−cos 2𝑥
= − ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = = − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
2
1+cos 2𝑥
cos2 𝑥 = = − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1 𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI ∫ Tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G. = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼.

(sin 𝑥)′ = cos 𝑥
Integration by method of
(cos 𝑥)′ = − sin 𝑥 substitution
(tan 𝑥)′ = sec2 𝑥 Sometimes it is possible to convert an integral
(cot 𝑥)′ = − csc2 𝑥 into standard form by a suitable change of a
(sec 𝑥)′ = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 variable. This is called substitution method.
(cosec 𝑥)′ = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = ∅(𝑡) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ∅′′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G.
sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼.
So ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(∅(𝑡))∅′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 Some useful substitutions:
𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙 +𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1. √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (∵ 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽)
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥
× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 2. √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 2(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 (∵ sec 2 𝜃 − 1 = tan2 𝜃
1 2𝑎𝑥+2𝑏 3. √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐
′
(∵ sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
𝒇 (𝒙)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫
[𝒇(𝒙)]
= 𝒍𝒏[𝒇(𝒙)] 4. √𝑥 + 𝑎(0𝑟)√𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑡
1
= 2 𝒍𝒏(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) +𝒄 𝑜𝑟(√𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑡
𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 5. √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6. √2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

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Class 12 Chapter 3
= 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
Exercise 3.2 𝒙+𝒃
Evaluate the following integrals: 𝑸. 𝟔: ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝟐
−𝟐𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝟒−𝒙𝟐
𝑥+𝑏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 −
1
2
√4−𝑥
1
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 2 . (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
−
= ∫(4 − 𝑥 2 ) (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑓′(𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2
1
1
1
− +1
(4−𝑥 2 ) 2 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)−2 . 2(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
2
= 1 − +1
1
− +1 1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 2
2
1 = 1 +𝑐
2 − +1
(4−𝑥 2 )2 2
= 1 +𝑐 1
1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
2
= 1 +𝑐
= 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∵ 𝑡 = 4 − 𝑥 2 2
2
𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐: ∫ 𝒙𝟐+𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟑 = √𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑐
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟕: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥
=∫ sec2 𝑥
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4−4+13 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √tan 𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +9 1
= ∫(tan 𝑥)−2 sec 2 𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +(3)2 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
∵∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 1
1 𝑥+2 (tan 𝑥)−2+1
= 3 tan−1 ( 3 ) + 𝑐 = 1 +𝑐
− +1
2
𝒙𝟐 1
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫ 𝟒+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (tan 𝑥)2
= 1 +𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2
(+) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−) 4 = 2√tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
=∫
4+𝑥 2 −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟖: (𝒂) 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
4+𝑥 2 𝒅𝒙
4+𝑥 2 4 ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) + 𝒄
= ∫( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 √𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
4+𝑥 4+𝑥 2
4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = ∫
1 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 22 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= 𝑥 − 4. 2 tan−1 (2) + 𝑐 =∫
√(𝑎 sec 𝜃)2 −𝑎2
=∫
√𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑎2
𝑑𝜃
𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= 𝑥 − 2 tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐 =∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 √𝑎2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1) √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝟏 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑸. 𝟒: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =∫ tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + 𝑐1
1 1 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
∫ . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑎 = sec 𝜃
1
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐴𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] tan 𝜃 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
= 𝑙𝑛[ln 𝑥] + 𝑐 𝑥 2
𝒆𝒙 tan 𝜃 = √(𝑎) − 1
𝑸. 𝟓: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒆 +𝟑
𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: tan 𝜃 = √ 𝑎2
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +3 𝑑𝑥 ̇
√𝑥 −𝑎 2
2
tan 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
̇
𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑎 + 𝑎
| + 𝑐1

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Class 12 Chapter 3
̇ 1 −
1
𝑥+√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 = sin−1 𝑥 + ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑐1 −2
𝑎 1
− +1
𝑨 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝐥𝐧 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − 𝒍𝒏𝑩 = sin−1 𝑥 − . 1 +𝑐
𝑩 2 − +1
2
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | − 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 1
−1 1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = −𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 = sin 𝑥− . 1 +𝑐
2
2
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝒅𝒙
= sin−1 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟗: ∫ 𝟑 𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 1
∫ 3
∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(1+𝑥 2 )2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 cos 𝜃 = 𝑡 ⟹ − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 1
∫ 1+𝑡 2 . −𝑑𝑡 = − tan−1 𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑑(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sec2 𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = cos 𝜃
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 = − tan−1 ( cos 𝜃) + 𝑐
(1+tan2 𝜃)2 𝒂𝒙
sec2 𝜃 𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫ 𝟐 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 √𝒂 −𝒙
(sec2 𝜃)2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
sec2 𝜃 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ sec3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2 −(𝑥 2 )2
1 1
= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
= ∫ cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 1 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑎
sin 𝜃
∫
2 √𝑎 2 −𝑡 2 2
= +𝑐 1 𝑥
1 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1
sin 𝜃 √𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎
= . cos 𝜃 +𝑐 𝑎 2
cos 𝜃 −1 𝑥
= sin +𝑐 ∵ 𝑥2 = 𝑡
= tan 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 + 𝑐 2 𝑎
𝒅𝒙
=
tan 𝜃
+𝑐 𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫
sec 𝜃 √𝟕−𝟔𝒙−𝒙𝟐

=
tan 𝜃
+𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝜃 ∫ √7−6𝑥−𝑥 2
= +𝑐
√1+tan2 𝜃 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑢𝑡 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =∫
= 2
+𝑐 √7−𝑥 2 −6𝑥−9+9
√1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 =∫
𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫ (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 √7−(𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9)+9
𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: =∫
√16−(𝑥+3)2
1
∫ (1+𝑥 2 )𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 + 𝑐
−𝑥 𝑎
𝑥

𝑥+3
∫
1
.
1
𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝑐
𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2 ) 1 cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) ∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥| + 𝑐 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜
𝟏+𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫ √𝟏−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓 ′(𝑥)
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑙𝑛[𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥] + 𝑐
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
= ∫ √1−𝑥 × √
1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
cos 𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫√ × 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
1−𝑥
cos 𝑥
(1+𝑥)2 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = , 𝑠𝑜
= ∫√ 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]1+1
1+𝑥 = +𝑐
1+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
√1−𝑥 2 = [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]2 + 𝑐
1 𝑥 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
10 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫
𝟒+𝟐𝒙+𝒙𝟐 1 1 3 1
(𝑥+3)2+1 (𝑥+3)−2+1 (𝑥+3)2 (𝑥+3)2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 + 1 +𝑐 = 3 + 1 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +1 − +1
2 2 2 2
∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥2 2 3
1 2𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 2 √𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐
= ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
2 √𝟐
1
= ∫
2𝑥+2−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
2 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2
1 2𝑥+2 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2 {∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥} 1
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 2 ( cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)
= {ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥} √2
2 𝑥 +2𝑥+12 +4−12 1
1 2 1 2 =∫ 1 1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) − 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +( 3)2 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 . +sin x .
√ √2 √2
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 1
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫ 𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒄 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 45°+sin 𝑥 sin 45°
1 1 (𝑥+1) 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
= 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) − 3 tan−1 3 + 𝑐 1
𝒙
√ √ =∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑥−45°)
𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒+𝟐𝒙 +𝟓 = ∫ sec(𝑥 − 45°) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 2 )2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|sec(𝑥 − 45°) + tan(𝑥 − 45°)| + 𝑐
+2𝑥 +5
2 𝒅𝒙
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫ 𝟏 √𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝟐 𝟐
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 1
2
1 =∫ 1 √3
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 . +cos 𝑥 .
= ∫ 𝑡 2 +2𝑡+5 𝑑𝑡 2 2
1
2

1 1 = ∫ sin 𝑥 . cos 60°+cos 𝑥 . sin 60° 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑡 +2𝑡+1+5−1 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 1
2 (𝑡+1)2 +22 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑡+1 sin(𝑥+60°)
= . tan−1 + 𝑐 = ∫ cosec(𝑥 + 60°) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
2 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 =𝑡
1 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑙𝑛|cosec(𝑥 − 60°) + cot(𝑥 − 60°)| + 𝑐
= 4
tan−1 2 + 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫ [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (√𝒙 − ) × (
𝒙 𝟏
− 𝟏)] 𝒅𝒙 Integration by parts.
𝟐 √𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: We know that for two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔
𝑥 1 𝑑
∫ [cos (√𝑥 − 2) × ( − 1)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑
𝑃𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 − = 𝑡 2  𝑓(𝑥)𝑔’(𝑥) = ((𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⟹ 𝑑 (√𝑥 − ) = 𝑑(𝑡) Taking integrations w.r.t x𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2
1 1 𝑑
− 2 = 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
( − 1) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑
2 √𝑥 = ∫( (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) − ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
( − 1) = 2𝑑𝑡
√𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫[cos 𝑡 × 2 𝑑𝑡]
= 2 ∫[cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] Or∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −
=2
sin 𝑡
+𝑐 ∫(𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
In other words.
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡
𝑥
= 2 sin (√𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
𝒙+𝟐 ∫(1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙+𝟑
[𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟗] = (1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡). ∫(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑
∫
𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥+2+1−1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥 − − ∫(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) (𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + This is called “integrations by parts”
√𝑥+3 √𝑥+3
1 1
−
3) . 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 3)
2 2 .1 𝑑𝑥

11 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
Some basic rules for Integration by Exercise 3.4
parts. 𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
nd
*some the function as 2 function whose integration 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
is known or possible. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given functions are known but 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
one of the given function is polynomial functions then
= 𝑥 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
whose polynomial function as first function.
= 𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[1. (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given function are known but
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫[− cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
no one is polynomial function. Then we may choose
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫[cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
any function as 1st.
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
*if we are given only one function whose integration
= sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
is unknown or cannot be easily find.
𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝑖. 𝑒, sin−1 𝑥, cos −1 𝑥, √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ ln 𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥
Then we take 1 as 2nd function. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
“Review above Rules” = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1st function 2nd function
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
sin−1 𝑥 𝑥𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 sin−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 𝑥𝑛 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 1
𝑥𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
−1 tan−1 𝑥 1 = 2
ln 𝑥 − . 2 +𝑐
∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 2 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − 2 ) + 𝑐
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 1 2
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
You may remember the word “ILATE” ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I=inverse function 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2
L=logarithmic function 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
A=algebraic function
𝑥3 1 𝑥3
T=trigonometric functions = ln 𝑥 . 3
− ∫ [𝑥 . 3
] 𝑑𝑥
E=exponential functions. 𝑥3 1
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
*Remember useful formulas* 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑥 − . +𝑐
3 3 3
1. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin1 ( ) + 𝑐 𝑥 3 1
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎
1 = 3
( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
3
2. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 𝟑
√𝑥 −𝑎 𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
3. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐| 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑥 +𝑎
Prove that ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙))𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Prove:∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑥4 1 𝑥4
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved. 4 4
𝑥4 1
= ln 𝑥 .4 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

12 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
=
𝑥4
ln 𝑥 − .
1 𝑥4
+𝑐 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
4 4 4 ∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑥 4 1
𝑓(𝑥)
= ( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
4 4
𝟒
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 4 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
5 5 = tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 2 1+𝑥 2 2
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 2 1
5 5 = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5 2 2 1+𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2
= ln 𝑥 − . +𝑐 𝑥 2 1 1+𝑥 −12
5 5 5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ ( 1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 2 ± 1
𝑥 5 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2 1 1 −1
5 5 = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝟏 2 2 2
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑥2 1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 tan−1 𝑥
2 2
∫ 1 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 1
= tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 1 −1 2 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ( tan 𝑥) (𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
𝟑 −𝟏
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
=
1
tan−1 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ 2 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1+𝑥
1 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 3 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
2 1+𝑥 2
1
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 = tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= tan−1 𝑥 .
𝑥4 1
− ∫ [1+𝑥 2 .
𝑥4
] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 4 4
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n 𝑥4 1 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 4
= tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 4 ± 𝑥 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥 4 4 1+𝑥 2
𝑥 4 1 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 2 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2
4 4 1+𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 1 1 1 1
∓𝑥 2 ∓ 1
−1 2
= 4 tan 𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 1 − 4 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 1 𝑥3 1 1
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫[𝑥 . cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 4 3 4 4
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥3
= [𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
4 −1
= −𝑥2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4
1 𝑥3
∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} = [(𝑥 4 − 1) tan−1 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥] + 𝑐
4
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫[1 . sin 𝑥 ]} 1 𝑥3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 4 tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
4 3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐 𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑉 = cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2
= 𝑥3 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥3 )′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 . (sin 𝑥) − ∫[3𝑥 2 . (sin 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3 ∫[𝑥 2 sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[
1
. ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 1+𝑥 2 3 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3
= tan−1 𝑥
1
− 3 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 , = 𝑥3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
3 ±𝑥 3 ± 1
𝑥3 1 𝑥 ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) ]}
1+𝑥 2
𝑥3 1 1 2𝑥 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3.2 1+𝑥 2
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑥3 1 𝑥 2 1
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 2 + 6 ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐 ∫[(𝑥)′ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫[1. sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
13 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥)} + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 6 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫[cos 2𝑥 . 2 . 𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥) sin 𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 6) cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 }
∫ 1 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫(− sin 2𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 dx }
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 2 ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
−1
= sin 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −
= sin−1 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑝 4 ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
√1−𝑥 2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 − −2 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 𝐼
1
− +1 5𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
−1 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 1 +𝑐 𝐼=
𝑒𝑥
(sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
2 − +1
2 5
1
1 (1−𝑥 2 )2 𝒙𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 1 +𝑐
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥. 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1
2
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 2𝑥
∫ 𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 1
= [𝑥 . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 2
−1 −1 1 cos 2𝑥 1 cos 2𝑥
= sin 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin 𝑥) . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
′ = 2 𝑥 . (− 2
) − 2 ∫ [1 (− 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 √1−𝑥 2 2
1 1 sin 2𝑥 1
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 = − 4 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑐 = 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 +
= sin−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2 √1−𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 1 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥2 1 −𝑥 2 ] + 𝑐 = 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + ]+𝑐
= 2
sin−1 𝑥 + ∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 2 2
2 1 1
𝑥2 1 1−𝑥 2 −1 = [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥] + 𝑐 = [sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −
= sin−1 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 4 4
2 2 √1−𝑥 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥] + 𝑐
𝑥2 1 1−𝑥 2 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥 + ∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ √1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 1 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥
+ ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑎 2 𝑥 𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟐
1 1
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 = ∫𝑥 . (1 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 + { sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 } − 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 𝑥2 1
1 −1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 2 2 2 2

𝑥2 1 𝑥 1 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 − sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2 4 4 2
𝑐 𝑥2 1
= + 2 [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 4
= sin−1 𝑥 + ( − ) sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
2 4 2 4 = 4 + 2 [𝑥 . 2 − ∫ [1. 2 ] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥2 1 𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 − 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 1
2
𝒙
= 4 + 2 𝑥 . 2 − 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒗) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = + −
4 4 4 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2 1
= 4 (𝑥 + x sin 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝐼= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑥

14 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1−cos 2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 sin2 𝑥 = 1
= − {sin−1 𝑥 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −
2
1−cos 2𝑥 1
−
2 ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 . (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1
− +1
2 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
1 1 1 𝑥2 = − {sin−1 𝑥 1 −
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 − 2 − +1
2
1 1 1
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
− +1
(1−𝑥 2 ) 2 1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
2 ∫ [√1−𝑥 2 . 1 ] 𝑑𝑥} = − {sin−1 𝑥 1 −
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥 − +1 2
2 2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2 1 ∫ [√1−𝑥 2 . ] 𝑑𝑥}
= − [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] 1
4 2 2
𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1
=
4
− [𝑥 .
2 2
− ∫ [1.
2
] 𝑑𝑥] = − {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − ∫[2] 𝑑𝑥} =
2
𝑥 2 1 sin 2𝑥 1 1
= − 2 𝑥 . 2 + 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥} =
4 2
𝑥2 x sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥 − sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 4
− 4 + 4( 2 ) + 𝑐
1 1 = 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
= (𝑥 2 − x sin 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
4 2 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔:
( 𝟐
𝒙𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫( ln 𝑥)2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ( ln 𝑥)2 , 𝑉 = 1 ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 . tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(( ln 𝑥)2 )′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 ( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [2(ln 𝑥) . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 tan3 𝑥
2
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥) − 2 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
3
tan3 𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[∫ (ln 𝑥) .1 𝑑𝑥] = − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] ∫ sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2 [ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥] + 𝑐 tan3 𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = tan 𝑥 + 3
+𝑐
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 2 ) + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = tan 𝑥 +
1
tan3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
𝒙𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ ln(tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln(tan 𝑥) , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
∫ tan2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ln(tan 𝑥) . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫[[ln(tan 𝑥) ]′ . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑥 1
= ln(tan 𝑥) . tan 𝑥 − ∫ [ . tan 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
tan 𝑥 3
2
= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒗) ∫ 𝐱 𝟑 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ∫ x 3 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 3 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin−1
𝑥 [(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2
(−2𝑥)] = x 3 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 3 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 −2
𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
−1 2 −
1
= x3 − ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑉 = (1 − 𝑥 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 5 5
5𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑒 3
= x 5 − 5 {∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
15 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑒 5𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 3 9
= x3 − 5 {x 2 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝐼 + 𝑐1
5 2 4 4
𝑒 5𝑥 3 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 9 𝑒 2𝑥 3 2𝑥
= x3 − {x − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2
+ 4 sin 3𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑐1
5 5 5 5 13 𝑒 2𝑥
3
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
4 42
= x3 5
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 3 4
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐼 = (cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥) + 𝑐1
13 2 2 13
𝑒 5𝑥 2 3
= x3 −
3 2
x 𝑒 5𝑥 +
6
{𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 = 13 𝑒 2𝑥 (cos 3𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥) +
5 25 25
4
∫[(x)′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
13 1
𝑐 =𝑐
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 3 2
= x3 − 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 {𝑥 − ∫ 1 . 5 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (sin 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ) + 𝑐
5 5 13 3
𝑒 5𝑥 𝟑
= x3
3
− x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 +
6
𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 −
6
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
5 25 125 125
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= x3 − x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 − +𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 25 125 125 5
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6
= 5 (x 3 − 5 x 2 + 25 𝑥 − 125) + 𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cosec 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cosec 2 𝑥
−𝒙
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = cosec 𝑥 ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫[(cosec 𝑥)′ . ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = cosec 𝑥 (− cot 𝑥) − ∫[(− cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥)(− cot 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 (cosec2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − I + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 −1
− ∫ [(cos 2𝑥 . 2) −1
] 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥 −𝑥 2𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐1
𝐼 = −𝑒 sin 2𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐1
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 2 2
1
−𝑥
𝐼 = −𝑒 sin 2𝑥 + 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐
2
∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻:
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2 {cos 2𝑥 −
−1 Jab pure quadratic equation h aur us ka derivative b
𝑒 −𝑥
∫ [(− sin 2𝑥. 2) −1
] 𝑑𝑥} majood na h t substituition s solve karty h aur
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − substitution m trigonometry functions hi let karty
4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 lakin j c s start hu w let nai karny nai t book answer
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4𝐼 + 𝑐1 ni aye ga ut jin pure quadratic equation walay
5𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐1 1
questions ki power 2 h t un k ap by parts integration
2 1 𝑐
𝐼 = − cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 1 k method s b kar saktay h.
5 5 5
2 1
𝐼= − 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =
5 2
𝑐1
5 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒙
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
√ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +𝒄
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cos 3𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cos 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2
− ∫ [(− sin 3𝑥 . 3) 2
] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + ∫[sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑎
– ∫ [cos 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏.
𝑎
] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – ∫ cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒2𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥
2
+ 32 {sin 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫[(sin 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑏
– {cos 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + {sin 3𝑥 2 − ∫[(cos 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
2 2
2𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – {cos 𝑏𝑥 − ∫ [−sin 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏. ] 𝑑𝑥}
∫ [cos 3𝑥 . 3 . 2 ] 𝑑𝑥} 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝑒 2𝑥 3 9 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
4 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼 + 𝑐1
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2

16 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝐼+ 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2

(
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
) 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥
1
–
𝑏
cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐1 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎2 1
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐 ′
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1 𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎
𝐼= 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 2𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 (𝐴) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =𝑐 2√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1 𝑥2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (1) , 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (2) 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 +𝑎2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) √𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑏 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑏 1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) tan 𝜃 = 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎2 ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2 2 2 −1 𝑏
𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑟 ⟹ 𝑟 = √ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = tan ( ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑎 ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝐴)
1 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐼 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝐼 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 +𝑏
𝑟 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) +
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑐 (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛) 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑐1
𝐼=
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin
𝑏𝑥 cos 𝜃 – cos 𝑏𝑥 sin 𝜃) + 𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | +
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 2
𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑟) 𝐼= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
1 2 2
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝜃))𝑐 𝑐1
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝑐
2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 – cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 𝑏 𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 − tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−1 𝑏
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = tan ( ) ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
′
𝐼 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√4 − 5𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒊) ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 I = √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [
−10𝑥
. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2√4−5𝑥 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: −5𝑥 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2
4−5𝑥 2 −4
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 4−5𝑥 2 4
′ 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2 √4−5𝑥 2
𝐼= √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
−2𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
I = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 4
√5( −𝑥 2 )
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 5
−𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 +
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 4 1
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 −∫ 𝑑𝑥 √5 2
√( 2 ) −𝑥 2
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √5
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑥
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
1 𝑥 √5
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐 √5
√5𝑥 4
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐1
𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
− 5𝑥 2
√5
𝑥 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 + 𝑐1 𝐼 = 2 √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 21
𝑎 √5
𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 + 𝑐1 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝐼 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 21 =
𝑎 2 √5 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1
𝐼= 2
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 + 𝑐
𝑎 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1
𝐼= √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 +𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝒊𝒗) ∫ √𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
2 2 𝑎 2
𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
17 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2
= x2 − {∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
′ 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√3 − 4𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
I = √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [
−8𝑥
. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2√3−4𝑥 2 = x2 − {x − ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥}
−4𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 2
− 2 x 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√3−4𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
3−4𝑥 2 −3 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 2 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
√3−4𝑥 2 = x − x 𝑒 + +𝑐
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎
3−4𝑥 2 3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
√3−4𝑥 2 √3−4𝑥 2 𝑎
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (x 2 −
2𝑥 2
+ 𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
3
√4( −𝑥 2 ) 𝑎 𝑎
4
3 1 𝐐. 𝟓: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔:
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
2 2 𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 ( + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
√(√3) −𝑥 2 𝒙
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝑐 = ∫ 𝑒 1 . 𝑥 (1 . ln 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑎 𝑥
3
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 2 sin−1 ( √3 ) + 𝑐1
𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2 = 𝑒 1.𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √3
3 2𝑥
+ 2 sin−1 ( 3) + 𝑐1
− 4𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
√
𝑥 3 2𝑥 𝑐
𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝐼 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) + 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 4 √3 2
𝑥 2 3 −1 2𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √3 − 4𝑥 + 4 sin ( 3) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑐1
= = ∫ 𝑒 1 . 𝑥 (1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√ 2
∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝒗) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝟏
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 + 4 , 𝑉 = 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥
1
′
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 + 4 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 + 4 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2𝑥
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 + 4 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2√𝑥 2 +4 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑥2 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑥 2 +4−∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
√𝑥 2 +4
𝑥 2 +4−4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4 4
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥.sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 √ √𝑥 2 +4
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4
1 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎2 | +
2 𝑐
= 𝑒 3𝑥 cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4 − 𝐼 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | +
𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥))𝑑𝑥
2 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥
𝐼=
2
√𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑐1 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2
=𝑐 𝒗𝒊) ∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐱 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1+𝑥−1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
∫ x 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 2 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(1+𝑥)2 − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [1+𝑥 − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
= x 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= x2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
− ∫ 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥. +𝑐
1+𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 −𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
18 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Integration involving Partial
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −1 . 𝑥 (−1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Fraction
∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
= 𝑒 −1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼𝑓 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑄(𝑥)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥)
≠0
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
−𝟏 𝒙 In rational fraction
𝒆𝒎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑃(𝑥)
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Quadratic (irreducible) factors then the rational function is
−1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑚 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 written as as a sum of simpler rational functions, each of
1+𝑥 2
−1 which can be integrated by methods already known.
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
1 Here we discuss examples of the three cases of partial
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 fraction and then apply integrated.
1+𝑥 2
−1 𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑒 𝑚 tan Case1.
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚 + 𝑐=
𝑚
+𝑐
−1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝑒. 𝑔;
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
𝟐𝒙 = +
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
−𝑥+6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Or = + + 𝑒. 𝑡𝑐
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4) 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 𝑥−4
2𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 2𝑥(1+sin 𝑥)
∫ 1−sin 𝑥 × 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = Case2.
2𝑥(1−sin 𝑥) 1 sin 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 (cos2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= ∫ 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 = + +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑥 + 𝑏)2
∫ 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 1
𝑉 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 Case3.
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
= [2𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 2(1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + [2𝑥 sec 𝑥 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 2(1) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = +
(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 2 + 𝑐) 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
= 2𝑥 . tan 𝑥 − 2 ln|sec 𝑥| + 2𝑥 . sec 𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
tan 𝑥| + 𝑐 2
= + 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏+𝒙)
𝒙) ∫ (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2−1+𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 Exercise 3.5
(2+𝑥)−1 Evaluate the following integrals.
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2
] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1
2+𝑥 1 Q1. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(2+𝑥)2 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1
1 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [2+𝑥 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
Now
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 3𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵
1 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+2
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 2+𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙𝒊) ∫ ( 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑥 𝑥
1−2 sin cos
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 2
𝑥
2
) 𝑑𝑥 3(3) + 1 = 𝐴(3 + 2) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 5𝐴 = 10 ⇒ 𝐴
2 sin2
2
2 sin cos
𝑥 𝑥 =2
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
2 sin2 2 sin2
2 2
1 𝑥 𝑥 3(−2) + 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 − 3) ⇒ −5𝐵
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2 cosec 2 − cot 2) 𝑑𝑥
2 = −6 + 1
𝑥 1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot 2 + 2 cosec 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒−5𝐵 = −5 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
2
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 3𝑥 + 1 2 1
𝑠𝑜 2 = +
𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot ) + 𝑐 = −𝑒 𝑥 cot + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
2 2 3𝑥 + 1 1 1
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
19 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
5𝑥+8
Q2. ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥+8 = 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + 3 ln|𝑥 + 5| + 𝑐
Solution: ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝒂−𝒃)𝒙
Q4.∫ 𝒅𝒙, (𝒂 > 𝒃)
(𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃)
Now. (𝒂−𝒃)𝒙
5𝑥 + 8 𝐴 𝐵 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃) 𝒅𝒙
= +
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1 Now
 5𝑥 + 8 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖) (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
1 = +
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏
2 ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖)
1 1
 5 ( ) + 8 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 ( + 3) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2 2
5+16 1+6 ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑎)
 = 𝐵( ) ⇒ 7𝐵 = 21 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
2 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑎
Put 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
 5(−3) + 8 = 𝐴(2(−3) − 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑏 − 𝑎)
 −15 + 8 = −7𝐴 ⇒ −7 = −7𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = −𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏)
5𝑥+8 1 3
So = + 𝑏 = −𝐵
(𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑥+3 2𝑥−1
5𝑥 + 8 𝐵 = −𝑏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 Thus
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
1 1 (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +
𝑥+3 2𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)
= ln|𝑥 + 3| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
2 2𝑥 − 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 + 8 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) = 𝑎𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑎| − 𝑏𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑏| + 𝑐
3 3−𝑥
Q5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐 2
1−𝑥−6𝑥
2 3−𝑥 ∵ 1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
Solution: ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
Now -3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) + 1(2𝑥 + 1)
3−𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 1)(1 − 3𝑥)
1−𝑥−6𝑥 2
= 2𝑥+1 + 1−3𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟑𝟒
Q3. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 3 − 𝑥 = 𝐴(1 − 3𝑥) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖)
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34
1
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 2
𝑥−19 1 1
So ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 1 ⇒3 − (− 2) = 𝐴 (1 − 3 (− 2) + 𝐵(0))
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15
2
= ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑥−19 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 34 ⇒3 +
1 3
= 𝐴 (1 + ) ⇒ = 𝐴 ( )
7 5
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 2
±𝑥 ± 2𝑥 ∓ 15 2 2 2 2
𝑥−19 𝐴 𝐵 7
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15
= 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+5 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 19 ⇒𝐴 = 2
⇒𝑥 − 19 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖𝑖)∵ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑃𝑢𝑡 1 − 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 1 = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15 1 1
⇒ 3 − 19 = 𝐴(3 + 5) + 𝐵(0) 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥 + 5) ⇒ 3 − = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 ( ) + 1)
3 3
⇒ −16 = 8𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) 9−1 2+3 8
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) = 𝐵( ) ⇒ 8 = 5𝐵 ⇒
3 3 5
⇒ −5 − 19 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−5 − 3) ⇒ −24 So
= −8𝐵 3−𝑥 7/5 8/5
⇒𝐵=3 2
= +
1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 1 − 3𝑥
𝑥 − 19 2 3 :∫
3−𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1 8
𝑑𝑥 + ∫
1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑖) ⇒ 2 =− + 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 5 2𝑥+1 5 1−3𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑥−3 𝑥+5
7 2 8 −3
Thus, = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34 −2 3 10 2𝑥 + 1 15 1 − 3𝑥
. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥

20 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
7 8 4
= ln|2𝑥 + 1| − ln|1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− ) − 1) ⇒ 1
10 5 3
𝟐𝒙
Q.6∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 −8 − 3
= 𝐵( )
𝟐𝒙 3
Solution: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 3
𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −
Now 11
𝟐
2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝟏 −𝟑/𝟏𝟏
2 2
= + ∵ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 So, 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏
+
𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 2𝑥−1 3𝑥+4
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
⇒∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝟑𝒙+𝟒
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖) 1 1
Put 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = ln|2𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑥 + 4| + 𝑐
11 11
⇒2𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 2𝑎 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
Put 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = ln | |+𝑐
11 3𝑥 + 4
⇒ 2(−𝑎) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−𝑎 − 𝑎) ⇒ −2𝑎 = −2𝑎𝐵 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟕
Q.8∫ 𝒅𝒙
⇒𝐵=1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟐
2𝑥 1 1 𝑥
So 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥+𝑎
𝟐𝒙 1 1 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 2√2𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 7
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ±2𝑥 3 ± 3𝑥 2 ∓ 2𝑥
𝒙 −𝒂 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
= ln|𝑥 − 𝑎| + ln|𝑥 + 𝑎| + 𝑐 𝑥−7
= ln|(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)| + 𝑐 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 𝑥−7
= ln|𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
Q.7∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑥−7
𝟔𝒙 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: ∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝑁𝑂𝑤
Now ∵ 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 𝑥−7 𝐴 𝐵 ∵ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
1 𝐴 𝐵
2
= 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 4 (𝑥−2)(2𝑥+1)
= 𝑥−2 + 2𝑥+1 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
= + 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) + 4(2𝑥 − 1)
(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥+4) 2𝑥−1 3𝑥+4 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖)3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2))
(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) ⇒𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1)
1
Put2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) ⇒2 − 7 = 𝐴(2(2) + 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ −5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 55 =
1 3+8 −1
⇒1 = 𝐴 (3 (2) + 4) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( )
2 𝐴 = −1
3
⇒3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 1
11 𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
4 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 1
⇒− 2 − 7 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (− 2 − 2) ⇒
1 −1−14
=
3 2
4 −8−3 −1−4
⇒1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− 3) − 1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 ( 3 ) 𝐵( 2 )
3 ⇒−15 = −5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −
11 So
So 𝑥−7 −1 3
1 𝐴 𝐵 = +
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 1
= + 2𝑥2 −3𝑥2 −𝑥−7
(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 4 Thus∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1
𝑑𝑥 +
2𝑥2 −3𝑥−2 𝑥−2
1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) 1
1 3∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+!
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2 𝑥2 3 2
1 3 = − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 1 = 𝐴 (3 ( ) + 4) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( + 4) 2 2 2𝑥 + 1
2 2 𝑥2 3
3+8 11 2 = − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|2𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 2
2 2 11 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟏
4 Q.9∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
Put 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 3 put in (i)
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
Now

21 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝒙−𝟏
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖) = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫
𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟓 𝟏
⇒3(1)2 − 12(1) + 11 = 𝐴(1 − 2)(1 − 3) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) + ∫
𝟔 𝒙−𝟑
= 3 − 12 + 11 = 𝐴(−1)(−2) 1 1 5
⇒ 2 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 = − ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
3 2 6
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔
Q.11∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
⇒3(2)2 − 12(2) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(2 − 1)(2 − 3) + 𝐶(0)
⇒ 12 − 24 + 11 = −𝐵 𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔
Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ −1 = −𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) Now
⇒3(3)2 − 12(3) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3 − 1)(3 − 2) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔
⇒ 3(9) − 36 + 11 = 𝐶(2)(1) =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 27 − 36 + 11 = 2𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=
⇒ 2 = 2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3
So 5𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 1 1 1
+ 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3 − 1)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) 5(−1)2 + 9(−1) + 6
1 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 1)(2(−1) + 3)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶(0)
𝑥−1 𝑥−2
1 ⇒ 5 − 9 + 6 = 𝐵(−2)(1)
+∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 ⇒ 2 = −2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Q10.∫ 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 5(1)2 + 9(1) + 6
𝟐𝒙−𝟏 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(2(1) + 3) + 𝐵(0)
Solution: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐶(0)
𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑)
Now ⇒ 5 + 9 + 6 = 𝐴(2)(5) ⇒ 20 = 𝐴10 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2`
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 3
Put 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= + +
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑 3 2 3
𝟐𝒙 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 − 3) ⇒ 5 (− ) + 9 (− ) + 6
2 2
+ 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0)
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 3 3
+ 𝐶 (− + 1) (− − 1)
2(0) − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 − 3) + 𝐵(0)(𝐶(0) 2 2
1 9 27 −3 + 2 −3 − 2
⇒ −1 = 𝐴(−1)(−3) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 5 ( ) + (− ) + 6 = 𝐶 ( )( )
3 4 2 2 2
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 45 27 1 5
− + 6 = 𝐶 (− ) (− )
⇒2(1) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1)(1 − 3) + 𝐶(0) 4 2 2 2
1 45 − 54 + 24 5
⇒ 1 = 𝐵(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = − =𝐶
2 4 4
Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒ 15 = 5𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 3
⇒ 2(3) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3)(3 − 1) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔
=
5 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 5 = 6𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 −1 3
6 =𝑥−1+
So 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟓 :∫
(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫
𝒙−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏 ∫
𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫
𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝒅𝒙
= + +
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) 3
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 = 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + |2𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐
=− − + 2
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟒+𝟕𝒙
Q12.∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(𝟐+𝟑𝒙)
Solution:
22 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) ⇒ 2(1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1 + 1) + 𝐶(0)
Now ⇒ 2 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= + +
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 ⇒ 2(−1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑜) + 𝐶(−1 − 1)2
⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 3) 1
2 = 4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
+ 𝐶(1 + 𝑥)2 → (𝑖) 2
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) From (i)
⇒ 4 + 7(−1) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 + 3) + 𝐶(0) 2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥)
⇒ −3 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −3 ⇒2𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶 − 2𝐶𝑥
2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 1 1
3 ⇒2 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 + 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 − 2
2 2 2 3
4 + 7 (− ) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶 (1 − ) ⇒𝐴=
3 3 2
2
14 3−2 So,
4− = 𝐶( )
3 3 2𝑥 2
12 − 14 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
=𝐶( )
3 9 3/2 1 1/2
2 1 2 9 = + +
⇒ − = 𝐶 ⇒ − × = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −6 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
3 9 3 1 𝟐𝒙𝟐
From (i) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥 𝟑
= ∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
+ 𝐶(1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝟏 𝟏
+ ∫ 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 2𝐴 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
+ 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 3 (𝑥 − 1)−1 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2 2 −1 2
0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −(−6) 3 1 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
6 2 𝑥−1 2
⇒ 3𝐴 = 6 ⇒ 𝐴 = = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 𝟏
Q.14 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
3
So, 𝟏
𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= + − Now
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
∫
4 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
(1 + 𝑥)2 (2 + 3𝑥)
1 ⇒1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) →
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 (𝑖)
6 3
+ ∫
3 2 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3(1 + 𝑥)−1 1
= 2 ln|1 + 𝑥| + − 2 ln|2 + 3𝑥| + 𝑐 1 = 𝐴(1 + 1)2 ⇒ 1 = 4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 =
−1 4
3 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
ln|1 + 𝑥|2 − − ln|2 + 3𝑥|2 + 𝑐 1 = 𝐶(−1 − 1)
1+𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝟐 1
Q.13 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 1 = −2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −
2
Solution: From (i)
Now ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
2𝑥 2 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 1 1
=
+ + 0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =−
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 4 4
2
⇒2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 1 1/4 −1/4 −1/2
= + +
𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2

23 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝟏 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 = + +
1 1 1 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 𝐷
4 𝑥−1 4 𝑥+1 2
+
1 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)−1 (𝑥 − 2)2
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1| − +𝐶 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25
4 4 2 −1
1 1 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)2
= { ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1|} + +𝐶 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)2
4 4 2(𝑥 + 1)
𝒙+𝟒 → (𝑖)
Q.15 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝒙+𝟒
Solution: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ (−1)3 − 6(−1)2 + 25
𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
= 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐶(0)
Now
+ 𝐷(0)
∵ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 −1 − 6 + 25 = 9𝐵
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥 2 − 1) 9𝐵 = 18 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
⇒ (2)3 − 6(2)2 + 25 = 𝐷(2 + 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 4 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2
3
⇒ 8 − 24 + 25 = 9𝐷
Now
9 = 9𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1
𝒙+𝟒 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + From (i)
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
𝟐

⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)

+ 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) +𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)
⇒ −1 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥62 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥62 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥
1 + 4𝐵
⇒ 3 = 9𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = +𝐶(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥
3 2
3
Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3
⇒ 2 + 4 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(2 + 1) − 3𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥
⇒ 6 = 3𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2
From (i) 𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥 3
𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2) 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖)
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 For 𝑥 2 − 6 = −3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷
⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵 −6 = −3𝐴 + 2 + 1
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 −6 − 3 = −3𝐴 ⇒ −9 = −3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 = 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
1 1 1 = 3 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 − 3 = −2 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2
⇒0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =− 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 3 2 2
3 3 = + −
𝒙+𝟒 1/3 −1/3 2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
2 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 − 2)
= + + 1
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 +
𝒙+𝟒 (𝑥 − 2)2
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 ∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 = 𝟑∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
− ∫ + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏) −𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟏
𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 = 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| + +𝑪
−𝟏 −𝟏
1 1 (𝑥 − 2)−1 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| + 2 +𝑐 = 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| −
𝒙+𝟏
− 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| −
𝒙−𝟐
+𝑪
3 3 −1 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟐𝟐𝒙 +𝟏𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟕
1 1 2 Q.17∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙+𝟐)𝟑 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| − +𝑐
3 3 𝑥−2 Solution:
1 2
= {ln|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2|} − +𝑐
3 𝑥−2
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
Q16. ∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:

24 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3 3 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
= + + 2 2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 3
𝐷 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = + 𝐶
+ 2
(𝑥 + 2)3 3 1 1
3 2
⇒𝑥 + 22𝑥 + 14𝑥 − 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 − ⇒𝐶 = 1− = − ⇒ 𝐶 =−
2 2 2
3)(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖) So
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 3 1
3
⇒ (3) + 22(3)2 + 14(3) − 17 = 𝐴(3 + 2)3 𝑥−2 −3/2 2 𝑥 − 2
= +
⇒ 27 + 198 + 42 − 17 =125A (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 1
⇒ 250 = 125𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⇒ (−2)3 + 22(−2)2 + 14(−2) − 17 = 𝐷(−2 − 3) (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
−8 + 88 − 28 − 17 = −5𝐷 ⇒ 35 = −5𝐷 3
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1|
𝐷 = −7 2
From (i) 1 3𝑥 1 1
+ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 2 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1
= 𝐴[𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8] + 𝐵(2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) 3 3 1 1
= − ln|𝑥 + 1| + . ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥
+𝐶(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6) + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷 2 2 2 2
= 𝐴𝑥 + 6𝐴𝑥 2 + 12𝐴𝑥 + 8𝐴
3 3 3 1
= − ln|𝑥 + !| + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
+ 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 2 4 2
𝒙
− 12) + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 6𝑐 + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷 Q.19 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 1 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 22 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 22 = 6(2) − 1 + 𝐶 Now
⇒ 𝐶 = 22 − 12 + 1 = 11 ⇒ 𝐶 = 11 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
So = +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3
2 1 11
Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
= + + ⇒ 1 = 𝐴((1)1 + 1)
𝑥−3 𝑥+2 (𝑥 + 2)2
7 1
− ⇒𝐴=
(𝑥 + 2)3 2
From (i)
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐∫ −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟕 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟑 𝒅𝒙 1
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; ⇒0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵
(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 2
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕 1
−𝟏 −𝟐 =−
+𝒄 2
𝟏𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 1
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − +
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
+𝒄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = −𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = − (− ) + 𝐶
𝒙−𝟐
2
Q.18∫ (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1 1 1
+𝟏)
⇒1 = +𝐶 ⇒ 1− = 𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =
Solution: 2 2 2
𝑥−2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 So,
= + 2 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
2
𝑥 1/2 −2𝑥 + 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖) = + 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 +1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝑥
⇒ −1 − 2 = 𝐴((−1)2 + 1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
3 1 1 1 𝑥−1
−3 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥 +!
From (i) 1 1 2𝑥 − 2
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 2 4 𝑥 +1

25 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1 2𝑥 1 1 1 + 4𝑥
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 4 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4)
1 1 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2 𝑥−3 𝑥 +4
𝟗𝒙−𝟕 1
Q.20 ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 +∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝟏) 𝑥 +4
𝟗𝒙−𝟕
Solution: ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1 2𝑥 1
= ln|𝑥 − 3| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
Now 1 1 𝑥
9𝑥 − 7 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = ln|𝑥 − 3| − |𝑥 2 + 4| + tan−1 + 𝑐
2
= + 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 1 Q.22
⇒ 9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖) 𝟏𝟐
Put𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑+𝟖
⇒ 9(−3) − 7 = 𝐴((−3)2 + 1) Solution:
34 12
−27 − 7 = 10𝐴 ⇒ −34 = 10𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑥 3 +8 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
10
17 Now
⇒𝐴=− 12 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
5 = + 2
From (i) 𝑥3
+ 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 3𝐶 ⇒ 12 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 2) → (𝑖)
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 Put 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
17 17 ⇒12= 𝐴(4 + 4 + 4) ⇒ 12 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 , ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = From (i)
5 5
17 51 12= 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐶
𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3𝐵 + 𝐶 = 9 ⇒ 3 ( ) + 𝐶 = 9 ⇒ +𝐶 =9
5 5 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 we have
51 45 − 51 6
𝐶 =9− = ⇒𝐶=− 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
5 5 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = −2(1) + 2(−1) + 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = −2 − 2 + 𝐶
So
17 6 ⇒𝐶 = 4
9𝑥 − 7 −17/5 5 𝑥 − 5 So
= + 2 12 1 −𝑥 + 4
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥+3 𝑥 +1
9𝑥−7 3
= + 2
∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥2 +1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
12 1 𝑥−4
17 1 ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +8 𝑥+2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 𝑥+3 1 1 2𝑥 − 8
17 𝑥 6 1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1 1 2𝑥 − 2 − 6
17 17 6 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
=− ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 10 5 1 2𝑥 − 2
𝟏+𝟒𝒙
Q21. ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝟒) 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝟏+𝟒𝒙
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 6 1
+𝟒) + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Now 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 1
= + 𝟐 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4|
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟐 2
⇒ 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙 − 𝟑) → (𝒊) 1
+3∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 3
𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟑) = 𝑨((𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝟑) + 𝑪(𝟎) 1
= ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4|
⇒ 13 = 𝐴(9 + 4) ⇒ 13 = 13𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 2
From (i) 1
+ 3∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 4𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑎 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 + √3
Equating Coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 1 3 𝑥−1
⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √3 √3
0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 1 𝑥−1
⇒ 4 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 4 − 3 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √3
So
1 + 4𝑥 1 (−)𝑥 + 1
= + 2 𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟔
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +4 Q23. ∫ 𝒙𝟑−𝟖 𝒅𝒙
Solution:

26 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 3
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 ⇒ 2 − 2 = −𝐴 + 2𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐷
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖 ⇒ 𝐷 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Now 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 5 = 4𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐶 = −𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
= −𝐴
9𝑥 2 + 6 9𝑥 2 + 6 ⇒ 5 = 4𝐴 − 𝐴 − 2(−𝐴)
=
𝑥3 − 8 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) 5 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐴 ⇒ 5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2 So (ii)⇒𝐶 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
⇒ 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)
Thus
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒙 ± 𝟏
→ (𝑖) = + +
(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
Put = 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑 𝟏
9(2) + 6 = 𝐴[(2)2 + 2(𝑥) + 4] + 𝐵(2) + 𝐶(0)  ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 −
⇒24 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 𝒙+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙
From (i) 1 𝑥 1
9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2(𝑥 − 1)−1 1 2𝑥 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
For 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2 −1 2 𝑥 +4 (𝑥)2 + (2)2
𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥; 9 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 9 = 2(2) − 2(−2) + 𝐶 2
= ln|𝑥 − 1| −
⇒9 =4+4+𝐶 ⇒9−8 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 𝑥−1
So 1 1 𝑥
− ln|𝑥 2 + 4| − tan−1 + 𝑐
9𝑥 2 + 6 2 −2𝑥 + 1 2 2 2
= + Q25.
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
9𝑥 2 + 6 1 2𝑥 − 1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 −8 𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)
1 2𝑥 + 2 − 2 − 1 Solution:
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7
1 2𝑥 + 2 1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
1 = + + 2
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + 3 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 +𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (√3)
3 𝑥+1
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝐶 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
√3 √3
𝑥+1 + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
√3 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 + 2)2
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑
Q.24 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑
⇒2(−2) — 2(−2)−7 = 𝐵((−2)2 + (−2) + 1)
2
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 8 + 2 − 7 = 𝐵(4 − 2 + 1)
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)

Now ⇒ 3 = 3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫 From (i)
= + +
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐵𝑥 2
⇒𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝑨(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
(𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫)(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 → (𝒊) + 4)
Put 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊)
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2
⇒𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟑 = 𝑩(𝟏 + 𝟒)
+ 4𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷𝑥 + 4𝐷
2 + 5 + 3 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 10 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
From (i) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 Put 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖)
+ 4𝐵 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷 ⇒ 2 − 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐷
𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
− 2𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 − 2𝐷𝑥 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; −1 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 4𝐷
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 Put 𝐵 = 1 , 𝐶 = −𝐴 , 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1
For 𝑥 3 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 + 1 − 4𝐴 + 4𝐴 + 4
For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 −1 − 1 − 4 = 3𝐴 ⇒ −6 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2
Put 𝐵 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = −𝐴 So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
Thus,
2 = −𝐴 + 2 − 2(−𝐴) + 𝐷
27 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 0 = 4𝐶 + 9𝐶 + 12 + 1 ⇒ 0 = 13𝐶 + 13
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ⇒ −13𝐶 = 12 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
−2 1 2𝑥 − 1 𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = −4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = −4(−1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 4 ∵ 𝐶
= + 2
+ 2
𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 +𝑥+1 = −1
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−7
∫ (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 ⇒ 𝐷 = 3(−1) + 4 = −3 + 4
1 ⇒𝐷=1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 = 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = 0
𝑥+2
2𝑥 + 1 − 2 Thus
+ ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 + 2)−1
= −2 ln|𝑥 + 2| + (4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
−1
2𝑥 + 1 1 4𝑥 + 0 (−1)𝑥 + 1
+∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 2
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 1
𝟏
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| (4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
2
𝒙+𝟐
𝟏 1 8𝑥 (−1)(𝑥 − 1)
− 𝟐∫
𝟏 𝟑
= 2
+ 2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + + 2 4𝑥 + 1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟒 𝟒 3𝑥 + 1 1 8𝑥 1 2𝑥 − 2
𝟏 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| (4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 4𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
𝒙+𝟐
𝟏 1 1 2𝑥 − 1 − 1
− 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + +
𝟏 𝟑 2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟒 𝟒 1 1 2𝑥 − 1 1 1
𝟏 2
−𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟐
+ 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| = ln |𝑥 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒙+𝟐 2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟏
− 𝟐∫ 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 √𝟑 1 1
(𝒙 + ) + ( ) = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1|
𝟐 𝟐 2 2
𝟏
(𝒙 + )
1 1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 3
𝒙+𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑 4 4
𝟐 𝟐
+𝒄
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 1 1
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄 = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1|
𝒙+𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑
2 2
𝟑𝒙+𝟏 1 1
Q.26∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 3
2 1 2
√3
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
Solution: ∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 − ) + ( )
2 2
3𝑥 + 1 1
1 1 1 1 (𝑥 − )
∵ = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 +𝑐
(4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 2 2 √3 √3
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 2 2
= 2 + 2 1 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 2 √3 √3
⇒3𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(4𝑥 2 + 1)
+𝒄
3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶𝑥 3
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 4𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠. Q27.∫ (𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
+𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟓)
For𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
Solution:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ; 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) 𝐴 = −4𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 4𝑥 + 1
∵ 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 0 = −(−4𝐶) + (1 − 𝐷) + 4𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= −4𝐶 − (1 − 𝐷) + 𝐶
= 2 + 2
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
0 = 4𝐶 + 1 + 4𝐷 3 = −4𝐶 − 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐶 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2
0 = 4𝐶 + 3𝐷 + 1 → (𝑣) 0 = −3𝐶 + 𝐷 − 4 + 4)
⇒ 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑥
⇒0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1 + 5𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝑐𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷
0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1
28 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 3
Equating coefficients of 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = 4𝑎2 𝐴 + 𝑎2 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = (4𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑎2
𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. ⇒ 4𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) For constant term 1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐷
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 4 = 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣)𝑠𝑜
For constant term1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 4(−𝐶) + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ −4𝐶 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −3𝐶
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 5𝐵 = 1 − 4𝐷 =0
1 − 4𝐷 ⇒𝐶=0
𝐵= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
5 (𝑖𝑣)4(−𝐷) + 𝐷 = 6 ⇒ −4𝐷 + 𝑑 ⇒ −3𝐷 = 6
1 − 4𝐷
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = 4(−𝐶) +
5
+ 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 𝐷 = −2
= 5(−𝐶) + 4 (
−4𝐷
) + 4𝐶 As 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0 ∵ 𝐶 = 0
5
1 − 4𝐷 𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 = −(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = 2 ∵ 𝐷 = −2
⇒ 0 = −4𝐶 + + 𝐷 ⇒ 20
5 So
= −25𝐶 + 4 − 16𝐷 + 20𝐶 6𝑎2 0𝑥 + 2 0𝑥 + (−2)
0 = −20𝐶 + 1 − 4𝐷 + 5𝐷 ⇒ 16𝐷 = 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 𝑎 )(𝑥 + 4𝑎 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎2
2 2 2 2 𝑥 + 4𝑎2
= −5𝐶 + 4 − 20 6𝑎2 1 1
−5𝐶 − 16 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + (2𝑎)2
⇒ 0 = −20𝐶 + 𝐷 + 1 ⇒𝐷= 2 𝑥 1 𝑥
16
=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐
→ (𝑣𝑖) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2 𝑥 1 𝑥
⇒ 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 → (𝑣) = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑎 + 𝑐
−5𝐶−16
𝐵𝑦 (𝑣)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 20𝐶 − 1 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
16 Q29. ∫ (𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 320𝐶 − 16 = −5𝐶 − 16 ⇒ 320𝐶 + 5𝐶 = 0
⇒ 320𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0 Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 2
As 𝑎 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0 ∫
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 20(0) − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
1 − 4𝐷 1 − 4(−1) 5 = 2 + 2
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = ⇒𝐵= = =1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
5 5 3 2𝑥 2 − 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝐵=1 + 1)
So = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
4𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + (−1) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
= 2 + 2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖)
4𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4 ⇒ 2 + 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ −𝐴 + 𝐶 = 4 → (𝑣)
1 Put 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = −𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑣𝑖)
−∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 1 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) + (𝑣) ⇒ 2𝐶 = 4 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
1 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Now by (iv)+(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 2𝐷 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
2 2 (𝑥 − 2) + (1)2
2
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 − 1 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
1 𝑥
= tan−1 − tan−1(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐 So;
2 2 2𝑥 2 − 2
𝟔𝒂𝟐
Q28. ∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
−2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1
6𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 2 + 2
∵ 2 = + 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 2𝑥 2 − 2
⇒ 6𝑎2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 ∫ 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
+ 𝑎2 ) 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 6𝑎2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑎2 + 𝐶𝑥 3 = −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥+1
+ 𝐶𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑎2 2𝑥 − 1
+∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) = −𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
29 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
= 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |+𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥 +𝑥+1 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙−𝟖 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
Q 30.∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − ) +
𝟐 𝟒
𝟐
𝟑𝒙−𝟖
− 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟐|
Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 𝟓 𝟏
− ∫ 𝒅𝒙
3𝑥 − 8 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
(𝒙 + ) +
∵ 𝟐 𝟒
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) 𝟏 𝟏
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 √𝟕
= 2 + 2 (𝒙 − ) + ( )
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+2 𝟐 𝟐
3𝑥 − 8 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2) 𝟓 𝟏
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
√𝟕
+ 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 2𝐷 (𝒙 + ) + ( )
𝟐 𝟐
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 𝟏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝟐 𝟐
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −8 = 2𝐵 + 2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −4 𝟓 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏/𝟐
→ (𝑖𝑣) − . 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷 𝟐 𝟐
Put 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|
(𝑖𝑖)⇒ 0 = −𝐶 + (−4 − 𝐷) − 𝐶 + 𝐷 √𝟕
𝟓
√𝟕
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
−𝟏
0 = −𝐶 − 4 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄
√𝟕 √𝟕
0 = −2𝐶 − 4
𝟑𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟓
⇒ 2𝐶 = −4 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 Q31. ∫
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑)
𝒅𝒙
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 3 = 2(−𝐶) − 4 − 𝐷 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 Solution: ∫
3𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 +9𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3)
3 = −2𝐶 − 4 + 2𝐶 − 2𝐷
7 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
⇒ 3 + 4 = −2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = − ∵
(𝑥 2
= +
+ 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
2
7 7 −8+7 ⇒ 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5
As 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷 = −4 (− 2) = −4 + 2 = 2 =- = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
1/2 ⇒ 𝐵 = − + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
2
Equation coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
So
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙𝟑 ; 𝟑 = 𝑨 + 𝑪 → (𝒊)
3𝑥 − 8 2
For 𝑥 ; 4 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) For 𝑥; 9 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2𝑥 − 1/2 −2𝑥 + (−7/2) For constant term; 5 = 3𝐵 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
= 2 +
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐷 = 5 −
3𝐵
3𝑥 − 8 Put in (ii) and (iii)
∫
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 1/2 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 = 2(3 − 𝐶) + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 4 = 6 − 2𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 7/2
+∫ 𝑑𝑥 4 − 6 − 5 = −𝐶 − 2𝐵 ⇒ −7 = −(𝐶 + 2𝐵)
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
1 5 ⇒ 𝐶 + 2𝐵 = 7 → (𝑣)
2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 +
=∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 9 = 3(3 − 𝐶) + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 − 1 1 1 2𝑥 + 1 ⇒9 = 9 − 3𝐶 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥+2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+2 ⇒9 − 9 − 5 = −2𝐶 − 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2𝐶 + 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑣)
5/2
−∫ 2
𝑥 +𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝐶 + 2(−2𝐶 + 5) = 7 ⇒ 𝐶 − 4𝐶 + 10 = 7
1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2|
⇒ −3𝐶 + 10 + 7 ⇒ −3𝐶 = 7 − 10
2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2 ⇒ −3𝐶 = −3 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
4 4
5 1 As B= 5 − 2𝐶 = 5 − 2(1) = 3 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2 𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 5 − 3𝐵 = 5 − 3(3) = 5 − 9 = −4 ⇒ 𝐷
4 4
1 𝑑𝑥 = −4
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2| 𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 = 3 − 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
2 1 2 7
(𝑥 − ) +
2 4 So
5 1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥−4
2 1 2 7 = +
(𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
2 4
30 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
The Definite integrals:
𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝑏
2𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝟏 2𝑥 − 8 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝟐 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 And read 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑠 definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) here a
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎
=∫ 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 is called lower limit and b is called upper limit.
𝟏 *the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is called range of
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟑 integration.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + +
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝑏
+ ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 We evaluate ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as;
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟏 Consider ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝑐
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑏
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = |∅(𝑥) + 𝑐|𝑏𝑎
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = [∅(𝑏) + 𝑐] − [∅(𝑎) + 𝑐]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
√𝟑
(𝒙 + ) + ( ) = ∅(𝑏) + 𝑐 − ∅(𝑎) − 𝑐
𝟐 𝟐 𝑏
𝟏 ⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
+ 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
𝟐 Note: if the lower limit is a constant and upper
𝟏
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 limit is a variable, then the integral is a function
𝒙+
𝟏 of the upper limit.
𝟏 𝟐 ) + 𝟏 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑| 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐.
√𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (
√𝟑 𝟐 ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = |∅(𝒕)|𝒙𝒂=∅(𝒙) − ∅(𝒂)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 The area under the curve
(𝒙 + 𝟏) + (√𝟐)
𝟐
𝑏
𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
𝟐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝑎
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
− −𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄 Represented the “area of region” bounded
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 under the curve of function 𝑓(𝑥) the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|𝟐 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑 √𝟑 and between two ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 =
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄 𝑏 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝟐 √𝟐
𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝑦
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏 ∅(𝑏)
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝟐 √𝟐 𝑓(𝑥)
∅(𝑎)

𝑥′ 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

𝑦′

Fundamental theorem of calculus:

If 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅′ (𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎
Is called fundamental theorem of integral
calculus.
Properties of Definite integral

𝑏 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
= ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
= −[∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑏)]
31 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑎 14 4
= −
= − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑏 14−4 10
𝑏 𝑎 = 3
= 3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝟏
𝑎 𝑏 𝟏
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝑸. 𝟐: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
(𝒃) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒂 < 𝒄
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
<𝒃 1
1
Proof: = ∫−1 (𝑥 3 . 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎) 1
+1
1
𝑥3
𝑎 = |1 + 𝑥|
𝑏 3
+1
−1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐)
𝑐 4 1
𝑥3
=| 4 + 𝑥|
𝑐 𝑏 3 −1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4 1
𝑎 𝑐 3
= | 𝑥 3 + 𝑥|
= ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎) + ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐) 4 −1

= ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎) 3 4
= ( (1) + 1) − ( (−1)3 + (−1))
3
3 4

4 4
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3
= ( . 1 + 1) − ( . 1 − 1)
3
𝑎 4 4
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3+4 3−4
=( )−( )
4 4
𝒂 7 −1 7 1
(𝒄) ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 =4− 4
= 4+4
Proof: 7+1 8
𝑎 = 4
=4=2
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎 𝟎 𝟏
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫−𝟐 (𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
=0
𝑎
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
⇒ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎 0
𝑏 𝑏 = ∫−2 (2𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
Also member ∫𝑎 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 1 0
and∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± = ∫−2 (2𝑥 − 1)−2 . 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 (2𝑥−1)−2+1
0
= | |
2 −2+1 −2

Exercise 3.6 = |
1 (2𝑥−1)−1
|
0

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒍𝒔: 2 −1 −2

𝟐
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1 1 0
= − 2 |2𝑥−1|
−2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1 1
2 = − [( )−( )]
2 2(0)−1 2(−2)−1
∫1 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
𝑥3
2 = − [( ) − ( )]
2 −1 −5
= |3 + 𝑥|
1 1 1 1 −5+1
= − 2 [−1 + 5] = − 2 [ 5
]
23 13
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1)
1 −4 2
= −2[ 5 ] = 5
8 1
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1)
𝟐
𝑸. 𝟒: ∫−𝟔 √𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
8+6 1+3
=( 3
)−( 3 )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

32 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
2 1
1 8
= ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = [8 − 3√3] = − √3
3 3
2 1
= (−1) ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1)𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝒙
𝑸. 𝟕: ∫𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
𝒅𝒙
1 2
(3−𝑥)2+1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= −| 1 |
+1
2 −6 1 2 2𝑥
= ∫1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2 +2
3 2
(3−𝑥)2 1
= −| 3 | = 2 |ln(𝑥 2 + 2)|12
2 −6
1
2 3 2 = 2 [ln(22 + 2) − ln(12 + 2)]
= − |(3 − 𝑥)2 |
3 −6 1
= [ln(6) − ln(3)]
2 3 3
2
= − [((3 − 2) ) − ((3 − (−6)) )]
2 2
3
1 6 1
2 3 3 = [ln (3)] = ln 2
2 2
= − 3 [((1)2 ) − ((9) )] 2
1

2 3 = ln 22 = ln √2
= − [1 − ((32 ) )] 2
3
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒈
2 52
= − [1 − 27] =
3 3 𝐥𝐧(𝑨𝑩) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐥𝐧 𝑩
√𝟓 𝑨
𝑸. 𝟓: ∫𝟏 √(𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝐥𝐧 (𝑩) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 − 𝐥𝐧 𝑩

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐥𝐧 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐧 𝑨
3
√5
= ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 𝑑𝑡 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝑸. 𝟖: ∫𝟐 (𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
3
1 √5
= 2 ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 . 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 1 1
3 √5 5 √5 = ∫2 (𝑥 2 + − 2𝑥. ) 𝑑𝑥
1 (2𝑡−1)2+1 1 (2𝑡−1)2 𝑥2 𝑥
= | 3 | = | 5 |
2 +1 2 3
2 1 2 1 = ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
5
1 2 5
3
= . [((2√5 − 1)2 ) − ((2(1) − 1)2 )] 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 −2+1
2 5 = | 2+1 + −2+1
− 2𝑥|
2
5
1 3 3
= [(2√5 − 1) − 1] 2 𝑥3 𝑥 −1 𝑥3 1
5 =| + − 2𝑥| = | − − 2𝑥|
3 −1 2 3 𝑥 2

√𝟓 33 1 23 1
𝑸. 𝟔: ∫𝟐 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ( 3 − 3 − 2(3)) − ( 3 − 2 − 2(2))

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 27 1
= ( 3 − 3 − 6) − (3 − 2 − 4)
8 1

1
√5
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 27−1−18 16−3−24
=( 3
)−( 6 )
1
1 √5
= 2 ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8 −11 16+11 27 9
= ( )−( ) = = =
3 6 6 6 2
1 √5 3 √5
+1 𝟏 𝟏
1 (𝑥 2 −1)2 1 (𝑥 2 −1)2 𝑸. 𝟗: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐) √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= 2
| 1 | = 2
| 3 |
+1
2 2
2 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 3
1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
2𝑥+1
= . [(((√5) − 1) ) − (((2) − 1) )]
2 3
= ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1
1 3 3
1 3
2 )2
3
= 2 ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 3
[((4)2) − (3 )] = 2
3
[((2 )− (3 )]
2

33 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1 3 1
+1 2 5 5
=
1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
[ ] =
1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
[ ] = [ √ − 2√2]
1 3 3 2 2
2 +1 2
2 2
−1 −1
2 5 √5 2
1 2 2
= . [((1 + 1 + 1) ) − (((−1) + (−1) + 1) )]
3
2
3
= . − . 2√2
2 3
2 2 3 2 √2 3

1 3 3 5√5 4√2 5√5−4(2)

= 3 [((3)2 ) − ((1 − 1 + 1)2 )] = 3√2 − =
3 3√2
3 3
1 5√5−8
= [((3)2 ) − ((1)2 )]
3
= 3√2
1 1 𝟐
= [3√3 − 1] = √3 − 𝐴𝑁𝑆. 𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
3 3

3 1 3 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
32 = (32 ) = (√3)3 = (√3)2 (√3)1 = 3√3
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫𝟎
𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ ln 𝑥 .1 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
3 1 1 𝑥 3
= ∫0 32 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = |3 tan−1 3| 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
0
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1 3 0
= 3
[(tan−1 3) − (tan−1 3)]
1
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= [(tan−1 1) − (tan−1 0)]
3 = ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 𝜋
= [
3 4
− 0] = 12
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝝅 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫𝝅𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
2
𝟔 ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥|12
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1 ln 1 − 1)
𝜋
= |sin 𝑡| 3
𝜋
= (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1(0) − 1)
6
= (2 ln 2 − 2)
𝜋 𝜋
= (sin 3 ) − (sin 6 ) 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝟐 − 𝒆−𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
√3 1 √3−1
= 2
−2 = 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝟐 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫𝟏 (𝒙 + ) (𝟏 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 2 − 𝑒2 𝑒 2
𝒙 𝒙 ∫0 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 = |
2 1 − 1 | = |2𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 −2 |
− 0
2 2 0
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 2 0 0
1 = 2 [(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )]
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
1 = 2[(𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )]
𝑓′(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
2 2
= 2 [𝑒 + − 1 − 1] = 2 [𝑒 + − 2]
1 3 𝑒 𝑒
1 +1 1
(𝑥+ )2 (𝑥+ )2
| 𝑥
| =| 𝑥
| 𝑒 2 +1−2𝑒 2
1
+1
3 = 2[ ] = 𝑒 (𝑒 2 + 12 − 2𝑒)
2 2 𝑒
1 1
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
2
3
1 2
3
1 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽+𝟏
= [((2 + ) ) − ((1 + ) )]
3 2 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3
3
2 5 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 3 [((2) ) − ((2) )] 2
= ∫04
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = ∫04
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
1+cos 2𝜃 2cos2 𝜃

34 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1
𝜋
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
𝜋
1 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫04 [cos2 𝜃 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫04 [cos 𝜃 + = [(−2(1) − − sin )
2 cos 𝜃 2 2 4 2 2
sin 𝜃
] 𝑑𝜃 𝜋 1 𝜋
cos 𝜃.cos 𝜃 − (−2√3 − − sin )]
2 2 3
𝜋
1
= ∫04 [sec 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 1 √3
2 = 2 [(−2 − 4
− 2 . 1) — 2√3 − 2 − 2 2
)
𝜋
1
= 2 |ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + sec 𝜃|04 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 √3
= [−2 − − + 2√3 + + ]
2 4 2 2 4
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [(ln |sec + tan | + sec ) − (ln|sec 0 + tan 0| + 1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋
2 4 4 4
= [−2 − + 2√3 + − + ]
2 2 4 4 2
sec 0)]
1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋
1 = 2 [−2 − + 2√3 + − + 2]
= [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (ln|1 + 0| + 1)] 2 4 4
2
1 −8−2+8√3+√3−3𝜋+2𝜋
1
= [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (0 + 1)] = [ ]
2 4
2
1 1 −10+9√3−𝜋
= 2 [ln|√2 + 1| + √2 − 1] = [ ]
2 4
𝝅
−10+9√3−𝜋
𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 8

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝝅
𝜋
2
𝜋
2 𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
= ∫0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 cos 𝜃 (1 − sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
6 6

𝜋 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋
sin3 𝜃 6
= ∫0 (cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = |sin 𝜃 −
6 | 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1+cos 2𝑡 2
3 0 ∫04 cos 4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫04 (cos 2 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫04 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
𝜋 sin3 sin2 0
= (sin 6 − 6
) − (sin 0 − ) 𝜋
1+cos2 2𝑡+2 cos 2𝑡
3 3 = ∫04 4
𝑑𝑡
1 3 𝜋
1 ( ) 0 1 1 12−1 1 1+cos 4𝑡
= ( − 2 ) − (0 − ) = ( − )− (0) = = = ∫04 (1 + + 2 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2 3 3 2 24 24 4 2
11 1
𝜋
2+1+cos 4𝑡+4 cos 2𝑡 1
𝜋

24 = 4 ∫04 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑡 = 8 ∫04 (3 + cos 4𝑡 +
𝝅 4 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝜋
1 sin 4𝑡 sin 2𝑡
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 8
[3𝑡 + 4 + 4 2 ]4
0
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
sin 4( ) sin 2( )
∫ cos 2 𝜃 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 =
𝜋
4
=
1
[(3.
𝜋
+ 4
+4 4
) − (3(0) +
sin 4(0)
+
6 8 4 4 2 4
𝜋

∫ (cos 2 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =

𝜋
4
4
sin 2(0)
)]
6 2
𝜋 𝜋
cos2 𝜃
∫ ( sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋4 (cot 2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
4
1 3𝜋 sin 𝜋 𝜋 sin 0 sin 0
6 6 = 8 [( 4 + 4
+ 2 sin ( 2 )) − (0 + 4
+4 2
)]
𝜋
1+cos 2𝜃
= ∫𝜋4 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1 − ) 𝑑𝜃 1 3𝜋 0 0 0 1 3𝜋
6
2 = [( 4 + + 2.1) − (0 + + 4. )] = [( 4 + 0 +
8 4 4 2 8
𝜋

= ∫𝜋4 (
2cosec2 𝜃−2−1−cos 2𝜃
) 𝑑𝜃 2) − 0]
2
6

1 3𝜋 1 3𝜋+8 3𝜋+8
1
𝜋
= [( 4 + 2)] = [( )] =
= ∫𝜋4 ( 2cosec 2 𝜃 − 3 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 8 8 4 32
2
6

𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 4
= 2
[−2 cot 𝜃 − 3𝜃 −
2
]𝜋
6

𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
1
= [(−2 cot − 3 −
𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( 4 )
) — 2 cot − 3 −
𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( 6 )
) 𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫𝟎𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
2 4 4 2 6 6 2

35 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝜋
= [(ln |tan + 1|) − (ln|tan 0 + 1|)]
4
𝜋 𝜋
∫03 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − ∫03 cos2 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = = [(ln|1 + 1|) − (ln|0 + 1|)]
𝜋
cos3 𝜃 1 3 𝜋 = ln|2| − ln|1| = ln 2 − 0 = ln 2
−| 3
| = − 3 [(cos3 3 ) − (cos 3 0)] =
0
1 𝜋 𝟓
− [cos3 − cos3 0] 𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫−𝟏|𝒙 − 𝟑| 𝒅𝒙
3 3

1 1 3 1 1 1 1−8 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= − [( ) − (1)3 ] = − [ − 1] = − [ ] =
3 2 3 8 3 8
5
1 −7
− 3 [ 8 ] = 24
7 ∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
3 5
𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 |𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟒

3 5
= ∫−1 −(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 5
𝜋
= − ∫−1(𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 (𝑥−3)2 3 (𝑥−3)2 5
= ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = = −| 2
| +| 2
|
−1 3
𝜋
2 sin2 𝜃 2
∫0 (tan 𝜃 + cos2𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 1
= − [((3 − 3)2 ) − ((−1 − 3)2 )] + [((5 − 3)2 ) − ((3 − 3)2 )]
1
2 2

𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= ∫0 (tan2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 +
4 4 = − 2 [0 − 16] + 2 [4 − 0]
1−cos 2𝜃
2
] 𝑑𝜃 1
= − 2 [0 − 16] + [4 − 0] = 8 + 2 = 10
1
2
𝜋 𝜋
1 cos 2𝜃 1
= ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 + − ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − − 𝟏 𝟐
2 2 2 (𝒙𝟑 +𝟐)
1 𝟏
2
cos 2𝜃 ] 𝑑𝜃 𝑸. 𝟐𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟖 𝒙𝟑
𝜋 1 2
1 1 sin 2𝜃 4 1 (𝑥 3 +2) 2
= [tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 − ] = [tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 − 1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2 0 2 ∫1 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫1 (𝑥 3 + 2) . 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 3
8 𝑥3 8
1
sin 2𝜃] 4 1 2+1 1
4 0 (𝑥 3 +2) 3 1 3
1 1
3
𝜋 1𝜋 1 𝜋 1 3| | = |(𝑥 3 + 2) | = (((1)3 + 2) ) −
2+1 3
= [(tan 4 − − sin 2 ( )) − (tan 0 − 0− 1
24 4 4 2 1 8
1
4
sin 2(0))] 1
8
3
1 3
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 ((( ) + 2) )
8
= [(1 − − sin ) − (0 − 0 − sin(0))]
8 4 2 4

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 3
= [(1 − 8 − 4 sin 2 ) − (0)] = [(1 − 8 − 4 (1)) − = ((1 + 2)3 ) − (((2−3 )3 + 2) ) = (3)3 −
(0)] 1 3 1+4 3 125 216−125 91
( + 2) = 27 − ( ) = 27 − = = 8
2 2 8 8
𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝑥−1
𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝜽 3 𝑥 2 −2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) √ 𝑥2 − 2
𝑥+1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ±𝑥 2 ±𝑥
3 𝑅 −𝑥−2
= ∫1 (𝑄 + ) 𝑑𝑥 ∓𝑥∓1
𝐷
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 cos 𝜃
−1
3 1
𝜋
sec 𝜃
𝜋 sec 𝜃 = ∫1 (𝑥 − 1 − 1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫0 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
4 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 4 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃 3
𝑥2
=| − 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 1||
𝜋 𝜋
sec2 𝜃 2 1
= ∫0 4
sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 4 𝑑𝜃 −1
tan 𝜃+1 tan 𝜃+1 32 1
= ( − 3 − ln|3 + 1|) − ( − 1 − ln|1 + 1|)
2 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝜃 + 1 ⟹ 𝑓′(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃
9 1
𝜋 = ( − 3 − ln 4) − ( − 1 − ln 2)
2 2
= [ln|tan 𝜃 + 1|]0 4

36 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
9 1
= − 3 − ln 4 − + 1 + ln 2 = −[(√2 − 1) − (1 + 0)]
2 2
9 1 = −√2 + 1 + 1 = 2 − √2
= − 2 − − ln 4 + ln 2
2 2
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
9−4−1 2
𝑸. 𝟐𝟖: ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
= 2
− ln 2 + ln 2 √𝟒−𝟑𝒙

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2 − 2 ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 − ln 2
1
3𝑥 1 −3𝑥 1 4−3𝑥−4
𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑸. 𝟐𝟓: ∫𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 √4−3𝑥 √ √
1 4−3𝑥 1 −4 1
− ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 √4 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
√ √
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 1
4 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√4−3𝑥
3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
∫2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = |ln|𝑥 3 − 1 1 1
4 1
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
= − −3 ∫0 (4 − 3𝑥)2 (−3)𝑑𝑥 + −3 ∫0 (4 −
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1||32
2
1

= (ln|33 2
− 3 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|23 2
− 2 + 2 − 1|)
3𝑥)−2 (−3)𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 3 1
= (ln|27 − 9 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|8 − 4 + 2 − 1|) 1 (4−3𝑥)2
+1 − +1
4 (4−3𝑥) 2 1 (4−3𝑥)2
= | 1 | − | 1 | = | 3 | −
20 3 +1 3 − +1 3
2 2 2
= ln 20 − ln 5 = ln = ln 4 0 0 0
5 1 1
3 1
4 (4−3𝑥)2 1 2 4 2
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝟏 | 1 | = . |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | − . |(4 −
𝑸. 𝟐𝟔: ∫ 𝟒
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 3
2
3 3 0 3 1
0
1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 3𝑥)2 |
0
𝜋
sin 𝑥 1
= ∫0 (cos2 𝑥
4 − cos2 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 2 3 1
8 1 1
2
= |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | − |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | = [((4 −
𝜋 9 0 3 0 9
sin 𝑥 1 3 3 1
= ∫04 (cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 8
3(1)) ) − ((4 − 3(0)) )] − [((4 − 3(1))2 ) −
2 2
3
𝜋 1
= ∫0 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 ((4 − 3(0)) )] 2

𝜋 3 3 1 1
2 8 2
= |sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|04 = 9 [(1)2 − (4)2 ] − 3 [(1)2 − (4)2 ] = 9 [1 −
3 1 1
8 2
𝜋 𝜋
= (sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0) (22 )2 ] − [(1)2 − (22 )2 ] = [1 − 23 ] −
4 4 3 9
8 1]
= (√2 − 1) − (1 + 0) [1 − 2
3
2 8 2 8
= √2 − 1 − 1 = √2 − 2 = [1 − 8] − [1 − 2] = [−7] − [−1] =
9 3 9 3
𝝅 −14 8 −14+24 10
𝑸. 𝟐𝟕: ∫𝟎 𝟒
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 +3= =
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 9 9 9
𝝅
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟐𝟗: ∫ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙(𝟐+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝜋 𝜋 𝟔
1 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥
= ∫0 4 × 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4
0 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋 𝜋
1−sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 𝜋
=∫ 4
0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 4
0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2
= 2 ∫𝜋2 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 6
sin 𝑥 1 𝜋
= − ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 2 (2+sin 𝑥)−sin 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
∫𝜋 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 6
sin 𝑥 1
= − ∫0 ( 4 − ) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝜋
1 (2+sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝜋 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥)
] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − ∫0 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 6

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 1 1 1 cos 𝑥
= −|sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|0 4 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [sin 𝑥 − 2+sin 𝑥
] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [ sin 𝑥 −
6 6
cos 𝑥
𝜋
= − [(sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0)]
𝜋
2+sin 𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
4 4

37 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝜋
1 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍:
= |𝑙𝑛|sin 𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|2 + sin 𝑥||𝜋2
2
6 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆:
1 𝜋
= [(𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + sin |) − (𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 +
𝜋 𝜋 Case1. 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
2 2 2 6
𝜋 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
sin |)] 𝑏
6
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏
1 1 1 𝑎
= [(ln(1) − 𝑙𝑛|2 + 1|) − (𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + |)]
2 2 2
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥
1 1 5 1
= [0 − ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 ] = [− ln 3 − (𝑙𝑛1 − 𝑙𝑛2) + (ln 5 − − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
2 2 2 2
𝑙𝑛2)] 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
1 1
Case II 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈
= [− ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛1 + 𝑙𝑛2 + ln 5 − 𝑙𝑛2] = [− ln 3 − 0 + [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
2 2
ln 5] 𝑏

1 1 5 1 5
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏
= [ln 5 − ln 3] = 2 [ln ] = ln 𝑎
2 3 2 3
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝝅
𝑸. 𝟑𝟎: ∫𝟎𝟐 (𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝟐+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 The curve of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋
Exercise 3.7
sin 𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
∫02 𝑑𝑥 =
(1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
𝜋 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
1
∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥)−(1+cos 𝑥) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 >
𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥) (1+cos 𝑥) 0 𝑖𝑛 [1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= ∫0 [ 2 − ] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
2 2
𝜋
1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫0 [(1+cos 𝑥)
2 − (2+cos 𝑥)
] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
3 2
𝑥 8 1
𝜋
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = | + 𝑥| = ( + 2) − ( + 1)
= ∫0 [(1+cos 𝑥)
2 − (2+cos 𝑥)
] 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3
1
3 3
2 1
−1
𝜋
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = ( + 2) − ( + 1)
= −1 ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥) − (2+cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 3 3
8+6 1+3 14 4
𝜋
1 2 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 =( )−( )= −
= ∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3 3
−1 0 (1+cos 𝑥) (2+cos 𝑥) 14 − 4 10
= = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝜋 3 3
= −[ln|1 + cos 𝑥| − ln|2 + cos 𝑥|]0 2
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
= − [(ln |1 +
𝜋
cos | − ln |2 +
𝜋
cos 2 |) − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
2
−𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
(ln|1 + cos 0| − ln|2 + cos 0|)]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= −[(ln|1 + 0| − ln|2 + 0|) − (ln|1 + 1| − ln|2 +
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 > 0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2]
1|)]
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
= −[ln(1) − ln(2) − ln(2) + ln(3)]
2 2 2
= −[0 −2 ln(2) + ln 3] = 2 ln(2) − ln(3) 2)
𝑥3
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (5 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |5𝑥 − |
4 −1 −1 3 −1
2
= ln(2) − ln(3) = ln 4 − ln(3) = ln 3
23 (−1)3
𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒏𝒃 𝒂 = (5.2 − ) − (5(−1) − )
3 3
∵ ( ∵ 𝒍𝒏𝒂 −𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 ) 8
= (10 − ) − (−5 −
−1
)
= 𝒍𝒏 3 3
𝒃

38 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
30 − 8 −15 + 1 4 4
=( )−( ) 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3 0 0
4
22 −14 22 + 14 36 𝑥2 𝑥3
= − = = = 12 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = |4 − |
3 3 3 3 2 3 0
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟑√𝒙 43 03
= (2. 42 − ) − (02 − )
3 3
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟒 64 96 − 64
= (32 − ) − (0 − 0) =
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 3 3
32
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 > 0 3
𝑖𝑛 [1,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑸. 𝟔: 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
4 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
1 −1
1 4 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 ≤
4 1 (𝑥)2+1 0 𝑖𝑛 [−3,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= 3∫ (𝑥)2 .1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 | | 1
1
1
2 + 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1
3 4 −3
1
(𝑥)2 2 3 4
= 3| | = 3. |(𝑥)2 | = − ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
3 3 1 −3
2 1 𝑥3 𝑥2
1
3 3 3 = −|3 + 22 − 3𝑥|
= 2 ((4)2 − (1)2 ) = 2 ((22 )2 − 1) 1
−3
𝑥3 2
= 2(23 − 1) = 2(8 − 1) = 2(7) = −|3 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥|
−3
= 14 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 13 (−3)3
= − [( + 12 − 3.1) − ( + (−3)2 − 3(−3))]
3 3
𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
1 −27
𝝅 𝝅 = − [(3 + 1 − 3) − ( 3
+ 9 + 9)]
𝒙= − 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 1 27
𝟐 𝟐
= − [3 + 1 − 3 + 3 − 9 − 9]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 27 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑜 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
= − [ + − 20] 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
3 3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥ = −[
1+27−60
]
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 1(𝑥 + 3) = 0
𝜋 𝜋 3 (𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 − 1) = 0
0 𝑖𝑛 [− 2 , 2 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −32 32 𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
= − [ 3 ] = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥 = −3 , 𝑥=0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
− −
2 2
𝜋 𝑸. 𝟕: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 =
𝜋 𝜋
= |sin 𝑥| 2 𝜋
= sin ( ) − sin (− ) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟐
− 2 2
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
=1− (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥3 + 1 = 0
𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − (𝑥 +
2
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 . 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑥+1=
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2
𝑥(4 − 𝑥) = 0 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = −1
𝑥=4 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡.
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

39 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
2 2 0 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1 −1 0
2 0 1
𝑥4
= | + 𝑥| = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 −1
−1 0
0 1
2 4 (−1)4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2
= ( + 2) − ( + (−1)) =| − | −| − |
4 4 4 2 −1 4 2 0
4 (0) 2
1 0
= (4 + 2) − ( − 1) = [( − )
4 4 2
1−4 −3 3 (−1)4 (−1)2
= (6) − ( )=6− =6+ −( − )]
4 4 4 4 2
24 + 3 27
= = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. (1)4 (1)2
4 4 − [( − )
𝑸. 𝟖: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 4 2
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. (0)4 (0)2
−( − )]
4 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
= [(0 − 0) − ( − )]
4 2
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 1 1
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 2 = 0 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 − [( − ) − (0 − 0)]
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 4 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≥ 1 1 1 1
=0− + − + +0
0 𝑖𝑛 [−2,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 2 4 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≤ −1 + 2 − 1 + 2 1
= =
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 2
0 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔,
−2 0
0 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
−2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2
− ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 3 − 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = √3 − 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 =
0
0 2
√3 − 𝑥 ≥
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
=| −4 | −| −4 | 2 2
4 2 −2 4 2 0
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
04 −1 −1
= [( − 2(0)2 ) 2 1
4
= − ∫ (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1) 𝑑𝑥
(−2)4 −1
−( − 2(−2)2 )] 1 2
4 +1
(3 − 𝑥)2
(2)4 = −| |
− [( − 2(2)2 ) 1
4 2+1 −1
(0)4 2 3 2
−( − 2(0)2 )] = − |(3 − 𝑥)2 |
4 3 −1
= [(0 − 0) − (4 − 8)] 2 3
= − [((3 − 2)2 )
− [(4 − 8) − (0 − 0)] 3
=0+4+4+0 3
=8 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. − ((3 − (−1))2 )]
𝑸. 𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 2 3 2
𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏), 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. = − [1 − ((4)2 )] = − [1 − 8]
3 3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 14
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝟏
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≤
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −𝝅 𝒕𝒐 𝝅.
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

40 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1 1 𝑎 2 𝜋+𝑎 2 𝜋 2𝑎 2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝜋
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥ = = = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
2 2 4 4 2
0 𝑖𝑛 [−𝜋, 𝜋], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫−𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓
1 𝜋 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛
sin 2 𝑥 1 1
=| | = 2 [(sin ( 𝜋)) − (sin ( − 𝜋))] 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
1 2 2
2 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑒. 𝑔.
−𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2[1 − (−1)] = 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝝅
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝟑
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 (1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑖𝑛 [0, 3 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
+
𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥 =
𝜋 𝜋
0(2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝜋
−cos 2𝑥 3 1 2𝜋 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
= | 2 | = − 2 [(cos 3 ) − (cos 2(0))] 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
0
1 1 3 4
= − 2 [− 2 − 1] = 4 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑑4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
+ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − (1𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 > 𝑑4 𝑦
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
4
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 ( ) + −𝑥 ( ) + + 2𝑥 = 0
𝟎. 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝜋
0 𝑖𝑛 [0, 3 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑎
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝑎
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐
2𝑎 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻: 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 𝑎 2

𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑎 Exercise 3.8
−1
=[ sin ( )+( ) √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ] 𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
2 𝑎 2 0
𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑎2 −1 2𝑎 − 𝑎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
=( sin ( ) 𝒅𝒚
2 𝑎 𝒊) 𝒙 =𝟏+𝒚
𝒅𝒙
2𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏
+( ) √𝑎2 − (2𝑎 − 𝑎)2 )
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑎2 0−𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦
− ( sin−1 ( )
2 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
0−𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
+( ) √𝑎2 − (0 − 𝑎)2 )
2 1
𝑑𝑦
1
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
= ( 2 sin−1(1) + (2 ) √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) − ( 2 sin−1 (−1) +
1 1
−𝑎 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫ 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 2 ) √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) = (2 .2 + 0) − ( 2 (− 2 ) − 0) =
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2𝜋
4
+ 4
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑥|
1 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
41 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 (𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 1+𝑦 2
𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟏) −𝟏=𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝟐 𝟏 1
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 − ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 + 1) −1=0 𝑦 = tan(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑸. 𝟐:
𝒅𝒚
= −𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) = 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1 𝑦
2 2
+𝑦= −2+1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
2 𝑥 −1 1
𝑦 +𝑦 = +𝑐 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = − +𝑐 ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑥
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑐1
𝒅𝒚 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 −𝟏=𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 − 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑥2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 1 1
∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1 ln 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
2 +𝑦=
2 −2+1
𝑥 −1
ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = + ln 𝑐
2
𝑦 +𝑦 = −1
+𝑐 ln(𝑥𝑦) = + ln 𝑐
1 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒙
𝒊𝒗)
𝟏 𝒅𝒚
− 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒚
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆𝒙
𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑦2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥− + 𝑐1
2 2

𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2
𝑥2
+ 𝑐1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1
2
2
2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(2 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
2 𝑸. 𝟓: =
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐1 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑐1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥2
=
𝑦=𝑒 +𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝒗) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆−𝒙
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 −2+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
ln 𝑦 = + 𝑐1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: −2+1
−1
1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑦 = −1
+ 𝑐1
𝑦 2 +1

42 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1 𝑦 𝑥2
ln 𝑦 = − + 𝑐1 𝑒
ln( )
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 2 −𝑦
𝑥
1
− +𝑐1 𝑥2
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑦
1 𝑥𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1 𝑦 𝑥2

−
1
𝑒 −𝑦
= 𝑥𝑐 𝑒 2
𝑦=𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑥2
𝒅𝒚 𝑦
𝑸. 𝟔: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 =𝟏 𝑦 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒 2
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟗: = (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑦 csc 𝑥 =1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: = (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 1 1
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− cos 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐1 1 𝑥2
− cos 𝑦 = −(cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 ) tan−1 𝑦 = 2 2
+𝑐
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥2
𝑦 = tan ( 4 + 𝑐)
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟕: 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
1
𝑑𝑦 = − (
𝑥−1
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
𝑑𝑦 = − (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 −1
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2
( 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1

ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥𝑐) − 𝑥
𝑦2 1 𝑥 −1
ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = −𝑥 = (𝑥 − )+ 𝑐
2 2 −1
𝑦 2 1
ln (𝑥𝑐) = −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥+ +𝑐
𝑥
𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚
ln( ) 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: + 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 =𝒙
𝑒 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 −𝑥
𝑥𝑐
=𝑒 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒 + 2𝑦+1 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟖: 𝒚+𝟏
= 𝒚 . 𝒅𝒙 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: =𝑥−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2𝑦+1)−2𝑥𝑦
𝑦+1
= 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑥−2𝑥𝑦
=
(𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑥(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑦+1 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫(2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦2 𝑥2
1 1
2 2
+𝑦 = 2
+𝑐
∫ (1 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥2
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) = 2 + 𝑐
𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥) + ln 𝑐 𝒅𝒚
2
𝑥2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥𝑐)
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = 2 − 𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
ln (𝑥𝑐) = 2 − 𝑦
43 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦) = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) ln (2𝑦−1) = ln 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
1−𝑦 1+𝑥 2𝑦−1
2 𝑑𝑦 = − 2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
𝑦 𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 =𝟎
1 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝒅𝒙
− 2 𝑑𝑦 = − ( 2 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2
1 1 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
(𝑦 −2 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 −2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 1
−2 1 −2 1 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑦 −
𝑦
) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ (𝑥 +
𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 −2+1 𝑥 −2+1
− ln 𝑦 = − ( + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 ∫
− sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2+1 −2+1 cos 𝑦
𝑦 −1 𝑥 −1
− ln 𝑦 = − ( + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐
−1 −1
1 1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln[𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)]
− − ln 𝑦 = − (− + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
ln 𝑦 + = (− + ln 𝑥) − 𝑐1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝑦 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
ln 𝑦 + = ln 𝑥 − + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 (1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 3 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 3
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥 1 1
∫ tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−3
ln (tan 𝑦) = − ln (tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ln (tan 𝑦) + ln (tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐 1 1 1
∫ 𝑦−3 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ln(tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐
1
tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐 ln (𝑦 − 3) = 4
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 1
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: (𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) = 𝟐 (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙) ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 4
1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln (𝑐𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) = 2 (𝑦 2 + ) 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 3 = 𝑐𝑥 4
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 3 + 𝑐𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 =𝟎
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 =0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − sec 𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(1 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1−2𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∫ tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1−2𝑦)+2𝑦 1 − sin 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1−2𝑦) 𝑥+2 cos 𝑦
(1−2𝑦) 2𝑦 1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐
∫ [𝑦(1−2𝑦) + 𝑦(1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln [𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)]
1 2 1
∫ [𝑦 + (1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚
1 2 1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: (𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑦−1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
ln (𝑦) + ln (2𝑦 − 1) = ln (𝑥 + 2) + ln (𝑐) 𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑥

44 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟒𝒆
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 ds
𝑦 = ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 +𝑐 −𝑥 )
dt
+ 2𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ds
= −2𝑠𝑡
𝐝𝐲 dt
− 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 . 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 1
𝐝𝐱 ds = −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 𝑠 ds = − ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥
dy 𝑡2
− 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ln 𝑠 = −2
2
+ 𝑐1
dx
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2
ln 𝑠 = −𝑡 + 𝑐1
dy 2
= 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 +𝑐1
dx 2
dy
= 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1
dx 2
1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐
dy = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
𝑦 2 +1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑡 𝑠 = 4𝑒 , 𝑡 = 0
1 2
∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 −(0)
𝑥2 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 0
Tan−1 𝑦 = +𝑐 4𝑒 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
2
(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1) 𝑠 = 4𝑒 . 𝑒 −𝑡
2

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1 2
𝑠 = 4 𝑒 1−𝑡
(0)2
tan−1 (1) = 2
+𝑐 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
π Q22. In a culture, bacteria increase number of
4
= 𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1)
𝑥2 π bacteria present. If bacteria are 200 initially and are
tan−1 𝑦 = 2
+4 doubled in 2 hours, find the number of bacteria
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) present four hours later.
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 Solution:
𝐝𝐱
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐝𝐭
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑑𝑃
∝𝑃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
dx  𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃
= 2𝑥
dt 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:  𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑃
dx = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
1 1
dx = 2 𝑑𝑡  ∫ 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑃
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠  𝑙𝑛𝑃 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛𝑐
1  𝑙𝑛𝑝 − 𝑙𝑛𝑐 = 𝑘𝑡
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑝
ln 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 𝑐1  ln 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑡
𝑃
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+𝑐1  = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1  𝑝 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖)
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐 𝑝𝑢𝑡 p=200 , t=0 (condition1)
(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
200 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘(0) = 𝑐𝑒 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑡 = 0
 𝑐 = 200 ∵ 𝑒 0 = 1
4 = 𝑐𝑒 2(0)
So (𝑖)𝑝 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖𝑖)
4 = 𝑐𝑒 0
Put𝑝 = 400 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼)
4 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
𝑠𝑜(𝑖) ⇒ 400 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑡
 2 = 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑘
𝑘𝑡
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
 2𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 1
𝐝𝐬
 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
2
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝟐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝐝𝐭

45 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3
1
So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑛2
(4)
 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 4
2𝑙𝑛2 2
 𝑝 = 200 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛4
 𝑝 = 200(4) ⇒ 𝑝 = 800
Which is required number of bacteria present
four latter.
Q.23 a ball is thrown vertically upward with a
velocity of 2450cm/sec neglecting air resistance,
find
i. Velocity of ball at any time t
ii. Distance traveled in any time t
iii. Maximum height attained by the ball
Solution:
Let 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑜
𝑑𝑣
𝑖) = −𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑐1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣 = 2450 , 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑜
2450 = −𝑔(0) + 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 2450
𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 2450 ∵ 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Thus 𝑣 = −980𝑡 + 2450 ⇒ 𝑔 = 980𝑐𝑚/
𝑠𝑒𝑐
ii) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 ℎ 𝑏𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜
𝑑ℎ
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣
𝑑ℎ
 = −980 + 2450
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑ℎ = −980𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑ℎ = −980 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
 ℎ = −980 + 2450𝑡 + 𝑐2
2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ = 0 , 𝑡 = 0
0 = −490(0)2 + 2450(0) + 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑐2 = 0
𝑠𝑜 ℎ = −490𝑡 2 + 2450
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑣 = 0
So 0 = −980𝑡 2 + 2450 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)
2450
 980𝑡 =
980
5
 𝑡=2
5 5 2
So ℎ = 2450 ( ) − 490 ( )
2 2
= 6125 − 30625
⇒ ℎ = 3062.5
𝑆𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3062.5𝑐𝑚
max ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 30.6𝑚 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 100)

46 | P a g e
MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

7/18/2020

Chapter 4.
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
 Contents
Exercise 4.1 ......................................................................................... 3
Exercise 4.2 ....................................................................................... 10
Exercise 4.3 ....................................................................................... 20
Exercise 4.4 ....................................................................................... 31
Exercise 4.5 ....................................................................................... 40
Class 12 Chapter 4
Geometry: The distance formula:
The geometry is derived from two Greek words Geo The distance between two points 𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑥, 𝑦
(Earth) and Matron (Measurement). It means in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 is
Knowledge of measurement of earth.*Geometry is |𝐴𝐵| = 𝑑 = √ 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
branch of mathematics that deals the shape and size of
things. NOTE: AB stand for
Analytic geometry: 𝒎𝑨𝑩̅̅̅̅ 𝒐𝒓 |𝑨𝑩
̅̅̅̅| 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆.
In analytic geometry or coordinates geometry, points Proof:
could be represented by numbers, lines and curves 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦
represented by equations. = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
A French philosopher and mathematician Rene 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 ⊥ 𝐴𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑁.
Descartes (1596-1650A.D) introduced algebraic In right △ 𝐴𝐵𝑅 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑚.
methods in geometry named as analytical geometry |𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝐴𝑅|2 + |𝐵𝑅|2 ∵
named (or coordinate geometry.) |𝐴𝑅| = |𝑀𝑁|
Coordinates system: (= |𝑂𝑁| − |𝑂𝑀|)
Draw in a plane two mutually number lines |𝐴𝑅| = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑋𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑌 ′ ⇒|𝐴𝐵|2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
One horizontal and the other vertical. Let their point of  𝑑2 = |𝐴𝐵|2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
intersection be O called origin and real number O of |𝐵𝑅| = |𝐵𝑁| − |𝑅𝑁| ⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
both lines is represented by O. The two lines are called ⇒𝑑 = |𝐴𝐵| = √ 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
the coordinate axis. The horizontal line 𝑋𝑂𝑋 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑂𝑌 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
The plane determined by both 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑌 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
Is called 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
*if 𝑥, 𝑦 are coordinates of a point p. then the first
member of ordered pair 𝑖. 𝑠 𝑥 is called 𝑥 −coordinate 𝑅
or abscissa of point P. and then second member of 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
ordered pair 𝑖. 𝑠 𝑦 is called 𝑦 −coordiinate or
ordinate of point P.
𝑂 𝑋
* The coordinate axis divide the coordinate plane into 𝑀 𝑁
four equal parts, called quadrants. Theorem:
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑨 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂
𝑌 Plane. The line segment 𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒌𝟏 , 𝒌𝟐 are
𝒌𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝟏 𝒚𝟏 +𝒌𝟐 𝒚𝟐
( , )
𝒌𝟏 +𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟏 +𝒌𝟐

𝐼𝐼 Proof:
𝐼
𝑌 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝑋’ 𝑋
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐼𝑉
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑌’
Quadrant 𝑰: 𝑦1 𝑦
{ 𝒙, 𝒚 |𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒚 > 𝒐} 𝑂 𝑥 𝑋
𝑀 𝑁
Quadrant 𝑰𝑰:
{ 𝒙, 𝒚 |𝒙 < 𝟎, 𝒚 > 𝒐} 𝑥1
Quadrant 𝑰𝑰𝑰:
{ 𝒙, 𝒚 |𝒙 < 𝟎, 𝒚 < 𝒐} 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑘1 : 𝑘2
Quadrant 𝑰𝑽: 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝐴𝑀, 𝑄𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴, 𝑃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑜𝑛
{ 𝒙, 𝒚 |𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒚 < 𝒐} 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝑆: 𝑆𝑅
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑆
NOTE: 𝒐𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒊. 𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟎  𝑃𝐵
= 𝑆𝑅 → 𝑖
𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒐𝒏 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐.

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 Class 12 Chapter 4
∵ 𝐴𝑆 = 𝑀𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝑀  When two or more than two lines meet at a
= 𝑥 − 𝑥1 point. Then they are said to be concurrent.
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑄𝑁 = 𝑂𝑁 − 𝑂𝑄 Theorem: show that medians of a triangle are
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
concurrent.
( ∵ 𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑘1 : 𝑘2 )

𝑘1 𝑥−𝑥1
So =
𝑘2 𝑥2 −𝑥 F E
 𝑘1 𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 𝑘2 𝑥 − 𝑥1
 𝑘1 𝑥2 − 𝑘1 𝑥 = 𝑘2 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑥1
 𝑘1 𝑥2 + 𝑘2 𝑥1 = 𝑘2 𝑥 + 𝑘1 𝑥
 𝑘1 𝑥2 + 𝑘2 𝑥1 = 𝑥 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
𝑘1 𝑥2 +𝑘2 𝑥1
 𝑥= 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑘1 +𝑘2 𝐷 ,
Similarly, by drawing ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 − 2 2
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Proof:
𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑡 Let 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 △
𝑘1 𝑦2 +𝑘2 𝑦1 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐷, 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑓 𝐹 𝑏𝑒
 𝑦=
𝑘1 +𝑘2 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝.
𝑘1 𝑥2 +𝑘2 𝑥1 𝑘1 𝑦2 +𝑘2 𝑦1
Thus 𝑃( , ) is required point. So 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐹 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝑘1 +𝑘2 𝑘1 +𝑘2
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
∵ 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝐷 ,
Note: 2 2
Let p be the point dividing BC in ratio 2:1 so using
i. Two geometric figures are similar if one is
formula
enlargement of other. 𝑘1 𝑥2 + 𝑘2 𝑥1 𝑘1 𝑦2 + 𝑘2 𝑦1
ii. In two triangles, if two corresponding angles , 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
are congruent, then triangles are similar. 2: 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒
iii. If the directed distances AP and PB have the 𝑥 + 𝑥3 𝑦 +𝑦
1 2 + 91 𝑥3 2 ( 2 2 3 ) + 1 𝑦3
same sign, then their ratio is positive and P is ( 2 , )
said to divide AB internally. 2+1 2+1
iv. If the directed distance AP and PB have 𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
 𝑝( , )
opposite signs i.e; p is beyond AB, then their 3 3

ratio is negative and P is said to divide AB Similarly it can be proved that coordinates of point
𝑨𝑷 𝒌 𝑨𝑷 𝑲 that divides medians BE and CF each in 2: 1 are
externally. = 𝒌𝟏 𝒐𝒓 = − 𝒌𝟏 𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
𝑷𝑩 𝟐 𝑷𝑩 𝟐 𝑝( , )
In this case we can show that 3 3
𝒌𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝟏 𝒌𝟏 𝒚𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 𝒚𝟏
 𝒙= , 𝒚= Remembers:
𝒌𝟏 +𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟏 +𝒌𝟐
Thus P is said to divide the line segment AB in  A line that divides an angle into equal parts
ratio 𝒌𝟏 : 𝒌𝟐 internally or externally according as is called angle bisector.
𝑷 lies b\w AB or beyond AB.  An angle bisector divides line opposite to
v. If 𝒌𝟏 : 𝒌𝟐 = into a ratio, equal to ratio of remaining two
𝟏: 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅ sides.
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐
and coordinates of p are 𝒙 = 𝟐 , 𝒚 =  In figure AD is an angle bisector of ∡𝑨 the
𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐 sides opposite to ∡𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝑩𝑪.so𝑩𝑫: 𝑫𝑪 =
𝟐 𝑩𝑨: 𝑨𝑪
vi. The above theorem is valid in whichever  𝑩𝑫: 𝑫𝑪 = 𝒄: 𝒃 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑪 𝑨𝑪 = 𝒃
quadrant A and B lie. Theorem:
Remembers: Bisector of angles of a triangle are concurrent.
 Line segment joining one vertex of a triangle Proof:
to the midpoint of an opposite side of the 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
triangle is called median. △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴𝐵| = 𝑐 , |𝐵𝐶| = 𝑎, |𝐴𝐶| = 𝑏
 A point that divides each median in ratio 2: 1 Let bisector ∠𝐴 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷
is called centroid. Now
 The point of concurrency of medians is called 𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶
centroid. =
𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐷 𝑐
 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑏 → 𝑖 ∵ |𝐵𝐴| = 𝑐, |𝐷𝐶| = 𝑏

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 Class 12 Chapter 4
 𝐵𝐷: 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑐: 𝑏 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐷 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑐: 𝑏 𝑣 𝑥 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≥ 𝑜
Using ratio formula coordinates of D are 2nd quadrant and −𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3
(
𝑏+𝑐
,
𝑏+𝑐
) 𝑣𝑖 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 1st and 3rd
Let angle bisector of quadrant.
∠𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐼 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐴𝐼
=
𝐴𝐷 𝑣𝑖𝑖 |𝑥| = |𝑦|
𝐼𝐷 𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐼 𝑐 1st and 3rd quadrant.
 = 𝐵𝐷 → 𝑖𝑖 ∵ |𝐴𝐵| = 𝑐
𝐼𝐷
𝐴 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖 |𝑥| ≥ 3
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞. 𝑖
𝐷𝐶 𝑏 𝐷𝐶 𝑏 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
= ⇒1+ =1+ − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝐵 𝑐 𝐷𝐵 𝑐
𝐵𝐷+𝐷𝐶 𝑏+𝑐

𝐵𝐷
=
𝑐
∵ 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 Than equal to −3

𝐵𝐶
=
𝑏+𝑐
⇒
𝑎
=
𝑏+𝑐
∵ |𝐵𝐶| = 𝑎 𝐼
𝑖𝑥 𝑥 > 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
𝐵𝐷 𝑎 𝐵𝐷 𝑐
𝐵𝐷 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 In 1st quad 𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
 = ⇒ 𝐵𝐷 =
𝑎 𝑏+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑥
𝐴𝐼 𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
 So 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ = 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝐵 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝐼 −2,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐼𝐷 𝑎𝑐
𝑏+𝑐
𝐴𝐼 𝑏+𝑐 𝐷 𝐼𝑉 2, −2
 = ⇒ 𝐴𝐼: 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 : 𝑎
𝐼𝐷 𝑎 Q2. Find in each of the following
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥3 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3 𝒊 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝑏+𝑐 ( ) + 𝑎𝑥1 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
+ 𝑎𝑦1
𝒂 𝑨 𝟑, 𝟏 ; 𝑩 −𝟐, −𝟒 𝒃 𝑨 −𝟖, 𝟑 ; 𝑩 𝟐, −𝟏
⇒ 𝐼( 𝑏+𝑐 , )
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐+𝑎 𝟏
𝒄 𝑨 −√𝟓, ; 𝑩(−𝟑√𝟓, 𝟓)
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3 𝟑
 𝐼( 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
) Solution:
Similarly, it can be prove that bisector of 𝒂 𝑨 𝟑, 𝟏 ; 𝑩 −𝟐, −𝟒
∠𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 also pass through point I. |𝑨𝑩| = √ −𝟐 − 𝟑 𝟐 + −𝟒 − 𝟏 𝟐
 Hence bisector of angles of triangle are
= √ −𝟓 𝟐 + −𝟓 𝟐
concurrent.
= √𝟓𝟎 = √𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐 = 𝟓√𝟐
𝟑−𝟐 𝟏−𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
Exercise 4.1 Midpoint of AB== ( 𝟐
, 𝟐
) = (𝟐 , − 𝟐)
Q1. Describe the location in the plane 𝒃 𝑨 −𝟖, 𝟑 ; 𝑩 𝟐, −𝟏
𝒑 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 |𝐴𝐵| = √ 2 + 8 2 + −1 − 3 2
= √100 + 16
𝒊 𝒙 > 𝟎 𝒊𝒊 𝒙 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 > 𝟎 𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒙 = 𝟎 = √116 = √4 × 29 = 2√29
𝒊𝒗 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒗 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 ≥ 𝒐 𝒗𝒊 𝒙 = 𝒚 Midpoint of AB=(
−8+2 3−1
,
−6 2
) = ( 2 , 2) = −4,1
𝑣𝑖𝑖 |𝑥| = |𝑦| 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖 |𝑥| ≥ 3 𝑖𝑥 𝑥 > 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝟏
2 2

=2 𝒄 𝑨 (−√𝟓, 𝟑) ; 𝑩(−𝟑√𝟓, 𝟓)
𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔. 2
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
2 1
|𝐴𝐵| = √((−3√5) − (−√5)) + 5 +
𝑖 𝑥>0 3
Right half plane. 2
2 15 + 1
𝑖𝑖 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 > 0 = √(−3√5 + √5) +
1st quadrant 3
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 2 16 2
𝑖𝑣 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑌 = √(−2√5) +
3
𝑥 < 𝑜, 𝑦 > 0 𝑥 > 𝑜, 𝑦 > 0
256 256 436
= √4 5 + = √20 + =√
𝐼𝐼 𝐼 9 9 9

𝑋’ 𝑋 4 × 109 2
=√ = √109
3 3
𝐼𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝑉 −√5−3√5 −3+5
Midpoint of AB=( 2 , 2 )
𝑥 < 𝑜, 𝑦 < 0 𝑥 > 𝑜, 𝑦 < 0
𝑌’
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Class 12 Chapter 4
−4√5 −1 + 15 14 Solution.
=( , ) = −2√5, i. Given that
2 3×2 6
7 𝐴 3, 1 , 𝐵 −2 , −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 2,2
= −2√5, 2
3 |𝐴𝐵| = √(√3 − 0) + −1 − 2 2
Q3. Which of the following points are at a
2
distance of 15 units from the origin? |𝐴𝐵| = √(√3) + −3 2

a) (√𝟏𝟕𝟔, 𝟕) |𝐴𝐵| = √3 + 9 = √12 ==> |𝐴𝐵|2 = 12

b) 𝟏𝟎, −𝟏𝟎 |𝐴𝐶| = √ 0 − 0 2 + 2 + 2 2
c) 𝟏, 𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
|𝐴𝐶| = √ 0 2 + 4 2
d) ( 𝟐 , 𝟐
) |𝐴𝐶| = √0 + 16 = √16 = 4 ==> |𝐴𝐶|2 = 16
Solution: 2
|𝐵𝐶| = √(0 − √3) + −2 + 1 2
𝑎 (√176, 7) and 𝑂 0,0
2
2 |𝐵𝐶| = √(−√3) + −1 2
|𝑂𝐴| = √(√176 − 0) + 7 − 0 2
|𝐵𝐶| = √3 + 1 = √4 = 2 ==> |𝐵𝐶|2 = 4
= √176 − 47 = √215 = 15 Since
 |𝑂𝐴| = 15 |𝐴𝐵|2 + |𝐵𝐶|2 = 12 + 4 = 16 = |𝐶𝐴|2
𝑠𝑜 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 15𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 Hence by Pythagoras theorem A, B, C are the vertices
Origin. of the triangle.
𝒃 . 𝟏𝟎, −𝟏𝟎 Remember
Distance of 10, −10 from origin 𝒊 𝑨 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒕
𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔.
= √ 10 − 0 2 + −10 − 0 2 = √100 + 100
𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆
= √200 = 10√2 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍.
Hence the point 10, −10 is not at 15 units away ii. Given that
from the origin. 𝐴 3, 1 , 𝐵 −2 , −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 2,2
𝒄 . 𝟏, 𝟏𝟓 |𝐴𝐵| = √ −2 − 3 2 + −3 − 1 2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 1,15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 0,0 𝑠𝑜,
|𝐴𝐵| = √ −5 2 + −4 2
|𝑂𝐶| = √ 1 − 0 2 + 15 − 0 2 = √1 + 225 = √226
|𝐴𝐵| = √25 + 16 = √41 ⇒ |𝐴𝐵|2 = 41
So |𝑂𝐶| ≠
15 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 |𝐴𝐶| = √ 3 − 2 2 + 1 − 2 2
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛. |𝐴𝐶| = √ 1 2 + −1 2
15
𝑑 .(2 ,
15
) |𝐴𝐶| = √1 + 1 = √2 ==> |𝐴𝐶|2 = 2
2
15 15 |𝐵𝐶| = √ 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 3 2
Distance of ( 2 , 2
) from origin
|𝐵𝐶| = √ 4 2 + 5 2
2 2
15 15 256 256 |𝐵𝐶| = √16 + 25 = √41 ==> |𝐵𝐶|2 = 41
=√ −0 + −0 =√ +
2 2 4 4 Since
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵𝐶| + |𝐴𝐶|
2 256 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴 , 𝐵, 𝐶 are vertices of an isosceles triangle.
=√ = 15
4 iii. Given that
15 15 𝐴 5, 2 , 𝐵 −2 , 3 , 𝐶 −3, −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 4, −5
Hence the point ( , ) is at 15 units away from the
2 2
origin. |𝐴𝐵| = √ −2 − 5 2 + 3 − 2 2
Question.4 Show that |𝐴𝐵| = √ −7 2 + 1 2
i. The points A (0, 2), B √3, −1 and C (0, - |𝐴𝐵| = √49 + 1 = √50 = 5√2
2) are vertices of a right triangle. |𝐵𝐶| = √ −3 + 2 2 + −4 − 3 2
ii. The points A (3, 1), B (-2, -3) and C (2, 2) |𝐵𝐶| = √ −1 2 + −7 2
are vertices of an isosceles triangle. |𝐵𝐶| = √1 + 49 = √50 = 5√2
iii. The points A (5, 2), B (-2, 3), C (-3, -4) |𝐶𝐷| = √ 4 + 3 2 + −5 + 4 2
and D (4, -5) are vertices of a |𝐶𝐷| = √ 7 2 + −1 2
parallelogram. |𝐶𝐷| = √49 + 1 = √50 = 5√2
Is the parallelogram a square? |𝐷𝐴| = √ 5 − 4 2 + 2+5 2

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Class 12 Chapter 4
|𝐷𝐴| = √ 1 2 + 7 2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 = −2 + 6
|𝐷𝐴| = √1 + 49 = √50 = 5√2 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 = 4 → 𝑣𝑖𝑖
Since Adding (vi) and (viii)
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐶𝐷| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐷𝐴| 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 = 2 + 4
Hence A , B, C are vertices of Parallelogram. 2𝑦1 = 6
𝑦1 = 3
Now
Putting value of 𝑦1 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑖
|𝐴𝐶| = √ −3 − 5 2 + −4 − 2 2
3 + 𝑦2 = −2
|𝐴𝐶| = √ −8 2 + −6 2
𝑦2 = −2 − 3
𝑦2 = −5
|𝐴𝐶| = √64 + 36 = √100 = 10
Putting value of 𝑦1 in (vi)
|𝐵𝐷| = √ 4 + 2 2 + −5 − 3 2 3 + 𝑦3 = 2
𝑦3 = 2 − 3
|𝐵𝐷| = √ 6 2 + −8 2 𝑦3 = −1
Hence vertices of triangle are
|𝐵𝐷| = √36 + 64 = √100 = 100 4,3 , −2, −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −6 , −1 .
Since all sides are equals and also both diagonals are Question.6. Find h such that the point
equal therefore A,B, C, D are vertices of a square. 𝑨(√𝟑 , −𝟏) , 𝑩 𝟎, 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝒉, −𝟐 are the vertices
of a right angle with right angle at the vertex A.
Question.5. the midpoint of the sides of a triangle Solution.
are 𝟏, −𝟏 , −𝟒, −𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 −𝟏, 𝟏 . Find the Since ABC is a right angle triangle therefore by
coordinates of the vertices o a triangle. Pythagoras theorem
Solution. |𝐴𝐵|2 + |𝐶𝐴|2 = |𝐵𝐶|2
Let 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 are vertices of 2 2
[(0 − √3) + 2 + 1 2 ] + [(√3 − ℎ) + −1 + 2 2 ]
triangle ABC and let
= ℎ − 0 2 + −2 − 2 2 A
𝐷 1, −1 , 𝐸 −4, −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 −1,1 are midpoints of
sides 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and CA respectively. [3 + 9] + [3 + ℎ2 − 2√3ℎ + 1] = ℎ2 + 16
Then 12 + ℎ2 − 2√3ℎ + 4 = ℎ2 + 16
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 −2√3ℎ = 0
, = 1, −1
2 2 ℎ=0 ∵ 2√3
⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 2 → 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = −2 → 𝑖𝑖 Which is required. B
C
Remember: (i) points lying on the same line are
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
, = −4, −3 called collinear points.
2 2
(ii) The points
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −8 → 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 = −6
→ 𝑖𝑣 𝑨 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝑥3 + 𝑥1 𝑦3 + 𝑦1 if shape𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩
, = −1, 1 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑪
2 2
⇒ 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 = 2 → 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦3 + 𝑦1 = 2 → 𝑣𝑖 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩 =
Subtracting (i) and (iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2 + 8 The points
𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = 10 → 𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑨 𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝑩 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
Adding (v) and (vii) 𝒊𝒇
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝟏
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = −2 + 10
2𝑥1 = 8 |𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏| = 𝟎
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝟏
𝑥1 = 4
Putting value of 𝑥1 𝑖𝑛 𝑖
Question.7. find h such that
4 + 𝑥2 = 2
𝑨 −𝟏, 𝒉 , 𝑩 𝟑, 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝟕, 𝟑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓.
𝑥2 = 2 − 4 𝐹 −1,1
𝑥2 = −2 𝐷 1, −1 Solution.
Three point
Putting value of 𝑥1 in (v)
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓
4 + 𝑥3 = −2 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑥3 = −2 − 4 𝐴 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐵 −4, −3 | 2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥
𝑥3 = −6 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Subtracting (ii) and (iv) Since given points are collinear therefore

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Class 12 Chapter 4
−1 ℎ 1 Question.10.
| 3 2 1| = 0 A quadrilateral has the points A (9,3) B(-7,-7) ,
7 3 1
−1 2 − 3 − ℎ 3 − 7 + 1 9 − 14 = 0 C (-3 , -7) and D 5,5as its vertices. Find the
1 + 4ℎ − 5 = 0 midpoints of its sides. Show that the figure
4ℎ − 4 = 0 formed by joining the midpoints consecutively
4ℎ = 4 is a
ℎ = 1. parallelogram.
Question.8. the points Solution.
𝑨 −𝟓, −𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝟓, −𝟒 are end of a diameter ∵ 𝐴 9,3 , 𝐵 −7,7 , 𝐶 −3, −7 , 𝐷 5, −5
−7+9 7+3
of a circle. Find the center and radius of the Midpoint of 𝐴𝐵𝑖𝑠 𝐸 ( , )
2 2
circle. 2 10
Solution. =𝐸 ,
2 2
The center of the circle is midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 −7+9 7+3
O Midpoint 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝐸 ( , )
−5+5 −2−4 B 2 2
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶 = ( , ) A 2 10
2 2
0 6 =𝐸 ,
= (2 , − 2) = 0, −3 2 2
2 2 = 𝐸 1,5
Now radius = |𝐴𝐶| = √ 0 + 5 + −3 + 2

= √25 + 1 = √26

Question.9. Find h such that the points A(h,1),

B2,7and C6, 7are vertices of a right
triangle with right angle at the vertex A
Solution.
∵ 𝐴 ℎ, 1 , 𝐵 2,7 , 𝐶 −6, −7
∵ 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝐴 𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠
Theorem, B
|𝐵𝐶|2 = |𝐴𝐶|2 + |𝐴𝐵|2 → 𝑖 so (−7+ −3 ) 7+ −7 −10 0
Midpoint of BC is F , = 𝐹( , )
3 2 2 2
|𝐴𝐵| = √ 2 − ℎ 2 + 7 − 1 2
𝐹 = −5,0
= √4 − 4ℎ + ℎ2 + 36 −3+5 −7+ −5
Midpoint𝑜𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝐺 ( , )=
|𝐴𝐵| = √40 − 4ℎ + ℎ2 2 2
2 −7−5
 |𝐴𝐵|2 = 40 − 4ℎ + ℎ2 C A 𝐺( , )
2 2
|𝐵𝐶|2 = √ −6 − 2 2 + −7 − 7 2 = √ −8 2 + −14 2 2 −12
=𝐺 , = 𝐺 1,6
= √64 + 196 = √260 ⇒ |𝐵𝐶|2 = 260 2 2
9+5 3−5 14 −2
|𝐴𝐶| = √ −6 − ℎ 2 + −7 − 1 2 Mid-point 𝐴𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝐻 ( 2 , 2 ) = 𝐻 ( 2 , 2 )
= √36 + 12ℎ + ℎ2 + 64 14 2
=𝐻 ,−
|𝐴𝐶| = √ℎ2 + 12ℎ + 100 2 2
9+ℎ 3−5 14 2
= |𝐴𝐶|2 = ℎ2 + 12ℎ + 100 Now point of AD is H ( 2 , 2 ) = 𝐻 ( 2 , − 2)
So eq (i) become = 7, −1
260 = ℎ2 + 12 + 100 + 40 − 4ℎ + ℎ2 Now
 2ℎ2 + 8ℎ + 140 = 260 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙
 2ℎ2 + 8ℎ + 140 − 260 = 0 𝑏𝑒 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑓 |𝐸𝐹| = |𝐻𝐺| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐻𝐸| = |𝐺𝐹| 𝑠𝑜
 2ℎ2 + 8ℎ − 120 = 0 |𝐸𝐹| = √ −5 − 1 2 + 0 − 5 2
 ℎ2 + 4ℎ − 600 = 0 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 = √ −6 2 + 5 2
 ℎ2 + 10ℎ − 6ℎ − 60 = 0
= √61
 ℎ ℎ + 10 − 6 ℎ + 10
 ℎ + 10 ℎ − 6 = 0 |𝐺𝐹| = √ 1 − 7 2 + −6 + 1 62
 ℎ + 10 = 0 𝑜𝑟 ℎ − 6 = 0 = √ −6 2 + 6 2 = √36 + 25
 ℎ = −10 0𝑟 ℎ = 6 = √61

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Class 12 Chapter 4
|𝐻𝐸| = √ 1 − 7 2 + 5 − −1 2 Given that𝐴 −3,0 . 𝐵 3,0 .
Let 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 be the third vertex of an equilateral
= √ −6 2 + 6 2
triangle ABC.
= √36 + 36 = √72 Then |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐴| |𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝐵𝐶|2 =
Thus |𝐸𝐹| = |𝐻𝐺| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐻𝐸| +
|𝐶𝐴|2
|𝐺𝐹| 𝑠𝑜 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑎
3+3 2+ 0−0 2 = 𝑥−3 2+ 𝑦−0 2
||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
= 𝑥+3 2+ 𝑦−0 2
Question.11.
36 + 0 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2
Find h such that the quadrilateral with vertices
36 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2
A (-3,0) B(1,-2) C(5,0) and D(1,h) is a
→ 𝑖
parallelogram. Is it a square?
Solution. C
Given 𝐴 −3,0 , 𝐵 1, −2 , 𝐶 5,0 , 𝐷 1, ℎ
Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram if
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐶𝐷|𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐴𝐷|
When |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐶𝐷|
A B
D C

From (i), we have 𝐶′

A B
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝐶𝐷|2
−6𝑥 = 6𝑥
1 + 3 2 + −2 − 0 2 = 1 − 5 2 + ℎ − 0 2
12𝑥 = 0
16 + 4 = 16 + ℎ2
𝑥=0
ℎ2 = 4
Again from the equation (i), we have
ℎ = ±2
36 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
When ℎ = 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐷 1, ℎ = 𝐷 1,2 then
Using 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
|𝐴𝐵| = √ 1 + 3 2 + −2 − 0 2 = √16 + 4 36 = 𝑦 2 + 9
= √20 𝑦 2 = 36 − 9 = 27
|𝐵𝐶| = √ 5 − 1 2 + 0+2 2 = √16 + 4 = √20 𝑦 = ±3√3
|𝐶𝐴| = √ 1 − 5 2 + 2 − 0 2 = √16 + 4 = √20 Hence the required third vertex is 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝐶(0, ±3√3).
|𝐷𝐴| = √ −1 − 3 2 + 0 − 2 2 = √16 + 4
Hence two triangles formed.
= √20
Question.13.Find the points trisecting the join
Now for diagonals
of 𝑨 −𝟏, 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝟔, 𝟐 .
|𝐴𝐶| = √ 5 + 3 2 + 0 − 0 2 = √64 + 0 = √64 Solution.
=8 Given that
|𝐵𝐷| = √ 1 − 1 2 + 2 + 2 2 = √0 + 16 = √16 𝐴 −1,4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 6,2
=4 Let 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.
Hence all sides all equal but diagonals |𝐴𝐶| ≠ |𝐵𝐷| Then 𝐴𝐶: 𝐶𝐵 = 1: 2
Therefore ABCD is a parallelogram but not a square. 1 6 +2 −1 1 2 +2 4
So Coordinates of C= ( 1+2 , 1+2 )
Now when ℎ = −2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐷 1, ℎ = 𝐷 1, −2 𝑏𝑢𝑡
𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐵 1, −2 .B and D represent the same 6−2 3+8 4 10
C= , = ,
point which cannot happened in quadrilateral. So we 3 3 3 3
cannot take ℎ = −2. Also 𝐴𝐷: 𝐷𝐵 = 2: 1
2 6 +1 −1 2 2 +1 4
Question.12. If two vertices of an equilateral So Coordinates of D= ( 2+1
, 2+1
) C=
triangle are A3, 0and B3, 0find the third 12−1 4+4 11 8
( , ) = ( 3 , 3)
vertex. How many of these triangles are 3 3
possible? Hence
4 10 11 8
Solution. ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( , ) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.
3 3 3 3

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Class 12 Chapter 4
Question.14.
Find the point three-fifth of the way along the
line segment from A5,8to B5,3). |𝐷𝐴| = |𝐷𝐵| = |𝐷𝐶|
Solution. |𝐷𝐴|2 = |𝐷𝐵|2 = |𝐷𝐶|2
Given that 𝑥−5 2+ 𝑦−3 2
𝐴 −5,8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 5,3 = 𝑥+2 2+ 𝑦−2 2
Let 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑥−4 2+ 𝑦−2 2 → 𝑖
𝐴𝐶: 𝐶𝐵 = 3: 2
3 5 +2 −5 3 3 +2 8
So Coordinates of 𝐶 = ( 3+2 , 3+2 )
From (i), we have
15 − 10 9 + 16 5 25
C= , = , 𝑥−5 2+ 𝑦−3 2 = 𝑥+2 2+ 𝑦−2 2
5 5 5 5
C = 1,5 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9
Question.15.Find the point P on the joining of = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4
A (1, 4) and B (5, 6) that is twice as far from A −10𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 34 = 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8
as B is from A and lies −10𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 34 − 8 = 0
(i) Lies on the same side of the A and B −14𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 26 = 0
(ii) On the opposite side of A as B does. 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 13 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖
Solution. Again from (i) , we have
𝑖 𝐴 1, −4 , 𝐵 5,6 𝑥+2 2+ 𝑦−2 2 = 𝑥−4 2+ 𝑦−2 2
∵ 𝐵 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑃 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4
1+𝑥 4+𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4
5= ,6 =
2 2 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = −8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20
4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 8 − 20 = 0
𝐴 1,4 𝐵 5,6 𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦
12𝑥 − 12 = 0
12𝑥 = 12
 10 = 1 + 𝑥 , 12 = 4 + 𝑦 𝑥=1
 𝑥 = 10 − 1 , 𝑦 = 12 − 4 Using this value in (ii), we have
 𝑥=9 𝑦= 7 + 𝑦 − 13 = 0
8 𝑠𝑜 𝑃 9,8 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑦−6=0
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑦=6
𝑖𝑖 𝐴 1,4 , 𝐵 5,6 Hence the required point is 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐷 1,6 .
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐴 1,4 𝐵 5,4 Now Radius of circumcircle = |𝐷𝐴| =
√ 5 − 1 2 + 3 − 6 2 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5
∵ 𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2: 1 units.
Question.16. Find the point which is Question.17.
equidistant from the The point
points𝑨 𝟓, 𝟑 , 𝑩 𝟐, −𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝟒, 𝟐 . What is 𝟒, −𝟐 , −𝟐, 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝟓, 𝟓 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇
the radius of the circumcircle of the ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. 𝒂 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏 − 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
Solution. 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆.
Given that 𝐴 5,3 , 𝐵 2, −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 4,2 Solution.
Let D(x,y) be a point which is equidistant from A Let 𝐴 4, −2 , 𝐵 −2,4 , 𝐶 5,5 are the vertices of
, B and C then triangle then C
A
𝑎 = |𝐵𝐶| = √ 5 + 2 + 5 − 4
2 2

= √49 + 1 = √50 = 5√2 b c

𝑏 = |𝐶𝐴| = √ 4 − 5 2 + 2 − 5 2
= √1 + 49 = √50 = 5√2
P 𝑐 = |𝐴𝐵| = √ −2 − 4 2 + 2 +A4 2 c B

B C = √36 + 36 = √36 × 2 = 6√2

Now

8|Page
Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( , )
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
5√2 4 + 5√2 −2 + 6√2 5 5√2 −2 + 5√2 4 + 6√2 5
=( , )
5√2 + 5√2 + 6√2 5√2 + 5√2 + 6√2
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑦
20√2 − 10√2 + 30√2 −10√2 + 20√2 + 30√2
=( , )
16√2 16√2 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
40√2 40√2
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( , ) 𝑦
16√2 16√2
5 5 𝑥 𝑦
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ,
2 2 𝑂′ 𝑜, 𝑜 𝑥
Question.18. 𝑀
Find the points that divide the line segment 𝑥 ’
joining 𝑨 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑥
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔. 𝑁 𝑀
Solution.
Given
Translation and relation of axis.
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑒
Let
𝐶 , 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines
Since 𝐴𝐶: 𝐶𝐵 = 1: 3 𝑂′ 𝑋𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑌
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 Such that they meet at a point 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 −
1 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥1 1 𝑦2 + 3 𝑦1 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
=( , ) 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑂′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑌
1+3 1+3
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2𝑦1 + 𝑦2 Respectively. The new axis
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = , 𝑂′ 𝑋𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑌 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
4 4
Now 𝐴𝐷: 𝐷𝐵 = 2: 2 = 1: 1 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑌 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 𝑂′ . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤
1 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥1 1 𝑦2 + 1 𝑦1 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠
=( , ) 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
1+1 1+1
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐷 = , 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑥, 𝑃𝑀 = 𝑦 𝑂′ 𝑁 = 𝑀′ 𝑀 = 𝑘 𝑋 = 𝑂′ 𝑀′
2 2
Now 𝐴𝐸: 𝐸𝐵 = 3: 1 = 𝑁𝑀
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 = 𝑂𝑀 − 𝑂𝑁 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑃𝑀′
3 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥1 3 𝑦2 + 1 𝑦1 = 𝑃𝑀 − 𝑀′ 𝑀
=( , ) ′
𝑃𝑀 − 𝑂 𝑁 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
3+1 3+1
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑋, 𝑌
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐸
= 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦 − 𝑘
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 𝑦1 + 3𝑦2
= , Important note:
4 4 𝑎𝑠 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Hence 𝑌 =𝑦−𝑘 ⇒𝑦 =𝑌+𝑘
2𝑥1 +𝑥2 2𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
( , ) ,( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 i. If 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
4 4 2 2
𝑥1 +3𝑥2 𝑦1 +3𝑦2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝
( , ) are the points divining AB Then we put 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
4 4
into four equal parts? ii. 𝑖𝑓 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
and we are to find
𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘

9|Page
Class 12 Chapter 4
Exercise 4.2 The 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 axes are translated
through the point 𝑶′ whose coordinates are
Question.1.
given in 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔. the coordinates of
The two points 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ are given in 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑷 are given in the 𝑿𝒀 −
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚.Find the 𝑋𝑌 −
𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎.Find the coordinates of P
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 of 𝑃 referred to the translated axes
in 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 system.
𝑂′ 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂′ 𝑌.
(i). 𝑷 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 , 𝑶′ 𝟑, 𝟒
(i). 𝑃 3,2 ; 𝑂′ 1,3
Solution. Solution.
Since 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑃 3,2 Since 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 8,10
𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2. 𝑋 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 10
𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ 1,3 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ 3,4
ℎ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 3. ℎ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 4
Since Since
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
8 = 𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 = 𝑦 − 4
𝑋 = 3 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 2 − 3
𝑋 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = −1 𝑥 = 8 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 10 + 4
Hence 2, −1 is point P in 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠. 𝑥 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 14
(ii) 𝑃 −2,6 , 𝑂′ −3,2
Hence 11,14 is point P in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠.
Solution.
(ii). 𝑷 −𝟓, −𝟑 , 𝑶′ −𝟐, −𝟔
Here 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = −3 , 𝑘 = 2
Solution.
𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 =? ∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ = −2 − −3
Since 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 −5, −3
= −2 + 3 = 1
And 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 6 − 2 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 1,4 𝑋 = −5, 𝑌 = −3
(iii). 𝑃 −6, −8 , 𝑂′ −4, −6 𝑂 ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ −2, −6
′

ℎ = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −6
Solution.
Since
Here 𝑥 = −6, 𝑦 = −8, ℎ = −4, 𝑘 =
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
−6 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 =?
8 = 𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 = 𝑦 − 4
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ = −6 ± 4 = −6 + 4 = −2
𝑥 = 8 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 10 + 4
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 = −8 − −6 = −8 + 6 = −2
𝑥 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 14
So 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 −2, −2
3 5 1 7
(iv). 𝑃 ( , ) , 𝑂′ (− , ) 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏 𝟏
2 2 2 2 (iii). 𝑷 (− 𝟒 , − 𝟔) , 𝑶′ (𝟒 , − 𝟔)
Solution.
3 5
Solution.
Since 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑃 (2 , 2) 3 7
Since 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 (− , − )
3 5 4 6
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3 7
2 2 𝑋 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = −
1 7 4 6
𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ − , 1 1
2 2 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ , −
1 7 4 6
ℎ = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 1 1
2 2 ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −
Since 4 6
Since
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘
3 1 5 7
𝑋= + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = − 3 1 7 1
2 2 2 2 − =𝑥− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − = 𝑦 +
4 2 4 4 6 6
𝑋= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = − 3 1 7 1
2 2 𝑥=− + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = − −
𝑋 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = −1 4 4 6 6
2 8
𝑥=− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −
4 6
Hence 2, −1 is point P in 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠. 1 4
Question.2. 𝑥=− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −
2 3
10 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
1 4
Hence − 2 , − 3 is point P in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠. 𝑌 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −7𝑐𝑜𝑠300 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛300
(iv). 𝑷 𝟒, −𝟑 , 𝑶′ −𝟐, 𝟑 −7√3 3 −7√3 − 2
= − =
Solution. 2 2 2
3√3−7 −7√3−2
Since 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 4, −3 So 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 ,
2 2
𝑋 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = −3 (iii). 𝑷 𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟓 ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑂′ −2,3 Solution.
ℎ = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 3 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 11, 𝑦 = −15, 𝜃 = 600 , 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 =?
Since ∵ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 11𝑐𝑜𝑠600 − 15𝑠𝑖𝑛600
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 1 √3 11 − 15√3
4 = 𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 = 𝑦 − 3 = 11 − 15 ( ) =
2 2 2
𝑥 = 4 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −3 + 3
𝑌 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −15𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 11𝑠𝑖𝑛600
0
𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
15 11√3 −15 − 11√3
𝑠𝑜 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑃 2,0 − − =
Question.3. 2 2 2
11−15√3 −15−11√3
The 𝐱𝐲 − 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 -axes are rotated So 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 ( 2 , )
2
about the origin through the indicated 𝟏
(iv). 𝑷 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟎 ; 𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟑
angle. The new axes are OX and OY. Find
Solution.
the XY-coordinates of the point P with the
Since
𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝐱𝐲 − 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬.
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = P 15,10
(i), 𝐏 𝟓, 𝟑 ; 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝑥 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 10
Solution. 1
Since 𝜃 = tan−1
3
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = P 5,3 1 𝑝
𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3 , 𝜃 = 450 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
3 𝑏
Since 𝑝=1 , 𝑏=3
𝑋 = 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 ℎ2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = 1 + 32 = 1 + 9 = 10
𝑋 = 5𝐶𝑜𝑠450 + 3𝑆𝑖𝑛450 ℎ = √10
1 1 𝑝 1 𝑏 3
𝑋=5 +3 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
√2 √2 ℎ √10 ℎ √10
5+3 Now
𝑋=
√2 3 1
8 𝑋 = 15 + 10
𝑋= = 4√2 √10 √10
√2 45 10
Also 𝑋= +
√10 √10
𝑌 = 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 55
𝑌 = 3𝐶𝑜𝑠450 − 5𝑆𝑖𝑛450 𝑋=
√10
1 1
𝑌=3 −5 Also
√2 √2 𝑌 = 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
3−5 3 1
𝑌= 𝑌 = 10 − 15
√2 √10 √10
−2 30 15
𝑌= = −√2 𝑌= −
√2 √10 √10
Hence the required point is (4√2 , −√2 ). 30 − 15
(ii). 𝑃 3, −7 ; 𝜃 = 300 𝑌=
√10
Solution. 15
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = −7, 𝜃 = 30𝑜 , 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 =? 𝑌=
√10
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠300 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛300 55 15
Hence the required point is ( , ).
√3 1 3√3 − 7 √10 √10
= 3( ) − 7 = Question.4.
2 2 2

11 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
The xy-coordinates axes are rotated about (ii)𝑃(−7√2, 5√2) ; 𝜃 = 450 .
the origin through the indicated angle and Solution.
the new axes are OX and OY, Find the xy- ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑋 = −7√2, 𝑌 = 5√2, 𝜃 = 450
coordinates of P with the given XY- ∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
coordinates.
−7√2 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠450 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛450
(i). P −5,3 ; θ = 300 𝑥 𝑦
Solution. −7√2 = +
√2 √2
Since
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −7 2 x by √2
𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 = 𝑃 −5,3
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −14 → 𝑖
𝑋 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 3
And 𝑌 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Also
𝜃 = 300 ⇒ 5√5 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠450 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛450
𝑦 𝑥
Therefore 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛300 = 5√2 = −
1 √3 √2 √2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠300 = ⇒−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 2 " × "𝑏𝑦 √2
2 2
Now ⇒ −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → 𝑖𝑖
𝑋 = 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑏𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒
√3 1 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −14
−5 = 𝑥 +𝑦 −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
2 2
√3𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑦 = −4
−5 = ⇒𝑦 = −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼
2
√3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 = −10 → 𝑖 𝑥 − 2 = −14 ⇒ 𝑥 = −14 + 2
Also ⇒𝑥 = −12 𝑠𝑜 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = −12, −2
𝑌 = 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 Equations of straight lines:
√3 1 Inclination of lines: The angle 𝑂0 < 𝛼 < 1800
3=𝑦 −𝑥 Measured anti-clockwise from positive 𝑥 −
2 2
√3𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜
3= A non-horizontal straight line 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
2 𝑦 of 𝑙.
√3𝑦 − 𝑥 = 6 inclination 𝑦
𝑙
√3𝑦 − 6 = 𝑥 𝛼𝑂0
𝑙
𝑥 = √3𝑦 − 6 → 𝑖𝑖
Using (ii) in (i) , we have 𝛼
𝑥
√3(√3𝑦 − 6) + 𝑦 = −10 𝑥
0 𝑙 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3𝑦 − 6√3 + 𝑦 = −10
Note:
4𝑦 = −10 + 6√3 i. If 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑜0
6√3 − 10 ii. 𝑖𝑓 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 =
𝑦=
4 900
3√3 − 5
𝑦= 𝑙
2 𝑦
Using in (ii), we have
3√3 − 5
𝑥 = √3 ( )−6
2
9𝑂0
3 3 − 5√3 − 12 𝑥
𝑥=
2 0 𝑙 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
9 − 5√3 − 12
𝑥=
2 Slope or gradient of a line:
5√3 + 3 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝛼𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑥=− 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
2
5√3+3 3√3−5 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
Hence the required point is (− 2 , 2 ).
12 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 4
 The measure of steepness (ratio) of rise to y

the run is named as slope or gradient.

𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑝 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑅

Note: 𝜋 𝛼
X
−𝛼
 Slope of 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or any line parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑂 𝑁 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑀

𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is zero 𝛼 = 𝑂0 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑜0 = 0 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤

 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠. 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁. 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑. ∵ 𝛼 = 900 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛900 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑
∞ △ 𝑄𝑃𝑅.
 If 𝑂0 < 𝛼 < 900 then m is positive and In figure|𝑃𝑅| = |𝑀𝑁| = |𝑂𝑀| − |𝑂𝑁| = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
if 9𝑜0 < 𝛼 < 1800 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒. 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜|𝑃𝑅| = |𝑄𝑁| − |𝑅𝑁| = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
|𝑄𝑅| 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Slope of a straight line joining two points. △ 𝑄𝑃𝑅 , 𝑚 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜋 − 𝛼 = =
|𝑃𝑅| 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
Theorem: 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 ⇒𝑚 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
1 2
− 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝛼 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 − 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑚 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑥 −𝑥 Hence proved.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 1
𝑚= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 Note:
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝒚 −𝒚 𝒚 −𝒚
Proof: i. 𝒎 ≠ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟏 −𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝑦 ii. L is horizontal,𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒎 = 𝟎 ∵ 𝜶 = 𝒐𝟐
𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 iii. 𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍, 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
∵ 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑦2 , 𝑦1 iv. 𝑰𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩 =
𝛼
𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝑪, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑨, 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝒂𝒓𝒆
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
Theorem:
𝛼
The two lines
𝑥
𝑜 𝑀 𝑥 ,𝑥 𝑁 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑚1
2 1
And 𝑚2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Let us draw ⊥ 1
𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑚1 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑎𝑟𝑠. 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑚2
𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝐴𝐿𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 = −1
⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁. 𝑊𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 Equation of straight lines
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑 △ 𝑄𝑃𝑅.  Line parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
In figure |𝑃𝑅| = |𝑀𝑁| = |𝑂𝑁| − |𝑂𝑀| = 𝑥2 − to 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑦 =
𝑥1 𝑎 is called equation of line parallel to 𝑥 −
|𝑄𝑅| = |𝑄𝑁| − |𝑅𝑁| = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
|𝑄𝑅| 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 i. If 𝑎 > 0 then the line 𝑙 is below the 𝑥 −
𝐼𝑛 △ 𝑄𝑃𝑅 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
|𝑃𝑅| 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ii. 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 =
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑚 = = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝜋
Case 𝑖𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 < 𝛼 < 𝜋 Thus equations𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑜
iii. Line parallel to 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝. 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
An equation of the form 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞.
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 Class 12 Chapter 4
of line parallel to 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Intercept:
∗ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 𝑎, 𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎
𝑖 Is called 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
y ∗ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜, 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝒆.
y
𝑙 𝑙
𝑎 𝑎>0

𝑥
O 𝑙 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑖𝑖

y
𝑐 𝑜, 𝑐
𝛼 c
x
𝑥 o
𝑎 𝑎<0
Slope- intercept form
𝑙
O 𝑙 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Theorem: equation of non-vertical straight line with
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
slop m and 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Proof:
Since 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙
𝑖𝑖𝑖 y And 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐
So point on 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Will be 0, 𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙.
∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐶 0, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑎=0
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚 =
O 𝑙 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑦−𝑐 𝑦−𝑐
 𝑚= = ⇒ 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑐
𝑥−𝑜 𝑥
 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
Note:
(i) 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 −
Note:
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
(ii) 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − The equation of the line for which 𝑐 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
(iii) If b=0 then the line becomes the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛.
the equation of 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 0 Point –slope form
Theorem:
𝑙 𝑌
𝑌 𝑙
Equation of a non-vertical straight line 𝑙 with slope m
𝑏
𝑏 and passing through a point 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖𝑠
(i) (i) (ii) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑏<𝑜
𝑏>0 Proof:

O 𝑙 ||𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑙
O 𝑙 ||𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑌

(iii) 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑏=0
𝛼
𝑋 𝑂
O 𝑙 ||𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

14 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙
Passes through the points
𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 𝑦1
⇒𝑚= ⇒ 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑥 − 𝑥1
Or 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

Symmetric form
we know that ∵ 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎, 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑜, 𝑏 .
𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 ∵ 𝑚 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 Hence equation of line passing through the
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎, 0
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0, 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦−0 𝑥−𝑎 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
⇒ = 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐. = ∵ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑏−0 0−𝑎 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑦 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
Form of equation of a straight line.  = = +1⇒ + =1
𝑏 −𝑎 −𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
Two point form 𝑥 𝑦
 + = 1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
Theorem: 𝑎 𝑏

Equation of a non- vertical straight line passing Normal form:

through two points 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑖𝑠 Theorem:
𝑥 𝑦 1 An equation of a non-vertical straight line 𝑙 , such that
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 length of the perpendicular from the origin to 𝑙 is P
= 0𝑟 |𝑥1 𝑦1 1| = 0
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 and 𝛼 is the inclination of this perpendicular is
Proof: 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃
Let 𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 Proof:
∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑅 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
As 𝑃 , 𝑄, 𝑅 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠. 𝑠𝑜
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑃
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
 =
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 − Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝑅 𝑏𝑒 ⊥
𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑂𝑅| = 𝑝
 −𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 + 𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 − Let 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑏.
𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠
 𝑥 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 − 𝑦 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 = 0 𝑥 𝑦
+ =1→ 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑎 𝑏
𝑂𝑅 𝑝
 |𝑥1 𝑦1 1| = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. In △ 𝐴𝑂𝑅, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑂𝐵 ⇒ 𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 ⇒𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜌

𝑂𝑅 𝜌
𝑖𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 In Δ𝐵𝑂𝑅, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = =
𝑂𝐵 𝑏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙. 𝜌
𝑏= 𝑠𝑜 1 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
Intercept form 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Theorem: Equation of a line whose non-zero  𝜌 = 𝜌 =1⇒ 𝜌 + 𝜌 =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚  𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝜌 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
Intercept are 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑. 𝒊𝒔 Linear Equation in two variables
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏 General equation of straight line
𝒂 𝒃
Proof: Theorem: the linear equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
In two variables
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
Proof:
Consider general linear equation in 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦
15 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 → 𝑖 𝑥 𝑦
5. Intercept form (𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1)
Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0
∵ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦. 𝑎 𝑏
So following cases arises. ⇒ 𝑥+ 𝑦=1
−𝑐 −𝑐
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒1. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑏 = 0 𝑠𝑜 1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚.
=0 6. Normal Form
𝑐
⇒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ∵ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 → 1
𝑎
||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝜌 → 2 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
Case II. As 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜
Let 𝑎 = 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑏 ≠ 𝑜 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 = =− → 3
1 ⇒ 𝑎 0 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝜌
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. ∵ 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =
𝑏 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Case III. 𝑏
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 𝑜 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑜
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐 𝜌 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑎 𝑐 ∵ = =
 𝑦 = − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + −𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
2
√cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 2 1
𝑐
=
𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ±√𝑎 + 𝑏 2 2 ±√𝑎 + 𝑏 2
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑐
So (3) ⇒ 2 2
=− 2 2
±√𝑎 +𝑏 √𝑎 +𝑏
Transform the general linear equation to standard
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛
form
Theorem: to transform the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Position of a point respect to a line
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 .
Theorem: let
1. Slope intercept form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
∵ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 𝑐 On 𝒍 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔
⇒ 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = (− ) 𝑥 + (− ) a) Above the line 𝒍 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 > 𝒐
𝑏 𝑏
2. Point slope form :𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 b) 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒍 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 < 𝟎
𝑐 Proof:
A point on the line is (– 𝑏 , 𝑜) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 −
𝑎
𝑠𝑜
𝑏
𝑎 𝑐
𝑦 − 0 − − (𝑥 + ) 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚.
𝑏 𝑏
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦1
3. Symmetric form: ( 1, )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝛼 𝑏 𝑎
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = − 𝑏
√𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 √𝑎 2 +𝑏2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑐
= 0 𝑖𝑠 (− , 0) 𝑠𝑜 a) Let we draw ⊥ 𝑃𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 −
𝑎
𝑐 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. S. that it meets the line
𝑥 − (− ) 𝑦−𝑜
𝑎 =
𝑏 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑒
𝑏/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 2 Above line 𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑦1 > 𝑦1′ 𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 − 𝑦 ′ > 0 → 𝑥
√𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 As the point 𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1′ 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙;
𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 𝑐
4. Two point form (
𝒚−𝒚𝟏
= ⇒𝑏𝑦 ′ = −𝑎𝑥1 − 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥1 − 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1
𝑏 𝑏
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 Or 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 > 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
)
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
We take two points on 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑐 𝑐
(− , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, − ) . 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑐
𝑦−𝑜 𝑥+𝑎 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑐= 𝑐 ∵ =
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
0+ −𝑎 − 0
𝑏

16 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑎1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = −
𝑏1
𝑎2
b) Let us draw ⊥ 𝑄𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑏2
The point P will be lie below the line 𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 ′ > (i)𝑙1 ||𝑙2
𝑦1 ∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜
𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 − 𝑦 ′ < 0 → 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙2
𝑎1 𝑎1
𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 Q 𝑥1 , 𝑦 ′ 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ⇒ − = −
𝑙; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑏𝑦 ′ = −𝑎𝑥1 − 𝑐 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏1 𝑏2
=> 𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥1 − 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 0
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑐 (ii)𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2
𝑦1 − (− 𝑥1 + ) < 0
𝑏 𝑎 ∵⊥ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 − 1 𝑠𝑜
𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙1 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙2 = −1
⇒ 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 + + < 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑐 < 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎1 𝑎
⇒ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 < 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑  𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 ⇒ (− ) (− 2 ) = −1
𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑎2
Corollary 1. The point p above or below  = −1 ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑎2 = −𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑏1 𝑏2
𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆
 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = 0
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔 or have opposite signs. 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑖
Proof: 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠.
If 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦1 − 𝑦 ′ > 0 ⇒ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 The point of intersection of two straight lines:
𝑎 𝑐
𝑦1 − 𝑦 ′ > 0 𝑦1 — 𝑏 𝑥1 − 𝑎 > 0 Let 𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 → 𝑖
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
 𝑦1 + 𝑏 𝑥1 + 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑏
>𝑜
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
 It is only possible if𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 +
Remember;
𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
Two non para;;e; lines intersect each other at one
𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑠.
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 and only one points.
𝑎 𝑐 Let
𝑦1 − 𝑦 ′ < 0 ⇒ 𝑦1 − (− 𝑥1 − ) < 0 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑙1 , 𝑙2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 Solving
⇒ 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 + < 0 ⇒ <𝑜
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
It is possible if 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 1
= =
𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
Sign. 𝑥1 1 𝑦2
 = 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1
Corollary 2. The point 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊 𝒐𝒏 1
1 2 2 1

The same side of 𝒍 according as 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 and c 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1

have the same sign. 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1
 𝑥1 = 1 2 2 1 and 𝑦1 =
𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
(ii)𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒍 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒔 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 −𝑐 𝑎
𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏.  𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦 = ( 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1)
𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
Proof: Note 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏2 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑙1 ||𝑙2
The point Condition of concurrency of three straight lines:
𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 0,0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 𝑖𝑓 Three non –parallel lines
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛. 𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 → 𝑖
(ii)the point 𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖
𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 0,0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 𝑙3 ; 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓𝑓
If 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 0 + 𝑏 0 + 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 0
Two and three straight lines 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
For any two distance lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 Proof:
𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 We know that point of intersection of lines
One and only one of following holds.
𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2
𝑖 𝑙1 ||𝑙2 𝑖𝑖 𝑙1 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 −𝑐 𝑎
⊥ 𝑙2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 Is 𝑃 (𝑎 1𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 ) ∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
As 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖

17 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 4
Concurrent so Theorem:
𝑙3 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡. Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙3 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 Proof:
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
 𝑎3 ( ) + 𝑏3 ( ) + 𝑐3 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
F E
 𝑎3 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 + 𝑏3 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 +
𝑐3 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 D 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 Let
This is a necessary and sufficient condition of 𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑏3 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
concurrency of the given three lines. 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤
Equation of lines through the point of ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝. 𝐴𝐷 , 𝐵𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐹
intersection of two lines. Are altitudes of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝑦3 − 𝑦2
Consider ∵ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝐶 =
𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 → 𝑖 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖  𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 altitude AD= − (𝑦3 −𝑦2 ) ∵ 𝐴𝐷′ ⊥
3 2
Let
𝐵𝐶
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑙1 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝐷 𝑖𝑠
And 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑦3 −𝑦2 ) 𝑥 − 𝑥1 (point –slope
𝑎𝑠, 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖𝑖 3 2

𝑎2 𝑥1 + 𝑏2 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑣 form)
Consider 𝑙1 + 𝑘𝑙2 = 0 𝑥 −𝑥
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑦3 −𝑦2 ) 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 0
3 2
 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 + 𝑘 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 →
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥1 =
𝑣
0
 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 + 𝑘𝑎2 + 𝑘𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑐2 = 0
 𝑥 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥1 𝑥3 −
 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑘𝑐2 = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 − 𝑦2
 𝑎1 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏1 + 𝑘𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐1 + 𝑘𝑐2 =
 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞.s of altitude BE and CF respectively
0
𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
Which is of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑥 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑥3 − 𝑥1
Hence
− 𝑦2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 0
𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑥3 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑜𝑓 𝑘 , 𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜
− 𝑦3 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 0
Called family of lines.
How altitude will be concurrent if
Note: 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 −𝑥1 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 − 𝑦2
Now lines (v) will pass through the point |𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 −𝑥2 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 | = 0
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 the eq. of line (v) i.e 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −𝑥3 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦3 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 + 𝑘 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑏2 𝑦2 + 𝑐2 = 0 Now taking (-1) as common from 𝑅2
∵ 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑏2 𝑦2 + 𝑐2 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 −𝑥1 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 − 𝑦2
= −1 |𝑥1 − 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 𝑥2 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 |
=0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −𝑥3 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦3 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
So =0
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 + 𝑘 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑏2 𝑦2
+ 𝑐2 𝑏𝑦 𝑅1 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
= 0 + 𝑘 0 = 0 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 0 0 0
= −1 |𝑥1 − 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 𝑥2 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 |
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −𝑥3 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦3 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=0
= 0 ∵ 𝑅1 = 0
Thus altitude of a triangle are concurrent.

18 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
Theorem: Right bisectors of a triangle are 1 2 1
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥22 − 𝑦32 − 𝑦22
concurrent. 2 2
| 1 2 1 |
Proof: 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 −1 𝑥1 − 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 𝑥3 − 𝑥12 + 𝑦32 − 𝑦12
| 2 2 |
1 2 2
1 2 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
2 2
=0

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦3
𝐵𝑦 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝐹 , 𝐸 , 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
2 2 2 2 1 2 1
𝑥1 − 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦3 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦32 − 𝑦12 |
2
−1 || 2 2 |
1 2 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
− 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑥22 − 𝑥12
2 2
=0
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝐷
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
,
𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 = 0 ∵ 𝑅1 = 0
2 2
Thus right bisectors of triangle are concurrent.
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
Note:
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐷, 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐵𝐶 If equations of sides of the triangle are given,
, 𝐴𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑠𝑜 𝑂𝐷, 𝐷𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝐹 then intersection of any two lines gives a vertex
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. of the triangle.
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 Distance of a point from a line:
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ,
2 2 Theorem: the distance d from the point
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒕𝒐
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 𝑎𝑟𝑒 .
2 2 The line 𝒍; 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 is given by
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 |𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄|
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑎𝑟𝑒 , 𝒅=
2 2
𝑦3 −𝑦2 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Slope of side 𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥 −𝑥 ∵ 𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
3 2 Proof:
𝑥 −𝑥
 Slope of right bisector OD− (𝑦3 −𝑦2 )
3 2
So eq. of right bisector OD is 𝑦 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑙
𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑥3 −𝑥2 𝑥2 +𝑥3
𝑦−( 2
) = − (𝑦 ) 𝑥−( ) point
3 −𝑦2 2
slope form M
𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥2 +𝑥3
 𝑦−( 2
) + (𝑦3 −𝑦2) 𝑥 − ( 2
) =0 𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
3 2
𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑥2 +𝑥3
𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 ( ) + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑥−( ) =0
2 2
1
 𝑥 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑥3 + 𝛼
2 𝑋
1 O R
𝑥2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 = 0
2
Equations of the other two rights bisectors
𝑂𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐹 𝑎𝑟𝑒 Let 𝛼 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑐=0
1 1 Draw ⊥ 𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑃𝑅 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑥 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 − 𝑥32 − 𝑥12 − 𝑦32 − 𝑦12
2 2
=0 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ
And 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄. 𝐴𝐿𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎
1 1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 − 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 − 𝑦22 − 𝑦12 = 0
⊥ 𝑟𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙.
2 2 In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑀 , 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑀 = 𝛼
Right bisectors will be concurrent if
1 1 |𝑃𝑀| = 𝑑, |𝑃𝑄| = |𝑦1 − 𝑦2 |
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥32 − 𝑥22 − 𝑦32 − 𝑦22 |𝑃𝑀|
|
2 2
| Cos𝛼 = |𝑃𝑄|
⇒ |𝑃𝑀| = |𝑃𝑄|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1 2 1 2
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦3 − 𝑦12 = 0
2
⇒ 𝑑 = |𝑦1 − 𝑦2 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 → 𝑖
| 2 2 |
1 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 − 𝑥22 − 𝑥12
2
1 ∵ 𝑄 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
2 2 So 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝑦2 = −𝑎𝑥2 − 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐
Now taking (-1) as common from 𝑅2 ⇒ 𝑦2 = − 𝑥2 −
𝑏 𝑏
Given eq. of line is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
19 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑎 𝑐 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 −𝟗
⇒𝑦=− 𝑥−
𝑏 𝑏 ∴ 𝜽 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝑰 − 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑎
 Slope of given line= 𝑚 = − 𝑏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟑. 𝟔 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟒°
𝑎
 ∵ 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = − 𝑏
𝑎 2
 1 + tan2 𝛼 = sec 2 𝛼 ⇒ 1 + (− ) =
𝑏
sec 2 𝛼
𝑎2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2
 1 + 𝑏2 = sec 2 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 = 𝑏
𝑏
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = √𝑎2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2
+2
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑐 𝑏
 𝑑 = |𝑦1 + | (√𝑎2 )
𝑏 +𝑏2
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 𝑏 iii) ( 4,6) ; ( 4,8)
 | | (√𝑎2 )
𝑏 +𝑏 2
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 𝑦
 𝑑=| √𝑎2 +𝑏 2
| hence proved
𝟖−𝟔
4,8
Distance b/w two parallel lines Sol: slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 = 𝒎 =
𝟒−𝟒
The distance between two parallel lines is the 𝟐
=
distance from any point on one of the lines to the 𝟎
=∞ 4,6
other. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = ∞
Corollary: if the points 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹 𝒂𝒓𝒆 collinear 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ∞ 𝑋
then∆= 𝟎 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°
Trapezium:
A quadrilateral having two sides parallel and
two non -parallel is called trapezium. Its area is Question no.2: In a triangle A(8,6) B(-4,2), C(-2,-6),
1
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏/𝑤||𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 find the slopes of (i) each side of the triangle
2
(ii) Each median of the triangle.
(iii) Each altitude of the triangle.
Solution:
Exercise 4.3 i. A(8,6) B(-4,2), C(-2,-6),
Exercise 4.3
Question no.1: Find the slope and inclination of the 𝐴 8,6
line joining the plane.
i: (-2, 4) ; (5,11)
̅̅̅̅=m= 𝟏𝟏−𝟒
Solution: slope of 𝑨𝑩 𝑦
𝟓− −𝟐
𝟕
=
𝟕 5,11 𝐶 −2, −6
𝒎=𝟏 ∴ 𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝑋 𝐵 −4,2
So 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏 −2,4
2−6 4 1
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = −4−8 = − −12 = 3
𝝅 −6−2 8
𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° = Slope of ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = −2+4 = − = −4
𝟒 2
−6−6 12 6
Slope of ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = −2−8 = − −10 =5
SOLUTION:
ii.
ii: (3, -2) ; (2,7) 𝑨𝑩, ̅̅̅̅
L, M, N be the mid points of ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑩𝑪 𝑨𝑪
𝟕− −𝟐
̅̅̅̅ = 𝒎 =
sol: slope of 𝑨𝑩 respectively.
𝟐−𝟑
𝟗 8−4 6+2
= Midpoint of side ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐿 ,2
= 𝐿 2,4
2
−𝟏
𝒎 = −𝟗
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = −𝟗
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 −𝟗

20 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
15 − 5 10
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 =
10 − 7 3
𝐴 8,6 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
.
𝐹 2,4 𝐸 3, ,0 Solution: (c)
𝑨 −𝟒, 𝟔 ; 𝑩 𝟑, 𝟖 ; 𝑪 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟎
8−6 2
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = =
𝐶 −2, −6 3+4 7
𝐵 −4,2 𝐷 −3, −2 10 − 8 2
̅̅̅̅ , 𝑀 −4−2 , 2−6 = 𝑀 −3, −2
Midpoint of side 𝐵𝐶 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ = =
2 2 10 − 3 7
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑁 8−2 6−6 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
Midpoint of side 𝐴𝐶 , = 𝑁 3,0
2 2
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
Slope of ̅̅̅̅̅ =−2−6 = − 8 = 8
the median 𝐴𝑀
−3−8 −11 11 Solution: (d)
−0−2 −2
Slope of the median ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑁 = 3+4 = 7 𝑎, 2𝑏 ; 𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏 ; 2𝑐 − 𝑎, 2𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏
Slope of ̅̅̅̅ =4+6 = 10 = 5
the median 𝐶𝐿 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = =
2+2 4 2 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎
Solution: 2𝑎 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ = =
iii. 2𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎
̅̅̅̅=𝒎𝟏 =
Slope of side 𝑨𝑩
𝟐−𝟔
=−
𝟒
=
𝟏 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
−𝟒−𝟖 −𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
A Question no.4: Find k so that the line joining A(7,3),
B(K,6) and the line joining C(-4,5) D(-6,4) are
𝐶′ 𝐵′ i) Parallel
ii) Perpendicular
Solution: 𝐴 7,3 , 𝐵 𝐾, 6 𝐶 −4,5 𝐷 −6,4
−6 − 3 9
𝑚1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = =−
𝐾−7 𝐾−7
B C 4−5 1 1
𝐴′ 𝑚2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ = =− =
−6 + 4 −2 2
−6−2 −8 −4 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
Slope of side ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 =𝑚2 = = = (i) 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
−2+4 2 1
−6−6 −12 6 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Slope of side ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 =𝑚3 = −2−8 = −10 = 5
−9 1
̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝑄
Let 𝐴𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑅 be the altitude of∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
𝑘−7 2
−1 1 1
Slope of altitude ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑃= =− = −18=k-7
𝑚2 −4 4
−1 1 5 𝑘 = −11
Slope of altitude ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑄 = 𝑚 =− = −6
3
6
5
𝑖𝑖 As ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 are Perpendicular, therefore
−1 1
̅̅̅̅=
Slope of altitude 𝐶𝑅 =− 1 = −3 ∵ 𝐶𝐶 ′ ⊥
𝑚 1
3 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = −1
𝐴𝐵 −9 1
(𝑘−7) . (2) = −1
Question no.3: By means of slopes, show that the
following points lie on the same line. −9 = −2 𝑘 − 7
−9 = −2𝑘 + 14
(a) −𝟏, −𝟑 ; 𝟏, 𝟓 ; 𝟐, 𝟗
2𝑘 = 23
(b) 𝟒, −𝟓 ; 𝟕, 𝟓 ; 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓
𝑲 = 𝟐𝟑/𝟐
(c) −𝟒, 𝟔 ; 𝟑, 𝟖 ; 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟎
Question no.5: Using slopes, show that the triangle
(d) 𝒂, 𝟐𝒃 ; 𝒄, 𝒂 + 𝒃 ; 𝟐𝒄 − 𝒂, 𝟐𝒂)
with 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝑨 𝟔, 𝟏 , 𝑩 𝟐, 𝟕 and 𝑪 −𝟔, −𝟕 is
Solution: 𝒂 𝑨 −𝟏, −𝟑 ; 𝑩 𝟏, 𝟓 ; 𝑪 𝟐, 𝟗
5+3 8 a right triangle.
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵 = =4 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑨 𝟔, 𝟏 , 𝑩 𝟐, 𝟕 , 𝑪 −𝟔, −𝟕
1+1 2 7−1 6 3
9−5 4 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚1 = = =−
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶 = =4 2−6 −4 2
2−1 1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅
So the 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 the same line.
Solution: (b) 𝑨 𝟒, −𝟓 ; 𝑩 𝟕, 𝟓 ; 𝑪 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓)
5 + 5 10
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ = =
7−4 3
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Class 12 Chapter 4
that the diagonal of the rhombus are perpendicular
to each other.
Solution:
Let 𝐷 𝑎, 𝑏 be the fourth vertex of rhombus
𝐶 6,3

̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚2 = −7−7 = −14 = 7

Slope of 𝐵𝐶
−6−2 −8 4 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐵 3, −1
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚3 = −7−1 =
Slope of 𝐴𝐶
−8
=
2
−6−6 −12 3
3 2
Since 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = (− 2) (3)
𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = -1, therefore
𝐴 −1,2
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ so ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
̅̅̅̅ = −1−2 = − 3
Slope of𝐴𝐵
Question No.6: The three points A(7,-1) B(-2,2) and 3+1 4

C(1,4) are consecutive vertices of a parallelogram. ̅̅̅̅ = 3+1 = 4

Slope of𝐵𝐶 6−3 3
Find the fourth vertex. ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑏−3
Slope of𝐶𝐷
𝑎+6
Solution: 𝑨 𝟕, −𝟏 𝑩 −𝟐, 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝟏, 𝟒
̅̅̅̅ = 2−𝑏
Slope of𝐷𝐴
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 −1−𝑏
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 Since ABCD is a rhombus therefore
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ Slope of ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷
2+1 𝑌−4
=2−7
= 𝑋−1
3 𝑌−5 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 −3 𝑏 − 3
= 𝑥−1 𝐶 1,4 =
−9 4 𝑎−6
3 𝑥 − 1 = −9 𝑦 − 4 −3 𝑎 − 6 = 4 𝑏 − 3
3𝑥 − 3 = −9𝑦 + 36 −3𝑎 + 18 = 4𝑏 − 12
3𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3 − 36 = 0 𝐴 7, −1 −3𝑎 − 4𝑏 = −12 − 18
𝐵 −2,3
3𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 39 = 0 −3𝑎 − 4𝑏 + 30 = 0 − − − −𝑖
Dividing by 3 on both sides Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐴̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 13 = 0 − − − − − 𝑖 4 2−𝑏
=
Now, 3 −1 − 𝑎
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore 4 −1 − 𝑎 = 3 2 − 𝑏
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
Slope of 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 −4 − 4𝑎 = 6 − 3𝑏
𝑦+1 4−2 −4𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 10 = 0 − − − −𝑖𝑖
= 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑖 𝑏𝑦 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ
𝑥−7 1+2
𝑦+1 2 −9𝑎 − 12𝑏 + 90 = 0
= −16𝑎 + 12𝑏 − 40 = 0
𝑥−7 3
3 𝑦+1 =2 𝑥−7 −25𝑎 + 50 = 0
3𝑦 + 3 = 2𝑥 − 14 25𝑎 = 50
0 = 2𝑥 − 14 − 3𝑦 − 3 50
𝑎=
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 17 = 0 − − − − − 𝑖𝑖 25
𝐵𝑦 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑎=2
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 13 = 0 Putting value of 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑖
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 17 = 0 −4 2 + 3𝑏 − 10 = 0
3𝑥 − 30 = 0 −8 + 3𝑏 − 10 = 0
𝑥 = 10 3𝑏 − 18 = 0
Put value of x in eq. i 𝑏=6
10 + 3𝑦 − 13 = 0 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷 2,6 is the fourth vertex of rhombus.
3𝑦 − 3 = 0 QUESTION NO.8:
𝑦=1 Two pairs of points are given. Find whether the two
Hence fourth vertex = 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐷 10,1 lines determined by these points are
Question no.7: i) Parallel
The point A(-1,2) B(3,-1) and C(6,3) are consecutive ii) Perpendicular
vertices of rhombus. Find the fourth vertex and showiii) None
a) (1,-2) (2,4) and (4,1) (-8,2)
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 Class 12 Chapter 4
b) (-3,4) ( 6,2) and (4,5) (-2,-7) (d) The line bisecting the 2nd and 4th quadrant
Solution: (a) slope of joining (1,-2) and 2,4 makes an angle of 135𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ Y𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4+2
= 𝑚1 = =6
2−1 𝑙
2−1 1
Slope of joining (4,1)and(-8,2)= 𝑚2 = −8−4 = −12
Sine 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 aand also
1 𝑂 0,0
𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = 6. ≠ −1
−12 X
So the lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
Solution: (b) : (a) slope of joining(-3,4)and ( 6,2) So slope =𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛1350 = −1
2−4 2 ∵ 𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑠
= 𝑚1 = =−
6+3 9 𝑦 − 𝑜 = −1 𝑥 − 0
−7−4 −11
slope of joining(4,5) and (-2,-7)= 𝑚2 = −2−4 = −6  𝑦 = −𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
Sine 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 aand also Question no 10: find an equation of line
2 −11 a) Through A(-6,5) and slope 7
𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = − . ≠ −1 b) Through (8,-3) and slope 0
9 −6
So the lines are neither parallel not perpendicular. c) Through (-8,5) having slope undefined
Question no.9: find an equation of d) Through (-5,-3) and (9,-1)
a) The horizontal line through (7,-9) e) Y-intercept -7 and slope -5
b) The vertical line through (-5,3) f) X-intercept -3 and y-intercept -4
c) The line bisecting the first and third g) X-intercept -9 and slope -4
quadrant. Solution: (a) 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 = −𝟔, 𝟓
d) The line bisecting the second and fourth And slope of line = 𝒎 = 𝟕
quadrants. So required equation
Solution: (a) slope of horizontal line m=0 𝑦 − 5 = 7(𝑥 − −6 )
And 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 7, −9 𝑦 − 5 = 7𝑥 + 42
Therefore equation of line 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 42 + 5 = 0
𝑦 − −9 = 0 𝑥 − 7 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 47 = 0
𝑦+9=0 Solution: (b) 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟖, −𝟑
1
(b) Since the slope of vertical line 𝑚 = ∞ = And slope of line = 𝑚 = 0
0
And 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = −5,3 So required equation
Therefore required equation of line 𝑦 − −3 = 0(𝑥 − 8 )
𝑦+3 = 0
𝑦 − 3 = ∞(𝑥 − −5 ) Solution: (c) 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 =(-8,5)
1 And slope of line = 𝑚 = ∞
𝑦−3 = 𝑥+5 So required equation
0
𝑥+5=0 𝑦 − 5 = ∞(𝑥 − −8 )
(c) The line bisecting the first and third quadrant 1
𝑦−5 = 𝑥+8
makes an angle of 45°with the x-axis therefore 0
0=𝑥+8
𝑌 𝑙
𝑥+8=0
Solution: (d) Through (-5,-3) and (9,-1)
−1 − −3
𝑦 − −3 = (𝑥 − −5 )
450 9 − −5
2
𝑋 𝑦+3= 𝑥+5
𝑂 0,0 14
1
𝑦+3 = 𝑥+5
7
7 𝑦+3 = 𝑥+5
Slope of line= 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛45° = 1 7𝑦 + 21 − 𝑥 − 5 = 0
Also it passes through origin (0,0), so its equation −𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 16 = 0
𝑦−0=1 𝑥−0 𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 16 = 0
𝑦=𝑥 Solution: (e) Y-intercept -7 and slope -5
𝑦−𝑥 = 0 0, −7 Lies on a required line

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Class 12 Chapter 4
And slope of line = 𝑚 = −5 A(-3,2) B(5,4) and C(3,-8).
So required equation Solution: given vertices of triangle are A(-3,2) B(5,4)
𝑦 − −7 = −5(𝑥 − 0 ) and C(3,-8).
𝑦 + 7 = −5𝑥 𝐶 3, −8
5𝑥 + 𝑦 + 7 = 0
Solution: (F) X-intercept -3 and y-intercept 4
−𝟑, 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎, −𝟒 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = −3 and b=4
𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥 𝑦 𝐵 5,4
+ =1 𝐴 −3,2
𝑎 𝑏 ̅̅̅̅ 4−2 2 1
𝑥 𝑦 Slope of 𝐴𝐵=𝑚1 = = =
5− −3 8 4
+ =1
−3 4 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 =𝑚2 =
−8−4 −12 3
= −8 = 2
Multiplying by -12 −3−5
2− −8 10 5
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −12 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴=𝑚3 = = =−
−3−3 −6 3
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 0 Now equation of side ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 having slope ¼ passing
through A(-3,2) . (you may take B(5,4) instead of
g) 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: − 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 − 4 A(-3,2) )
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = −9 𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 −9,0 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝐴 −9,0 and slope 𝑚 = −4 𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − −3 )
4
𝑒𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑦! 4 𝑦−2 =𝑥+3
= 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 4𝑦 − 8 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = −4(𝑥 − −9 ) ⇒ 𝑦 = −4 𝑥 + 9 −𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 11 = 0
𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 36 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 36 = 0 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 11 = 0
Rhombus: A ||gram having equal sides is called Now equation of side ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 having slope 6 passing
rhombus. through B(5,4)
Question no 11: find an equation of perpendicular 𝑦−4=6 𝑥−5
bisector of the segment joining the points A(3,5) and 𝑦 − 4 = 6𝑥 − 30
B(9,8). −6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 + 30 = 0
Solution: Given point A(3,5) and B(9,8). 6𝑥 − 𝑦 − 26 = 0
5
D Now equation of side ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 having slope −
3
passing through B(3,-8)
5
𝑦 − −8 = − 𝑥−3
3
−3 𝑦 + 8 = 5 𝑥 − 3
−3𝑦 − 24 = 5𝑥 − 15
−5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 24 + 15 = 0
−5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 9 = 0
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝐴 3,5 𝐵 9,8
Equation of Altitudes:
̅̅̅̅=(3+9 , 5+8
Midpoint of 𝐴𝐵
C 12 13 13
) = ( 2 , 2 ) = 6, 2 )
2 2 𝐴 −1,2
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚 = 8−5 = 3 = 1
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 9−3 6 2
̅̅̅̅=− 1 =
Slope of line is ⊥ to 𝐴𝐵
−1
1 = −2
𝑚
2
Noe equation of ⊥ bisector having slope -2 5 5
13 𝐷 , 1
through 6, ) 2 2 𝐸 , −1
2 2
13
𝑦− = −2 𝑥 − 6
2
13
𝑦− = −2𝑥 + 12
2 𝐵 6,3 𝐶 2, −4
2𝑦 − 13 = −4𝑥 + 24 Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 13 − 24 = 0 the triangle therefore
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 37 = 0 ̅̅̅̅ = − 1 = −1
Slope of altitude on 𝐴𝐵 1 = −4
Question no 12: find equation of the side’s altitudes 𝑚1
4
and medians of the triangle whose vertices are Equation of altitude from C(3,-8) having slope -4
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Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑦 + 8 = −4 𝑥 − 3 −11𝑋 − 2𝑌 − 16 + 33 = 0
𝑦 + 8 = −4𝑥 + 12 11𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 17 = 0
4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 8 − 12 = 0 Question no 13: find an equation of the line
4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 through (-4,-6) and perpendicular to the line
̅̅̅̅ = − 1 = −1
Slope of altitude on 𝐴𝐵 having slope− .
𝟑
𝑚2 6 𝟐
Equation of altitude from C(-3,2) having slope -1/6 3
Solution: slope of line = −
2
1 −1 2
𝑦−2 = − 𝑥+3 Slope of required line= 𝑚 = 3 =3∴
6 −
2
6 𝑦 − 2 = −1 𝑥 + 3 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
6𝑦 − 12 = −𝑥 − 3 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐴 −4, −6
𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 + 3 = 0 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9 = 0 2
̅̅̅̅ = − 1 = −15 = 3 𝑦+6 = 𝑥+4
Slope of altitude on 𝐶𝐴 3
𝑚3 − 5
3 3 𝑦+6 =2 𝑥+4
Equation of altitude from B(5,4) having slope 3/5 3𝑦 + 18 = 2𝑥 + 8
3
𝑦−4 = 𝑥−5 −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 18 − 8 = 0
5 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 10 = 0
5 𝑦−4 =3 𝑥−5
Question no. 14: find an equation of the line
5𝑦 − 20 = 3𝑥 − 15
through (11,-5) and parallel to a line with slope -
−3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 20 + 15 = 0
24.
−3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 5 = 0
Solution: Slope of required line= 𝑚 = −24
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 5 = 0
Equation of medians: ∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐴 11, −5
Suppose D, E and F are the medians of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠
,𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴 respectively
−3+5 2+4 2 6
𝑦 + 5 = −24 𝑥 − 11
The coordinate D=( 2
, 2 ) = (2 , 2) = 1,3 𝑦 + 5 = −24 𝑥 − 11
The coordinate E=(
5+3 4−8
,
8 −4
) = ( , ) = 4, −2 𝑦 + 5 = −24𝑥 + 264
2 2 2 2
3−3 −8+2 0 −6
24𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 − 264 = 0
The coordinate F=( , )=( , )= 24𝑥 + 𝑦 − 259 = 0
2 2 2 2
0, −3 Question no.15: the points A(-1,2) B(6,3) and
Equation of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐸 BY two point form C(2,-4) are vertices of triangle. Show that the line
−2 − 2 joining the midpoint D of AB and the midpoint E
𝑦−2= (𝑥 − −3 ) 𝟏
4 − −3 of AC is parallel to BC and DE= 𝑩𝑪
4 𝟐
𝑦−2 = − 𝑥+3 Solution: A(-1,2) B(6,3) and C(2,-4)
7 –1+6 2+3 5 5
7 𝑦 − 2 = −4 𝑥 + 3 Midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵=𝐷 ( 2
, ) = 𝐷( , )
2 2 2
7𝑦 − 14 = −4𝑥 − 12 ̅̅̅̅ =𝐸 ( –1+2 2−4 1
Midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 , 2 ) = 𝐸 (2 , −1)
4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 14 + 12 = 0 2
5 −2−5
−1− 7 7
4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 2 = 0 ̅̅̅̅
Slope of 𝐷𝐸=𝑚1 = 1 5 = 1−5 2 2
=− =
̅̅̅̅ BY two point form − −4 4
Equation of 𝐵𝐹 2 2 2
−4−3 7 7
−3 − 4 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 =𝑚2 = 2−6 = − −4 = 4
𝑦−4= 𝑥−5
0−5 As 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , so ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 is parallel to 𝐵𝐶
−7
𝑦−4= 𝑥−5 Now
−5
5 𝑦−4 =7 𝑥−5 5 1 2
5 2

5𝑌 − 20 = 7𝑥 − 35 ̅̅̅̅ = √
𝐷𝐸 − + +1
2 2 2
−7𝑋 + 5𝑌 − 20 + 35 = 0
2 2
7𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 15 = 0 5−1 5+2
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ = √
𝐷𝐸 +
Equation of 𝐶𝐷 BY two point form 2 2
3 − −8
𝑦 − −8 = 𝑥−3 16 49
1−3 =√ +
11 4 4
𝑦+8= 𝑥−3
−2
−2 𝑦 + 8 = 11 𝑥 − 3 65
=√
−2𝑦 − 16 = 11𝑋 − 33 4

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Class 12 Chapter 4
1 −7𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 2
̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 = √65
2 −4 2
𝑦= 𝑥+
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = √ 6 − 2 2 + 3 + 4 2 7 7
−4 2
𝑚= , 𝑐=
= √16 + 49 7 7
𝑥 𝑦
Two intercept form: ( + = 1
= √65 𝑎 𝑏
1
̅̅̅̅ 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 2 = 0
̅̅̅̅
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 , 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶 As required.
2 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 2
Question No.16,17,18,19,20 ( Not solved) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 2
Question no.21: convert each of the following into 4 7
I) Slope intercept form 𝑥− 𝑦=1
2 2
II) Two intercept form 7𝑦
2𝑥 + =1
III) Normal form 2
𝑥 𝑦
(a) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 (b) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 − + =1
1 2
𝟐 = 𝟎 (c) 𝟏𝟓𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 2 7
Solution: (a) 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 11 = 0 1 2
𝑎= , 𝑏=
Slope intercept form: (𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 2 7
−4𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 11 Normal form: 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑝
1 11 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑦= 𝑥+
2 4 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 2
1 11 Dividing both sides by
𝑚= , 𝑐=
2 4 √42 + 7 2
𝑥 𝑦
Two intercept form: (𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
√16 + 49
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 11 = 0
√65 =
2𝑐 − 4𝑦 = −11 4 7 2
𝑥− 𝑦= Normal form
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 11 √65 √65 √65
2 4 4 2 2
Where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = ,𝑝 =
𝑥+ 𝑦=1 √65 √65 √65
−11 11 𝛼 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 1𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑠𝑜
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1 4
11 11 𝛼 = cos −1 = 60.26°
−
2 4 √65
11 11 Length of perpendicular form (0,0) to line 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 2 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑝 =
𝑎=− , 𝑏= 2
2 4 √65
Normal form: 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑝 (C)
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 11 = 0 (i) Slope-intercept form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −11 ∵ 15𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 15𝑦 = 8𝑥 − 3
√22 + −4 2 8 3
√4 + 16 ⇒𝑦= 𝑥− → 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
15 15
8 3 1
√20 = 2√5 Where 𝑚 = 15 , 𝑐 = − 15 = − 5
2 4 −11 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥− 𝑦=
2√5 2√5 2√5 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚: ( + = 1)
𝑎 𝑏
1 2 −11
𝑥− 𝑦= ∵ 15𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 15𝑦 − 8𝑥 = −3
√5 √5 2√5 15𝑦 8𝑥 8
Multiplying both sides by -1  − = 1 ⇒ −5𝑦 + 𝑥 = 1
−3 −3 3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
1 2 11  3 + 1 = 1 → + =1
− 𝑥+ 𝑦= 8
−
5
𝑎 𝑏
√5 √5 2√5 3 1
1 2
Where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = − , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5 , 𝑝 = 2√5
11  𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 18 , 𝑏 = − 5
√5
𝛼 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑠𝑜 (iii)Normal line (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑝
1 ∵ 15𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 15𝑦 − 8𝑥 = −3
𝛼 = cos −1 − = 116.57°
√5 ⇒ −8𝑥 + 15𝑦 = −3
Length of perpendicular form (0,0) to line 2𝑥 − ⇒ −8𝑥 + 15𝑦 = −3
11
4𝑦 + 12 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑝 = 2√5 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 √ −8 2 + 15 2 = √64 + 225 = √89
𝑏 4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 2 = 0 = 17
Slope intercept form: (𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

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Class 12 Chapter 4
8 15 3 8 15 3 𝑎 12 𝑎 105 35
⇒− 𝑥+ 𝑦=− ⇒ 𝑥− = ∵ 𝑚1 = − = − , 𝑚2 = − = − =
17 17 17 17 17 17 𝑏 35 𝑏 −36 12
8 15 3 12 35
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 − = → 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∵ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = − = −1
17 17 17 35 12
𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟.
=𝜌
8 15 𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑵𝒐.23
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = − 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍
17 17
15 Lines sketch the lines. Also find an equation of
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = = − 17 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 > 𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 < 𝑜 the parallel line lying midway between them.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 8 a) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑 − 𝟎; 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎
17 Solution:
⇒ 𝛼𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑣 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
15 15 𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒍𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = − ⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 − 1 − = −61.930 For 𝑙1 ; 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0,3 0 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑦 = −3
8 8
𝛼 = 3600 − 61.930 = 298.070 3
𝑦=
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠298.070 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛289.070 4
3 Put𝑦 = 0,3𝑥 − 4 0 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −3
Thus length of ⊥ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0,0 𝑖𝑠 𝜌 = 3
17
QUESTION NO.22: IN each of the following check ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑜, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −1,0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙1
4
whether the two lines are 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙2 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 3 0 − 4𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑦 = −7
I: parallel 7
𝑦=
Ii: perpendicular 4
Iii: neither parallel nor perpendicular put𝑦 = 0, 3𝑥 − 4 0 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −7
a) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ; 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 7 7 7
⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑜, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − , 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙2
b) 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 ; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 3 4 3
c) 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎
d) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ; 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
e) 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 ; 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏 =
𝟎
Solution: (a) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0; 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 1 = 𝑚1 = − = −2
1
4
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2 = 𝑚2 = − = −2
2
Since 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 therefore given lines are parallel
(b)
3𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 ; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0
2 2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 1 = 𝑚1 = − =
−3 3
3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2 = 𝑚2 = Now distance d from −1,0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑖𝑠
2
2 3 |𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐|
Since 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = (3) (− 2) therefore given lines are 𝑑=
perpendicular. √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|3 −1 − 4 0 + 7|
(c) 4𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 =
Solution: √ 3 2+ − 4 2
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 |−3 + 7| 4 4
𝑑= = =
𝑎 2 1 𝑎 1 1 √9 + 16 √25 5
∵ 𝑚1 = − = − = − , 𝑚2 = − = − = ⇒𝑑
𝑏 4 2 𝑏 −2 2
∵ 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 ||𝑛𝑜𝑟 4 4
= 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
⊥ 𝑎𝑟 5 5
7
𝑑 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0; 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 Now midpoint of −1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (− 3 , 0) 𝑖𝑠
𝑎 4 𝑎 2 7
∵ 𝑚1 = − = − = 4, 𝑚2 = − = − =4 −1 − 3 0 + 0 −3 − 7 −10
𝑏 −1 𝑏 −3 =( , )= ,0 = ,0
∵ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙. 2 2 6 6
𝑒 12𝑥 + 35𝑦 − 7 = 0; 105𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 11 = 0
−5
Solution: = ,0
3

27 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
Slope = 𝑚 = − = −
𝑎 3
=
3 12 7
𝑏 −4 4 𝑦−0=− 𝑥+ ∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
Now required equation of line passing through point 5 24
𝟕 𝟕
−5  𝟓𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙 − ⇒ 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + = 𝟎
, 0) and slope =3/4 is 𝟐 𝟐
3 c) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏
3 5
𝑦−0= 𝑥+ ∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 Solution:
4 3
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 1
 4𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
For 𝑙1 ; 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 0 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
b) 5
Solution:  2𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎; 𝒍𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 𝑌

5
0,
2
1
0,
4 5,0
𝑥′ 𝑋
1
,0
2

𝑌′

Put𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 0 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
5
𝑠𝑜 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5,0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙1
2
For 𝑙1 ; 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0,12 0 + 5𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑦 = 6 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙2 ; 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 2 0 + 4𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 =
6 4
𝑦= 1
5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0,2𝑥 + 4 0 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 =
Put𝑦 = 0,12𝑥 + 5 0 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 = 6 2
1 1
1 6 1 𝑠𝑜 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙2
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑜 𝑜, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙1 4 2
2 5 2 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5,0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑖𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙2 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 12 0 + 5𝑦 + 13 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑦 = −13
|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐|
13 𝑑=
𝑦=− √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
5
put𝑦 = 0, 12𝑥 + 5 0 + 13 = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 = −13 |2 5 + 4 0 + 1|
=
13 −13 −13 √ 2 2+ 4 2
⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑜, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑙2
12 5 12 |10 − 1| 9 9
1 𝑑= = =
Now distance d from ( , 0) 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 √4 + 16 √20 √5
2
|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐| ⇒𝑑
𝑑= 9 9
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
1 2√5 2√5
|12 (2) − 5 0 + 13| Now midpoint of 5,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( , 0) 𝑖𝑠
1
= 2
√ 12 2 + 5 2 1
5+2 0+0 10 + 1 11
|6 + 13| 19 19 =( , )= ,0 = ,0
𝑑= = = 2 2 4 4
√144 + 25 √169 13
⇒𝑑 Slope = 𝑚 = − 𝑏 =
𝑎 −1
19 19 2
= 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 Now required equation of line passing through
13 13 11 1
1 13
Now midpoint of (2 , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (− 12 , 0) 𝑖𝑠 point 4
, 0)
and slope − 2 𝑖𝑠 is
1 13 6 − 13 1 11
− 12 0 + 0 −7 𝑦−0=− 𝑥− ∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2 4
=( 2 , ) = ( 6 , 0) = ,0 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
2 2 2 24  𝟐𝒚 = −𝒙 − ⇒ 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒
−7 QUESTION NO.24: Find an equation of the line
= ,0 through
24
𝑎 −12 (-4,7) and parallel to the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎.
Slope = 𝑚 = − =
𝑏 5
Now required equation of line passing through point Solution: given that 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
−7
, 0) and slope −
12
𝑖𝑠 is Slope of given line =− −𝟕 = 𝟕
24 5
28 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
𝟐 Be required vertices.
Slope of required line = 𝒎 = 𝟕
∵ 𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑜
Point on the required line = 𝑨 −𝟒, 𝟕 1 + 𝑥2 4 + 𝑦2
Equation of the line through A(-4,7) is 2,1 = ,
2 2
1+𝑥2 4+𝑦2
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏  2= ,1 =
2 2
𝟐 4+𝑦2
𝒚−𝟕= 𝒙−𝟒  1 + 𝑥2 = 4 ,1 =
𝟕 2

𝟕𝒚 − 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖  𝑥2 = 3 , 𝑦2 − 2
So C 𝑐2 , 𝑦2 = 3, −2
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟓𝟕 = 𝟎
Now
Question no.25: 𝑦3 −4 𝑦3 −4
Slope of AD= ⇒1=
Find an equation of the line through (5,-8) and 𝑥3 −1 𝑥3 −1

perpendicular to the join of A(-15,8) B(10,7).  𝑥3 − 1 = 𝑦3 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 − 1 + 4 = 0

 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 + 5 = 0 → 𝑖
Solution: points on given line= A(-15,8) B(10,7) −2−𝑦1 −2−𝑦1
𝟕+𝟖 𝟏𝟓 𝟑 Slope of BC= ⇒1=
Slope of given line = = = 3−𝑥1 3−𝑥1
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓  3 − 𝑥1 = −2 − 𝑦1 ⇒ 𝑥1 − 3 − 2 − 𝑦1 = 0
−𝟏 𝟓
Slope of required line = 𝒎 = 𝟑 =−  𝑥1 − 𝑦1 − 5 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖
𝟑
𝟓 𝑦1 −4 1 𝑦1 −4
Slope of AB = ⇒− =
Point on required line = p(5,-8) 𝑥1 −1 7 𝑥1 −1

Equation of required line through p(5,-8) is  −𝑥1 + 1 = 7𝑦1 − 28 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 7𝑦1 − 1 − 28 = 0

𝟓  𝑥1 + 7𝑦1 − 29 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝒚+𝟖=− 𝒙−𝟓 −2 − 𝑦3 1 −2 − 𝑦3
𝟑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐶 = ⇒− =
3 − 𝑥2 7 3 − 𝑥3
𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒 = −𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓
⇒ −3 + 𝑥3 = −14 − 7𝑦3
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ −3 + 𝑥3 + 14 + 7𝑦3 = 0
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 −3 + 𝑥3 + 14 + 7𝑦3 = 0
Question no.26: ⇒ 𝑥3 + 7𝑦3 + 11 = 0 → 𝑖𝑣
Find equation of two parallel lines perpendicular 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑣 − 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 7𝑦3 + 11 = 0
to 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 such that the product of the x −𝑥3 ∓ 𝑦3 ± 3 = 0
and y-intercept of each is 3. 8𝑦3 + 8 = 0
Solution: ⇒ 8𝑦3 = −8 ⇒ 𝑦3 = −1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1
𝑥3 − −1 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥3 + 1 + 3 = 0
Given line = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑥3 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥3 = −4
Any line perpendicular to given line is 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 7𝑦 + 29 = 0
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 ±𝑥1 ∓ 𝑦1 ∓ 5 = 0
For x-intercept put y=0 8𝑦1 − 24 = 0
𝒙+𝒄=𝟎 8𝑦1 = 24 ⇒ 𝑦1 = 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑖
𝒙 = −𝒄 𝑥1 − 3 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥1 − 8 = 0
According to given condition 𝑥1 = 8
X-intercept × y-intercept =3 Hence required vertices are 𝐵 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝐵 8,3 ,
𝒄 𝐶 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 𝐶 3, −2 , 𝐷 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 = 𝐷 −4, −1
−𝒄 × − = 𝟑 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆: 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝟐
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟔 Our answer is same.
Below line: if sign 𝑦 in given equation and our answer
𝒄 = ±√𝟔 is different
Putting c in required line
Question no 28: find whether the given point lies
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ± √𝟔 = 𝟎 above or below the given line.
Question no 27: a) 𝟓, 𝟖 ; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
One vertex of a parallelogram is 1,4 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 b) −𝟕, 𝟔 ; 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 2,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠
1 Solution: (a) given line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 → 𝒊
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒
7 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 ∴𝒃>𝟎
𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 Three vertices.
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒑 𝟓, 𝟖
Solution: 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝟖 𝒊𝒏 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺. 𝒊𝒏 𝒊 )
𝐷 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝐶 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝟐 𝟓 − 𝟑 𝟖 + 𝟔 = −𝟏𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟔
−𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟖 > 𝟎
𝐸 2,1 So the point p(5,8) lies above the line
Solution: (b) given line 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 − − − 𝒊 ∴
𝒃>𝟎
𝐴 1,4
𝐵 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 −7,6
𝑙𝑒𝑡 1,4 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝐶 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 6 𝑖𝑛 𝑖
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Class 12 Chapter 4
4 −7 + 3 6 − 9 = −28 + 18 − 9 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐴 5,3 𝐵 −2,2 𝐶 4,2).
−𝟑𝟕 + 𝟏𝟖 = −𝟏𝟗 = −𝒗𝒆 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
So the point (-7, 6) lies below the line AREA of triangular region= |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
Question no 29: check whether the given points 𝑥3 𝑦3 1
are on the same or opposite sides of the given 5 3 1
1
= 2 |−2 2 1|
line.
4 2 1
Solution: 1
=2 [5 2 − 2 − 3 −2 − 4 + 1 −4 − 8 ]
a) (0,0) and (-4,7) ;𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟎
1
b) (2,3)and (-2,3) ; 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 0 + 18 − 12
2
Solution: (a) given line 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟎 1
−6𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 70 = 0 ∴𝑏>0 6 = 3𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 0,0 , 𝑄 −4,7 Question no32: the coordinates of three points are
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 0,0 : 𝑨 𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝑩 −𝟏, 𝟏 and 𝑪 𝟒, −𝟓 by comparing the
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 area bounded by ABC check whether the points are
−6 0 + 7 0 − 70 = 0 + 0 − 70 = −70 < 0 collinear.
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝 0,0 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Solution:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 −4,7 : 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 7 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
AREA of triangular region= |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
−6 −4 + 7 7 − 70 = 24 + 49 − 70 𝑥3 𝑦3 1
3>0 2 3 1
1
So Q lies above the line. = |−1 1 1|
2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒃 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 4 −5 1
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8 = 0 = 1/2 [2 1 + 5 − 3 −1 − 4 + 1 5 − 4 ]
1
∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = −5 = −𝑣𝑒 = 2 12 + 15 + 1
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝 2,3 𝑄 −2,3 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 2,3 : = 28 = 14 ≠ 0
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟.
3 2 − 5 3 + 8 = 6 − 15 + 8
= − 1 = −𝑣𝑒 Angle between two lines
𝑆𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Theorem: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 −2,3 : 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟.
3 −2 − 5 3 + 8 = −6 − 15 + 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑
= −15 + 2 𝑚2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
= − 13 = −𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝜃 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙1 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
𝑆𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
∵ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 Proof:
Question No 30: find the distance from the point ∵ 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1800 𝑠𝑜
p (6,-1) in the line𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝛼1 + 𝜃 + 1800
Solution: given point p (6,-1)  𝛼1 − 𝛼2 + 𝜃 = 1800 − 𝛼2 = 1800
Line 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎.  𝛼1 − 𝛼2 + 𝜃 = 0
As we know that distance from the points p  𝜃 = 𝛼2 − 𝛼1
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = tan 𝛼2 − 𝛼1
|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐| 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1
𝑑= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Here a=6 b=-4 c=9 and 𝑥1 = 6, 𝑦1 = −1 ∵ tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
|6 6 − 4 −1 + 9| 2 𝑚 −𝑚1
𝑑=  𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1+𝑚
√62 + −4 2 1 𝑚2

|36 + 4 + 9| ∵ 𝑚1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙1

𝑑= 𝑚2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙2
√36 + 16 Corollary 1. If two lines are parallel then their slopes
49
𝑑= are equal.
√52 𝒊. 𝒆 𝒍𝟏 ||𝒍𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
Question no 31: find the area of triangular region
Proof:
whose vertices are 𝑨 𝟓, 𝟑 𝑩 −𝟐, 𝟐 𝑪 𝟒, 𝟐 .
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝.
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Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙1 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 0
∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ||𝑠𝑜 𝜃 = 0 [𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 ] = [ 0 ]
𝑚 −𝑚 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 0
We know that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2 1
1+𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐!
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = ⇒0= ⇒ [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] = [0]
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
Corollary 2.
𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 Exercise 4.4
⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 Q#1) Find the point of intersection of the lines:
Is equal to -1 i) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 𝑖𝑓𝑓 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 0 ii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 12 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0
Proof:
iii) 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
(i) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 +
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2
2=0
∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜 𝜃 = 900
Sol: Let 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 →(1), 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 →(2)
We know that
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 From Eq.1, we have
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 1
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 Put in Eq. (2)
𝑡𝑎𝑛900 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 2𝑦 − 1 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 ⇒ 4𝑦 − 2 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
∞= ⇒ =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 0 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⇒ 3𝑦=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 put in Eq. (1)
⇒ 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 0 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
Hence proved. Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2)
Equation of a straight line in matrix form is𝐴 −1,0 .
One linear equation: (ii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 12 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 =
A linear equation 𝑙; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
0 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 Sol: Let 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 12 = 0 →(1), 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 →(2)
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑠 From Eq.1, we have
[𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦] = [−𝑐] 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 12
𝑥 put in Eq. (2)
0𝑟 [1 𝑏] [𝑦] = [−𝑐]
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 −3𝑥 − 12 − 1 = 0
𝑥
⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑏] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [−𝑐] ⇒ 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 24 − 1 = 0
25
A system of linear equation: ⇒ −5𝑥 − 25=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5 = −5 put in Eq. (1)
A system of two linear equations 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 12 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3 −5 − 12
𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15 − 12 = 3
𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠. Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2) is
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝐵 −5,3 .
𝑎 𝑥 𝑏1 𝑦 −𝑐1 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3 =
(iii)
[ 1 ] = [−𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦 2 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 −𝑐1 Sol: Let 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 = 0 →(1), 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3 = 0 →(2)
⇒[ ] [ ] = [−𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 2 From Eq.1, we have
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐶 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4𝑦 + 12
𝑎 𝑏1 −𝑐1 𝑥 Put in Eq. (2)
Where 𝐴 = [ 1 ] , 𝐶 = [−𝑐 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑦 + 12 − 3𝑦 + 3 = 0
⇒ −4𝑦 + 12 − 3𝑦 + 3 = 0
A system of three linear equations; −15 15
⇒ −7𝑦 + 15=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −7
= 7
put in Eq. (1)
A system of three linear equations 15
𝑙1 ; 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑥= −4𝑦 + 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 ( 7 ) + 12
𝑙2 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 60 −60+84 24
⇒𝑥 = − 7 + 12 = 7 = 7
𝑙3 ; 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0
Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2)
In two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 24 15
As is𝐶 ,
7 7
.
Q#2) Find an equation of the line through

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Class 12 Chapter 4
(i) the point 2, −9 and the intersection of 1
the lines ⇒𝑦+6= 𝑥+2
6
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0 And 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 6𝑦 + 36 = 𝑥 + 2
Sol: Let𝑙1 : 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0, 𝑙2 : 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0  𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2 − 36 = 0
and 2, −9  𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 34 = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
Equation of line through the intersection of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 is (iii) Through the intersection of the lines
given by 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 , 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7
𝑙: 𝑙1 + 𝑘𝑙2 = 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 + 𝑘 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 →(1)
Equal intercepts on the axes.
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 + 3𝑘𝑥 − 4𝑘𝑦 − 6𝑘 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −9 in above
Solution:
⇒ 2 2 + 5 −9 − 8 + 3𝑘 2 − 4𝑘 −9 − 6𝑘 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
⇒ 4 − 45 − 8 + 6𝑘 + 36𝑘 − 6𝑘 = 0 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7 = 0 𝑖𝑠
⇒ −49 + 36𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 =
49 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 + 𝑘 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7 = 0 → 𝑖
36
 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑘𝑥 + 7𝑘𝑦 + 7𝑘 = 0
Put in (1)
49 ∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 (𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 )
36
⇒ 36 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 + 49 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 𝑙1 + 𝑘𝑙2
⇒ 72𝑥 + 180𝑦 − 288 + 147𝑥 − 196𝑦 − 294 = 0  3𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 2 + 4𝑘 𝑦 + 3 + 7𝑘 = 0
⇒ 219𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 582 = 0 For 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 , 𝑦 = 0 −
(ii) the intersection f the lines So 3𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 3 + 7𝑘 = 0
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑥 + 𝑦 + 20 − 3+7𝑘
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑥= 3𝑘+1
𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑏 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 14 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑥 = 0
=0  2 + 4𝑘 𝑦 + 3 + 7𝑘 = 0
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: − 3+7𝑘
 𝑦=
𝑥−𝑦−4=0→ 𝑖 2+4𝑘
7𝑥 + 𝑦 + 20 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖 ∵ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜
By 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 8𝑥 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑥 = −16 − 3 + 7𝑘 − 3 + 7𝑘
=
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖 ⇒ −2 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0 3𝑘 + 1 2 + 4𝑘
1 1
⇒ −𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⇒ −𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −6 ⇒ =
So point of intersection is −2, −6 3𝑘 + 1 2 + 4𝑘
⇒ 3𝑘 + 1 = 2 + 4𝑘
Given line is
 4𝑘 − 3𝑘 + 2 − 1 = 0
6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 14 = 0 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = −6
 K+1=0
(a) slope of required line is = −6
 𝑘 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑖 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
As 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 + −1 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7 = 0
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ −2, −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 6
𝑦 − −6 = −6 𝑥 − −2 ∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1  𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 7 = 0
= 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1  −2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
 𝑦 + 6 = −6 𝑥 − −2  2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
 𝑦 + 6 = −6 𝑥 + 2  𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2
Q#3) Find an equation of the line through the
 𝑦 + 6 = −6𝑥 − 12
intersection of
 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 + 12 = 0
𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 − 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝟗 = 𝟎
 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 18 = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
And the intersection of 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎; 𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟐 =
(b) ∵ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 6 𝟎
1
Slope of required line = ∵ 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ Solution:
6
𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Let𝑙1 : 16𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 33 = 0, 𝑙2 : 12𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 29 = 0
So eq. of lines through And𝑙3 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑙4 : 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0
1
−2, −6 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 6 𝑖𝑠 First, we find the intersection of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2
1 Let 16𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 33 = 0 →(1), 12𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 29 = 0 →(2)
𝑦 − −6 = 𝑥 + 2 ∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 From Eq.1, we have
6 10𝑦+33
16𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 33 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 16

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put in Eq. (2) Put values
12𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 29 = 0 As we know that the line are concurrent if
10𝑦+33 2 −3 −1
⇒ 12 + 14𝑦 + 29 = 0
16
10𝑦+33 |3 −1 −5| = 0
⇒ 3 4
+ 14𝑦 + 29 = 0 3 p 8
⇒ 30𝑦 + 99 + 56𝑦 + 116 = 0 ⇒ 2 −8 + 5𝑝 + 3 24 + 15 − 1 3𝑝 + 3 = 0
215 5 ⇒ −16 + 10𝑝 + 72 + 25 − 3𝑝 − 3 = 0
⇒ 86𝑦+215=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = − =− put in Eq. (1)
86 2
5 ⇒ 7𝑝 + 98 = 0
10𝑦+33 10 − +33 1 98
𝑥= ⇒𝑥 = 2
⇒𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑝 = − 7 = −14
16 16 2
Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2) is Q#6) Show that the lines 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎,
1 5
𝐴 ,−2 . 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 are concurrent
2
Equation of line through the intersection of 𝑙3 and and the third line bisects the angle formed by first
𝑙4 is given by two lines.
𝑙: 𝑙3 + 𝑘𝑙4 = 0 Sol: Let𝑙1 : 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 8 = 0, 𝑙2 : 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 + 𝑘 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0 →(3) And 𝑙3 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
1 5 To check 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 are concurrent, we take
Put 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = − in above
2 2 4 −3 −8
1 5 1 5 |3 −4 −6| = 4 8 − 6 + 3 −6 + 6 − 8 −3 + 4
⇒ − − +4 +𝑘 −7 − +2 =0
2 2 2 2 1 −1 −2
Multiply by 2, we get =8+0−8=0
Hence, the given lines are concurrent.
⇒ 1 + 5 + 8 + 𝑘 1 + 35 + 4 = 0 Now, we find the slopes of these line i.e.
−14 7 4 4
⇒ 14 + 40𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = 40
= − 20 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = − −3 = 3
Put in (3) 3 3
7 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = − =
−4 4
𝑥−𝑦+4 − 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0 1
20 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙3 = 𝑚3 = − =1
⇒ 20 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 − 7 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0 −1
⇒ 20𝑥 − 20𝑦 + 80 − 7𝑥 + 49𝑦 − 14 = 0 Let 𝜃1 , be the angle between 𝑙1 and 𝑙3
⇒ 13𝑥 − 29𝑦 + 66 = 0 (Required line) 𝑚3 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 =
Q#4) Find the condition that the lines 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚3
4 3−4
𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 , 𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 and 𝑦 = 𝑚3 𝑥 + 𝑐3 1−3
are concurrent. = = 3
4 3+4
Sol: Let 𝑙1 : 𝑚1 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0, 𝑙2 : 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 1+ 1 3
3
1
And 𝑙3 : 𝑚3 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0 = − 7 →(1)
As we know that the line are concurrent if Let 𝜃1 , be the angle between 𝑙3 and 𝑙2
𝑚1 −1 𝑐1 𝑚2 − 𝑚3
|𝑚2 −1 𝑐2 | = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑚3 −1 𝑐3 3 3−4
𝑚1 −1 𝑐1 −1
= 4 = 4
|𝑚2 − 𝑚1 0 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 | = 0 By 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 − 3 4+3
1+ 1 4
𝑚3 − 𝑚1 0 𝑐3 − 𝑐1 4
1
𝑅3 = − 7 →(2)
Expanding by 𝑅1 , we have From eq. (1) and (2)
⇒ 𝑚1 0 − 0 + 1( 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑐3 − 𝑐1 − 𝑚3 − 𝑚1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2
− 𝑐1 0 − 0 = 0
⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝜃2
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑐3 − 𝑐1 = 𝑚3 − 𝑚1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑙3 Bisect the angle formed by first two lines.
(Which is the required condition)
Q#7) the vertices of a triangle are 𝑨 −𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝑩 −𝟒, 𝟏
Q#5) Determine the value 𝒑 such that 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 −
and 𝑪 𝟑, 𝟓 . Find the coordinates of (i) centroid (ii)
𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒑𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎
orthocenter (iii) circumcenter. Are these three points
Sol: Let𝑙1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1 = 0, 𝑙2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5 = 0
collinear?
And 𝑙3 : 3𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 8 = 0
(I) Sol: Centroid
As we know that the line are concurrent if
Centroid of a triangle is the point of concurrency of its
𝑚1 −1 𝑐1
three medians.
|𝑚2 −1 𝑐2 | = 0
Let 𝐷 and 𝐸 be the mid points of 𝐵𝐶̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅
𝑚3 −1 𝑐3
respectively.
33 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐷 (−4+3 , 1+5) = 𝐷 − 1 , 3
Midpoint of 𝐵𝐶 Let ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 and 𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅ be the right bisectors 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
2 2 2
−2+3 5+3 1 respectively.
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐸 (
Mid-point of 𝐴𝐶 , ) =𝐸 ,4 5−3 2
2 2 2 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚1 = =
Equation of the median ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 3+2
5−1
5
4
̅̅̅̅ 1 Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚2 = 3+4 = 7
The points on 𝐵𝐸 are 𝐵 −4, 1 , 𝐷 2
,4
−4+3 1+5 1
4−1 3 2 Midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷 ( , ) = 𝐿 − ,3
Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 = 1 = 9 = 2 2 2
+4 3
2 2
Midpoint of 𝐴𝐶̅̅̅̅ = 𝐸 (−2+3 , 5+3) = 𝑀 1 , 4
2 2 2 2
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = 3 𝑥 + 4
using the point 𝐵 −4, 1 . ̅̅̅̅
Equation of the Altitude 𝑅𝑆
3𝑦 − 3 = 2𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 11 = 0 →(1)
̅̅̅̅ = − = − 5
Slope of 𝑅𝑆
1
Equation of the median ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 𝑚1 2
1 5 1
̅̅̅̅
The points on 𝐴𝐷 are 𝐴 −2, 3 , 𝐷 − , 3 Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = − (𝑥 − )
2 2 2
3−3 1
̅̅̅̅ =
Slope of 𝐴𝐷 1 =0 ̅̅̅̅.
using the point 𝑀 ( , 4) on 𝑅𝑆
− +2 2
2 5
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = 0 𝑥 + 2 2𝑦 − 8 = −5𝑥 + 2
⇒ 4𝑦 − 16 = −10𝑥 + 5
using the point 𝐴 −2, 3 . ⇒ 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0…… (1)
𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 put in eq. (1)
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 11 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3 3 + 11 = 0 Equation of the Bisector ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄
⇒ 2𝑥 − 9 + 11 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 1 7
Slope of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = − = −
𝑚2 4
Hence Centroid is −1, 3 . 7 1
(II) Sol: Orthocenter Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = − 4 (𝑥 + 2)
1
Orthocenter of a triangle is the point of concurrency of ̅̅̅̅ .
using the point 𝐿 (− , 3) on 𝑃𝑄
2
its three altitudes. 7
4𝑦 − 12 = −7𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 14𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 17 = 0…… (2)
Let ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑃 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑄 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 be the altitudes of the
triangle𝐴𝐵𝐶. From eq. (2)
−8𝑦+17
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚1 = 5−1 = 4
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 14𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 17 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 14
3+4 7
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚2 = 5−3 = 2 put in Eq. (1)
Slope of 𝐴𝐶 3+2 5 −8𝑦+17
̅̅̅̅ 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0 ⇒ 10 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0
Equation of the Altitude 𝐴𝑃 14

̅̅̅̅ = − 1 7 ⇒ −80𝑦 + 170 + 56𝑦 − 294 = 0

Slope of 𝐴𝑃 =− 124 31
𝑚1 4
7
⇒ −24𝑦 − 124 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −24 = − 6
put in Eq. (2)
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = − 𝑥+2 −8 −
31
+17
4 −8𝑦+17 25
using the point 𝐴 −2, 3 on ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑃 . 𝑥= 14
⇒𝑥 = 14
6
⇒𝑥 = 6
25 31
4𝑦 − 12 = −7𝑥 − 14 ⇒ 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0…… (1) Hence, the Circumcenter is ,− 6 .
6
̅̅̅̅
Equation of the Altitude 𝐵𝑄 (IV) Now, we check whether centroid,
1 5
̅̅̅̅ = −
Slope of 𝐵𝑄 =− orthocenter and circumcenter are
𝑚2 2
5 collinear or not.
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = − 𝑥 + 4 34 58
2
Centroid is −1, 3 , orthocenter is − , and
using the point 𝐵 −4, 1 on ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑄 . 3 3
25 31
2𝑦 − 2 = −5𝑥 − 20 ⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 18 = 0…… (2) Circumcenter is 6
,− 6 .
From eq. (2) Let
−2𝑦−18
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 18 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 3 1
5 34 58
put in Eq. (1) |− 3 3
1|
7𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 7
−2𝑦−18
+ 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 | |
5 25 31
− 1
⇒ −14𝑦 − 126 + 20𝑦 + 10 = 0 6 6
116 58 58 31 34 25
⇒ 6𝑦-116=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6
= 3 put in Eq. (2) = −1 + −3 − −
58 3 6 3 6
−2𝑦−18 −2 −18 34 1054 1450
𝑥= 5
⇒𝑥 = 3
5
⇒𝑥 =− 3 +1 −
34 58 18 18
Hence, the orthocenter is − ,
3 3
.
(III) Sol: Circumcenter
Circumcenter of a triangle is the point of concurrency
of right bisectors of its sides.

34 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
116 + 31 68 + 25 
𝑥 1 𝑦
= 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 18 − 5
1
= −1 +3 1
6 6 1 18
1054 − 1450  𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
+1 5 5
18 Solving (i) and (iii)
49 93
=− + − 22 𝑥 𝑦 1
2 2 = =
−49 + 93 − 44 8 + 6 −12 + 4 1 + 4
= =0 𝑥 1 𝑦 1
2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
Thus, all the points are collinear (lying on a straight 14 5 −8 5
line). 14 8
𝑦= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −
Q#8) Check whether the lines 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎, 5 5
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 are concurrent. So vertices of triangle are
If so, find the point where they meet. 14 8 1 18 12 21
𝐴 − ,− ,𝐵 , ,𝐶 − ,−
Sol: Let𝑙1 : 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 8 = 0, 𝑙2 : 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 8 5 5 5 5 5
and 𝑙3 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 Now
To check 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 are concurrent, we take 18 18 18 + 8
− (− )
4 −3 −8 𝑚1 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = 5 5 = 5
|3 −4 −6| = 4 8 − 6 + 3 −6 + 6 − 8 −3 + 4 1 14 1 − 14
−( )
1 −1 −2 5 5 5
=8+0−8=0 26
𝑚1 = = −2
Hence, the given lines are concurrent. −13
For the point of concurrency, we solve , 𝑙2 and𝑙3 . 21 18 39
− − −
Let 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 →(1), 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 →(2) 𝑚2 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 = 5 5 = 5
12 1 13
From Eq.1, we have − −− −
4𝑦+6
5 5 5
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 39
3 =−
Put in Eq. (2) −13
𝑥−𝑦−2=0 ⇒
4𝑦+6
− 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 + 6 − 3𝑦 − 6 = 0  𝑚2 = 3
3
⇒ 𝑦=0 put in Eq. (1) 3 21 13
− + 13 1
𝑥=
4𝑦+6
⇒𝑥 =
4 0 +6
⇒𝑥 = =2
6 𝑚3 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐴 = 5 5 = 5 = =
3 3 3 14 12 26 26 2
+
Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2) is 5 5 5
𝐵 2,0 . 1
𝑚2 =
Q#9.find the coordinates of the vertices of the 2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
triangle formed by the lines 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎; 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅
∵ 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙2 𝑡𝑜 𝑙1
Measures of the angles of the triangle. −2 − −3 −5 5
Solution: = = =− =1
1 + −2 3 1−6 −5
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 → 𝑖  𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = 1
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖  𝜃1 = tan−1 1 = 450
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
Solving (i) and (ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑥 𝑦 1 ∵ 𝜃2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙3 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2
= =
−6 − 6 −18 − 3 −1 + 6 1 6−1
𝑥 𝑦 1 3− 5
 −12 = −21 = 5 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 = 2 = 2 = =1
1 2+3 5

𝑥 𝑦
= −21 = 5
1 1 + 3 (2 )
−12 2
12 21 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 = 1
 𝑥=− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −
5 5 𝜃2 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 450
Solving (ii) and (iii) 1 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑚3 − 𝑚1 − −2 +2
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃3 = = 2 =2
= =
4 − 3 6 + 12 3 + 2 1 + 𝑚3 𝑚1 1 + 1 −2 1−1
𝑥 𝑦
 1 = 18 = 5
1 2
=∞
𝑥 𝑦 1
 = 18 = 5  𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃3 = ∞
1
 𝜃3 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ = 900
35 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
∵ 𝜃3 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙1 𝑡𝑜 𝑙3 c) 𝑙1 ; joining 1, −7 and 6, −4
Q#10) Find the angle measured from the line 𝒍𝟏 to 𝑙2 ; joining −1, 2 and −6 , −1
the line 𝒍𝟐 where
a) 𝑙1 ; joining 2, 7 and 7, 10 Sol: (c)
𝑙2 ; joining 1, 1 and −5, 3 Let 𝑙1 : joining 1, −7 and 6, −4
−4+7 3
Slope of 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = =
6−1 5
Sol: (a) Let 𝑙2 : joining −1, 2 and −6 , −1
Let 𝑙1 : joining 2, 7 and 7, 10 −1−2 −3 3
10−7 3 Slope of 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = = =
−6+1 −6 5
Slope of 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = =
7−2 5 Let 𝜃 be the angle from 𝑙1 → 𝑙2 , then
Let 𝑙2 : joining 1, 1 and −5, 3 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
3−1 2 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
Slope of 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = = =− 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
−5−1 −6 3
Let 𝜃 be the angle from 𝑙1 → 𝑙2 , then 3 3
−
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 = 5 5 =0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 3 3
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 1+
5 5
−1 3 −5 − 9 = 0….
−
= 3 5 = 15 𝜃 = tan−1 0 = 0𝑜
−1 3 15 − 3
1+ 3 Acute angle
5 15
7
= − 6….
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
7 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = | | = |0| = 0
𝜃 = tan−1 − = 130.6𝑜 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
6 𝜃 = tan−1 0 = 0𝑜
Acute angle
d) 𝑙1 ; joining −9, −1 and 3, −5
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑙2 ; joining 2, 7 and −6, −7
7 7
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = | | = |− | =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 6 6
7 Sol: (d)
𝜃 = tan−1 = 49.4𝑜 Let 𝑙1 : joining −9, −1 and 3, −5
6 −5+1 −4 1
b) 𝑙1 ; joining 3, −1 and 5, 7 Slope of 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = = =−
3+9 12 3
𝑙2 ; joining 2, 4 and −8, 2 Let 𝑙2 : joining 2, 7 and −6, −7
−7−7 −14 7
Slope of 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = −6−2 = −8
=4
Sol: (b)
Let 𝜃 be the angle from 𝑙1 → 𝑙2 , then
Let 𝑙1 : joining 3, −1 and 5, 7 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
7+1 8
Slope of 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 5−3 = 2 = 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
Let 𝑙2 : joining 2, 4 and −8, 2 7 1 21 + 4
4 +3
2−4 −2
Slope of 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = −8−2 = −10 = 5
1 = = 12
−1 7 12 − 7
1+ 3 4 12
Let 𝜃 be the angle from 𝑙1 → 𝑙2 , then
25
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 = = 5….
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 5
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝜃 = tan−1 5 = 78.69𝑜
1 1 − 20
−4 Acute angle
= 5 = 5
1 5+4 𝜃 = tan−1 5 = 78.69𝑜
1+ 4
5 5 Q#11) Find the interior angle of the triangle, whose
19
= − 5 …. vertices are
19 a) 𝐴 −2, 11 , 𝐵 −6, −3 and 𝐶 4, −9
𝜃 = tan−1 − Sol: 𝐴 −2, 11 , 𝐵 −6, −3 and 𝐶 4, −9
5
19 −3 − 11 14 7
= 180𝑜 − tan−1 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚1 = = =
5 −6 + 2 4 2
= 115.35𝑜 −3 + 9 6 −3
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚2 = = =
Acute angle −6 − 4 −10 5
−9 − 11 −20
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚3 = =
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 19 19 4+2 6
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = | | = |− | = −10
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 5 5 =
19 3
𝜃 = tan−1 = 64.65𝑜 Let 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the angles from 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ to 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ ,
5 ̅̅̅̅ to 𝐵𝐴
̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ respectively.
𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴 to 𝐶𝐵
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Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑚3 − 𝑚1 𝛽 = tan−1 −∞ = 180𝑜 − tan−1 ∞ = 90𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
1 + 𝑚3 𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚3
10 7 −20 − 21 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 =
− − 1 + 𝑚3 𝑚2
= 3 2 = 6 1 49 + 1
10 7 6 − 70 7+
1 + (− 3 ) (2) = 7 = 7
6 −1 0
41 1+ 7 ( 7 ) 7
=
64 =∞
41 𝛾 = tan−1 ∞ = 90𝑜
𝛼 = tan−1 = 32.64𝑜
64 𝑚3 − 𝑚4
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑚3 𝑚4
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 −1 −1 − 49
7 3 35 + 6 −7
+ = 7 = 7 = −∞
= 2 5 = 10 −1 0
3 7 10 − 21 1+( ) 7
1 + (− ) (2) 7 7
5 10 𝛿 = tan−1 −∞ = 180𝑜 − tan−1 ∞ = 90𝑜
−41 ∵ 𝜃4 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙4 𝑡𝑜 𝑙3
=
11 Q#13) Show that the points 𝑨 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝑩 𝟐, 𝟏 , 𝑪 𝟑, 𝟑
−41 41
𝛽 = tan−1 = 180𝑜 − tan−1 = 105.02𝑜 and 𝑫 𝟏, 𝟐 are vertices of the rhombus. Find the its
11 11
𝑚2 − 𝑚3 interior angles.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 = Sol:
1 + 𝑚3 𝑚2
3 10 −9 + 50 1−0 1
− + 3 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚1 = =
= 5 = 15 2−0 2
10 3 15 + 30 3−1 2
1 + (− 3 ) (− )
5 15 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚2 = = =2
3−2 1
41 2 − 3 −1 1
= 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑚3 = = =
45 1 − 3 −2 2
41 2−0 2
𝛾 = tan−1 = 42.34𝑜 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚4 = = =2
45 1−0 1

Q#12) Find the interior angle of the triangle, whose Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 and 𝛿 be the angles from ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 to
vertices are ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 to 𝐵𝐴, 𝐶𝐷 to 𝐶𝐵 and 𝐴𝐷 to 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴 5, 2 , 𝐵 −2, 3 , 𝐶 −3, −4 and 𝐷 4, −5 . respectively.
Sol: 𝑚4 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
3−2 1 1 + 𝑚4 𝑚1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚1 = =−
−2 − 5 7 1 4−1
−4 − 3 −7 2−2 3
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚2 =
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 = =7 = = 2 =
1
−3 + 2 −1 1 + 2 (2) 1 + 1 4
−5 + 4 −1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑚3 = = 3
4+3 7 𝛼 = tan−1 = 36.87𝑜
−5 − 2 −7 4
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚4 =
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐷 = =7 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
4−5 −1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
1 1−4
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 and 𝛿 be the angles from ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 to −2 3
= 2 = 2 =−
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 to ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ to 𝐶𝐵
𝐵𝐴, 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 to 𝐶𝐷 1 2 4
1 + (2) 2
respectively.
𝑚4 − 𝑚1 3 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝛽 = tan−1 − = 180𝑜 − tan−1 = 143.13𝑜
1 + 𝑚4 𝑚1 4 4
𝑚2 − 𝑚3
1 49 + 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 =
7+7 7 1 + 𝑚3 𝑚2
= = 1 4−1
−1 0 2−2 3
1+ 7 ( 7 ) 7 = = 2 =
1
=∞ 1 + 2 (2) 1 + 1 4
𝛼 = tan−1 ∞ = 90𝑜 3
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝛾 = tan−1 = 36.87𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽 = 4
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚3 − 𝑚4
−1 −1 − 49 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 =
−7 1 + 𝑚3 𝑚4
= 7 = 7 = −∞
−1 0
1+( 7 ) 7 7
37 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
1 1−4 −8𝑦+17 −8 −
31
+17 25
−2 3 𝑥= ⇒𝑥 = 6
⇒𝑥 =
= 2 = 2 =− 14 14 6
1 2 4 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟏
1 + (2) 2 Hence, the Circumcenter is ,− .
𝟔 𝟔
3 3 Q#16) Express the given system of equations in
𝛿 = tan−1 − = 180𝑜 − tan−1 = 143.13𝑜
4 4 matrix form. Find in each case whether the lines are
For rhombus As 𝑚1 = 𝑚3 and 𝑚2 = 𝑚4 concurrent or not.
⇒ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ (a) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 14 = 0 and 𝑥 −
Thus, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. 11𝑦 + 14 = 0
3−0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 ̅̅̅̅𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚5 = =1 Sol:
3−0 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0
2 − 1 −1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚6 = = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 14 = 0
1−2 1 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14 = 0
= −1
In matrix form
⇒ Product of slopes= 𝑚5 × 𝑚6 = 1 −1 = −1
1 3 −2 𝑥 0
⇒ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 no interior angle is 90𝑜 . (2 −1 4 ) [ 𝑦 ] = [0]
Hence, it is clear that 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is rhombus. 1 −11 14 0 0
Q#15) the vertices of a triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 are Consider
𝑨 −𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝑩 −𝟒, 𝟏 and 𝑪 𝟑, 𝟓 . Find the Centre of 1 3 −2
the circumcenter of the triangle. |2 −1 4 | = 1 −14 + 44 − 3 28 − 4
Sol: Circumcenter 1 −11 14
− 2 −22 + 1
Circumcenter of a triangle is the point of concurrency
= 30 − 72 + 42 = 0
of right bisectors of its sides.
Hence, the given lines are not concurrent.
Let ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 and 𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅ be the right bisectors ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐶
(b) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 and 3𝑥 +
respectively.
1𝑦 − 8 = 0
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚1 = 5−3 = 2
Slope of 𝐴𝐶 Sol:
3+2 5
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚2 = 5−1 = 4
Slope of 𝐴𝐶 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
3+4 7
−4+3 1+5 1 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0
Mid point of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷 ( 2 , 2 ) = 𝐿 − 2 , 3 3𝑥 + 1𝑦 − 8 = 0
−2+3 5+3 1
Mid point of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐸 ( 2 , 2 ) = 𝑀 2
,4 In matrix form
2 3 4 𝑥 0
(1 −2 −3) [𝑦] = [0]
̅̅̅̅
Equation of the Altitude 𝑅𝑆 3 1 −8 0 0
̅̅̅̅ = − 1 = − 5
Slope of 𝑅𝑆 Consider
𝑚1 2
5 1 2 3 4
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = − 2 (𝑥 − 2) |1 −2 −3| = 2 16 + 3 − 3 −8 + 9 + 4 1 + 6
1
̅̅̅̅.
using the point 𝑀 (2 , 4) on 𝑅𝑆 3 1 −8
= 38 − 3 + 28 = 63 ≠ 0
5
2𝑦 − 8 = −5𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 4𝑦 − 16 = −10𝑥 + 5 Hence, the given lines are not concurrent.
⇒ 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0…… (1)
(c) 3 − 4𝑦 − 2 = 0, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 and 3𝑥 −
̅̅̅̅
Equation of the Bisector 𝑃𝑄 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
̅̅̅̅ = − = − 7
1 Sol:
Slope of 𝑃𝑄 𝑚2 4 3 − 4𝑦 − 2 = 0
7 1
Now, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = − 4 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
1 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
using the point 𝐿 (− , 3) on ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 .
2 In matrix form
7
4𝑦 − 12 = −7𝑥 − 2
⇒ 14𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 17 = 0…… (2) 3 −4 −2 𝑥 0
From eq. (2) (1 2 −4) [𝑦] = [0]
−8𝑦+17 3 −2 5 0 0
14𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 17 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 14 Consider
put in Eq. (1) 3 −4 −2
10𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0 ⇒ 10
−8𝑦+17
+ 4𝑦 − 21 = 0 |1 2 −4| = 3 10 − 8 + 4 5 + 12 − 2 −2
14 3 −2 5
⇒ −80𝑦 + 170 + 56𝑦 − 294 = 0 −6
124 31
⇒ −24𝑦 − 124 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −24 = − 6 put in Eq. (2) = 6 + 68 + 16 = 90 ≠ 0
Hence, the given lines are not concurrent
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Q#17) Find a system of linear equations Or 𝑦 2 − 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑥 2 = 0
corresponding to the given matrix form. Check  𝑦 2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑥 2 = 0
whether the lines represented by the system of  This is special types of second degree
concurrent. homogenous equation.
(a) Homogenous Equation:
Sol: Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑖 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 0 −1 𝑥 0 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
(2 0 𝑦
1 ) [ ] = [0] 𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑓
0 −1 2 0 0 𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
𝑥 + 0𝑦 − 1 0
[2𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 1] = [0] For example
0𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 0 𝑦 2 − 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 0
System of linear equations are Replacing 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦
𝑥 + 0𝑦 − 1 = 0  𝑘𝑦 2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑘𝑦 2
=0
 𝑘 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 0
2𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 1 = 0
 𝑘 2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
0𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 2
Consider 𝐴 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛
1 0 −1 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
|2 0 1 | = 1 0 + 1 − 0 4 − 0 − 1 −2 − 0 Where 𝑎, ℎ, 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
0 −1 2
=1−4+3=0 Theorem:
Hence, the given lines are concurrent. Every homogenous equation of second degree
(b) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 =
Sol: 𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
1 1 2 𝑥 0 Through the origin the lines are
(2 4 −3) [𝑦] = [0] i. Real and distinct if 𝒉𝟐 > 𝒂𝒃
3 6 −5 0 0 ii. Real and distinct ,if 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒂𝒃
𝑥+𝑦+2 0 iii. Imaginary, if 𝒉𝟐 < 𝒂𝒃
[2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3] = [0]
Proof:
3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5 0
System of linear equations are ∵ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 2 = 0
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞. 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦+2=0
Using quadratic formula
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 = 0
3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5 = 0 −2ℎ𝑥 ± √ 2ℎ𝑥 2 − 4 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 2
𝑦=
Consider 2𝑏
1 1 2 −2ℎ𝑥 ± √4ℎ2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑏𝑎𝑥 2
|2 4 −3| = 1 −20 + 18 − 1 −10 + 9 + 2 12 𝑦=
2𝑏
3 6 −5 −2ℎ𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
− 12 𝑦=
2𝑏
= −2 + 1 + 0 = −1 ≠ 0
−2ℎ𝑥 ± 2𝑥√ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
Hence, the given lines are not concurrent. 𝑦=
Homogenous Equation of the second degree in two 2𝑏
2 −ℎ𝑥 ± 𝑥 √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
variables: 𝑦=
Suppose two straight lines 2𝑏
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 → 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖 −ℎ ± √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
𝑦=( )𝑥
𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑦 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑏
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑖𝑖𝑖 Clearly this represents a pair of lines through origin
It is second degree equation in the lines are
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝐸𝑞. 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
i. Real and distinct if ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
Equation of the pair of the lines 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖
ii. Real and coincident if ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏
General Homogenous Equation:
iii. Imaginary 𝑖𝑓 ℎ2 < 𝑎𝑏
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, ℎ, 𝑏 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
To find measure of the angle between the lines
Is called general homogenous quadratic equation.
represented by 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
Note:
We know that every homogenous equation a pair of
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
lines through origin is
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
−ℎ±√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0 𝑦= 𝑏
𝑥
39 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
−ℎ+√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 −ℎ−√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 1 2√ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
𝑦= 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥  =
𝑏 𝑏 0 𝑎+𝑏
−ℎ+√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏  𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 (2√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏)
Slope of 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑏  𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙
−ℎ−√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
Slope of 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 = 𝑦 = 𝑏

−ℎ + √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
∵ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = (
𝑏
) Exercise 4.5
Find the lines represented by each of the following and
−ℎ − √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 also find measure of the angle between them
+( )
𝑏 (Problems 1-6):
Q#1)
−ℎ + √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 − ℎ − √ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
= 10𝑥 2 − 23𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0
𝑏 10𝑥 2 − 25𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0
2ℎ
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − 5𝑥 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 𝑦 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0
𝑏
−ℎ+√ ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏 −ℎ−√ ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
And 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏 𝑏 Hence 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 are the
2 required lines.
2
−ℎ − (√ ℎ2 −
ℎ − ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 ) 2
𝑚1 𝑚2 = = For angle
𝑏2 𝑏2 10𝑥 2 − 23𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0
2 2
ℎ − ℎ + 𝑎𝑏
𝑚1 𝑚2 = Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have
𝑏2 23
𝑎 𝑎 = 10, 𝑏 = −5, 2ℎ = −23 ⇒ ℎ = −
 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 2
𝑏
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
If 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙1 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜 As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = a+𝑏
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 23 2 529
2√(− ) − 10 −5 2√ +50
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 = 2
=
4
10 + −5 5
√ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2 − 4𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2√
529+200
2√
729
4𝑚2 𝑚1 =
4
=
4
5 5
2
∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = 4𝑎𝑏 27
2 27
 √ 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 = =5 2
5
2 27
√(−2ℎ) −4𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 5
 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎
27
1+
𝑏 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 79.51𝑜
2 5
√(−2ℎ) −4𝑎 Q#2)
𝑏 𝑏
 = 𝑏+𝑎
𝑏
3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
2 √4(ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
√4ℎ −4𝑎
 𝑏 2
= 𝑏 3𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑏+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 + 2𝑦 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
2√ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 Hence 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 are the
𝑎+𝑏
required lines.
Note:
For angle
The two lines are parallel 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
2√ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have
7
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 2ℎ = 7 ⇒ ℎ =
 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛 0 = 𝑎+𝑏
2
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏 As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
 0= 𝑎+𝑏
a+𝑏
7 2 49
 2√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0 2√( ) − 3 2
2
2√ −6
4
= =
 ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0 3 + 2 5
 ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 2√
49−24
4
2√
25
4
Thus lines will be parallel if ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 = 5
= 5
Two lines are perpendicular 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 900 𝑠𝑜 2
5
5
= 2
= =1
2√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 5 5
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1
𝑎+𝑏
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 45𝑜
Tan900 = 𝑎+𝑏 Q#3)
40 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 2 = 0 As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 2 = 0 a+𝑏
−19 2 361
3𝑥 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑦 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 2√(
2
) − 6 15 2√
4
−90
= =
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 6 + 15 21
Hence 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 are the 2√
361−360
2√
1
4 4
required lines. = 21
= 21
1
For angle 2 1
= 2
=
9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 2 = 0 21 21
1
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
21
24 1
𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 16, 2ℎ = 24 ⇒ ℎ = 2
= 12 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
( )
21
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏 𝜃 = 2.73𝑜
As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = a+𝑏
Q#6)
2√ 12 2 − 9 16 2√144−144
= = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 2 = 0
9 + 16 25
2√0 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0
= 25 = 0
This is quadratic equation is 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼, 𝑐 = 𝑥 2
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0 = 0𝑜
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Both lines are parallel. 𝑦=
2a
Q#4)
− 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ± √ 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 2 − 4 1 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0 =
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0 2 1
− 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ±√4𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼−1
2𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 =
2 1
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
− 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ± 2𝑥√ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
Hence 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 are the =
required lines. 2 1
= −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ± tan𝛼 𝑥
For angle
−1 sin𝛼
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0 = ± 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have −1 ± sin𝛼
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −5, 2ℎ = 3 ⇒ℎ =2
3 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = −1 ± sin𝛼 𝑥
As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
a+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = −1 + sin𝛼 𝑥
3 2 9
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = −𝑥 − sin𝛼 𝑥
2√( ) − 2 −5 2√ +10
4
2
= 2 + −5
= −3 1 − sin𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = 0
2√
9+40
2√
49 1 + sin𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = 0
4 4
= = Hence 1 − sin𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = 0
−3 −3
2
7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + sin𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑦 = 0 are the required lines.
7
= −3
2
= For angle
−3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
7 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 2 = 0
−3
−1 7 7 Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−3) = 180𝑜 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) = 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 2ℎ = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ⇒ ℎ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼
180𝑜 − 66.8𝑜 2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
As 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝜃 = 113.2𝑜 a+𝑏
Q#5) 2√ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 2 − 1 1 2√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼−1
= =
1 + 1 2
6𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦 2 = 0 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 2tan𝛼
6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦 2 = 0 = 2
= 2
2𝑥 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 3𝑦 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
Hence 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 are the 𝜃=𝛼
required lines. Q#7) Find a joint equation of the lines through
For angle the origin and perpendicular to the lines:
6𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦 2 = 0 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have Sol:
𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 15, 2ℎ = −19 ⇒ℎ=
−19 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 − 𝑦 2 = 0
2
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have
41 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 4
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 2ℎ = −2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 ⇒ ℎ = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 5𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7𝑦 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
Suppose 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are slopes of given lines, then 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 0
2ℎ Hence, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0…..(1) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 …….(2)
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = −
𝑏
2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 and 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 0………(3) are the lines, that
= − −1 bounded the area. We solve them and find the point if
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 intersection.
𝑎 1
Also, 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = = = −1 From Eq. (1) and (2)
𝑏 −1
Now, Slopes perpendicular to the given slopes 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1 put in Eq. (2)
are given by
−1
and
−1
, their corresponding equations 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2 −𝑦 − 1 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ −2𝑦 − 2 −
𝑚1 𝑚2 3𝑦 = 0
are as 2
−1 −1 ⇒ −5𝑦 − 2=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = − put in Eq. (1)
5
𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 2 2−5
1 2 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = − (− ) − 1 ⇒𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 =
⇒ 𝑚1 𝑦 = −𝑥 and 𝑚2 𝑦 = −𝑥 −3
5 5

⇒ 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 5
Joint equation form Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (2) is
𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 3 2
𝐴 −5,−5 .
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0
From Eq. (1) and (3)
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1 put in Eq. (3)
Putting values of 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 and 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 in above
5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 5 −𝑦 − 1 + 7𝑦 = 0 ⇒ −5𝑦 − 5 +
−1 𝑦 2 + −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0
7𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑅𝑒𝑞. 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 5
⇒ 2𝑦 − 5=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 put in Eq. (1)
Q#8) Find a joint equation of the lines through
5 −5−2
the origin and perpendicular to the lines: 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = − ( ) − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 =
2 2
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 7
−2
Sol:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 Hence point of intersection of Eq. (1) and (3) is
7 5
Comparing it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 , we have 𝐵 −2,2 .
𝑎 = 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑏, 2ℎ = 2ℎ ⇒ ℎ = ℎ From Eq. (2) and (3)
Suppose 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are slopes of given lines, then 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −
3𝑦
put in Eq. (3)
2ℎ 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − 3𝑦 15𝑦
𝑎
𝑏 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 5 (− 2 ) + 7𝑦 = 0 ⇒ − 2
+ 7𝑦 =
Also, 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = 𝑏 0
Now, Slopes perpendicular to the given slopes ⇒ −15𝑦 + 14𝑦=0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 put in Eq. (2)
−1 −1 3𝑦 3 0
are given by and , their corresponding equations 𝑥=− ⇒𝑥 = − =0
𝑚1 𝑚2 2 2
are as Hence point of intersection of Eq. (2) and (3) is
−1 −1
𝑦= 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐶 0,0 .
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
⇒ 𝑚1 𝑦 = −𝑥 and 𝑚2 𝑦 = −𝑥 1
Now Area of triangular region = | 2 𝑦2 1| =
𝑥
⇒ 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Joint equation form −3 −2
1
𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 1
5 5

𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0 2
| −7 5
1|
2 2
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0 0 0 1
Putting values of 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 and 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 in above Expanding by 𝑅3
1 3 5 2 7
= [−0 + 0 − 1 − × − − × − ]
𝑎 2 2ℎ 2 5 2 5 2
𝑦 + − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 0 −1 15 14
𝑏 𝑏 = [ − − ]
Multiplying by 𝑏, we get 2 10 10
−1 −15−14 29
𝑏𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + a𝑦 2 = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. = ( ) = Square Units
2 10 20
Q#9) Find the area of the region bounded by:
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Sol:
10𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 21𝑦 2 = 0
10𝑥 2 − 15𝑥𝑦 + 14𝑥𝑦 − 21𝑦 2 = 0

42 | P a g e
MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

Chapter 5.
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING
 Contents
Exercise 5.1 ............................................................................. 1
Exercise 5.2 ........................................................................... 11
Exercise .5.3 .......................................................................... 17
Class 12 Chapter 5
Linear Inequalities in one variable: iii. Put the coordinates of the test pt.in the
The inequalities of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 < 0, 𝑎𝑥 + inequality.
𝑏>𝑐 iv. If the test point satisfied the given
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ≥ 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≤ 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 inequality, then shade the half plane
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 containing the test point.
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 v. If the test point does not satisfied the
In one variable. given inequality then the shade the half
Linear inequalities in two variables: plane that does not contain the test point.
The inequalities of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐, Solution set of linear inequalities:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 > 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≥ 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≤ 0 The ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 inequality in two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 form the
𝑐𝑎 𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠. solution.
Corresponding Equation/ associated Equation: Solution Region:
(i) The corresponding equation to nay Solution region of system of inequalities is the
inequality is an equation formed by common region that satisfies all given inequality
replacing the inequality symbol with an in the system.
equal sign. For example Corner point / vertex:
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑦 < 6 𝑖𝑠
A point of the solution region where two of its
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
boundary lines intersect is called the corner point
(ii) Corresponding equations of 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑
or vertex of the solution region.
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
Respectively. Exercise 5.1
Graphing of a linear inequalities in two 1. Graph the solution of each of the
variables: following linear inequality in 𝒙𝒚 −
i. The corresponding equation is useful for 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆.
graphing inequalities, because this (i) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟔
equation forms the boundary line to the Solution:
graph of given inequality. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟔 → (𝒊)
ii. A vertical line (line ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 The associated eq. of (i) is 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,6)
(𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑥 Put 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (3,0)
− 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 ≤ 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 0 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
iii. A non- vertical line (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 in two regions called “half planes”.
(𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑥
≤0
iv. If the inequality is strict (< 𝑜𝑟 >) then we
draw dashed or broken boundary line.
v. If the inequality is non-strict (≤ 𝑜𝑟 ≥ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (ii) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝟏
we draw a solid boundary line. Solution:
Procedure for graphing a linear inequality in two 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≥ 21 → (𝑖)
variables: The associated eq. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 21
i. Graph the corresponding equation of (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
given inequality. ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
ii. Select any test point(not on the graph of Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0) 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
corresponding equation of inequality) (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 21 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒.
The region (0,0)𝑖𝑠 most convenient point
to choose as a test pt.

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Class 12 Chapter 5
1
Through (− , 0)
2
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 2(0) + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 ≥ 0 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒

(iii) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟔
Solution: (vi) 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒 ≤ 𝟎
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 6 → (𝑖) Solution:
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑑 𝑒𝑞.𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6 3𝑦 − 4 ≤ 0 → (𝑖)
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (𝑜, −3) The associated 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖) 𝑖𝑠 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (2,0) 4
⇒ 3𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (𝑜, 𝑜)𝑠𝑜 3
4
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 6 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 Through (0, )
3
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 3(0) − 4 ≤ 0 ⇒ −4 ≤ 0 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒

(iv) 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎
Solution:
5𝑥 − 4𝑦 ≤ 20 → (𝑖)
The associated 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑖𝑠 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 20 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
Question N0.2
−5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −5)
Indicate the solution set of the following
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4, 𝑜)
systems of linear inequalities of shading:
Test 𝑝𝑡(𝑜, 𝑜): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(i) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 20 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐
Solution:

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔 → (𝒊)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 → (𝒊𝒊)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
(v) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎 𝒍𝟏 ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑣)
Solution: (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 → (𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
The associated eq. of (𝑖)𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,4)
⇒ 2𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
1 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
= − (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
2 (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑜 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
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Class 12 Chapter 5
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐 → (𝒊𝒊)
Solution region: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
The solution of the given is intersection of the 𝒍𝟏 ; 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≥ 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution region is (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
shaded area as shown in fig. 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system of the graphs of
(𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution region is shaded area as
shown in fig.

(ii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟓
−𝒚 + 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Solution:
𝒙 + 𝒚 → (𝒊)
−𝒚 + 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 → (𝒊𝒊)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; −𝑦 + 𝑥 ≤ 1 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −1)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑜 ≥ 5 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (iv) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 , 𝒙 ≥ −
𝟑
𝟐
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 1 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution:
Solution region:
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖)
The solution of the given is intersection of the
3
graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution region is 𝑥 ≥ − → (𝑖𝑖)
2
shaded area as shown in fig. 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
3
𝒍𝟏 ; 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 ≥ − → (𝑖𝑣)
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
3
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = − , (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ
2
3
𝑝𝑡 (− , 𝑜)
2
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑜 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
3
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ − → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
2
Solution region:
(iii) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝟏 The solution of the given system is intersection of
𝒙−𝒚≥𝟐 the graph of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution region is
Solution: shaded area as shown in fig.
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝟏 → (𝒊)

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Class 12 Chapter 5
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution set is upper
half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig.
(v) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝟏, 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒
Solution:
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≥ 21 → (𝑖)
𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 4 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ
𝑝𝑡(0,4)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑜 ≥ 21 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
(ii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓 , 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
The solution of the given system is intersection of
Solution:
the graph of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). so solution region is
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 → (𝑖) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
shaded area as shown in fig.
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 5 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Question No.3 Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ the solution
Indicate the solution region of the following set of right half plane including the graph of
systems of linear inequalities of shading. boundary line
(i) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔 , 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑥 = 0 As shown in fig.
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 6 → (𝑖)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖)

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Class 12 Chapter 5
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟑𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set of right
half plane including the graph of boundary line
(iii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟓; 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏 ; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑥 = 0 as shown in fig.
Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 1 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −1)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 5 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 1 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). (v) 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 ; 𝑦 = 0
Also 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set is upper Solution:
half plane including the graph of boundary line 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig. 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Also 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set is upper
half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig.
(iv) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟏 , 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 , 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)

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Class 12 Chapter 5
Graph the solution region of the following system
of linear inequalities and find the corner points in
each case.
(i) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 6 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 12 ; 𝑥 ≥ 0
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 6 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟐𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(vi) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟏 , 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 ≥ −𝟑 , 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution: Solution region:
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −3 → (𝑖𝑖) The solution of the given system is intersection of
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟑𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ −3 → (𝑖𝑣) Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set of right
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3) half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0) 𝑥 = 0 as shown in fig.
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
3 3
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(− , 0)
2 2
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ −3 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set of right
half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑥 = 0 as shown in fig.

Corner point:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
9
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4𝑥 = 18 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
2
9
2 ( ) + 3𝑦 = 12 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 12 − 9 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
2
9
𝑠𝑜 ( , 1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑
2
9
(𝑖𝑖). ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0, −2)(𝑜, 4) ( , 1)
2
(ii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓 ; −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 → (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
Question No.4 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)

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Class 12 Chapter 5
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0) The solution of the given system is intersection of
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,2) the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−1,0) Also 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set is upper
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜 half plane including the graph of boundary line
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 5 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig.
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Also 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set is upper
half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig.

Corner point:
3
Corner pts. 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (− 2 , 0)
(iv) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟔 → (𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔 ; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6 → (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 6 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
Corner point: Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖) − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑖) (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 6 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 3𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)1 + 𝑦 = 5
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
⇒ 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 (1,4)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
Solution region:
Lines
The solution of the given system is intersection of
(𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑖𝑖). ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (−1,0)
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
(5,0), (1,4)
Also 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set is upper
(iii) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟏 ; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 ≤ −𝟑 , 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
half plane including the graph of boundary line
Solution:
𝑦 = 0 as shown in fig.
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ −3
→ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟑𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
3 3
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = − 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(− 2 , 0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ −3 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
Solution region:
Corner point:
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Class 12 Chapter 5
𝑎𝑠 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖) 42 42
⇒ −𝑥 = − ⇒𝑥=
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔 → (𝒊𝒊) 11 11
3𝑥+9𝑦=18 So 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑠
±3𝑥±2𝑦=±6 42 25 42 25
By 3(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒
7𝑦=12 ( , ) 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,1), (7,0), ( , ).
12 11 11 11 11
⇒𝑦= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) (vi) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟓; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟐; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
7
36 42 − 36 6 Solution:
⇒𝑥 = 6− = = 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 35 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
7 7 7
So 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
6 12 6 12 𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟓𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 35 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
( , ) ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (2,0), (6,0), ( , ) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
7 7 7 7
(v) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟓 ; −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟑 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
Solution: (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −1)
5𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 35 → (𝑖) − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 3 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜
𝒍𝟏 ; 𝟓𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙2 ; −𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑣) (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 35 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5) (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0) Solution region:
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,1) The solution of the given system is intersection of
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−3,0) the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)𝑠𝑜 Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set of right
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 35 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 half plane including the graph of boundary line
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑥 = 0 as shown in fig.
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection of
the graphs of (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 the solution set of right
half plane including the graph of boundary line
𝑥 = 0 as shown in fig.

Corner points:
𝑎𝑠 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖)
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐 → (𝒊𝒊)
By 𝟓(𝒊𝒊) − (𝒊) ⇒ 5𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 10
± 5𝑥 ± 7𝑦 = ±35
25
−17𝑦 = −25 ⇒ 𝑦 = 17
Corner point: as 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖)
25 50
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 ( ) = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 +
50 17 17
By 5(𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖) ⇒ 22𝑦 − 50 ⇒ 𝑦 = 22 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 34 + 50 84
𝑥= ⇒𝑥=
50 17 17
−𝑥 + 3 ( ) = 3 So 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
22
150 75 33 − 75 42 84 25
( , ) . 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0, −2), (0,5)
⇒ −𝑥 = 3 − =3− = =− 17 17
22 11 11 11 84 25
(17 , 17).
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𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (4,0)
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 3)
Question No.5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
Graph the solution region of the following (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,1)
system of linear inequalities by shading 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (1,0)
(i) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝟗 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution: (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 1 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖) ; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 3 → (𝑖𝑖) Solution region:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 9 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) The solution of the given system is intersection
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 of
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
→ (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9 → (𝑣𝑖)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0, −3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (4,0)
3 3
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, )
2 2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(1,0)
9 9
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0, )
2 2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (9,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 3 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 9 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection
of
(iii) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒 ; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟐; 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤
(𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝟏𝟐
𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟔
Solution:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖) ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≥ 12 → (𝑖𝑖);
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙3 ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑣𝑖)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (2,0)
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, −4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (6,0)
(ii) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟔; 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
Solution: 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 12 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖) ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6 → (𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 1 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Solution region:
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 The solution of the given system is intersection
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖) of
𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 → (𝑣𝑖) (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0, −3) 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
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(v) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟖; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟎 ; −𝟐𝒙 +

𝒚≤𝟐
Solution:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 18 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 → (𝑖𝑖)
; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
→ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙3 ; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑣𝑖)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,6)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (9,0)
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 10)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
(iv) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟎; 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟕; −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒 (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,2)
Solution: 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (−1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 → (𝑖); 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 7 → (𝑖𝑖);
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 18 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙3 ; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑣𝑖) The solution of the given system is intersection
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,4) of
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (5,0) (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 7) 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (−2,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 7 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Solution region:
The solution of the given system is intersection
of
(𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.

(vi) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟑; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤
𝟏𝟐
Solution:
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 3 → (𝑖) 𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙3 ; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 → (𝑣𝑖)
3 3
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0, − )
2 2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (1,0)
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(12,0)
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(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,12) Problem constraints:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (4,0) The restrictions applied on the everyday life
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0) problems are called problem concentration.
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 3 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 Non- Negative constraints:
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 The constraints that are always satisfied are
Solution region: called natural constraints or non- negative
The solution of the given system is intersection constraints.
of Decision variable:
(𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 The variable used in non- negative constraints are
𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. called decision variable.
Feasible region:
The solution region which is restricted to the first
quadrant is called feasible region. We restricted
the solution region by using non-negative
constraints 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≥ 0
Feasible solution:
Each point of feasible region is called feasible
solution of the system.
Feasible solution Set:
A set consists of all the feasible solution of the
system is called feasible solution.
Exercise 5.2
Graph the feasible region of the following system
of linear inequalities and find the corner points in
each case
(i) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔 ; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝒙 ≥
𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 6 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 12
→ (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,4)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.

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Corner point:
𝑎𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖)
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
By (𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 3𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
⇒ 1+𝑦 =5⇒ 𝑦 = 5−1= 4
𝑠𝑜 (1,4)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝑜, 𝑜), (5,0)
(1,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,2)

(iii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓 ; −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
Corner point: 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 → (𝑖), −2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑎𝑠 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
9
By (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4𝑥 = 18 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
2
9 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
⇒ 2 ( ) − 3𝑦 = 6 ⇒ −3𝑦 = 6 − 9 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,2)
2
−3𝑦 = −3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = −1𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−1,0)
9 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
⇒ 𝑦 = 1 𝑠𝑜 ( , 1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
2 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 5 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 2 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒.
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 Feasible region:
9 The feasible region of the given system is the
𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (3,0), ( , 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4)
2 intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
(ii) 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓 ; −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
Solution:
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 → (𝑖); −2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; −2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = −1𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 5 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.

Corner point:
𝑎𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 → (𝑖)
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
By (𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 3𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
⇒ 1+𝑦 =5⇒ 𝑦 = 5−1= 4
𝑠𝑜 (1,4)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑
(𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
(0,5)(1,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,2)

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(iv) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟏 ; 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4,0)
𝟎 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
Solution: (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 6 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 21 → (𝑖); 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 3 → (𝑖𝑖) Feasible region:
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 The feasible region of the given system is the
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 21 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑣) intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3) Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0) 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,2) Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−1,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 21 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒.
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ Corner point:
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. (2,0)(4,0)(0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3)

(vi) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟓 ; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟒 ; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
5𝑥 + 7𝑦 ≤ 35 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
→ (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,5)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0, −2)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
Feasible region:
Corner point: The feasible region of the given system is the
𝑎𝑠 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 21 → (𝑖) intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑖) Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
21
By 7(𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖) ⇒ 10𝑥 = 42 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5
21 21 6 Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
⇒ −𝑦 =3⇒𝑦 = −3 =
5 5 5
121 6
𝑠𝑜 ( , ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑
5 5
(𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
21 6
(0,0), (3,0), ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3)
5 5
(v) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟔 ; 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
Solution:
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6 → (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,4)

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Corner point: By2(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 24
𝐴𝑠 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖) ±2𝑥 ± 𝑦 = −10
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑖) 7𝑦 = 14 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
By 5(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 5𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 20 ⇒𝑥=4
±5𝑥 ± 7𝑦 = ±35 So(4,2)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)
−17𝑦 = −15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
15 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (5,0), (4,2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3)
⇒𝑦= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
17
15 30
⇒ 𝑥 −2( ) = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4+
17 17 (ii) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟖 ; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟎 ; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐
So,
99 15
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
( , ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) Solution:
17 17
98 15 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 18 → (𝑖); 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝑜, 𝑜), (4,0) ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,5)
17 17 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Question No.2 The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
Graph the feasible region of the following system of 𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖𝑖)
linear inequalities and find the corner points in each 𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑣𝑖)
case. (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,6)
(i) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 10; 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (9,0)
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 (𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 10)
Solution: 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 → (𝑖); 𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖) (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,3)
; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 0 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (12,0)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 18 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 → (𝑣𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,10) Feasible region:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (5,0) The feasible region of the given system is the
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 3) intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(12,0) Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,5) 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (10,0) Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔

Corner point.
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖)
Corner point. 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜 By2(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 24
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖)
𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
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Class 12 Chapter 5
±2𝑥 ± 𝑦 = −10 ±3𝑥 ± 𝑦 = −12
7𝑦 = 14 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 24
11𝑦 = 24 ⇒ 𝑦 = 11 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
⇒𝑥=4
24 36
So(4,2)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 ( ) = 12 ⇒ 𝑥12 −
11 11
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 132 − 96 36
𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (5,0), (4,2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3) 𝑥= =
11 11
(iii) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟖; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 36 24
So(11 , 11) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)
𝟏𝟐
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
36 24
Solution: 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (4,0), (11 , 11) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 18 → (𝑖); 𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖) (iv) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟒; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟔; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤
3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝟏𝟎
; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 0 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎; 𝒚 ≥ 𝒐
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 Solution:
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 14 → (𝑖); 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 36 → (𝑖𝑖)
→ (𝑖𝑖) ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑙3 ; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 → (𝑣𝑖) The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,3) 𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 36
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (6,0) → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 9) 𝑙3 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑣𝑖)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(12,0) (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,7)
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0.12) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 14 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (14,0)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (4,0) (𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 9)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(12,0)
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 18 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0.10)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (5,0)
Feasible region: Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
The feasible region of the given system is the 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 14 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 36 → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii). (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 10 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ Feasible region:
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 The feasible region of the given system is the
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔 intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.

Corner point.
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖)
𝑙2 ; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖)
By3(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 36 Corner point.
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 → (𝑖)
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𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
By2(𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 28 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (6,0), (3,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,5)
±2𝑥 ± 𝑦 = −10 (vi) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 20; 8𝑥 + 15𝑦 ≤ 20; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 11
3𝑦 = 18 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 12 = 14 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 Solution:
So(2,6)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 20 → (𝑖); 8𝑥 + 15𝑦 ≤ 20
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (5,0), (2,6)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,7) ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 11 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
(v) 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟓; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐; 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 20 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 8𝑥 + 15𝑦 = 20
𝟐𝟒 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 → (𝑣𝑖)
Solution: (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 20 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,20)
𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 15 → (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 10𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (10,0)
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 24 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 8)
The associated 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 15 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(15,0)
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15 → (𝑖𝑣) , 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑖) (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 11 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0.11)
𝑙3 ; 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24 → (𝑣𝑖) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 11 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (11,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. (0,5) Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 15𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (15,0) 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 20 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 120
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 12 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, 12) → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(6,0) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 11 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0.8) Feasible region:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (6 ,0) The feasible region of the given system is the
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑡 (0,0) intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 15 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 24 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Feasible region: Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔

Corner point.
We find pt. of intersection of lines
𝑙1 , 𝑙3 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑙2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙3
Corner point. 𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 20 → (𝑖)
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15 → (𝑖) By2(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 22
𝑙2 ; 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24 → (𝑖𝑖) ±2𝑥 ± 𝑦 = ±20
By(𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ −3𝑥 = −9 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝑦 = 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 = 9
⇒ 3𝑦 = 15 − 3 = 12 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4 So
So(3,4)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖) (9,2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)
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Also 𝑙2 ; 8𝑥 + 15𝑦 = 120 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
𝑙3 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 → (𝑖𝑣) 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
By (8(𝑖𝑣) − (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 88 Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
±8𝑥 ± 15𝑦 = ±120
32
−7𝑦 = −32 ⇒ 𝑦 = 7 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑣)
32 32 77 − 32 45
⇒𝑥+ = 11 = 11 − = =
7 7 7 7

45 32
So( 7 , 7 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
45 32
𝑎𝑟𝑒 (0,0), (9,2), ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,8)
7 7
Linear programing
Objective function:
A function which is to be maximized or minimized
is called an objective function:
Optimal solution:
The feasible solution which maximizes or
Corner point:
minimize the objective function is called optimal
We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜
solution.
𝑙1 ; −𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 → (𝑖)
Procedure for finding optimal:
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Solution: By (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑦 = 12 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑥 = 16
(i) Graph the solution set of linear inequality So
constants to determine feasible region. (16,12)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑
(ii) Find the corner points of the feasible (ii) ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝑜, 𝑜)
region. (4,0), (16,2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4).
(iii) Evaluate the objective function at each 𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
corner point to find the optimal solution: 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Exercise No.5.3 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠.
𝑓(0,0) = 2(0) + 5(0) = 0, 𝑓(4,0)
Question No.1
= 2(4) + 5(0) = 8
Maximize 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙 +
𝑓(16,12) = 2(16) + 5(12) = 92, 𝑓(0,4)
𝟓𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆
= 2(0) + 5(11) = 20
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 ≤ 𝟖; 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒;
Thus 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 92 at (16,12)
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 => 𝟎
Question No.2
Solution:
Maximize 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 +
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝟑𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟎, 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
𝑙1 ; −𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑣)
Solution:
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,4)
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 30 → (𝑖) 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 20 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −8 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(−8,0)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,2)
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 30 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4 ,0)
→ (𝑖𝑣)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,6)
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 8 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 15 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(15,0)
Feasible region:
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,5)
The feasible region of the given system is the 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4 ,0)
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii). Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 30 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 20 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
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Class 12 Chapter 5
Feasible region: Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii). intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.

Corner point:
Corner points o feasible region are
(0,0), (4,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,5)
Optimal solution:
We find valves of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + Corner point:
3𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. We find 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 . 𝑠𝑜
𝑓(0,0) = 0 + 3(0) = 0, 𝑓(4,0) = 4 + 3(0) = 4 𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖)
𝑓(0,5) = 0 + 3(5) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑖𝑖)
= 15 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 By4(𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖) ⇒ 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 16
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎5 𝑎𝑡 (0,5) ±3𝑥 ± 4𝑦 = ±12
5𝑥 = 4
Question No.3 4
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
Maximize 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 + 5
4 8 12
𝟑𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 2( ) + 𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 − =
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒; 5 5 5
4 12
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑠𝑜 ( , ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
5 5
Solution:
(𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12 → (𝑖) ,2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖) 4 12
2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 4 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (0,0), (2,0) , ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,3).
5 5
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 Optimal solution:
𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 → (𝑖𝑣), 𝑙2 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑣) We find valves of 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠.
𝑙3 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 → (𝑣𝑖) (0,0), 𝑍 = 2(0) + 3(0) = 0, (2,0), 𝑧 = 2(2) +
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
3(0)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4,0) 4 12 4 12 8 36 44
(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,4) ( , ),𝑍 = 2( ) + 3( ) = + =
3 3 5 5 5 5 5
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(2 ,0) = 8.8
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0𝑦 = −4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (0, −4) (0,3), 𝑍 = 2(0) + 3(3) = 9
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. (2,0) So 𝑧 = 2𝑥 +
Test 3𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 9 𝑎𝑡 (0,3)
𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜 𝑸𝟒. Minimize 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 12 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒. 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟑, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
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Class 12 Chapter 5
Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3 → (𝑖), 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 35 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑙1 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2; 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 35 → (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(3,0)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,7)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5 ,0)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 3 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 35 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Corner point:
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. We find pt. of intersection of lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 𝑠𝑜
𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 → (𝑖)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 → (𝑖𝑖)
By 2(𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 28
±2𝑥 ± 2𝑦 = 14
3𝑦 = 20
20
𝑦= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3
20 20 4
2𝑥 + = 8 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 − ⇒ 2𝑥 =
3 3 3
4 2
⇒𝑥= =
6 3
2 20
𝑠𝑜 ( , ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)
Corner point: 3 3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖). 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
Corner point of feasible region are 2 20
(3,0)(5,0), (𝑜, 7) 𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,3) (0,0), (4,0), ( , ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,8).
3 3
𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: Optimal solution:
𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑍 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. We find valves of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠.
(3,0), 𝑥 = 2(3) + 0 = 6 , (5,0), 𝑧 = 2(5) + 0 = 10 𝑓(0,0) = 2(0) + 2(0) = 0, 𝑓(4,0) = 2(4) + 3(0)
(𝑜, 4), 𝑧 = 2(0) + 7 = 7 , (0,3), 𝑧 = 2(0) + 3 = 3 =8
So,𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 3 𝑎𝑡 (0,3)? 2 20 2 20 64
Question No.5 Maximize the function defined 𝑓( , ) = 2( ) +3( ) = = 21.33
3 3 3 3 3
constraints 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟖; 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟒; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝑓(0,7) = 2(0) + 3(7) = 21
Solution: So 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 8 → (𝑖), 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 14 → (𝑖𝑖) Has maximum value at (3 ,
2 20
)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒 3

𝑙1 ; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 → (𝑖𝑣) Question No.6

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,8) Minimize 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚; 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(4,0) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟓; 𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 ≥ 𝟗, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 14 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0,14) Solution:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 7 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(7 ,0) 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≥ 15 → (𝑖)
Test 𝑝𝑡(0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 + 6𝑦 ≥ 9 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 8 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≤ 14 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒. 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑟𝑒
Feasible region: 𝑙1 ; 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖), 𝑙2 ; 𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 9 → (𝑖𝑣)
The feasible region of the given system is the (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(0,3)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(5,0)
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
3 3
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡 (0 , )
2 2
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 9 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑡(9 ,0)
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Test 𝑝𝑡. (0,0): 𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑡 (0,0) 𝑠𝑜
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Class 12 Chapter 5
(𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 15 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 ≥ 9 → 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
Feasible region:
The feasible region of the given system is the
intersection of the graphs of (i) and (ii).
Also 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Set in 1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Corner point:
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (9, 𝑜), (0,3)

𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑡𝑠.
(0,3), 𝑧 = 3(0) + 3 = 3
(9,0), 𝑧 = 3(9) + 0 = 27
So 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 3 𝑎𝑡 (0,3)

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MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

7/18/2020

Chapter 6.
CONSEQUENCE
 Contents
Exercise 6.1 ......................................................................................... 2
Exercise 6.2 ....................................................................................... 10
Exercise 6.3 ....................................................................................... 20
Exercise 6.4 ....................................................................................... 23
Exercise 6.5 ....................................................................................... 33
Exercise 6.6 ....................................................................................... 43
Class 12 Chapter 6
Cone:
A solid figure generated by a straight line passing
through a fixed point and revolving about a fixed
line is called cone.
Axis of Cone:
The fixed line passing through vertex and
perpendicular to the center of base is called axis
of cone.
Apex: 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
The fixed point of cone is called vertex or apex of Note:
cone. If
Napes of Cone: 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡
The cone has two parts called napes. The part 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑂(𝑜, 𝑜)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟.
above the vertex is upper nape. The part below ∵ |𝑂𝑃| = 𝑟
Using distance (𝑜, 𝑜) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟.
the vertex is lower nape.
∵ |𝑂𝑃|= 𝑟
Types of Cone:
Using distance formula
Cones are named according to shape of their
base. If the base of cone is circle then it is called 𝑟 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
circular cone. If the base of cone is ellipse, then it 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
called elliptic cone. Squaring both sides
“ A cone having its axis perpendicular circular 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
base is called Right circular cone.”  𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
Conic Section: ∵ 𝐴 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒.
Some standard conic sections are Circle, Ellipse So,
parabola and Hyperbola. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟 = 0
 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =
We first study properties of a circle other conics
0 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒.
will be taken up later. Parametric Equations of Circle:
Circle: Let
A set of all points in a plane which are 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 a
equidistance from a fixed point is called circle. t origin and radius.
The fixed point is celled center and fixed distance Draw ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑀 𝑓rom point on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
is called radius of the circle. 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑃𝑂𝑀
Points Circle: |𝑂𝑀| = 𝑥, |𝑃𝑀| = 𝑦
If the plane passes through vertex of cone, the |𝑂𝑃| = 𝑟, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑚∠𝑀𝑂𝑃 = 𝜃 𝑠𝑜
instruction is a single point or if 𝑟 = 0 |𝑃𝑀| 𝑥
Equation of circle: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑂𝑃|
=𝑟
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the circle (ℎ, 𝑘) from  𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
|𝑃𝑀| 𝑦
figure. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = |𝑂𝑃|
= 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 |𝐶𝑃| = 𝑟  𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Using distance formula are called
𝑟 2 = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑. 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
General form of an Equation of a Circle:
Theorem:
The equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 → (𝒊)
Represents a circle 𝒊 , 𝒇 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔.
By(𝑖)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 = −𝑐
Adding 𝑔2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 𝑔2 ) + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑓 2 )
= 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

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Class 12 Chapter 6
 (𝑥 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦 + 𝑓)2 = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 Let 𝐴(5, −6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(5, −6)
(𝑥 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦 + 𝑓)2 = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 Centre of circle= Mid-point ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵
−3+5 2−6 2 4
 [𝑥 − (−𝑔)]2 + [𝑦 − (−𝑓)]2 = = 𝐶 ( 2 , 2 ) = 𝐶 (2 , − 2) = 𝐶(1, −2)
2
(√𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐) Centre: 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) = (1, −2)
𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ⇒ ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Radius of circle= |𝐴𝐶| =
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) √(−3 − 1)2 + (2 + 2)2
Radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √16 + 16 = √32 = 4√2
The equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Radius: 𝑟 = 4√2
Required equation of circle is
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 General equation of circle
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 2
2 2
𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓 (𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑖𝑠 1 (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 + 2) = (4√2)
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑦. 𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4 + 4𝑦 = 32
1. A circle passing three non- collinear 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 27 = 0
Question # 2. Find the centre and radius of the
points.
circle with the given equation.
2. A circle passing through two points and
(a) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝟎
having its center on a given line. Sol:
3. A circle passing through two points and Comparing it with
equation of tangent at one of these points 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
2
is known. ⇒ 2𝑔 = 12 ⇒ g = 6 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = −10 ⇒ f = −5
4. A circle passing through two points and and 𝑐 = 0
touching a given line. Centre=(−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−6, 5)
Radius= √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
Exercise6.1 = √(−6)2 + (−5)2 − 0 = √36 + 25 =
Question # 1. In each of the following find an √61
equation of the circle with (b) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
Sol: (b)
(a) Centre at (𝟓, −𝟐) and radius 𝟒. 14 12
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥+ 𝑦−2=0
Solution. 5 5
Centre: 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) = (5, −2) Comparing it with
⇒ ℎ = 5, 𝑘 = −2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
14 7 12 6
Radius: 𝑟 = 4 ⇒ 2𝑔 = 5 ⇒ g = 5 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 5 ⇒ f = 5 and
Required equation of circle is 𝑐 = −2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 7 6
Centre=(−𝑔, −𝑓) = (− 5 , − 5)
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = (4)2
𝑥 2 + 25 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4 + 4𝑦 = 16 7
Radius= √(− 5)2 + (− 5)2 + 2
6
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 13 = 0
(b) Centre at (√𝟐, −𝟑√𝟑) and radius𝟐√𝟐. 49 36 49+36+50 135
= √25 + 25 + 2 = √ 25 = √ 25 =
Solution.
27
Centre: 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) = (√2, −3√3) √
5
⇒ ℎ = √2, 𝑘 = −3√3
3√3
Radius: 𝑟 = 2√2 =
Required equation of circle is 5
𝟐 𝟐
(c) 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2 2 2 Sol: (c)
(𝑥 − √2) + (𝑦 + 3√3) = (2√2) Comparing it with
𝑥 2 + 2 − 2√2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 9(3) + 6√3𝑦 = 4(2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2√2𝑥 + 6√3𝑦 + 21 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑔 = −6 ⇒ g = −3 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 4 ⇒ f = 2
(c) End of a diameter at (−𝟑, 𝟐) and 𝑐 = 13
and(𝟓, −𝟔). Centre=(−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, −2)
Solution. Radius= √(3)2 + (−2)2 − 13
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Class 12 Chapter 6
= √9 + 4 − 13 = √0 = √61 At 𝐵(5, −1)
Which represent a point circle. (5)2 + (−1)2 + 2g(5) + 2f(−1) + c = 0
Q#3 Write an equation of the circle that passes 25 + 1 + 10g − 2f + c = 0
through given points. 10g − 2f + c + 26 = 0…..(2)
(a) 𝑨(𝟒, 𝟓), 𝑩(−𝟒, −𝟑) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(𝟖, −𝟑) At 𝐶(10, 0)
Sol: (a) (10)2 + (0)2 + 2g(10) + 2f(0) + c = 0
𝐴(4, 5), 𝐵(−4, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(8, −3) 100 + 0 + 20g + 0f + c = 0
Let the required equation of circle is 20g + c + 100 = 0…..(3)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 Now Eq (1)-Eq(2)
At 𝐴(4, 5) −14g + 14f + c + 98 = 0
(4)2 + (5)2 + 2g(4) + 2f(5) + c = 0
±10g ∓ 2f ± c ± 26 = 0
16 + 25 + 8g + 10f + c = 0
8g + 10f + c + 41 = 0 →(1) −24𝑔 + 16𝑓 + 72 = 0
At 𝐵(−4, −3)
(−4)2 + (−3)2 + 2g(−4) + 2f(−3) + c = 0 ⇒ −3𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 9 = 0…..(4)
16 + 9 − 8g − 6f + c = 0 Now Eq (3)-Eq(2)
−8g − 6f + c + 25 = 0 →(2) 20g + +0f + c + 100 = 0
At 𝐶(8, −3)
±10g ∓ 2f ± c ± 26 = 0
(8)2 + (−3)2 + 2g(8) + 2f(−3) + c = 0
64 + 9 + 16g − 6f + c = 0 10𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 74 = 0….(5)
16g − 6f + c + 73 = 0 →(3)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐸𝑞 (1) − 𝐸𝑞(2) Now Eq (3)-Eq(2)
8g + 10f + c + 41 = 0 −3𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 9 = 0

∓8g ∓ 6f ± c ± 25 = 0 ±10𝑔 ± 2𝑓 ± 74 = 0

16𝑔 + 16𝑓 + 16 = 0 −13𝑔 − 65 = 0….(5)

⇒ 𝑔 + 𝑓 + 1 = 0 →(4) ⇒ −13𝑔 = 65 ⇒ 𝑔 = −5
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐸𝑞 (3) − 𝐸𝑞(2) Put in (4)
16g − 6f + c + 73 = 0 −3𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 9 = 0 ⇒ −3(−5) + 2𝑓 + 9 =
0 ⇒ 15 + 2𝑓 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 = −12
∓8g ∓ 6f ± c ± 25 = 0 Put 𝑔 = −5 in eq (3)
20g + c + 100 = 0 ⇒ 20(−5) + c + 100 =
24𝑔 + 48 = 0
0=0
⇒ 24𝑔 = −48 ⇒ 𝑔 = −2 ⇒ −100 + 𝑐 + 100 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0
Put in (4) Hence, required equation of circle is
𝑔 + 𝑓 + 1 = 0 ⇒ −2 + 𝑓 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 = 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−5)𝑥 + 2(−12)𝑦 + (0) = 0
Put 𝑓 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = −2 in eq (2) ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 24𝑦 = 0
−8g − 6f + c + 25 = 0 ⇒ −8(−2) − 6(1) + (c) 𝑨(𝒂, 𝟎), 𝑩(𝟎, 𝒃) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝑐 + 25 = 0 Sol: (c)
⇒ 16 − 6 + 𝑐 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 + 35 = 0 ⇒ c = 𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐵(0, 𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(0, 0)
−35 Let the required equation of circle is
Hence, required equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(1)𝑦 + (−35) = 0 At 𝐴(𝑎, 0)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 35 = 0 (𝑎)2 + (0)2 + 2g(𝑎) + 2f(0) + c = 0
(b) 𝑨(−𝟕, 𝟕), 𝑩(𝟓, −𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(𝟏𝟎, 𝟎) 𝑎2 + 0 + 2ag + c = 0
Sol: (b) a2 + 2ag + c = 0…..(1)
𝐴(−7, 7), 𝐵(5, −1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(10, 0) At 𝐵(0, 𝑏)
Let the required equation of circle is (0)2 + (𝑏)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(𝑏) + c = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 b2 + 2bf + c = 0…..(2)
At 𝐶(0, 0)
At 𝐴(−7, 7) (0)2 + (0)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(0) + c = 0
(−7)2 + (7)2 + 2g(−7) + 2f(7) + c = 0 c = 0 put in eq (1)
49 + 49 − 14g + 14f + c = 0 a2 + 2ag + c = 0 ⇒ a2 + 2ag + 0 = 0
−14g + 14f + c + 98 = 0…..(1)
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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑎2 𝑎 260
𝑔=− =−  𝑟=√
2𝑎 2 9
2 𝑏2 𝑏  𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 =
Eq (2) ⇒ b + 2bf + 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 = − 2𝑏 = − 2
𝑟2
Hence, required equation of circle is
7 2 4 2 260
𝑎 𝑏  (𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 − 3) =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2 (− ) 𝑥 + 2 (− ) 𝑦 + 0 = 0 9
2 2 3×−7 2 3𝑦−4 2 260
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 − b𝑦 = 0  ( 3
) +( 3
) = 9
d) 𝑨(𝟓, 𝟔), 𝑩(−𝟑, 𝟐), 𝑪(𝟑, −𝟒) 9𝑥 2 +49−42𝑥 9𝑦 2 +16−24𝑦 260
 9
+ 9
= 9
Solution: 2 2
Clearly from fig.  9𝑥 + 49 − 42𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 16 − 24𝑦 −
260 = 0
 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 42𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 195 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 65 = 0(÷ 𝑏𝑦 3)
 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 14𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 65 = 0
Question#4 Find equation of circle passing
|𝐴𝑂|2 = |𝐵𝑂|2 through
(ℎ − 5) + (𝑘 − 6)2 = (ℎ + 3)2 + (𝑘 − 2)2
2 (a) 𝑨(𝟑, −𝟏), 𝑩(𝟎, 𝟏) and having centre at
ℎ2 + 25 − 10ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 36 − 12𝑘 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
= ℎ2 + 9 + 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 4 − 4𝑘 Sol: (a)
−10ℎ − 12𝑘 + 61 = 6ℎ − 4𝑘 + 13 𝐴(3, −1), 𝐵(0, 1)
 −10ℎ − 6ℎ − 12𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 61 − 13 = 0 Let the required equation of circle is
 −16ℎ − 8𝑘 + 48 = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
 2ℎ + 𝑘 − 6 = 0(÷ 𝑏𝑦 − 8) → (𝑖)
Also |𝐴𝑂|2 = |𝐶𝑂|2
(ℎ − 5)2 + (𝑘 − 6)2 = (ℎ − 3)2 + (𝑘 + 4)2
ℎ2 + 25 − 10ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 36 − 12𝑘
= ℎ2 + 9 − 6ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 16 + 8𝑘
−10ℎ + 6ℎ − 12𝑘 − 8𝑘 + 61 − 25 = 0
At 𝐴(3, −1)
−4ℎ − 20𝑘 + 36 = 0
(3)2 + (−1)2 + 2g(3) + 2f(−1) + c = 0
 −2ℎ − 10𝑘 + 18 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖)
9 + 1 + 6g − 2f + c = 0
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖)
6g − 2f + c + 10 = 0…..(1)
 2ℎ + 𝑘 − 6 = 0
At 𝐵(0, 𝑏)
−2ℎ − 10𝑘 + 18 = 0
(0)2 + (1)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(1) + c = 0
−9𝑘 + 12 = 0 1 + 2f + c = 0….(2)
 −9𝑘 = −12
4 As centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on the the line
 𝑘 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 = 0
3
4 ⇒ 4(−𝑔) − 3(−𝑓) − 3 = 0
2ℎ + − 6 = 0
3 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 3𝑓 − 3 = 0…..(3)
6ℎ + 4 − 18 = 0 Now Eq (1)-Eq(2)
 6ℎ − 14 = 0 6g − 2f + c + 10 = 0
 6ℎ = 14
 ℎ=
7 0g ± 2f ± c ± 1 = 0
3
As 𝑟 = |𝐴𝑂| = √(ℎ − 5)2 + (𝑘 − 6)2 6𝑔 − 4𝑓 + 9 = 0….(4)
2 2
7 4 Multiply Eq(3) by 3 and Eq(4) by 2 and adding
𝑟 = √( − 5) + ( − 6) −12𝑔 + 9𝑓 − 9 = 0
3 3
12𝑔 − 8𝑓 + 18 = 0
8 2 14 2
√
𝑟 = (− ) + (− )
3 3 𝑓+9=0

64 + 196 ⇒ 𝑓 = −9 put in Eq (4)

𝑟=√ −4𝑔 + 3𝑓 − 3 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 3(−9) − 3 = 0 ⇒
9
−4𝑔 − 27 − 3 = 0

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Class 12 Chapter 6
15 g=
3𝑓+3
⇒g=
3(1)+3
= =3
6
⇒g=− 2 2 2
2 From Eq(3)
Put in 𝑓 = −9 in eq (2)
⇒ (3)2 + (1)2 − 𝑐 − 4 = 0
1 + 2f + c = 0 ⇒ 1 + 2(−9) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒9+1−𝑐−4= 0
1 − 18 + 𝑐 = 0
⇒𝑐=6
𝑐 = 17
Hence required equation when 𝑓 = 1, 𝑔 = 3 and
Hence, required equation of circle is
15 𝑐 = 6 is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2 (− ) 𝑥 + 2(−9)𝑦 + (17) = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(3)𝑥 + 2(1)𝑦 + 6 = 0
2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 − 18𝑦 + 17 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0
3
(b) Find an equation of circle passing When 𝑓 = −
13
through 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟏) with radius 2 and 3𝑓+3
3
3(− )+3
−9+39
15
centre at 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 g= 2 ⇒g= = 2 = 13
13 13
2
Sol: 𝐴(−3, 1) and radius 2 From Eq(3)
Let the required equation of circle is 15 2 3 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 ⇒ ( ) + (− ) − 𝑐 − 4 = 0
13 13
⇒ 225 + 9 − 169𝑐 − 676 = 0
⇒ 169𝑐 = −442
At 𝐴(−3, 1) 442 34
(−3)2 + (1)2 + 2g(−3) + 2f(1) + c = 0 ⇒c=− =−
169 13
9 + 1 − 6g + 2f + c = 0 3 15
Hence required equation when 𝑓 = − , 𝑔 =
13 13
−6g + 2f + c + 10 = 0…..(1) 34
As centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + and 𝑐 = − is
13
3 = 0. 15 3 34
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2 ( ) 𝑥 + 2 (− ) 𝑦 + (− ) = 0
⇒ −2𝑔 + 3𝑓 + 3 = 0…..(2) 13 13 13
Since radius is 2 ⇒ 13𝑥 2 + 13𝑦 2 + 30𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 34 = 0
⇒ √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 𝑟
(c)
⇒ √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 2
𝑨(𝟓, 𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎
⇒ 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 4 =𝟎
⇒ 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 − 4 = 0…..(3) 𝒂𝒕 𝑩(𝟑, −𝟒)
Adding Eq(1) and Eq(3) Solution: it is clear
−6g + 2f + c + 10 = 0
𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 − 4 = 0
−6𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 + 6 = 0…..(4)
3𝑓+3
Eq(2) ⇒ −2𝑔 = −3𝑓 − 3 ⇒ g =
2
Put in Eq(4)
−6𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 + 6 = 0
3𝑓+3 3𝑓+3 |𝐴𝐶|2 = |𝐵𝐶|2
⇒ −6 ( 2 ) + 2𝑓 + ( 2 )2 + 𝑓 2 + 6 = 0
( ℎ − 5)2 + (𝑘 − 1)2 = (ℎ − 3)2 + (𝑘 + 4)2
9𝑓 2 + 9 + 18𝑓 ℎ2 + 25 − 10ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 1 − 2𝑘
⇒ −3(3f + 3) + 2𝑓 + + 𝑓2 + 6
4 = ℎ2 + 9 − 6ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 16 + 8𝑘
=0 −10ℎ + 2𝑘 + 26 = −6ℎ + 8𝑘 + 25
⇒ −12(3f + 3) + 8𝑓 + 9𝑓 2 + 9 + 18𝑓 + 4𝑓 2  −4ℎ − 10𝑘 + 1 = 0 → (𝑖)
+ 24 = 0 𝑎 −2
⇒ −36𝑓 + 36 + 8𝑓 + 9𝑓 2 + 9 + 18𝑓 + 4𝑓 2 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 10 = 0 = − = =2
𝑏 −1
+ 24 = 0 𝑘+4
⇒ 13𝑓 2 − 10𝑓 − 3 = 0 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 =
ℎ−3
⇒ 13𝑓 2 − 13𝑓 + 3𝑓 − 3 = 0 ∵ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜
⇒ 13𝑓(𝑓 − 1) + 3(𝑓 − 1) = 0 𝑘+4
 (2) (ℎ−3) = −= 1
⇒ (𝑓 − 1)(13𝑓 + 3) = 0
3  2𝑘 + 8 = −ℎ + 3
⇒ 𝑓 = 1, − 13  ℎ + 22𝑘 + 5 = 0
When 𝑓 = 1  5𝑘 + 10𝑘 + 25 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖)
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Class 12 Chapter 6
By (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖)  10ℎ2 − 20ℎ + 10𝑘 2 − 80𝑘 + 170 = ℎ2 +
 5ℎ + 10𝑘 + 25 = 0 9𝑘 2 + 9 + 6ℎ𝑘 − 18𝑘 − 6ℎ
−4ℎ − 10𝑘 + 1 = 0  9ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 14ℎ − 62𝑘 + 161 − 6ℎ𝑘 = 0 →
ℎ + 26 = 0 (𝑖𝑖)
 ℎ = −26 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) Put(𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)
−26 + 2𝑘 + 5 = 0
9(2𝑘 − 12)2 + 𝑘 2 − 14(2𝑘 − 12) − 62𝑘 + 161
 −26 + 2𝑘 + 5 = 0
 2𝑘 − 21 = 0 − 6(2𝑘 − 12)𝑘 = 0
21 9(4𝑘 + 144 − 48𝑘) + 𝑘 2 − 28𝑘 + 168 − 62𝑘
2
 𝑘= 2
+ 161 − 12𝑘 2 + 72𝑘 = 0
𝑟 = |𝐴𝐶| = √(ℎ − 5)2 + (𝑘 − 1)2  36𝑘 2 + 1296 − 432𝑘 + 𝑘 2 − 28𝑘 + 168 −
2
21 62𝑘 + 161 − 12𝑘 2 + 72𝑘 = 0
 𝑟 = |𝐴𝐶| = √(−26 − 5)2 + ( 2 − 1)
 25𝑘 2 − 450𝑘 + 1625 = 0
19 2  𝑘 2 − 18𝑘 + 65 = 0 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 25)
 = √(−31)2 + ( 2 )
 𝑘 2 − 13𝑘 − 5𝑘 + 65 = 0
361 3844+361 4205
 = √961 + =√ =√  𝑘(𝑘 − 13) − 5(𝑘 − 13) = 0
4 4 2
 (𝑘 − 5)(𝑘 − 13) = 0
 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠
 𝑘 − 5 = 0 𝑘 − 13 = 0
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2  𝑘 = 5; 𝑘 = 13
21 2 √4205
 (𝑥 + 26)2 + (𝑦 − 2
) =( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘 = 13 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ = 2(13) − 12 = 14
2
 𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 + 676 + 𝑦 2 − 21𝑦 +
441
=
4205 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘 = 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ = 2(5) − 12 = −2
4 4
2 2 441 4205 So
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 52𝑥 − 21𝑦 + − =0
4 4 𝐶1 (−2,5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 (14,13)
1014
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 52𝑥 − 21𝑦 + (− 4
)=0 Now 𝑟1 = |𝐴𝐶1 | = √(1 + 2)2 + (4 − 5)2 = √10
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 52𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 265 = 0 𝑟2 = |𝐴𝐶2 | = √(1 − 14)2 + (4 − 13)2 = √250
(d) Now 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑨(𝟏, 𝟒), 𝑩(−𝟏, 𝟖)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 2
(𝑥 + 2 )2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = (√10)
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
 𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 25 − 10𝑦 − 10 = 0
Solution
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 ± 10𝑦 + 19 = 0
It is clear from fig.
Also eq. of circle is
2
(𝑥 − 14)2 + (𝑦 − 13)3 = (√250)
 𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 196 + 𝑦 2 + 169 − 26𝑦 −
|𝐴𝐶|2 = |𝐵𝐶|2 250 = 0
(ℎ − 1)2 + (𝑘 − 4)2 (ℎ + 1)2 + (𝑘 − 8)2  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 28𝑥 − 26𝑦 + 115 = 0
ℎ2 + 1 − 2ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 16 − 8𝑘 = ℎ2 + 1 + 2ℎ +
𝑘 2 + 64 − 16𝑥
−2ℎ − 8𝑘 + 16 = 2ℎ + 1 − 16𝑘 + 64 Q#5) Find equation of circle of radius ‘a’
−4ℎ + 8𝑘 − 48 = 0 And lying in the second quadrant such that it
ℎ = 2𝑘 + 12 = 0 is tangent to both axis.
Sol: Since circle is lying in second quadrant with
ℎ = 2𝑘 − 12 → (𝑖)
radius “𝑎” and tangent to the both axes, therefore
𝑁𝑜𝑤 |𝐴𝐶| = |𝐶𝐿| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
Centre: (−𝑎, 𝑎)
|ℎ + 3𝑘 − 3|
√(ℎ − 1)2 (𝑘 − 4)2 = Required equation of circle is
√(1)2 + (3)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
|ℎ + 3𝑘 − 3| At (−𝑎, 𝑎)
√ℎ2 − 2ℎ + 1 + 𝑘 2 − 8𝑘 + 16 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2
√10
Squaring both sides ⇒ 𝑥 2 + a2 + 2ax + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑦 = a2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 2a𝑦 + 𝑎2 = 0
ℎ2 − 2ℎ + 𝑘 2 − 8𝑘 + 17
Which is required.
ℎ2 + 9𝑘 2 + 9 + 6ℎ𝑘 − 18𝑘 − 6ℎ
=
10

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Class 12 Chapter 6
Q#6) Show that the lines 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 and ⇒ √(−1 − 3)2 + (1 + 2)2 = 3 + 2
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 are tangent to the circle ⇒ √16 + 9 = 5
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
⇒ √25 = 5
Sol:
⇒5=5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
⇒ Both circles touches externally.
Comparing with
Q#8) Show that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎 touch internally.
⇒ 2𝑔 = 6 ⇒ g = 3
Sol:
Also ⇒ 2𝑓 = −4 ⇒ f = −2 and 𝑐 = 0
Let 𝐶1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
Centre=(−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−3, 2)
Comparing with
Radius= √(−3)2 + (2)2 − 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
= √9 + 4 = √13 ⇒ 2𝑔 = 2 ⇒ g = 1
Now distance from the centre and the line also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 0 ⇒ f = 0 and 𝑐 = −8
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 is the radius Centre= 𝑐1 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−1, 0)
|3(−3) − 2(2)|
𝑟= Radius= √(−1)2 + (0)2 + 8
√(3)2 + (−2)2 𝑟1 = √1 + 8 = √9 = 3
|13|
𝑟= = √13…..(1) Let 𝐶2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 46 = 0
√13
Now distance from the centre and the line Comparing with
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 13 = 0 is the radius 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0
|2(−3) + 3(2) − 13| ⇒ 2𝑔 = −6 ⇒ g = −3 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 6 ⇒ f = 3
𝑟= and 𝑐 = −46
√(2)2 + (3)2 Centre=𝑐2 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, −3)
|13|
𝑟= = √13 →(2) Radius= √(3)2 + (−3)2 + 46
√13
Hence, from (1) and (2) it s clear that both lines 𝑟2 = √9 + 9 + 46 = √64 = 8
are tangent to the given circle. Two circles touching internally if
Q#7) Show that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 |𝑐1 𝑐2 | = |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 |
and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 touch ⇒ √(−1 − 3)2 + (0 + 3)2 = |3 − 8|
externally.
Sol: ⇒ √16 + 9 = | − 5|
Let 𝐶1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 ⇒ √25 = 5
Comparing with ⇒5=5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 ⇒ Both circles touches internally.

Question No.9
Find Equation of circles of line radius 2 and
tangent to line 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, −𝟑)
Solution:
⇒ 2𝑔 = 2 ⇒ g = 1 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = −2 ⇒ f = −1
∵ |𝐴𝐶| = 2
and 𝑐 = −7
Centre=𝑐1 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−1, 1)  |𝐴𝐶|2 = 4
Radius= √(−1)2 + (1)2 + 7  (ℎ − 1)2 + (𝑘 + 3)2 = 4
𝑟1 = √1 + 1 + 7 = √9 = 3 ℎ2 + 1 − 2ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 9 + 6𝑘 = 4
Let 𝐶2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9 = 0  ℎ2 + 𝑘62 − 2ℎ + 6𝑘 + 6 = 0 → (𝑖)
−𝑎 1
Comparing with  Slope of𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0 = 𝑏 = − −1 = 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 𝑘+3
⇒ 2𝑔 = −6 ⇒ g = −3 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 4 ⇒ f = 2 Slope 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = ℎ−1
and 𝑐 = 9 ∵ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜
Centre=𝑐2 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, −2) 𝑘+3
( ) (1) = (−1)
Radius= √(3)2 + (−2)2 − 9 ℎ−1
 𝑘 + 3 = −ℎ + 1
𝑟2 = √9 + 4 − 9 = √4 = 2  ℎ = −𝑘 − 2 = 0 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
Two circles touching externally if (−𝑘 − 2)2 + 𝑘 2 − 2(−𝑘 − 2) + 6𝑘 + 6 = 0
|𝑐1 𝑐2 | = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝐾 2 + 4 + 4𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 4 + 6𝑘 + 6 = 0
7|Page
Class 12 Chapter 6
2𝑘 2 + 12𝑘 + 14 = 0 
𝑑𝑦
=−
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 7 = 0 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 2)
−6±√36−28 −6±√8 ∵ 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
 𝑘= = 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥1
2 2 So 𝑚 = | =
−6±2√2 2(−3±√2) 𝑑𝑥 𝑝 𝑦1
 𝑘= =
2 2 Using 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 𝑘 = −3 + √2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −3 − √2  𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
When 𝑘 = −3 + √2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 −𝑥
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦1
ℎ = −(−3 + √2) − 2 = 3 − √2 − 2
 𝑦𝑦1 − = −𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥12
𝑦12
ℎ = 1 − √2
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12
when ℎ = 1 − √2 , 𝑘 = −3 + √2, 𝑟 = 2
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑟 2
𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠
2 2 (∵ 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 = 𝑟 2 )𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 − 1 + √2) + (𝑦 + 3 − √2) = 4 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
Equation of Normal
Tangent and Normal: 𝑦1
Tangent to a circle: ∵ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑥1
“A line which touches the circle without cutting it, 𝑠𝑜 eq. of normal line at 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠
is called tangent line” 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Normal to a circle: 𝑥1
“A Line ⊥  𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦  𝑥1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦1
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑦
 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑥

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 1 1
Which is eq. of normal line.
For circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Equation of tangent:

Equation of tangent:
Given equation of circle is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
∵ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) lies on the circle so (𝑖) becomes.
As
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 7 = 0 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 2)

Given equation of circle is

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
∵ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 𝑐 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑖)𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐) = (𝑜)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Diff (𝑖)𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡  2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑔 + 2𝑓 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑑 2  𝑥+𝑦 + 2𝑔 + 2𝑓 =0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦  𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 + 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥  (𝑦 + 𝑓) = −(𝑥 + 𝑔)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑔
𝑥+𝑦 =0 or = −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦+𝑓
𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑥1 + 𝑔 Now point
𝑚 = −( )
𝑦1 + 𝑓 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
Using 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑥 +𝑔
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑦1 +𝑓 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ≥
𝑖𝑓 |𝐶𝑃| 𝒓
1 <
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 (𝑦1 + 𝑓) = −(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) 2 2 ≥
 √(𝑥1 − (−𝑔)) + (𝑦1 − (−𝑓)) √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
 (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) = −(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) <
 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦12 + 𝑓𝑦 − 𝑓𝑦1 = −𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥12 − 𝑥𝑔 + Squaring both sides
𝑥1 𝑔 ≥ 𝟐
 (𝑥1 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑓)2 𝒈 + 𝒇𝟐 − 𝒄
<
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 𝑔𝑥1 +  𝑥12 + 𝑔2 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑔2 − 𝑓 2 +
𝑓𝑦1 𝑐
≥
𝟎
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 <
 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 +
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔𝑥 + 𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
≥
= 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑐 𝟎 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆
<
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 Theorem:
∵ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑏𝑦(𝑖𝑖) The line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
Equation of Normal 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔.
𝑦 +𝑓
Now slope of normal line is 𝑥1+𝑔 Proof:
1
𝑦 −𝑓
Equation of normal line is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥1+𝑔) (𝑥 −
1
𝑥1 )
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1
 𝑥1 +𝑔
=𝑦
1 +𝑓
Theorem: the point
𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆, 𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 ,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒔 𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐𝟏 ≥ 𝟎 Given 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠
Proof: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (0,0), 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 → (𝑖𝑖)
Now point Put 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒  𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑖𝑓  𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎2 = 0
≥
|𝐶𝑃| 𝑟  ∵ (1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 0 →
< (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
≥
 √(𝑥1 − 0) + (𝑦1 − 0)2 𝑟
2 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
<
Squaring both sides Thus the line 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 +
≥ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 𝑟 2
< At the most two points.
2 2 ≥ 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔:
 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑟 2 0
< For nature of points, we examine the
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
discriminant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎:
(a) Real and distinct if
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒑(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆, 𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆
(2𝑚𝑐)2 − 4(1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) > 0
𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
(b) Real and coincident if
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄
(2𝑚𝑐)2 − 4(1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0
= 𝟎 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒔
≥ (c) Imaginary if
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒚𝟏 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 𝟎 (2𝑚𝑐)2 − 4(1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) < 0
<
Proof: Condition of tangency
Given eq. of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦;
𝑐=0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (−𝑔, −𝑓), 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐  (2𝑚𝑐)2 − 4(1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0
9|Page
Class 12 Chapter 6
 4𝑚2 𝑐 2 − 4(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 2 − 𝑚2 𝑎2 ) = 0 ≥
 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 𝑎2 0
𝑚2 <
Or − 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑚2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚2 𝑎2 = 0 Which is condition for a point
𝑐2
 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) = 𝑐 2 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑜𝑟 𝑐 = ±𝑎√1 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Theorem:
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎√1 + 𝑚2 Find length of tangent to the circle
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
Theorem: 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆.
Two tangent can be drawn to a circle from any Proof:
𝑟
point
𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ). 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒕,
Coincident 𝑂(−𝑔, −𝑓)
𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑝(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆, 𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆, 𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆. 0
Proof: 𝑠
Consider 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖) For 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 0(−𝑔, −𝑓)
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎√1 + 𝑚2 → (𝑖𝑖)
Is𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = Radius = |𝑇𝑂| = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
𝑎2  |𝑇𝑂|2 = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Let
Then equation (𝑖𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑆 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒.
𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑎 √1 + 𝑚2
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 = 𝑎 √1 + 𝑚2 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑡 ∆ 𝑃𝑇𝑂
𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠  |𝑃𝑂| 2
= |𝑃𝑇| 2
+ |𝑇𝑂|2
2
(𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 )2 = (𝑎 √1 + 𝑚2 )  |𝑃𝑇|2 = |𝑃𝑂|2 − |𝑇𝑂|2 → (𝑖)
 𝑦12 + 𝑚2 𝑥12 − 2𝑚𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) 2
∵ |𝑃𝐶| = √(𝑥1 − (−𝑔)) + (𝑦1 − (−𝑓))
2

 𝑥12 𝑚2 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑦12 − 𝑎2 = 0

 |𝑃𝐶|2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑓)2
 (𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )𝑚2 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑦12 − 𝑎2 = 0 →
𝑁𝑜𝑤 (𝑖)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
|𝑃𝑇|2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑓)2
This being quadratic in m. it will give two
− (𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐)
valves of m.
𝑥12 + 𝑔2 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 𝑓 2 + 2𝑓𝑦1 − 𝑔2 − 𝑓 2
Thus two tangent can be drawn to a circle from
+𝑐
any point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
|𝑃𝑇| = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
2
Nature of tangent:
|𝑃𝑇|2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
For nature of tangent, we examine the
discriminant of 𝑒𝑞(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑖. 𝑒 |𝑃𝑇| = √𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
(a) Real and distinct if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.
(b) Real and coincident if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(c) Imaginary if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 Exercise 6.2
≥
So (−2𝑥1 𝑦1 )2 − 4(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )(𝑦12 − 𝑎2 ) 0 Question # 1. Write down equation of the
<
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ≥ tangent and normal to the circle.
 4𝑥1 𝑦1 − 4(𝑥1 𝑦1 − 𝑎 𝑥1 − 𝑎 𝑦1 + 𝑎4 ) 0
< i). 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 at 𝑷(𝟒, 𝟑) and at
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 ≥
 𝑥1 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑎 𝑦1 − 𝑎 0 (𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)
<
≥ Solution.
 𝑎2 (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 ) − 𝑎4 0
< Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25 = 0
10 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Comparing it with 5 5 −13 13
⇒ 2𝑔 = ⇒ g = also ⇒ 2𝑓 = ⇒f=−
3 6 3 6
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 2
and 𝑐 =
⇒ 2𝑔 = 0 ⇒ g = 0 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 0 ⇒ f = 0 and 3
𝑐 = −25 Since equation of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is
Since equation of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0
10
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(1, 3 )
At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(4, 3) 10 10
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 𝑥(1) + 𝑦 ( ) + 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑓 (𝑦 + ) + 𝑐 = 0
3 3
⇒ 𝑥(4) + 𝑦(3) + 0(𝑥 + 4) + 0(𝑦 + 3) − 25 = 0 10 5 13 10 2
𝑥(1) + 𝑦 ( ) + (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑦 + ) +
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 25 = 0 3 6 6 3 3
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 25 =0
The equation of Normal at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is Multiply by 18
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) ⇒ 18𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 15(𝑥 + 1) − 13(3𝑦 + 10) − 12
At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(4, 3) =0
(𝑦 − 3)(4 + 𝑔) = (𝑥 − 4)(3 + 𝑓) ⇒ 18𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 15𝑥 + 15 − 39𝑦 − 130 − 12
⇒ (𝑦 − 3)(4 + 0) = (𝑥 − 4)(3 + 0) =0
⇒ (𝑦 − 3)4 = (𝑥 − 4)3 ⇒ 33𝑥 + 21𝑦 − 103 = 0
⇒ 4𝑦 − 12 = 3𝑥 − 12 The equation of Normal at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is
⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓)
10
Now, we take 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(1, 3 )
Since equation of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is 10 5 10 13
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑦 − ) (1 + ) = (𝑥 − 1) ( − )
3 6 3 6
At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑃(5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 3𝑦 − 10 6 + 5 20 − 13
⇒( )( ) = (𝑥 − 1) ( )
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 3 6 6
⇒ 𝑥(5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑦(5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 0(𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) ⇒ (3𝑦 − 10)11 = (𝑥 − 1)21
+ 0(𝑦 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) − 25 = 0 ⇒ 33𝑦 − 110 = 21𝑥 − 21
⇒ 5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 5𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 21𝑥 − 33𝑦 + 89 = 0
⇒ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 Q#2) Write down the equation of tangent and
The equation of Normal at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) is normal to the circle 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚 −
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) 𝟏𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 at the point on the circle whose
At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = (5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) abscissa is -4.
(𝑦 − 3)(4 + 𝑔) = (𝑥 − 4)(3 + 𝑓) Sol:
⇒ (𝑦 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 0) Circle: 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 117 = 0….(1)
= (𝑥 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 0) At 𝑥 = −4
⇒ (𝑦 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (𝑥 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 4(−4)2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16(−4) + 24𝑦 − 117 = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (𝑥 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 64 + 4𝑦 2 + 64 + 24𝑦 − 117 = 0
⇒ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 + 24𝑦 + 11 = 0
⇒ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 + 22𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 11 = 0
⇒ 2𝑦(2𝑦 + 11) + 1(2𝑦 + 11) = 0
10
(ii). 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 13𝑦 + 2 = 0 at 𝑃(1, 3 ) ⇒ (2𝑦 + 11)(2𝑦 + 1) = 0
1 11
Solution. (ii) ⇒ 𝑦 = −2,− 2
11 1
2 2 2
So, points are 𝑃1 (−4, − 2 ) , 𝑃2 (−4, − 2)
Circle: 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 13𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑥 +
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖) 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥
𝑦 2 − 25 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5 13 2 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 16 + 24 =0
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 + = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3 𝑑𝑦
Comparing it with  𝑑𝑥 (8𝑦 + 24) = −8𝑥 + 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 𝑑𝑦 −8𝑥 + 16 8(−𝑥 + 2)
𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑑𝑥 8𝑦 + 24 8(𝑦 + 3)

11 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥+2 Q#3) Check the position of the point (𝟓, 𝟔) with
 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦+3
𝑑𝑦 −(−4)+2 respect to the circle
Slope of tangent 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥 | 11 = 11 (i). 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏
(−4,− ) − +3
2 2
𝑑𝑦 6 Sol: (i).
| = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 81
𝑑𝑥 (−4,−11) −11 + 6
2
2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 81 = 0
𝑑𝑦 12 At (5, 6)
𝑜𝑟 | = −
𝑑𝑥 (−4 ,−11) 2 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (5)2 + (6)2 − 81
2
Equation of tangent = 25 + 36 − 81
11 12 = −20 < 0
⇒𝑦+ = − (𝑥 + 4) Thus, the point (5, 6) lies inside the circle.
2 5
55 (ii). 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
⇒ 5𝑦 + = −12𝑥 − 48
2 Sol: (ii).
55 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 1 = 0
⇒ 10𝑦 + = −12𝑥 − 48
2 At (5, 6)
24𝑥 + 10𝑦 = −96 − 55
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 2(5)2 + 2(6)2 + 12(5) − 8(6)
𝑜𝑟 24𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 151 = 0
5
+1
Slope of normal = = 50 + 72 + 60 − 48 + 1
12
Equation of normal = 135 > 0
11 5 Thus, the point (5, 6) lies outside the circle.
𝑦+ = (𝑥 + 4)
2 12 Q#4) Find the length of the tangent drawn from
 12𝑦 + 66 = 5𝑥 + 20 the point (−𝟓, 𝟒) to the circle 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚𝟐 −
 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 46 = 0 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟑𝟏 = 𝟎
 Now slope of tangent at 𝑃2 Sol:
𝑑𝑦 −(−4) + 2 Circle: 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 15𝑦 − 131 = 0
= | =
𝑑𝑥 (−4,− )
1 1 131
2 − +3
2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − =0
5
𝑑𝑦 6 At point P(−5, 4), we calculate length of tangent
| =
𝑑𝑥 (−4,− )1 −1 + 6 from P
2
2 length of tangent from P=
𝑑𝑦 12
𝑜𝑟 | = 131
𝑑𝑥 (−4 ,− )
1 5 √(−5)2 + (4)2 − 2(−5) + 3(4) −
2 5
Equation of tangent
1 12 131
⇒𝑦+ = (𝑥 + 4) = √25 + 16 + 10 + 12 −
2 5 5
5
⇒ 5𝑦 + = 12𝑥 + 48 131 315 − 131 184
2 = √63 − =√ =√
5 5 5 5
⇒ 5𝑦 + = 12𝑥 + 48
2 Q#5) Find the length of the chord cut off from
⇒ 10𝑦 + 5 = 24𝑥 + 96 the line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 by the circle𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =
𝑜𝑟 24𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 5 − 96
𝟐𝟔.
24𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −91
Sol:
𝑜𝑟 24𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 91 = 0
5 Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26….(1)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = − And 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 13 − 3𝑦
12 13−3𝑦
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 ⇒x= put in Eq(1)
2
1 5 13−3𝑦 2
𝑦 + = − (𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26 ⇒ ( ) + 𝑦 2 = 26
2 12 2
 12𝑦 + 6 = −5𝑥 − 20 169 + 9𝑦 2 − 78𝑦
⇒ + 𝑦 2 = 26
 5𝑥 + ! 2𝑦 = −26 4
𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 26 = 0 ⇒ 169 + 9𝑦 2 − 78𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 104

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Class 12 Chapter 6
⇒ 13𝑦 2 − 78𝑦 + 65 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥 ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚12
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0
1 1 2
⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 − 5) − 1(𝑦 − 5) = 0 = ( ) 𝑥 ± √2√1 + ( )
⇒ (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 − 1) = 0 2 2
⇒ y = 5, 1 put in given st. line 𝑥 1 𝑥 5
x=
13−3𝑦
⇒x=
13−3(5)
=
13−15
= − = −1
2 = ± √2√1 + = ± √2 ( )
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4
13−3𝑦 13−3(1) 13−3 10
and x = ⇒x= = =− = 𝑥 4
2 2 2 2 𝑦 = 2 ± √2 Multiply by 2
−5
Hence, the points are 𝐴(−1, 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(5, 1) ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √2√5
Length of chord ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = √(−1 − 5)2 + (5 − 1)2 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √10
= √36 + 16 = √52 = 2√13 Hence 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + √10 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2𝑦 −
Q#6) Find the coordinates of the points of √10 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
intersection of the line 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔 with the Tangent.
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝟗 = 𝟎 (ii).perpendicular to the line 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔
Sol: Sol: (ii)
Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 39 = 0…(1) Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2
2
And 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (√2)
put in Eq(1) Comparing it with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = r 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 39 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = √2
⇒ (6 − 2𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 − 2(6 − 2𝑦) − 2𝑦 − 39 = 0 Given the line 𝑙2 : 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0
⇒ 36 + 4𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 12 + 4y − 2y − 39 3 −3
Slope=𝑚2 = − 2 =
=0 2
2
2
⇒ 5𝑦 − 22𝑦 − 15 = 0 Which is slope of tangent parallel to 𝑙1 = .
3
⇒ 5𝑦 2 − 25𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 15 = 0 Let required equation of the tangent is
⇒ 5𝑦(𝑦 − 5) + 3(𝑦 − 5) = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 5)(5𝑦 + 3) = 0 𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥 ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚12
3
⇒ y = 5, − put in given st. line
5 2 2 2
𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 − 2(5) = 6 − 10 = −4 = ( ) 𝑥 ± √2√1 + ( )
3 30+6 36
3 3
and 𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 − 2 (− ) = =
5 5 5
2𝑥 4 𝑥 13
Thus, the points of = ± √2√1 + = ± √2 ( )
36 3 3 9 2 9
intersection𝑃1 (−4, 5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 ( , − ). 5 5
2𝑥 √26
𝑦= 3
± Multiply by 3
3
Q#7) Find equation of the tangents to the circle ⇒ 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 ± √26
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐 = 𝟐 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 ± √26 = 0
(i). Parallel to the line 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 Hence 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − √26 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 +
Sol: (i)
√26 = 0
Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2
2
Are required tangent.
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (√2) Question No.8 find equation of tangent drawn
Comparing it with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = r 2 from
⇒ 𝑟 = √2 (𝒊) (𝟎, 𝟓)𝒕𝒐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
Given the line 𝑙1 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 Also find points of contact.
1 1
Slope=𝑚1 = − −2 = 2 Solution:
Which is slope of tangent parallel to 𝑙1 . Eq. of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
Let required equation of the tangent is  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (4)2
𝑎=4
Eq. of tangent is
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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎 √1 + 𝑚2 → (𝑖) 12
𝑥=−
At (0,5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 4 5
12 16
So point of contact is (− , )
5 = 𝑚(0) + 4√1 + 𝑚2 5 5
Now we slove 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 20 = 0
5 = 4√1 + 𝑚2
 25 = 16(1 + 𝑚2 ) And 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
 25 = 16 + 16𝑚2 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 20 = 0
20−4𝑦
 16𝑚2 = 9  𝑥= 𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
3
9
 Or𝑛2 = 16 20 − 4𝑦 2
( ) + 𝑦 2 = 16
 𝑚=±
3 3
4 400 + 16𝑦 2 − 160𝑦
3 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑁𝑜𝑤 (𝑖)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = ± 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 4 9
4  400 + 16𝑦 2 − 160𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 = 144
3 9  25𝑦 2 − 160𝑦 + 256 = 0
𝑦 = ± 𝑥 + 4 √1 + (5𝑦 − 16)2 = 0
4 16 
 5𝑦 − 16 = 0
3 25  𝑦=
16
𝑦 =± +4√ 5
4 16 16
20−4( ) 20−
64
5
3 5 So 𝑥 = = 35
3
𝑦 = ± 𝑥 + 4( ) 100 − 64 36 12
4 4
3 𝑥= = =
Or 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 + 5 15 15 5
4 12 16
 4𝑦 = ±3𝑥 + 20 Also ( , ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡.
5 5
Or ±3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20 = 0 (ii)
Hence 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20 = (−𝟏, 𝟐) 𝒕𝒐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
0 𝑜𝑟 Also find points of contact.
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 20 = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡. Solution:
Points of contact: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 → (𝑖)
Remember to find points of contact, solve of Compare with
tangent and circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
We solve 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20 = 0 2𝑔 = 4
And 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡. 𝑔=2
Now 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 → (𝑖𝑖) 2𝑓 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 = 1, 𝑐 = 0
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20 = 0 𝑟 = 𝑎 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √(2)2 + (1)2 − 0
4𝑦−20
 𝑥= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 )𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑎 = √5
3
4𝑦−20 2 Centre 𝑔, −𝑓) = (−2, −1)
(–
 ( ) + 𝑦2 = 16
3 Let
16𝑦 2 +400−160𝑦
 + 𝑦 2 = 16 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (−1,2)
9
 16𝑦 2 + 400 − 160𝑦 + 9𝑦62 = 144 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑠
 25𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 80𝑦 + 256 = 0 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 5𝑦(5𝑦 − 16) − 16(5𝑦 − 16) = 0  𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 1)
 (5𝑦 − 16)(5𝑦 − 16) = 0  𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚
 (5𝑦 − 16)2 = 0  𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑚 + 2 = 0 → (𝑖)
 5𝑦 − 16 = 0 Distance of line from
 5𝑦 = 16 Centre (−2, −1) = 𝑟
16 |𝑚(−2)−(−1)+𝑚+2|
 𝑦= 5  √𝑚2 +1
= √5
16 |−𝑚+3|
4( )−20
5  = √5
Now 𝑥 = √𝑚2 +1
3 𝑚2 −6𝑚+9
64 − 100 36  = 5 (𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)
= =− 𝑚2 +1
15 15  5𝑚 + 5 = 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9
2

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 5𝑚2 + 5 − 𝑚2 + 6𝑚 − 9 = 0 Or 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7𝑚 − 2 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖)
Or 4𝑚2 + 6𝑚 − 4 = 0 Distance of tangent from (−1,2) = 𝑟
4𝑚2 + 6𝑚 − 4 = 0 
|𝑚(−1)−2+7𝑚−2|
= √26
√𝑚2 +(−1)2
4𝑚2 + 8𝑚 − 2𝑚 − 4 = 0
|6𝑚−4|
4𝑚(𝑚 + 2) − 2(𝑚 + 2) = 0  √𝑚2 +1
= √26
(𝑚 + 2)(4𝑚 − 2) = 0 26𝑚2 +16−48𝑚
 = 26 (squaring)
2 1 𝑚2 +1
𝑚 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = =  36𝑚 + 16 − 48𝑚 = 26𝑚2 + 26
2
4 2
 𝑚 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 2
1  36𝑚2 − 26𝑚2 − 48𝑚 + 16 − 26 = 0
Or 10𝑚2 − 48𝑚 − 10 = 0
When 𝑚 = −2 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖)
10𝑚2 − 50𝑚 + 2𝑚 − 10 = 0
−2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 + 2 = 0
10𝑚(𝑚 − 5) + 2(𝑚 − 5) = 0
 −2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
(10𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 5) = 0
 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
1 𝑚 − 5 = 0 10𝑚 + 2 = 0
When 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) 𝑚 = 5 ; 10𝑚 = −2
2
1 1 2 1
𝑥−𝑦+ +2=0 ⇒𝑚=− =−
2 2 10 5
 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 + 4 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 m=5 so (ii)
Or𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7(5) − 2 = 0
Hence req. tangent are  5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 35 − 2 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0  5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 33 = 0
Points of contact: 1
When 𝑚 = − 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖)
5
𝒇𝒐𝒓 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 1 1
𝑥 2 + (−2𝑥)2 + 4𝑥 + 2(−2𝑥) = 0 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 (− ) − 2 = 0
5 5
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4 = 0 1 7
 5𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = −(0) ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 − 𝑥−𝑦− −2=0
5 5
Thus (0,0)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡. ⇒ −𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 7 − 10 = 0
For 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒ −𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 17 = 0
(2𝑦 − 5)2 + 𝑦 2 + 4(2𝑦 − 5) + 2𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 17 = 0
4𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 + 25 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 − 20 + 2𝑦 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 33 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 17 = 0
5𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 5 = 0 are required tangents.
 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 1)2 = 0
2
Points of contact:
𝑦−1=0 For 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 17 = 0
 𝑦−1=0⇒𝑦 =1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5𝑦 − 17 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
So 𝑥 = 2(1) − 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 (−5𝑦 − 17 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 26
Thus (−3,1)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡. ⇒ (−5𝑦 − 16𝑦)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 26
(iii) (−𝟕, −𝟐)𝒕𝒐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 25𝑦 2 + 160𝑦 + 256 + 𝑦 2 + 4 − 4𝑦 − 26 = 0
𝟐𝟔 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 26𝑦 2 + 156𝑦 + 234 = 0
Find points of contact.  𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 26)
Solution: Or(𝑦 + 3)2 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 26 → (𝑖)  𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −33
2 2 So 𝑥 = −5(−3) − 17
 (𝑥 − (−1)) + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√26)
Compare with 𝑥 = 15 − 17 = −2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 So (−2, −3) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−1,2) For 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 33 = 0
 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 33 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑟 = √26
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (5𝑥 + 33 − 2)2 = 26
Suppose 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + (5𝑥 + 31)2 = 26
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 25𝑥 2 + 310𝑥 + 961 − 26 = 0
2
 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 7)𝑎𝑡 (−7, −2)
26𝑥 2 + 312𝑥 + 936 = 0
𝑦 + 2 = 𝑚𝑥 + 7𝑚
 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 36 = 0 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 26)
15 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Or (𝑥 + 6)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 6 = 0 Diameter of a circle:
𝑥 = −6 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = 5(−6) + 33 A chord passing through Centre of a circle. In
⇒ 𝑦 = −30 + 33 = 3 figure , if O is Centre the CD is diameter of circle.
𝑠𝑜 (−6,3)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡. Theorem 1
Q#9) Find an equation of the chord of contact of Length of a diameter of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =
the tangent drawn from (𝟒, 𝟓) to the circle 𝒂𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝒂
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. Proof:
Sol: Given equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Circle: 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 21 = 0 Centre = 𝑂(0,0)
21
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + = 0. Radius = 𝑟 = 𝑎
2
Comparing it with Let
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g𝑥 + 2f𝑦 + c = 0 𝐴(𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(−𝑎, 𝑜)𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
⇒ 2𝑔 = −4 ⇒ g = −2 also ⇒ 2𝑓 = 6 ⇒ f = 3 Length of diameter
and 𝑐 =
21 = |𝐴𝐵| = √(𝑎 − (−𝑎)2 + (0 − 0)2
2
Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be the points of |𝐴𝐵| = √(2𝑎)2
contact of two tangents. Equation of the tangent = 2𝑎
at 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Hence Proved.
Theorem:
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0
21 Perpendicular dropped from the Centre of a
⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 3(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + circle on a chord bisects the chord.
2
=0 Proof:
Since it passes through (4, 5) Consider 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
21 Let
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 5𝑦1 − 2(4 + 𝑥1 ) + 3(5 + 𝑦1 ) + =0
2 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵.
21 ∵ 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑖)𝑠𝑜
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 5𝑦1 − 8 − 2x1 + 15 + 3𝑦1 + =0
2 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑
21
⇒ 2𝑥1 + 8𝑦1 + 7 + =0 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2 Let we draw a ⊥
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 16𝑦1 + 14 + 21 = 0
𝑎𝑟 𝑂𝐶 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑂 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 16𝑦1 + 14 + 21 = 0
𝐴𝐵
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 16𝑦1 + 35 = 0 →1) 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
In similar fashion, we equation of the tangent at 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
⇒ 4𝑥2 + 16𝑦2 + 35 = 0 →(2) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐶 = − ( )
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Equation (1) and (2) represent that ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐴𝐵
∵ 𝑂𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) lie on ∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑚
⇒ 4𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 35 = 0 Eq. of OC is
Which is the required equation of line. 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 0 = −( ) (𝑥 − 0)
Analytic Proofs of Important Properties of a 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
circle:  𝑦(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = −𝑥(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
“Chord of a Circle: 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑥 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑦 = 0 → (𝑖𝑣)
Midpoint of chord AB is
A line segment where end points lie on a circle is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
called chord of a circle. In figure AB is chord. ( , ) Now OC will bisect the chord AB
2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐷 𝑖𝑓 ( , ) 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 2
𝐵 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑂 𝑖. 𝑒; 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣)
2 2
We have
𝐶 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐴 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) ( ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) ( )=0
2 2
16 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ) = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
0 let 𝐶 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑜
 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 + 𝑦22 − 𝑦12 = 0 Coordinates of 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐶 (
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
, )
2 2
 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 𝑦2 −𝑦1
Slope of chord AB=𝑥
 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⊥ 2 −𝑥1
𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 Here OC is line joining Centre O of circle to
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 midpoint C of chord AB then
𝑦1 +𝑦2
Theorem3. −𝑜 𝑦 +𝑦
Slope of OC= 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 = 𝒙1+𝒙2
The perpendicular bisector of any chord of a 2
−0 𝟏 𝟐

circle passes through the Centre of the circle. (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐶)(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵)
Proof: 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=( )( )
Consider equation of circle is 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖) (𝑦2 + 𝑦1 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
=
Let (𝑥2 + 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵. 𝑦22 − 𝑦12
= 2
∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥12
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 By (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥22 + 𝑦22 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 + 𝑦22 − 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2
let 𝐶 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑜  𝑦22 − 𝑦12 = −(𝑥22 − 𝑥12 )
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Coordinates of 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐶 ( 2
, 2
) Now
𝑦2 −𝑦1 (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐶)(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵)
Slope of chord AB=𝑥
2 −𝑥1 (𝑥22 − 𝑥12 )
𝑥 −𝑥 =− 2 = −1
Slope of ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐵 = − (𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) 𝑥2 − 𝑥12
2 1
Using 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )  𝑂𝐶 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵
𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥1 +𝑥2 Hence line joining the Centre of a circle to
 𝑦−( 2
) = − (𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) (𝑥 − 2
) → (𝑖𝑣)
2 1 the midpoint of chord is perpendicular to
This perpendicular bisector will pass through chord.
Centre of (0,0) satisfies eq. (iv) for this Congruent Chords:
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 𝑜 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣) “two chords are congruent if they are equal in
𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥1 +𝑥2
0−( ) = − (𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) (0 − ) length.”
2 2 1 2
𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥1 +𝑥2 Theorem:5
 −( ) = (𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) ( )
2 2 1 2 Congruent chords of a circle are equidistance
 −(𝑦2 + 𝑦1 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑥1 ) from the Centre.
 −(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) = 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 Proof:
 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 Consider eq. of circle
𝑎2 = 𝑎2 (𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Consider eq. of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 Let AB and CD be two congruent chords.
⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Let coordinates of the points be
Through Centre of the circle.
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ),
Theorem:4
𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
The line joining the Centre of a circle to the (𝑖)𝑠𝑜
mid-point of a chord is perpendicular to the 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 = 𝑎 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2 2 2
chord. 𝑥32 + 𝑦32 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑣) 𝑥42 + 𝑦42 = 𝑎2 → (𝑣)
Proof: For 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠
Consider eq. of circle. So |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐶𝐷|
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 → (𝒊)
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Let
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵. = √(𝑥4 − 𝑥3 )2 + (𝑦4 − 𝑦3 )2
∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑖)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Squaring both sides
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
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Class 12 Chapter 6
 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = (𝑥4 − 𝑥3 )2 +
(𝑦4 − 𝑦3 )2
𝑥22 + 𝑥12 − 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦22 + 𝑦12 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2
= 𝑥42 + 𝑥32 − 2𝑥32 − 2𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦42 + 𝑦32 − 2𝑦3 𝑦4
from(𝑖𝑖), (𝑖𝑖𝑖), (𝑖𝑣), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣)
 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 − 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 −
2(𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 𝑦4 )
 −2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) = −2(𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 𝑦4 )
𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 𝑦4 → (𝑣𝑖)
Let us draw ⊥
𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑂𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑂 𝑜𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐷 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝. 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝐴𝐵
And 𝐶𝐷 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑁𝑜𝑤 From fig |𝑂𝐴| = |𝑂𝐵| = |𝑂𝐶| = 𝑎
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Coordinates of M are M( 2
, 2
) Let 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼, 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝐵, 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐶 = 𝑟
Also coordinates of N are 𝑁 (
𝑥3 +𝑥4 𝑦3 +𝑦4
, ) Coordinates of points are 𝐴(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼),
2 2
𝐵(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾)
We are to prove that
|𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝑁|
Theorem 6:
 |𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝑁|2
2
Show that the measure of the central angle of a
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2
|𝑂𝑀|2 = ( ) +( ) minor arc is double the measure of the angle in
2 2
the corresponding major arc.
𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2
= + Proof:
4 4
𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 )
=
4
𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 )
= 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
4
2𝑎2 + 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 )
|𝑂𝑀|2 =
4
Also
2
𝑥3 + 𝑥4 2 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 2
|0𝑁| = ( ) +( )
2 2
𝑥32 + 𝑥42 + 2𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑦32 + 𝑦42 + 2𝑦3 𝑦4 Consider eq. of circle
= +
4 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
2 2 2 2
𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + 2(𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 𝑦4 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
=
4 Let AB be minor arc and ACB be major arc. Let
𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 2(𝑥3 𝑥4 + 𝑦3 𝑦4 ) 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼, 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚∠𝑋𝑂𝐶 = 𝛾
=
4 Then 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼 −
2
2𝑎 + 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) 𝛽 (𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵)
|𝑂𝑁|2 =
4 Let 𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝜃 =
By 𝑒𝑞 (𝑣𝑖) (𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐶𝐵)
2𝑎2 + 2(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) We are to prove that 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2𝜃 𝑛𝑜𝑤
|𝑂𝑁|2 =
4 𝐴(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)
Hence we conclude that |𝑂𝑀|2 = |𝑂𝑁|2 𝐵(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)
Thus congruent chords of a circle are equidistant 𝐶(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾)
from Centre. Let 𝑚1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶
Remember from fig. 𝑚2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
Ab is minor arc ACB is major are O(o,o) is Centre 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
∵𝑚=
of circle OA,OB,OC are radii, 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑂𝐴| = |𝑂𝐵| = |𝑂𝐶| = 𝑎
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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 i.e;
𝑚1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 =
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶)(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝐶) = −1
𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) Now
𝑚1 = 𝑦−𝑜 𝑦
𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = =
𝛾+𝛼 𝛾−𝛼 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2 cos 2 sin 2
𝑚1 = 𝛾+𝛼 𝛾−𝛼
−2 sin 2 sin 2 𝑦−0 𝑦
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 = =
𝛾+𝛼 𝑥 − (−𝑎) 𝑥 + 𝑎
𝑚1 = − cot ( ) So
2
𝜋 𝑦 𝑦
∵ tan ( + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶)(𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶) = ( )( )
2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝜋 𝛾+𝛼 𝑦2
𝑚1 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( + ) = 2
2 2 𝑥 − 𝑎2
𝜋+𝛾+𝛼 𝑦2
𝑚1 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( ) = − 2 = −1
2 𝑦
Similarly, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝜋+𝛾+𝛽
𝑚2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( ) Theorem 8:
2 The tangent to a circle at any point of the circle
∵ 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑜,
𝜋+𝛾+𝛼 𝜋+𝛾+𝛽 is perpendicular to the radial segment at that
𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ) − 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ) point.
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝜋+𝛾+𝛼 𝜋+𝛾+𝛽 Proof:
1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
2 2 Consider eq. of circle
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
∵ = 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛽 Let the point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦.
𝜋+𝛾+𝛼 𝜋+𝛾+𝛽
 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( − ) ∵ 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑖)𝑎𝑡 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑖𝑠
2 2
𝜋+𝛾+𝛼−𝜋−𝛾−𝛽 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎2
 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
2  𝑦𝑦1 = −𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎2
𝛼−𝛽 𝑥 𝑎2
 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )  𝑦 = (− 𝑦1 ) 𝑥 + 𝑦
2
1 1
𝛼−𝛽
Or𝜃 = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2𝜃 Slope of tangent line= − 𝑦1
1
Hence prove. 𝑦1
Slope of radial segment 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥
Theorem 7. 1

An angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡)(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑃)

𝑥1 𝑦1
Proof: = (− ) ( ) = −1
𝑦! 𝑥1
This show that tangent line to a circle at any point
of the circle is perpendicular to the radial
segment at that point.
Theorem 9:
The perpendicular at the outer end of a radial
segment is tangent to the circle.
Proof:
Consider eq. of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
Let
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝑃.
Consider eq. of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
As 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑖)𝑠𝑜
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑂(0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴(𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝐵(−𝑎, 0)𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦
Point on the circle. We are to prove that 𝑦 −𝑜
Slope of radial segment 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥1 −0
𝐴𝐶 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 1

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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑦1 𝑑 2 𝑑 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑟 )
𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Slope of line ⊥ 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑖𝑠 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝑥1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (∵ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 ⇒ =−
𝑦1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )) Slope of tangent at 𝑃 = 𝑑𝑥 |𝑃 = − 𝑦1
1
 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦1 = −𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥12
2 Let 𝑙 be the line through “𝑂” and ⊥ to the tangent
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 at P, so
𝑦
 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖) Slope of line 𝑙 = 𝑚 = 1
𝑥1
Which represent eq. of tangent to the circle Equation of 𝑙 𝑂(0, 0) is
at point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦
⇒ (𝑦 − 0) = 𝑥1 (𝑥 − 0)
1
Exercise 6.3 ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦1
Q#1) Prove that normal lines of a circle pass At 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
through the Centre of circle. Put 𝑥 = 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦1
Sol: Consider a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 →(1) ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦1 ⇒ 𝑥1 (𝑦1 ) = (𝑥1 )𝑦1
Centre=𝑂(0, 0) ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 𝑦1
Radius=𝑟 Thus, the ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 line “𝑙” passes through the point of
Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) be any point on the circle tangency 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦22 = r 2 Q#3) Prove that the midpoint of the
Differentiate (1) w.r.t x hypotenuse of a right triangle is the
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 circumcenter of the triangle.
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑟 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sol:
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 Is eq. of circle with Centre
𝑑𝑦 𝑂(0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑦
⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 Point lies on (i)
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Slope of tangent at 𝑃 = | = − 𝑦1
𝑑𝑥 𝑃 1
𝑦1
Slope of Normal at 𝑃 = 𝑚 = 𝑥
1
Equation of Normal through 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) So,
𝑦
⇒ (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥1
|𝑂𝐴| = √(−𝑟 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = 𝑟
⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦1
⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦1 |𝑂𝐵| = √(𝑟 − 𝑜)2 + (0 − 0)2 = 𝑟
At 𝑂(0, 0) |𝑂𝑃| = √(𝑎 − 0)2 + (𝑏 − 0)2 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Put 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 = √𝑟 2 = 𝑟 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖𝑖)
⇒ 𝑥1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦1 ⇒ 𝑥1 (0) = (0)𝑦1  |𝑂𝐴| = |𝑂𝐵| =
⇒0=0 |𝑂𝑃| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
Hence normal line pass through Centre. Hence Proved.
Q#2) Prove that the straight line drawn from Q#4) Prove that the perpendicular dropped
the Centre of a circle perpendicular to a from a point of a circle on a diameter is a mean
tangent passes through the point of tangency. proportional between the segments into which
Sol: Consider a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = r 2 →(1) it divides the diameter.
Centre=𝑂(0, 0) Sol: Consider a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = r 2
Radius=𝑟 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑡. 𝑠𝑜 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2
Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) be any point on the circle
 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 → (𝑖)
⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦22 = r 2
Now
Differentiate (1) w.r.t x
|𝑃𝑄| = √(𝑎 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑏 − 0)2

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Class 12 Chapter 6
=𝑏 4) In parabola, fixed line is called 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
|𝐴𝑄| = |𝐴𝑂| + |𝑂𝑄| = 𝑟 + 𝑎 of parabola.
|𝐵𝑄| = |𝑂𝐵| − |𝑂𝑄| = 𝑟 − 𝑎 5) A line passing through vertex and
|𝐴𝑄|. |𝑄𝐵| = (𝑟 + 𝑎)(𝑟 − 𝑎) = 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 perpendicular to axis of parabola is called
|𝐴𝑄|. |𝑄𝐵| = 𝑏 2 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) tangent at vertex of parabola.
6) A line whose points lie on parabola is
|𝐴𝑄|. |𝑄𝐵| = |𝑃𝑄|2 called chord of parabola.
 |𝐴𝑄|. |𝑄𝐵| = |𝑃𝑄||𝑃𝑄| 7) A chord passing through focus of parabola
Hence proved. is called focal chord.
Parabola: 8) A focal chord perpendicular to axis of
Set of all points which are equidistance from a
parabola is called Let rectum.
fixed point and a fixed line.
9) If |𝐹𝑃| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 focus F and
 Fixed point is called focus of parabola.
point P on parabola and |𝑃𝑀|𝑖𝑠 ⊥
 Fixed line is called Directrix of parabola.
𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠. 𝑜f point p from 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 of
Equation of parabola: |𝐹𝑃|
𝐵 𝑌
parabola then |𝑃𝑀|
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑐 Is called eccentricity. Denoted by e. for
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 parabola 𝒆 = 𝟏
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 10) If the point (𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 on the parabola
− 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 ,
𝑀(−𝑎, 𝑦)
𝐹(𝑎, 𝑜) 𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
𝐴 𝑌′

Let AB be a fixed line called directrix drawn

parallel to y- axis such that its equation is 𝑥 =
−𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the parabola. Let
𝑀(−𝑎, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴𝐵.
By def.
|𝐹𝑃|
= 1 ⇒ |𝐹𝑃| = |𝑃𝑀|
|𝑃𝑀|
 √(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = General form of equation of parabola.
√𝑥 − (−𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘)𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓; 𝑒𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
Or 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 |𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛|
√(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 =
This is req. eq. of parabola. √𝑙 2 + 𝑚2
Definitions: 2 2
(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛)2
𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) =
1) The line through the focus and 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2
Remember that
perpendicular to the 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 is called
Every second degree equation of the form
axis of parabola.
2) The point where the axis meets the 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Will represented parabola if either 𝑎 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 −
parabola is called vertex of parabola.
𝑜 𝑏𝑢𝑡
3) In parabola, fixed point not on
Both 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦.
the 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 is called focus of parabola.

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Class 12 Chapter 6
Other standard parabolas:
1. If the focus lies on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝐹(0, 𝑎)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
is 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 2 =
4𝑎𝑦.
The graph is shown as;

𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Prove that length of 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒎 of parabola

is 4a.

2. If the focus is
𝐹(𝑜, −𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒
Line 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦
The graph is shown as,

Consider eq. of parabola is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 → (𝑖)

Let 𝐿𝐿′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 ⊥
𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑚. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥
= 𝑎 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚. 𝐿𝐿′
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠  𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑎) ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = ±2𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −2𝑎
𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐿(𝑎, 2𝑎)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿′ (𝑎, −2𝑎)
𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐿(𝑎, 2𝑎)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿′ (𝑎, −2𝑎)
3. Now,
Length 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 = |𝐿𝐿′ | =
If the focus of parabola is
√(𝑎 − 𝑎)2 + (−2𝑎 − 2𝑎)2 = √(−4𝑎)2 = √16𝑎2
𝐹(−𝑎, 𝑜)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
= 4𝑎
Is the line 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 2 =
Hence proved.
−4𝑎𝑥
Theorem:
The graph is shown as;
The point of a parabola which is close to the
focus is the vertex
Proof:
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 Consider eq. of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 → (𝑖) , 𝑎 > 0
𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Let
𝐹(𝑎, 𝑜)𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
Parabola, Now
|𝑃𝐹| = √(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2

22 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑥 ∵ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥  𝑦 = ±√8𝑦 , 𝐷𝑓 = [0, ∞)
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥
= √(𝑥 + 𝑎)2
|𝑃𝐹| = 𝑥 + 𝑎 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑥 > 0
If 𝑉(0,0)𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
|𝑉𝐹| = √(𝑎, 𝑜)2 + (0,0)2 = √𝑎2 = 𝑎
|𝑉𝐹| < |𝐹𝑃|
⇒ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠, 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥
< 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
Reflecting property of parabola:

(ii). 𝑥 2 = −16𝑦
Solution.
Given Parabola
𝑥 2 = −16𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝑎 = 16
𝑎=4
When a light source is placed at the focus of a 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥: 𝑉(0,0)
parabolic reflecting surface, then light ray The axis of the parabola is along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
travelling from focus S to a point P on parabola opening of parabola is to the downward side.
will be reflected in the direction PR which is 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 ∶ 𝐹(0 , −𝑎) = 𝐹(0 , −4)
parabola to the axis of the parabola shown in 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 0
figure. 𝑦−4=0⇒𝑦 =4
Sketch:
Exercise 6.4 ∵ 𝑥 2 = −16𝑦
Question.1.  𝒙 = ±√−𝟏𝟔𝒚 , 𝑫𝒇 = (−∞, −𝟏]
Find the focus, vertex and directrix of the
parabola sketch its graph
(i). 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒙
Solution.
Given Parabola
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝑎 = 8
𝑎=2
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥: 𝑉(0,0)
The axis of the parabola is along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
opening of parabola is to the right side.
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 ∶ 𝐹(𝑎 , 0) = 𝐹(2 , 0)
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
Sketch:
∵ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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Class 12 Chapter 6
(iii). 𝑥 2 = 5𝑦
Solution.
Given Parabola
𝑥 2 = 5𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝑎 = 5
5
𝑎=
4
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥: 𝑉(0,0)
The axis of the parabola is along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
opening of parabola is to the upward side.
5
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 ∶ 𝐹(0 , 𝑎) = 𝐹 (0 , )
4
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
5
𝑥 + = 0.
4
𝑺𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒄𝒉:
𝑥 2 = 5𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√5𝑦
𝐷𝑓 = [𝑜, +∞)

(v). 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒚 − 𝟏)
Solution.
5 Given Parabola
𝑥 2 = 4(𝑦 − 1) → (𝑖)
Put 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑋 2 = 4𝑌 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝑎 = 4
𝑎=1
The vertex of (ii) is 𝑂(0,0) with axis of the
parabola is along Y-axis and open upward.
𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑥: 𝑉(0,0)
⇒ 𝑋 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 0
⇒ 𝑥=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
Hence Vertex of (i) parabola is (0,1).
(iv). 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙
Now 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 ∶ (0 , 𝑎) = (0 ,1)
Solution.
𝑋 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 1
Given Parabola
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 1 = 1
𝑦 2 = −12𝑥
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝑎 = 12
Hence Focus of the parabola (i) is 𝐹(0,2).
𝑎=3
Directrix of the parabola (ii) is
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥: 𝑉(0,0)
The axis of the parabola is along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑌+𝑎 =0
𝑌+1=0
opening of parabola is to the left side.
𝑦−1+1 =0
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 ∶ 𝐹(−𝑎 , 0) = 𝐹(−3 , 0)
𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 (𝑖).
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0
𝑥 − 3 = 0.
Sketch: Sketch:
∵ 𝑦 2 = −12𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 2 = 4(𝑦 − 1)
 𝑥 = ±2√𝑦 − 1 𝐷𝑓 = [1, ∞)
 𝑦 = ±√−12𝑥 , 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 𝑜)

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Class 12 Chapter 6
vii) 𝒙 − 𝟏)^𝟐 = 𝟖(𝒚 + 𝟐)

vi) 𝑦 2 = ` − 8(𝑥 − 3) Compare with 𝑋 2 = 4𝑎𝑌

 (𝑦 − 0)2 = −8(𝑥 − 3) 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2, 4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
Compare with 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 Focus; 𝐹(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 𝑎)
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 0 = 𝑌, 𝑋 =𝑥−3 𝑋 =𝑥−1⇒0=𝑥−1⇒𝑥 =1
4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 𝑌 =𝑦+2⇒𝑎 =𝑦+2⇒2=𝑦+2
Focus: 𝐹(𝑋 = −𝑎, 𝑌 = 0) ⇒𝑦=0
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 3 ⇒ −𝑎 = −2 + 3 So 𝐹(1,0)
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 (∵ 𝑎 = 2) Vertex:
𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 (∵ 𝑌 = 𝑦) 𝑉(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
So 𝐹(1,0) 𝑋 =0⇒𝑥−1=0⇒𝑥 =1
Vertex; (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑌 = 𝑜 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 3 ⇒ 0 = 𝑥 − 3 (∵ 𝑋 = 0) 𝑉(1, −2)
Or 𝑥 = 3 Directrix:
Also 𝑌 = 𝑦 ⇒ 0 = 𝑦 (∵ 𝑌 = 0) 𝑌 = −𝑎
Or 𝑦 = 0  𝑦 + 2 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = −2
So vertex = 𝑉(3,0)  𝑦 = −2 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4
Directrix Sketch:
𝑋=𝑎 (𝑥 − 1)2 = 8(𝑦 + 2)
⇒𝑥−3=𝑎 ⇒𝑥−3=2  𝑥 − 1 = ±√8(𝑦 + 2)
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5  𝑥 = 1 ± √8(𝑦 + 2) , 𝐷𝑓 = [−2, +∞)
Sketch:
∵ 𝑦 2 = −8(𝑥 − 3)
 𝑦 = ±√−8(𝑥 − 3) , 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 3)

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Class 12 Chapter 6

ix) 𝑥 + 8 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0
2
viii) 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 1  𝑥 + 8 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦
 6𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + 1  𝑥 + 8 + 1 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 +
1
Or (𝑥 − 0)2 = (𝑦 + 1) 1 (𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
6
Compare with 𝑋 2 = 4𝑎𝑌  𝑥 + 9 = (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 𝑜 = 𝑥, 𝑌 =𝑦+1 𝑜𝑟 (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1(𝑥 + 9)
1 1 Compare with 𝑌 2 = 4𝑎𝑋
4𝑎 = ⇒ 𝑎 = 1
6 24  𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1, 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 9, 4𝑎 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 =
4
Focus; 𝐹(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 𝑎)
Focus:
1 1
𝑋 =0⇒𝑦+1= (∵ 𝑎 = ) 𝐹(𝑋 = 𝑎, 𝑌 = 0)
24 24 1
1 23
 𝑦 = −1⇒𝑦 =− 𝑋 =𝑥+9 ⇒𝑎 =𝑥+9⇒ =𝑥+9
24 24 4
23 1 35
𝑠𝑜, 𝐹 (0, − ) 𝑥 = −9⇒𝑥 =−
24 4 4
Vertex:
𝑉(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑌 =0⇒𝑦−1=0⇒𝑦 =1
 𝑋=0⇒𝑥=0 35
𝑠𝑜, 𝐹 (− , 1)
 𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 4
𝑠𝑜 𝑉(0, −1) 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥:
Directrix: 𝑉(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
𝑌 = −𝑎 𝑋 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −9
1 1
 𝑦 + 1 = − 24 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 + 24 = 0 𝑌 =0⇒𝑦−1=0⇒𝑦 =1
25 𝑠0 𝑉(−9,1)
 𝑦 + 24 = 0 Directrix:
1
Sketch:∵ 𝑥 2 = 6 (𝑦 + 1)
𝑦+1
𝑋 = −𝑎
 ±√ , 𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟏, +∞) 1 1
 𝑋 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 + 9 + 4 = 0
𝟔
37
 𝑥+ 4
=0
Sketch;
∵ (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑥 + 9
⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±√𝑥 + 9
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1 ± √𝑥 + 9 𝐷𝑓 = [−9, +∞)
26 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Question. 2
Write an equation of the parabola with given
elements
(i). 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (−𝟑 , 𝟏) ; 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑
Solution.
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−3 , 1)
𝑀; 𝑥 − 3 = 0
Suppose 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on parabola then
by definition
|𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2
|𝑥 − 3|
√(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 =
√12 + 02
√𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = |𝑥 − 3|
On squaring both sides
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 = 0
x) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 8𝑦 Which is required equation of the parabola.
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 = 8(𝑦 − 0)
(ii). 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (2 , 5) ; 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑦 = 1
Compare with 𝑋 2 = 4𝑎𝑌
Solution.
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2,4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
𝑌 =𝑦−0=𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (2,5)
Focus: 𝑀; 𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐹(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 𝑎) P(x,y) be any point on parabola then by definition
𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒0=𝑥−2⇒𝑥 =2 |𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 ( 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑃𝑀|𝑖𝑠
𝑌 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 (∵ 𝑎 = 2) ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹
𝑌=0⇒𝑦=0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 − 1 = 0)
So 𝑉(2,0)
Directrix: |𝑦 − 1|
𝑌 = −𝑎 √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 =
 𝑌 = −2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 √02 + 12
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 2 = 0 √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = |𝑦 − 1|
Sketch: On squaring both sides
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 8𝑦 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1
 𝑥 − 2 = ±√8𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 29 − 10𝑦 − 1 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 ± √8𝑦 , 𝐷𝑓 = [0, +∞) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 28 = 0
Which is required equation of the parabola.

(iii). 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (−𝟑 , 𝟏) ; 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 =

𝟎
Solution.
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−3 , 1)
𝑀; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on parabola
then by definition
|𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2
|𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3|
√(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 =
√12 + (−2)2
|𝑥 − 3|
√𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 =
√5
On squaring both sides
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 =
5
5(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

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Class 12 Chapter 6
5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 45 + 5𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 5 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 (vi). 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒙 = −𝟐 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (𝟐 , 𝟐)
−9=0 Solution.
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 − 22𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 41 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
Which is required equation of the parabola. 𝐹((2,2), 𝑀; 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Note: By definition.
“𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒂 |𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2
2 2
(𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔)” |𝑥+2|
 (√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 ) = ( )
√(1)2 +(0) 2
 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 < 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠
𝑥 2 +4+4𝑥
If 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 >  𝑥 2 + 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4 − 4𝑦 = 1
𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠  𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8 − 𝑥 2 − 4 − 4𝑥 = 0
Then parabola opens downwards.  𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 8𝑥 = 0
 when Focus and vertex have same or(𝑦 − 2)2 = 8𝑥 (𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎)
ordinate (vii). 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 (𝟐 , 𝟐) ; 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟑
(𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔)" Solution.
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (2 , 2)
< 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑦−3=0
Then parabola opens towards right Since axis of parabola is parallel to 𝑌 −
If 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠(𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 > 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑝𝑐𝑢𝑠 And opening is downward.
Then parabola opens towards left. So equation of parabola with vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) =
(vi). 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (−𝟑 , 𝟏) ; 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 ∶ (𝟑, 𝟐) (2,2)
Solution. Given that (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−3 , 1) (𝑥 − 2)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 2)2 − − − (𝑖)
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (3,2) = 𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘) Now 𝑎 =
Focus and vertex have same ordinate and 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (2,2)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 > 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑝𝑐𝑢𝑠 |2 − 3| |−1|
Then parabola opens towards left. 𝑎= = =1
√(0)2 + (1)2 √0 + 1
𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
Putting in equation (i), we have
(𝑦 − 2)2 = −4𝑎(𝑥 − 3)
(𝑥 − 2)2 = −4(1)(𝑦 − 2)
Now 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = −𝑦 + 8
𝑎 = |𝐹𝑉| = √(3 − 1)2 + (2 − 2)2 = √4 + 0 = 2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0
Putting in (i) , we have 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0
(𝑦 − 2)2 = −4(2)(𝑥 − 3) Which is required equation of the parabola.
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = −8(𝑥 − 3) (viii). 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟏 , Length of latusrectum is 8,
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = −8𝑥 + 24 Opens Downward.
𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 24 + 4 = 0 Solution.
𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑦 = 1
Which is required equation of the parabola. 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 = 4𝑎 = 8 => 𝑎 = 2
(v). 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (𝟐 , 𝟓) ; 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 (−𝟏 , 𝟐) Parabola is open downward.
Solution. Consider Vertex = (ℎ, −1).
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−1 , 0) Equation of the parabola is
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (−1,2) = 𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘) (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
Focus and vertex have same ordinate and (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4(2)(𝑦 + 1)
𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 > 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 = −8(𝑦 + 1)
Then parabola opens downwards. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 = −8𝑦 − 8
𝒊. 𝒆 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 8𝑦 + 8 = 0
 (𝑥 + 1)2 = −𝑎(𝑦 − 2) → (𝑖) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ + 8𝑦 + ℎ2 + 8 = 0
𝑎 = |𝐹𝑉| = √(2 − 0)2 + (−1 + 1)2 = 2 Which is required equation of the parabola.
Put 𝑎 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (ix). 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 (𝟐, 𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏𝟏, −𝟐).
(𝑥 + 1)2 = −𝑎(2)(𝑦 − 2) Solution.
 𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 = −8𝑦 + 16 Let vertex is (ℎ, 𝑘).
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 8𝑦 − 15 = 0 Since it lies on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝑘 = 0.
(𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎) Now equation of the parabola with vertex (ℎ, 0).
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Class 12 Chapter 6
(𝑦 − 0)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) ±9 ∓ 6ℎ ± ℎ2 = ±12𝑎 ∓ 4𝑎𝑘
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) − − − (𝑖) 7 − 2ℎ = 28𝑎 → (𝑣)
Since (2,1) lies on the parabola (i),we have By (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − (𝑖𝑖)
(1)2 = 4𝑎(2 − ℎ) 9 − 2ℎ + ℎ2 = 16𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘
1 = 4𝑎(2 − ℎ) − − − (𝑖𝑖)
±ℎ2 = ±12𝑎 ∓ 4𝑎𝑘
Also (11, −2) lies on the parabola (i),we have
(−2)2 = 4𝑎(11 − ℎ) 9 − 6ℎ = 4𝑎 → (𝑣𝑖)
4 = 4𝑎(11 − ℎ) − − − (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Multiplying (𝑣)𝑏𝑦 3
Dividing (i) and (ii), we have 21 − 6ℎ = 84𝑎 → (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
1 4𝑎(2 − ℎ) By(𝑣𝑖𝑖) − (𝑣𝑖)
= 21 − 6ℎ = 84𝑎
4 4𝑎(11 − ℎ)
1 4(2 − ℎ) ±9 ∓ 6ℎ = −4𝑎
=
1 (11 − ℎ) 12 = 80𝑎
12 3
11 − ℎ = 4(2 − ℎ)  𝑎 = 80 = 20
11 − ℎ = 8 − 4ℎ 3
 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑣𝑖)
−ℎ + 4ℎ = 8 − 11 20
3ℎ = −3 3
9 − 6ℎ = 4 ( )
ℎ = −1. 20
3
Putting in (ii), we have  9 − 6ℎ = 5
1 = 4𝑎(2 − (−1)) 3 42
 9 − 5 = 6ℎ 𝑜𝑟 6ℎ −
1 = 4𝑎(2 + 1) 7
5
1 = 4𝑎(3)  ℎ = 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
1 = 12𝑎 7 2 3 3
1  ( ) = 12 ( ) − 4 ( ) 𝑘
5 20 20
𝑎= 49 18 49
12  = −
Putting in (i), we have 25 10 25
3 450−490
1  𝑘=
𝑦 2 = 4 ( ) (𝑥 − (−1)) 5
3
250
−40
12  𝑘=
2
1 5 250
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)  𝑘 = − 25 × 3
4 5
3
3𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 1)  𝑘 = −4/15
3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0. 7 2
Which is required equation of the parabola.  𝑁𝑜𝑤 (𝐼) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 (𝑥 − ) =
5
(x). 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒀 − 3 4
4 ( ) (𝑦 + )
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟒)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒, 𝟏𝟏)𝒍𝒊𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 20 15
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉. 7 2 3 4
 (𝑥 − ) = (𝑦 + )
5 5 15
Solution.
Question.3.
Let eq. of parabola is
Find an equation of the parabola having its focus
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) → (𝑖)
at the origin and directrix parallel to the
Put (0,3)𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (𝒊). 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 (𝒊𝒊). 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
 ℎ2 = 4𝑎(3 − 𝑘) Solution.
ℎ2 = 12𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘 → (𝑖𝑖) (i). 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥; 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 = 𝐹(𝑜, 𝑜)
Put (3,4)𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) or 𝑀; 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 0 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
 (3 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(4 − 𝑘) by definition of parabola
9 + ℎ2 − 6ℎ = 16𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2
Put(4,1)𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) |𝑦 − 𝑎|
√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 =
 (4 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(11 − 𝑘) √(0)2 + (1)2
16 + ℎ2 − 8ℎ = 44𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘 → (𝑖𝑣) |𝑦 − 𝑎|
By(𝑖𝑣) − (𝑖𝑖𝑖) √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
1
16 − 8ℎ + ℎ2 = 44𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘 → (𝑖𝑣) On squaring both sides , we have
By(𝑖𝑣) − (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎2
16 − 8ℎ + ℎ2 = 44𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎2 = 0.
2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎2 = 0.
29 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Which is required parabola. 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
CaseII: − 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ; 𝑦 = −𝑎 (𝑎𝑠𝑙𝑜 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) = 𝑥 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑦 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑎2
Or𝑀; 𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0 , 𝐹(𝑜, 𝑜), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) + 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
By definition. + 2𝑥𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
|𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
2

2 |𝑦+𝑎|
2 + 𝑎2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼)
 (√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 ) = ( ) = 𝑥 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑦 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑎2
√(1)2 +(0) 2
2 2 2
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
(ii). 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎2
2

CaseI: 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙; 𝒙 = 𝒂 , 𝑭(𝒐, 𝒐), 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑥 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑦 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑎2

𝑜𝑟 𝑀; 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 + 2𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 2𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓; |𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 (1
|𝑥 − 𝑎| 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼) + 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼) + 𝑎2 − 𝑎2
2
√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = − 2𝑥𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
√(1)2 + (0)2 = 4𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 4𝑎𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
|𝑥 − 𝑎|
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑦 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
1 = 4𝑎(𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼)
On squaring both sides, we have (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 Which is required equation of the parabola.
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎2 = 0.
2
Hence Proved.
𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎2 = 0. Question.5.
Which is required parabola.
Show that ordinate at any point P of the
Case II.
parabola is a mean proportional between the
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ; 𝑥 = −𝑎 (𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) length of the latus rectum and the abscissa of P.
𝑜𝑟𝑀, 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0, 𝐹(0,0), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) Solution.
By definition. Consider the equation of the parabola is
 |𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
2
2 |𝑥+𝑎| 𝑦. 𝑦 = 4𝑎. 𝑥
 (√(𝑥 − 0)2 (𝑦 − 0)2 ) = ( ) 4𝑎 𝑦
√(1)2 +(0)2
2 2 2 2 =
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
Or 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
=
Question.4 𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎
Show that an equation of the parabola with Hence ordinate is mean proportional between
focus at (𝒂𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 , 𝒂 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 latus rectum and abscissa.
𝒙𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒚𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 + 𝒂 Qustion.6.
= 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 (𝒙𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 − 𝒚𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶)𝟐 A comet has a parabolic orbit with the earth at the
= 𝟒𝒂(𝒙𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒚𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶) focus. When the comet is 150,000km from the
Solution. earth, the line joining the comet and the earth
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 , 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼) makes an an
𝑀; 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎 = 0 30𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂. How close
P(x,y) be any point on parabola then by definition will the comet come to the earth.
|𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 Solution.
√(𝑥 − 𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼)2
|𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎|
=
√𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
√(𝑥 − 𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼)2
|𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎|
=
1
On squaring both sides
(𝑥 − 𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼)2
= |𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎|2

30 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Suppose earth be at focus is origin and 𝑉(−𝑎, 𝑜) 𝑏𝑒 𝑎2
′
vertex of parabola. Then directrix of parabola is 𝑎 =
16𝑏
𝑥 = 2𝑎 Putting this value in (i), we have
 𝑀; 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 0 𝑎2
Let comet be at point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝑥2 = 4 ( )𝑦
16𝑏
|𝑃𝐹|2 = |𝑃𝑀|2 𝑎2
2
2 |𝑥+2𝑎|
2 𝑥 = 𝑦
 (√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 ) = ( ) 4𝑏
√(1)2 +(0) 2
Which is required equation.
2 2 2
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 → (𝑖) Question.8.
In∆𝑂𝐴𝑃 , 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 A parabolic arch has a 100m base and height 25m.
|𝑂𝐴|2 + |𝐴𝑃|2 = |𝑂𝑃|2 Find the height of the arch at the point 30m from
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (150000)2 → (𝑖𝑖) the center of the base.
𝑏𝑦 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) Solution.
(𝑥 + 2𝑎)2 = ±150000
2
 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) = ±150000 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
From right ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃
|𝑂𝐴| √3 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠300 = ⇒ =
|𝐴𝑃| 2 150000
√3
 𝑥 = (150000)
2
By (iii)
√3
(150000) + 2𝑎 = ±150000
2
√3
 2𝑎 = ±150000 − 2 (150000)
 2𝑎 = ±150000 − √3(75000) Consider the equation of the parabola with vertex
 2𝑎 = 75000(±2 − √3) O(0,0)
 𝑎 = 37500(±2 − √3) 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 − − − −(𝑖)
∵ 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃(50 , 25) 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
(50)2 = 4𝑎(25)
𝑎 = 37500(2 − √3)𝑘𝑚
2500 = 100𝑎
Question.7.
𝑎 = 25
Find the equation of the parabola formed by the
Putting in (i), we have
cables of a suspension bridge whose span is a m and
𝑥 2 = 4(25)𝑦 = 100𝑦
the vertical height of the supporting towards is b m. When 𝑥 = 30 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Solution. (30)2 = 100𝑦
900
𝑦= =9
100
Hence the required height is 9m.
Question.9.
Show that tangent at any point P of a parabola
marks equal angles which the line PF and line
through P and parallel to 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
Solution:
Let 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑚1 = 0(∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
Consider the equation of the parabola with vertex For 𝑚2 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑖)
O(0,0) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑎
2𝑦 | =
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎′ 𝑦 → (𝑖) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥1 ,𝑦1 𝑦
𝑎 𝑦 −0 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃 ( , 𝑏) 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎  𝑚3 = 𝑥1−𝑎 = 𝑥 =𝑥
2 1 1 −𝑎 1 −𝑎
2𝑎
𝑎 2 𝑚 −𝑚1 −0
( ) = 4𝑎′ (𝑏) 2
Tan𝜃1 = 1+𝑚 =
𝑦1
2𝑎
2 2 𝑚1 1+( )(0)
𝑦1

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Class 12 Chapter 6
2𝑎 2𝑎 1) An ellipse has two diameters, called axes of
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = ⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) → (𝑖)
𝑦1 𝑦1 symmetry. In fig. 𝐴𝐴′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐵′ are diameter of
𝑚3 − 𝑚 2 ellipse.
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
1 + 𝑚3 𝑚 2 2) The largest diameter is called major axis. In
𝑣1 2𝑎
(𝑥 − ) − (𝑦 ) fig. 𝐴𝐴′ is major axis and length of major axis
1 𝑎 1
= |𝐴𝐴′| 𝑖𝑠2a.
𝑦1 2𝑎
1 + (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) ( ) 3) The smallest diameter is called minor axis. In
1 𝑦1
2
𝑦1 − 2𝑎𝑥1 + 2𝑎2 fig. 𝐵𝐵 ′ 𝑖𝑠 Minor axis. And length of minor axis
(𝑥1 − 𝑎)(𝑦1 ) and length of minor axis 𝐵𝐵 ′ 𝑖𝑠 2𝑏.
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
𝑦1 𝑥1 − 𝑎𝑦1 + 2𝑎𝑦1 4) An ellipse has two directrix, called directrices.
𝑦1 (𝑥1 − 𝑎) In fig. 𝐿𝐿′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑘 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠.
2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦1 = 4𝑎𝑥1 (∵ 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎) 5) Two fixed points are called foci (plural of
4𝑎𝑥1 −2𝑎𝑥1 +2𝑎2 focus) in fig.
𝑦1 (𝑥1 −𝑎)
 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 = 𝑦1 𝑥1 −𝑎𝑦1 +2𝑎𝑦1
𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖. 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑦1 (𝑥1 −𝑎) 6) The end points of major axis called vertices. In
2𝑎(𝑥1 +𝑎) fig.
 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
𝑦1 (𝑥1 +𝑎) 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑜)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴′ (−𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒.
−1 2𝑎
 𝜃2 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑦 ) → (𝑖𝑖) 7) The end points of minor axis are called co-
1
By(𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) vertices. In fig 𝐵(𝑜, 𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ′ (𝑜, −𝑏)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 −
𝜃1 = 𝜃2 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 of ellipse.
8) A straight line joining two points of ellipse is
𝑬𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 called chord of ellipse.
Ellipse: 9) A straight and passing through focus is called
Set of all points in a plane, such that distance of focal chord of ellipse.
each from a fixed point bears a constant ratio 10) Focal chord perpendicular to mojor axis is
(less than one) to the distance from a fixed line. called letusrectum. or focal chord parallel to
minor axis is called letusrectum. In fig.
𝐷𝐷′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝐸 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 letusrectra (plural of
2𝑏 2
letusrectum) length of letusrectum is 𝑎
11) The point of intersection of major and minor
axis or foci is called Centre.
Or minor axis or foci is called Centre of ellipse.
In figure C is Centre.
12) In fig. AC and C𝐴′ are semi-major asix.
13) In fig BC and 𝐶𝐵′ are semi minor axis.
𝑥2
14) If the point 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑎2 +
𝑦2
𝑏2
Note: = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 ∈ ℝ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Fixed point is called Focus. Here F is Focus 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒.
 Fixed line 𝐿𝐿′ is directrix. Standard Equation of Ellipse:
 Constant ratio is called eccentricity, 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
|𝐹𝑃| + =𝟏
denoted by 𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔. |𝑃𝑀| = 𝑒 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Proof:
 |𝐹𝑃| = 𝑒|𝑃𝑀| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝐹𝑃| < |𝑃𝑀|
So in ellipse 𝑒 < 1
Definition:

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Which represents eq. of Circle having Centre at
origin.
 Circle is a special case of an ellipse.
Note:
In an ellipse
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 )
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒃 = 𝒂
𝟐 𝟐 (𝟏
 𝒂 =𝒂 − 𝒆𝟐 )
 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐
 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 ⇒ 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟏
Let 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒆 = 𝟎
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 So𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆, 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒆 = 𝒐
𝑎
Having focus 𝐹(𝑎𝑒, 𝑜) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑒
 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0
Let |𝑃𝑀| 𝑏𝑒 ⊥
𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖x
𝑎
𝑥=
𝑒
 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0
By def. |𝐹𝑃|2 = 𝑒|𝑃𝑀|2
2
(√(𝑥 − 𝑒𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑜)2 )
2
|𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎|
= 𝑒( )
√(𝑒)2 + (0)2
(𝑒𝑥−𝑎)2
 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2 𝑎2 − 2𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 𝑒
 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2 𝑎2 − 2𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 −
2𝑒𝑎𝑥
 𝑥 2 − 𝑒 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑒 2 𝑎2
Or𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (1 − 𝑒 2 )
÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑎2 (1 − 𝑒 2 )
𝑥 2 (1−𝑒 2 ) 𝑦2 𝑎2 (1−𝑒 2 )
 𝑎2 (1−𝑒 2 )
+ 𝑎2 (1−𝑒 2 ) = 𝑎2 (1−𝑒 2 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎2 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) = 𝑏 2
Note:
∵ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) Exercise No.6.5
 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 Q1. Find an equation of the ellipse with given
 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − (𝑎𝑒)2 ∵ 𝑎𝑒 = 𝑐 data and sketch its graph.
 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 (i) Foci
Or𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (±𝟑, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝟏𝟎.
Prove that circle is special case of ellipse. Solution:
Proof: Length of minor axis= 10
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝑐 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑏 = 10 ⇒ 𝑏 = 5
∵ 𝟐+ 𝟐 Now 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2
𝒂 𝒃
= 𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈  𝑎2 = 9 + 25 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 34
Centre at origin. Let 𝒃 = 𝒂 Now 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠
Then eq. of ellipse becomes as 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 ⇒ + =1
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝑎2 𝑏 2 34 25
𝟐
+ 𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 Sketch:
𝒂 𝒂
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
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𝐹(3,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′ (−3,0) So 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (√5 , −3), (−√5, −3 )
3−3 0+0
Centre = ( , ) = (0,0) Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚:
2 2
Vertices = (±𝑎, 0) = (±√34, 𝑜) 2𝑏 2 2(5) 10
= =
Co−𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (0, ±𝑏) = (0, ±5) 𝑎 3 3
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐵(0,5), 𝐵 ′ (0, −5)
Length of letusrect:
2𝑏 2 2(25) 50
= =
𝑎 √34 √34

(iii) 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 (±3√3, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (±6,0)

Solution:
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖(±𝑐, 𝑜) = (±3√3, 0)
(ii)  𝐶 = 3√3 ⇒ 𝐶 2 = 27
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖(0, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, −5), 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 6.  Centre =𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
Solution: 3√3 − 3√3 0 + 0
=( , ) = (0,0)
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 2 2
0 + 0 −1 − 5 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (±𝑎, 0) = (±6,0)
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) = (0, −3)
2 2  𝑎 = 6 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 36
∵ 2𝐶 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
∵ 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 = (±3√3, 0))
2𝐶 = √(0 − 0) + (−5 + 1)2 = √16 = 4  𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 −
 2𝐶 = 4 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 ⇒ 𝐶 2 = 4 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
∵ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑎 = 6 So,
⇒ 𝑎 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 9 𝑥2 𝑦2
2 2 2 2
∵𝑐 = 𝑎 −𝑏 ⇒𝑏 = 𝑎 −𝑐 = 9−4= 5 2 2 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎, 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥2 𝑦2
 + =1
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 36 9
Now eq. of ellipse is Sketch:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 Vertices = (±𝟔, 𝟎)𝒊. 𝒆 𝑨(𝟔, 𝟎)𝑨′ (−𝟔, 𝟎)
+ = 1 → (𝑖) Co-vertices = (𝟎, ±𝒃) = (𝟎, ±𝟑)
𝑏2 𝑎2
2 2
∵ ℎ = 0 , 𝑘 = −3 , 𝑎 = 𝑎, 𝑏 = 5 𝒊. 𝒆 𝑩(𝒐, 𝟑), 𝑩′ (𝟎, −𝟑)
𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 3)2 𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝟐(𝟗)
⇒ + = 1 → (𝑖) Length of 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒎 = = 𝟔 =𝟑
𝒂
5 𝑎2
∵ ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = −3, 𝑎2 = 𝑎, 𝑏 2 = 5
𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 3)2
⇒ + =1
5 9
𝑺𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒄𝒉:
Vertices(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎)
 𝑋 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = ±𝑎
 𝑦 + 3 = ±3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3 ± 3 = 0, −6
So vertex 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐴(0.0) 𝐴′ (0, −6)
Co-vertices(𝑋 = ±𝑏, 𝑌 = 0)
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 → 𝑥 = ±𝑏 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√5
𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
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 9𝑏 2 + 12𝑎2 = 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 (× 𝑏𝑦 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 )
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 (−𝟏, 𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟓, 𝟏); 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒊 (𝟒, 𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅  9𝑏 2 + 12(𝑏 2 + 5) = 4(𝑏 2 + 5)𝑏 2 (∵ 𝑎2 =
(𝟎, 𝟏) 𝑏 2 + 5)
Solution:  9𝑏 2 + 12𝑏 2 + 60 = 4𝑏 4 + 20𝑏 2
∵ 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 = 𝐹(4,1), 𝐹 ′ (0,1)  21𝑏 2 − 20𝑏 2 + 60 = 4𝑏 2
Centre= 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 Or4𝑏 4 − 𝑏 2 − 60 = 0
4+0 1+! 4𝑏 2 − 16𝑏 2 + 15𝑏 2 − 60 = 0
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) = (2,1)
2 2 4𝑏 2 (𝑏 2 − 4) + 15(𝑏 2 + 15) = 0
2C= 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. 𝑏\𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑏 2 − 4, 4𝑏 2 + 15 = 0
15
2𝑎 = √(5 + 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 = 6  𝑏 2 = 4, 𝑏 2 = − (𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
4
 2𝑎 = 6 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑎2 = 9 ∵ 𝑏 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 4 + 5 (𝑏𝑦(𝑖)
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2  𝑎2 = 9
2 2
⇒𝑏 =9−4⇒𝑏 =5 So(𝑖𝑖) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. + =1
(𝑥−ℎ) 2 (𝑦−𝑘) 2 9 4
𝐸𝑞. Of ellipse 𝑖𝑠 + 2 =1 Sketch:
𝑎2 𝑏
∵ ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = 1, 𝑎2 = 9, 𝑏 2 = 5 𝑠𝑜 Vertices = (±𝑎, 0) = (±3, 𝑜)
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 − 1)2  𝐴(3,0), 𝐴′ (−3,0)
+ =1 Co-vertics = (0, ±𝑏) = (0, ±2)
9 5
Sketch:  𝐵(0,2), 𝐵 ′ (𝑜, −2)
2𝑏 2 2(4) 8
Vertices: 𝐴(5,1), 𝐴′ (−1,1) Length of leturectum : 𝑎 = 3 =
3
Co-vertices(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑏)
∵𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 ± √5
Covertices are𝐵(2,1 + √5), 𝐵 ′ (2,1 − √5)
2𝑏 2 2(5) 10
Length of letusrectum = =
𝑎 3 3

𝟑
𝒗𝒊) 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 (𝒐, ±𝟓)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ( )
𝟓
Solution:
(v) 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±5)
3  𝑎 = 5, 𝑎2 = 25
𝑭𝑜𝑐𝑖 (±√5, 𝑜) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( , √3)
2 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠
Solution: 0+0 5−5
=( , ) = (0,0)
foci= (±𝑐, 𝑜) = (±√5, 0) 2 2
 𝑐 = √5 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 5 3
∵ 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑙 =
As 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 ∶ 𝐹(√5, 0), 𝐹 ′ (−√5, 0) 5
3
Centre = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ∵ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑒 ⇒ 𝑐 = 5 ( ) = 3
5
√5 − √5 0 + 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 9
=( , ) = (0,0)
2 2 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 25 − 9
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 16
⇒ 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 5 → (𝑖) ∵ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎
3 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦
∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 (𝑖𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ ( , √3)
2 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠
3 2 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
(2) (√3) + =1
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 2 + =1 𝑏 2 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑥2 𝑦2
9 3  16 + 25 = 1
 4𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
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Sketch:
Vertices:(𝑜, ±5) ⇒ 𝐴(0,5) 𝐴′ (0, −5)
Covertices;(±𝑏, 𝑜) = (±4,0)
 𝐵(4,0), 𝐵 ′ (−4,0)
2𝑏 2
Length 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚: 𝑎
2(16) 32
= =
5 5

(viii) Centre (2,2) major axis parallel to 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

and length 8 units, minor axis parallel to 𝒙 −
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 and of length 6 units.
Solution:
Centre = (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2,2)
Length of major axis = 2𝑎 = 8
(vii) Centre  𝑎 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 16
(𝒐, 𝒐) , 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (𝟎, −𝟑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙(𝟎, 𝟒) Length of minor axis = 2𝑏 = 6
Solution:  𝑏 = 3 ⇒ 𝑏2 = 9
Centre = (0,0), 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 = 𝑓 ′ (0, −3) ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 16 − 9 = 7
So other focus 𝐹(0,3)  𝑐 = √7
 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 = (0, ±𝑐) = (0, ±3) Equation of Ellipse is
 𝑐 = 3 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 9 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
Also vertex = (0,4) 𝑏2 𝑎2
Other vertex = (0, −4) (∵ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ||𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. )
 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (0, ±𝑎) = (𝑜, ±4) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = 2, 𝑏 2 = 9, 𝑎2 = 16
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−2)2
 𝑎 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑎2 = 16  + =1
9 16
 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Sketch:
𝑜𝑟 𝑏 2 = 16 − 9 = 7 Vertices: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎)
∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ∵𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2⇒𝑥 =2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = ±2
+ =1 (∵ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝑏 2 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = ±4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 ± 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
 7 + 16 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 6, −2
Sketch: So𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴(2,6), 𝐴′ (2, −2)
Vertices = (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±4) Covertices: (𝑋 = ±𝑏, 𝑌 = 0)
 𝐴(0,4), 𝐴′ (0, −4) ∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±𝑏
Co-vertices= (±𝑏, 𝑜) = (±√7, 0) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ± 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 5, −1
 𝐵(√7, 0), 𝐵 ′ (−√7, 𝑜)
2𝑏 2 2(7) 7
𝑌 =𝑦−2⇒𝑦−2=0⇒𝑦 =2
Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = = =2 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐵(5,2), 𝐵 ′ (−1,2)
𝑎 4
Foci: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑐)
𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = ±𝑐
 𝑦 − 2 = ±√7 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 ± √7
So𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ∶ 𝐹(2,2 + √7)

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2𝑏 2
𝐹 ′ (2,2 − √7) Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎
2𝑏 2 2(9) 9
Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚: = =2 2(10) 10
𝑎 4 = = = √10
2√10 √10

(x) Centre (0,0) Major axis horizontal, the points

(𝟑, 𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒, 𝟎)𝒍𝒊𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉.
(ix) Centre (0,0) ,symmetric with respect to both Solution:
the axis and passing through the points Centre = (0,0)
(𝟐, 𝟑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟔, 𝟏) Major𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑖. 𝑒 𝑥 −
Solution: 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠
Centre = (0,0), 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 → (𝑖)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Eq. of ellipse is 2
+ =1 (3)2 (1)2
𝑎 𝑏2
∵ (𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (2,3)𝑠𝑜 ∵ (𝑖) 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (3,1)𝑠𝑜 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
(2)2 (3)2 4 9 9
 2+ 2=1
1
+ = 1 ⇒ + =1 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
 9𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
 4𝑏 2 + 9𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
Also (𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (4,0)𝑠𝑜
Also (𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (6,1)𝑠𝑜
(4)2 (0)2 9 1
(6)2 (1)2 36 1 + = + =1
2
+ 2 =1⇒ 2+ 2=1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
 9𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 → (𝑖𝑖)
 36𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖
Also (𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (4,0)𝑠𝑜
 By(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
(4)2 (0)2 16
36𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 = 4𝑏 2 + 9𝑎2 + = 1 ⇒ =1
⇒ 32𝑏 2 = 8𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2
 𝑎2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
⇒ 𝑎 = 4𝑏 2 → (𝑖𝑣) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
2
Now (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 9𝑏 2 + 16 = 16𝑏 2
4𝑏 2 + 9(4𝑏 2 ) = (4𝑏 2 )𝑏 2
 16 = 16𝑏 2 − 9𝑏 2
⇒ 40𝑏 2 = 4𝑏 4 16
𝑜𝑟 10 = 𝑏 2 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 2 )  16 = 7𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 7
4
⇒ 𝑏 = √10  𝑜𝑟 𝑏 =
√7
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝑎 = 4(10) ⇒ 𝑎2 = 40
2
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = √40 = 2√10 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 + =1
16 16
𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 7
𝑥2 𝑦2 Sketch:
+ =1 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝐴(4,0), 𝐴′ (−4,0)
40 10
Sketch: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (±𝑎, 0) = (±2√10, 0) 4 4
𝐵 (0, ) , 𝐵 ′ (0, − )
𝐴(2√10, 𝑜), 𝐴′ (−2√10, 0) √7 √7
16
𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (0, ±𝑏) = (0, ±√10) 2𝑏 2 2 ( 7 ) 8
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = = =
𝐵(0, √10), 𝐵 ′ (𝑜, −√10) 𝑎 4 7

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𝑎
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: 𝑦 = ±
𝑒
3√2
2√2 9
⇒𝑦=± ⇒𝑦=±
2√2 2
3
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
Solution:
25𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 225
𝑥2 𝑦2
 9
+ 25 = 1 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 225)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Question No.2 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Find the Centre, foci, eccentricity, vertices and
 𝑎2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = √5
directrices of the ellipse whose equation is
𝑏2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3
given:
∵ 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 25 − 9 = 16
2
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔  𝑐=4
Solution: Centre: (0,0)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 16 Foci= (𝑜, ±𝑐) = (𝑜, ±4)
𝑥2 𝑦2
 16
+ 4
= 1 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 16) Eccentricity: e=𝑎 = 5
𝑐 4

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±5)

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2 + 2 = 1 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: 𝑦 = ± 𝑒
 𝑎2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
5 25
𝑏2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑏 = 2 ⇒𝑦=± ⇒𝑦=±
4 4
∵ 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 16 − 4 = 12
2
5
 𝑐 = √12 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2√3
Centre: (0,0) (𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟐)𝟐
(𝒊𝒗) + =𝟏
Foci= (±𝑐, 0) = (±2√3, 0) 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

𝑐 2√3
Solution:
√3
Eccentricity: e= = ⇒𝑒= (2𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2)2
𝑎 4 2
+ =1
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (±𝑎, 0) = (±4,0) 16 16
𝑎 1 2
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: 𝑥 = ± [2(𝑥− )] (𝑦+2)2
𝑒  2
+ = 1 → (𝑖)
4 8 16 16
⇒𝑥=± ⇒𝑥=± 𝑋2 𝑌2
√3 √3 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + =1
2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
1
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖  𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ,𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:  𝑎2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 18 𝑏2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑏 = 2
𝑥2 𝑦2 ∵ 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 16 − 2 = 12
2
 + 18 = 1 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 18)
2
𝑥2 𝑦2  𝑐 = √12 = 2√3
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ+ =1 Centre: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
𝑎2 𝑏 2
1 1 1
 𝑎2 = 18 ⇒ 𝑎 = √18 = 3√2 ∵ 𝑋=𝑥− ⇒𝑥− =0⇒𝑥=
2 2 2
𝑏 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑏 = √2 1
 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (2 , −2)
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 18 − 2 = 16
 𝑐=4 Foci= 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Centre: (0,0) Foci (𝑿 = 𝟎, 𝒀 = ±𝒄)
Foci= (𝑜, ±𝑐) = (𝑜, ±4) 1 1 1
∵ 𝑋=𝑥− ⇒𝑥− =0⇒𝑥=
𝑐 4 2×2 2√2 2 2 2
Eccentricity: e=𝑎 = 3√2 ⇒ 𝑒 = = 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±𝑐
3√2 3
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±3√2)  𝑦 + 2 = ±2√3
 𝑦 = −2 ± 2√3
38 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
1 𝑎
Hence 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ( , −2 ± 2√3) 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑋 = ±
2 𝑒
𝑐 2√3 3
𝑎
Eccentricity: e=𝑎 = ⇒𝑒= 𝑋 =𝑥+8⇒𝑥+8=±
4 √2 𝑒
2
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎)  𝑥 + 8 = ± √3
1 1 1 2
∵ 𝑋=𝑥− ⇒𝑥− =0⇒𝑥= 4
2 2 2  𝑥 = −8 ±
√3
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±4
(𝒗𝒊) 𝟐𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟓𝟒𝟏
𝟐
 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±4
=𝟎
 𝑦 = −2 ± 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2, −6
1 1
Solution:
Hence vertices are (2 , 2) , (2 , −6) 25𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 250𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 541 = 0
𝑎 4 25(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥) + 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦) = −541
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: 𝑦 = ± ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±
𝑒 √3 25(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 − 25) + 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 4)
2 = −541
8 8 25[(𝑥 − 5)2 − 25] + 4[(𝑦 − 2) − 4]
𝒚+𝟐=± ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 ±
√3 √3 = −541
𝟐
(𝒊𝒊)𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟎 25(𝑥 − 5) − 625 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 − 16
2

Solution: = −541
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟎 2
25(𝑥 − 5) + 4(𝑦 − 2)2
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚) = −𝟕𝟔 = −451 + 625 + 16
 𝑥 2 + 2(8)(𝑥) + (8)2 + 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − ⇒ 25(𝑥 − 5)2 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 = 100
4) = −76 + (8)2 (𝑥 − 5)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
 (𝑥 + 8)2 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 − 16 = −12 𝑜𝑟 + = 1 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 100)
4 25
 (𝑥 + 8)2 + 4((𝑦 − 2)2 − 4) = −76 + 64 𝑋2
 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2 + 2 = 1
𝑌2
𝑎 𝑏
 (𝑥 + 8)2 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 − 16 = −12
 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 5, 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 2 𝑎2 = 25
 (𝑥 + 8)2 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 = 4
(𝑥+8)2 (𝑦−2)2
 𝑎 = 5 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 25 − 4 = 21
 4
+ 1
=1  𝑐 = √21
𝑋2 𝑌2  𝑏2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑏 = 2
 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Centre: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 8, 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 2 𝑎2 = 4
∵ 𝑋 =𝑥−5⇒𝑥−5=0⇒𝑥 =5
 𝑎 = 2 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑌 =𝑦−2⇒𝑦−2=0⇒𝑦 =2
 𝑐 = √3
 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (5,2)
 𝑏2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
Foci= 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Centre: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
Foci (𝑿 = 𝟎, 𝒀 = ±𝒄)
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8
∵ 𝑋 =𝑥−5⇒𝑥−5=𝑥 =5
𝑌 =𝑦−2⇒𝑦−2=0⇒𝑦 =2
𝑌 =𝑦−2 ⇒𝑦−2⇒𝑦 =2
 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (−8,2)
Foci= 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Hence 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (5,2 ± √21)
𝑐 √21
Foci (𝑿 = ±𝒄, 𝒀 = 𝟎) Eccentricity: e=𝑎 ⇒ 𝑒 = 5
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = ±𝑐 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (𝑋 = ±0, 𝑌 = 𝑎)
𝑥 + 8 = ±√3 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8 ± √3 ∵ 𝑋 =𝑥+5 ⇒𝑥+5
𝑌 =𝑦−2 ⇒𝑦−2⇒𝑦 =2 𝑥 = −5
Hence 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (−8 ± √3, 2) 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = ±5
𝑐 √3 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 ± 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3,7
Eccentricity: e=𝑎 ⇒ 𝑒 = 2 Hence vertices are (5,7) , (7, −3)
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (𝑋 = ±𝑎, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑌 = ±
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = ±𝑎 𝑒
𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = ±2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8 ± 2 𝑌 =𝑦−2⇒𝑦−2=±
𝑒
⇒ 𝑥 = −6, −10 ∵ 𝑎 = 5
5
𝑌 =𝑦−2 ⇒𝑦−2⇒𝑦 =2  𝑦 − 2 = ± √21 ( √21 )
𝑒= 5
Hence vertices are (−6,2) , (−10,2) 5

39 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
 𝑦 = 2 ± 25/√21  √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + √𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 1 − 2𝑦 = 2
Question No.3 let “a” be a positive number  √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 2
and 𝟎 < 𝒄 <  √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 2 − √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝒂. 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑭(𝒄, 𝒐)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭′ (−𝒄, 𝟎)𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔. 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 |𝑷𝑭| + |𝑷𝑭′ | =
= 4 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝟐𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏
𝑬𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆. −2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 4 − 4√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: ⇒ 4√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
2

|𝑃𝐹 ′ | + |𝑃𝐹| + 2𝑥 = 0
= 2𝑎 𝐹 ′ (−𝑐, 𝑜) 𝐹(𝑐, 𝑜), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)  4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 −
2 2 2

 √(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑜)2 = 1=0

√(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑜)2 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 1 = 0
Which is ellipse.
= 2𝑎
Question No.5 prove that letusrectum of the
⇒ √(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2 = 2𝑎 − √(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝟐
Squaring both sides by ellipse 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂
 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − Proof:
2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑎√(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2
 2𝑐𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑥 − 4𝑎2 =
−4𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2
 4(𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎2 ) = −4𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥
 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎2 = −𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥
 𝑎2 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥
Again squaring
𝑎 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥)
2

𝑎4 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑥 Let
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 + 𝑎62 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑥 𝐿(𝑐, 𝑑)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿′ (𝑐, 𝑑)𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝐿′ 𝑜𝑓
 𝑐 2 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎4 Given ellipse
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
= 1 → (𝑖)
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )
∵ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = |𝐿𝐿′ | = 2𝑑
÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
∵ 𝐿(𝑐, 𝑑)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (𝑖)𝑠𝑜
 + =1 𝑐2 𝑑2
𝑎2 (𝑎2 −𝑐 2 ) 𝑎2 −𝑐 2 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2 2 2 2
 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 (∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑐 )  𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
2 2

⇒ (𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2 )  𝑎2 𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
Which is an ellipse. Hence proved.  𝑎2 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )
Question No.4 let a 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑎2 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 (𝑏 2 )
0 < 𝑐 < 𝑎. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐹(0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′ (1,1)𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 |𝑃𝐹| ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
+ |𝑃𝐹 ′ | = 2 𝑏4 𝑏4
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒. 𝑜𝑟 𝑑2 = ⇒ 𝑑 = √
𝑎2 𝑎2
Solution:
0<𝑐<𝑎 𝑏2
⇒𝑑= 𝑠𝑜
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐹(0,0), 𝐹 ′ (1,1) 𝑎
2𝑏 2
Given that 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 2𝑑 =
|𝑃𝐹| + |𝑃𝐹′| = 2 𝑎
Hence proved.
 √(𝑥 − 0) + (𝑦 − 𝑜)2 =
2

√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

40 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
Question No.6 the major axis of an ellipse in 2
𝑥12 (20√2)
standard form lies along the x-axis and has + =1
(45)2 30
length of the minor axis. Write an equation of 𝑥12 800
 + =1
ellipse. 2025 900
𝑥12 800
Solution:  = 1 − 900
2025
Given 2𝑎 = 4√2 𝑥12 8
 = 1−9
 𝑎 = 2√2 2025
𝑥12 1 2025
 𝑎2 = 8  = 9 ⇒ 𝑥12 =
2025 9
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2𝑐 = 2𝑏 ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝑏  𝑥12 = 225 ⇒ 𝑥1 = ±15
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2  𝑥1 = 15𝑚 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥1 )
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ∵ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 15𝑚
⇒ 2𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 Question No9. The moon orbits the earth in an
⇒ 2𝑏 2 = 8 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 4 elliptic path with the earth at one focus. The
𝑥2 𝑦2 major and minor axes of the orbit are
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 + =1
8 4 𝟕, 𝟔𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅
Question No.7 an asteroid has elliptic orbit 𝟕, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝒌𝒎 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚, . 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕
with the sun at one focus, its distance from And least distance.
the sun ranges 17milions to 183 million Solution:
miles. Let the earth be at 𝐹
Write an equation of the orbit of the Given that 2𝑎 = 768,806
asteroid. ⇒ 𝑎 = 384403 𝑘𝑚
Solution: 2𝑏 = 767,746
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 17 → (𝑖)  𝑏 = 383873𝑘𝑚
𝑎 + 𝑐 = 183 → (𝑖𝑖) Using 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
By(𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖)  𝑐 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
2𝑎 = 200 ⇒ 𝑎 = 100  𝑐 2 = (530)(768276)
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 100 + 𝑐 = 183 ⇒ 𝑐 = 83  𝑐 2 = 407186280
Using 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2  𝑐 = 20178.86
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Now Required greatest distance
𝑏 2 = (100)2 − (83)3 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 404582 𝑘𝑚(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥)
𝑏 2 = 10000 − 6889 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑎 − 𝑐
𝑏 2 = 3111 = 364224𝑘𝑚(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥)
∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 Hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2 “A set of all points in a plane such that distance
+ =1
10,000 3111 of each point from a fixed point bars a constant
Question No.8 An arch in the shape of a ratio (greater than one) to a distance from a
semi –ellipse is 90m wide at the base and fixed line.”
30m high at the Centre. At what distance Note:
from the Centre is the arch 20√𝟐𝒎 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉?  Fixed point is called focus.
Solution:  Fixed line is called directrix.
Here 2𝑎 = 90 ⇒ 𝑎 = 45 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 30  Constant ratio is called eccentricity,
∵ 𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 dented by
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑒.
+ = 1 → (𝑖)
(45)2 (30)2 |𝐹𝑃|
 In fig. |𝑃𝑀| = 𝑒
At the high
20√2𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥1 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚  |𝐹𝑃| = 𝑒|𝑃𝑀| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝐹𝑃| > |𝑃𝑀|
|𝐹𝑃|
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥1 , 20√2)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛  |𝑃𝑀|
>1
Ellipse (𝑖) 𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑒 > 1

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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑎
𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑒
= 0 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞. ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
Let |𝑃𝑀| 𝑏𝑒 ⊥
𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑜𝑛
Hyperbola to the 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0
By 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
|𝐹𝑃|
= 𝑒 ⇒ |𝐹𝑃| = 𝑒|𝑃𝑀|
|𝑃𝑀|
|𝑒𝑥−𝑎|
 √(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 𝑒
√(𝑒)2 +(𝑜)2
𝑒|𝑒𝑥−𝑎|
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 2𝑎𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦 2 =
Definition: 𝑒
 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 2𝑎𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = |𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎|2
 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 2𝑎𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 −
2𝑎𝑒𝑥
 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1) = (𝑒 2 − 1)𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑦2
 (𝑒 2 − 1)𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 −1) = 1 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Or 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1) = 𝑏 2
Note:
1) The midpoint of line segment joining the foci
∵ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1)
is called Centre of hyperbola. In fig. 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑎𝑒)2 − 𝑎2
are foci and O is Centre. ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ∵ 𝑎𝑒 = 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 2
2) The line passing through the foci of hyperbola = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
is called focal axis or Transverse axis.
3) The line passing through Centre of hyperbola
and perpendicular to transverse axis is called
conjugate axis. In fig. y-axis is conjugate axis.
4) The points where the hyperbola meets its
transverse axis are called vertices of
hyperbola.in fig.
𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
2𝑏 2
5) Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠
𝑎
6) If the point 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑏𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃) lies on hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑦
= 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
Standard Equation of hyperbola:

Let
𝐹(𝑎𝑒, 𝑜)𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑥2 𝑦2
Exercise 6.6 
9
−
16
=1
Question No.1 find an equation of hyperbola Sketch:
with the given data, and sketch its graph Vertices𝐹 (5,0), 𝐹 ′ (−5,0)
(𝒊) 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 (𝟎, 𝟎) , 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 (𝟔, 𝟎) 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 (𝟒, 𝟎) Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚:
2𝑏 2
=
2(16)
=
32
Solution: 𝑎 3 3
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (0,0)
Centre
(0,0), 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (6,0) 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−6,0)
Foci (±𝑐, 0) = (±6,0) ⇒ 𝑐 = 6
 𝑐 2 = 36
Vertex= (4,0), 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥(−4,0)
Vertices= (±𝑎, 0) = (±4,0) ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
 𝑎 = 16
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 36 − 16 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 20 ⇒ 𝑏 = √20
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥
− 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
So, eq.is (𝒊𝒊𝒊)
2
𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑦 2 2 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒊 (𝟐
− 2=1⇒ − =1 ± 𝟓√𝟐, −𝟕), 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟎
𝑎2 𝑏 16 20
Sketch: Solution:
𝐴(4,0), 𝐴′ (−4,0), 𝐹(6,0), 𝐹′(−6,0) 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 (2 ± 5√2, −7) ⇒ 𝐹(2 + 5√2 , −7)
2𝑏 2 2(20)
Length of l𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎
= 4
= 10 𝐹 ′ (2 − 5√2, −7)
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (0,0) Centre = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
2 + 5√2, +2 − 5√2 −7 − 7
(ℎ, 𝑘) = , = (2, −7)
2 2
Length of transverse axis 𝐹(2 + 5√2, −7)
And 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (2, −7)𝑖𝑠
2
𝑐 = √(2 + 5√2 − 2) + (−7 + 7)2 = 5√2
2
 𝑐 2 = (5√2) = 25(2) ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 50
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
= 50 − 25
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 25
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
(𝒊𝒊)𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒊 (±𝟓, 𝟎), 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙(𝟑, 𝟎) − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Solution: (𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+7)2
 25 − 25 = 1
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 (±𝑐, 0) = (±5,0)𝑖. 𝑒 𝐹(5,0), 𝐹 ′ (−5,0)
 𝑐 = 5 , 𝑐 2 = 25 𝑋2 𝑌2
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
− =1
Centre = 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒊 𝑎2 𝑏2
5−5 0+0 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 7, 𝑎2 = 25, 𝑏 2 = 25
=( , ) = (0,0)  𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 5
2 2
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = (3,0), 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = (−3,0) Sketch:
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (±𝑎, 𝑜) = (±3,0) ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 (𝑋 = ±𝑎, 𝑌 = 0)
𝒂𝟐 = 9 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ± 5
 𝑏 = 𝑐 − 𝑎2 = 25 − 9 = 16
2 2 𝑥 = 7, −3
Clearly from foci and vertices 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 7 ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −7
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (7, −7), (−3, −7)
Transverse axis. So eq. is 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (𝑋 = ±𝑐, 𝑌 = 0)

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Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±𝑥 (𝑣) 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 (0, ±9), 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑦 = ±4
𝑥 = 2 ± 5√2 Solution:
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 = 0𝑦 = −7 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 = (0, ±𝑐) = (0, ±9)
𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (2 + 5√2, −7), 𝐹 ′ (2 − 5√2, −7)  𝑐 = 9 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 81
2𝑏 2 2(25) Centre = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 ∶ = = 10 0+0 9−9
𝑎 5 =( , ) = (0,0)
2 2
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 = ±4
𝑎
∵ 𝑦=±
3
𝑎
⇒ = 4 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4𝑒 → (𝑖)𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜
𝑒
Also 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎
𝑎𝑒 = 9 (∵ 𝑐 = 9)
9
 𝑒 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑎
9
 𝑎 = 4 ( ) ⇒ 𝑎2 = 36 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6
𝑎
 𝑐 2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2

(𝒊𝒗) 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒊 (𝟎, ±𝟔), 𝒆 = 𝟐  𝑏 2 = 81 − 36 = 45

∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑦
Solution: − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 = (0, ±𝑐) = (0, ±6) Thus eq. of req. hyperbola is
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
 𝑐 = 6 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 36 − = 1 ⇒ − =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 36 45
Centre = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 Sketch:
0−0 6−6 Vertices 𝐴(0,6), 𝐴′ (0, −6) 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑖: 𝐹(0,9)
=( , ) = (0,0)
2 2 2𝑏 2 2(45)
𝑐 𝑐 Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 ∶ =
𝑎 6
∵ 𝑒 = 2 ⇒ 𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 =
𝑎 𝑒 = 15 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒(0,0)
𝑐
⇒ 𝑎 = = 3 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 9
2
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 36 − 9 = 27
∵ 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎.
So 𝑦 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
Is 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 ⇒ 9
− 27 = 1
Sketch: (𝒗𝒊) 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 (𝟐, 𝟐), 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇
Vertices: 𝐴(0,3), 𝐴′ (0, −3) Length 6 and eccentricity 𝒆 = 𝟐
Foci: 𝐹(0,0), 𝐹 ′ (0, −6) Solution:
2𝑏 2 2(37) Centre = (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2,3)
Length of 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = =
𝑎 3 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑎 = 6
= 18 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (0,0)  𝑒 = 2 ∵ 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎 ⇒ 𝑐 = (3)(2) = 6
𝑜𝑟 𝑐 2 = 36 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 36 − 9 = 27
∵
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖. 𝑒
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
⇒ − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
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𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ:
45 45 3√2
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (𝑋 = ±𝑎, 𝑌 = 0) ⇒ 𝑐2 = ⇒𝑐=√ =
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 = ±𝑎 4 4 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ± 3 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) ⇒ − =1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5, −1 9 9
𝑌 = 𝑦−2 ⇒𝑦−2=0 ⇒𝑦 = 2 4
Sketch:
𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴(5,2), 𝐴′ (−1,2)
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: (𝑋 = ±𝑐, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎)
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±6 𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ± 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8, −4 3√5
⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±
𝑌 =0⇒𝑦−2 ⇒𝑦 =0 2
𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐹(8,2). 𝐹 ′ (−4,2) 3√5 3√5
𝒔𝒐 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝐹 (2, ) , 𝐹 ′ (2, − )
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒: (2,2) 2 2
2𝑏 2 2(27) 9
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = = 2𝑏 2 2 (4) 6
𝑎 3 𝒍𝒆𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚: = =
= 18 𝑎 2 4
3
=
2

(𝒗𝒊𝒊)𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 (𝟐, ±𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟓)𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆.

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (2, ±3) ⇒ 𝐴(2,3), 𝐴′ (2, −3)
Centre: 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠
2+2 3−3
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) = (2,0)
2 2
∵ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑎
⇒ 2𝑎 = √(2 − 2)2 + (−3 − 3)2 = √36 = 6
(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 (5, −2), (5,4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (5,3)
⇒ 𝑎 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 9
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 ∶ 𝐹 ′ (5, −2), 𝐹(5,4)
∵ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠
Centre= (ℎ, 𝑘) = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠
5+5 4−2
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 =( , ) = (5,1)
2
− 2
=1 2 2
𝑎 𝑏 ∵ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = (5,3)
 (𝑖)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢ℎ (0,5)𝑠𝑜
∵ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 = 2𝑐
(5)2 (0 − 2)2
(𝑖) − =1 2𝑐 = √(5 − 5)2 + (4 + 2)2 = 6
9 𝑏2
25 4 4 25 𝑐 = 3 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 9
 9 − 𝑏2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏2 = 9 − 1
4 16
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2
 𝑏2 = 9 ⇒ 36 = 16𝑏 𝑏2 = 9 − 4 = 5
36 9 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
 𝑏 2 = 16 = 4
9 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑠
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 9 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
4 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 5)2
− =1
4 5
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Sketch: 𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎) 4 9
𝑋 =𝑥−5⇒𝑥−5 =0⇒ 𝑥 =5 Here 𝑎2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±2 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
𝑦 = 1 ± 2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±2  𝑐 = √13
𝑦 = 1 ± 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3, −1 Centre: (0,0)
So vertices 𝐴(5,3), 𝐴′ (5, −1) 𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒚:
Foci(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑐) 𝑐 √13
𝑋 =𝑥−5⇒𝑥−5 =0⇒ 𝑥 =5 𝑒= ⇒𝑐=
𝑎 2
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = ±3 Foci: (±𝑐, 0) = (± √13, 0)
𝑦 = 1 ± 3, 𝑦 = 4, −2 𝑎
𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (5,4), 𝐹 ′ (5, −2) 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑥 = ±
𝑒
Centre (5,1) 2 4
 𝑥 = ± √13 = ±
2𝑏 2 √13
Length of 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 ∶ 2
𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (±𝑎, 0) = (±2,0)
2(5) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
= =5
2 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
16 9
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑦2 𝑥2
− = 1 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
16 9
𝑏2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 ⇒ 𝑐 = 5
Centre: (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝑐 5
𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 = =
𝑎 4
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖: (𝑜, ±𝑐) = (0, ±5)
𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑦 = ±
𝑒
4 16
⇒𝑦=± =±
5 5
Question No.2 find Centre, foci eccentricity,
4
vertices and equation of 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 of 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±4)
(𝒊) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒚𝟐
(𝒊𝒗)
𝟒
− 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2 Solution:
2 2
𝑥 −𝑦 =9⇒ − =1 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
9 9 2
−𝑥 =1 ⇒ − =1
Here 𝑎2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3 4 4 1
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 9 + 9 = 18 𝑎2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
 𝑐 = √18 = 3√2
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒: (0,0) 𝑐 = √5
𝑐 Centre: (0,0)
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 =
𝑎 𝑐 √5
3√2 𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 = =
 𝑒 = 3 = √2 𝑒 2
Foci = (0, ±𝑐) = (0, ±√5)
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: (±𝑐, 0) = (±3√2, 0) 𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑥 = ± 𝑒 = ±
𝑎 3 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 = ±
√2 𝑒
𝑎
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (±𝑎, 0) = (±3,0)  𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑦 = ± 𝑒
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 2 4
(𝒊𝒊) − =𝟏  𝑦 = ± √5 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±
𝟒 𝟗 √5
2
Solution:
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: (0, ±𝑎) = (0, ±2)

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(𝒗)
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
−
(𝒚−𝟏)𝟐
=𝟏 So 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (2, −2)
𝟐 𝟗 𝑐 5
Solution: 𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚: ∵ 𝑒 = ⇒𝑒=
𝑎 3
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 − 1)2 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒊: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑐)
− =1
2 9 𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
𝑋 2 𝑌 2
Compare with 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 ± 5
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1, 𝑎2 = 2, ⇒ 𝑦 = −7,3
𝑏 2 = 9 , 𝑎 = √2, 𝑏 = 3 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (2,3), (2, −7)
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 2 + 9 = 11 ⇒ 𝑐 = √11 𝑎
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆: 𝑌=±
𝑒
(𝑿 = 𝟎, 𝑌 = 0) 3 9
 𝑦 + 2 = ± 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 ± 5
𝑋 =𝑥−1⇒𝑥−1=0⇒𝑥 =1 3
𝑌 = 𝑦−1 ⇒𝑦−1=0 ⇒𝑦 = 1 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: (𝑋 = 0 , 𝑌 = ±𝑎)
So Centre (1,1) ⇒𝑋 =𝑥−2 ⇒𝑥−2 =0⇒ 𝑥 =2
Eccentricity: ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = ±𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 = −2 ± 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5,1
𝑐 √𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑒=⇒𝑒= =√ So vertices (2, −5), (2,1)
𝑎 √2 2 (𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Foci: (𝑿 = ±𝒄, 𝒀 = 𝟎) Solution:
∵ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 ± √11 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 𝑦62 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑌 = 𝑦−1 ⇒𝑦−1=0 ⇒𝑦 = 1 12
9 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) − (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) = −2
So 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖( 1 ± √11 ,1) 9
12
9 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) − (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) = −2
𝑎 9
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔: 𝑋 = ± 2 2 2 2 2
𝑒 2
9 {𝑥 − 2(𝑥) ( ) + ( ) − ( ) }
√2 3 3 3
⇒𝑥−1=± 2
− {𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 1} = −2
√11 2
√2 2 4
9 {(𝑥 − ) − } − (𝑦 + 1)2 + 1 = −2
2 3 9
𝑥−1± 2
√11 2
Vertices: 9 (𝑥 − ) − (𝑦 + 1)2 = −2 + 4 − 1
3
(𝑋 = ±𝑎, 𝑌 = 0) 2 2
 9 (𝑥 − ) − (𝑦 + 1)2 = 1
3
 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = ±𝑎, ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 ± √2
𝑌 = 𝑦−1 ⇒𝑦−1=0 ⇒𝑦 = 1 2 2
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑦 + 1)2
𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠(1 ± √2, 1) 𝑜𝑟 − = 1 → (𝑖)
1 1
(𝒚 + 𝟐) 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 9
(𝒗𝒊) − =𝟏
𝟗 𝟏𝟔
Solution: 𝑋2 𝑌2
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2 − 2 = 1
(𝑦 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑎 𝑏
− =1 2 1
9 16 𝑋=𝑥− , 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1, 𝑎2 = ⇒ 𝑎
𝑌2 𝑋2 3 9
Compare with 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 1
=
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2, 𝑎2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 3
∵ 𝑐 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 𝑏2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
⇒𝑐=5 1 10
2 ∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = + 1 =
𝑏 = 16 ⇒ 𝑏 = 4 9 9
Centre: √10
⇒𝑐=
(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0) 3
𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆:
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0

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2 2 2 3
𝑋=𝑥− ⇒𝑥− =0⇒𝑥= 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌=𝑦+ ,
3 3 3 2
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 𝑎2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1
2
So 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 ( , −1) 𝑏2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑏 = 2
3
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 1 + 4 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 5
Eccentricity:
𝑜𝑟 𝑐 = √5
√10
𝑐 Centre:
𝑒 = ⇒ 𝑒 = 3 = √10 (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0)
𝑎 1
3 𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
Foci: 3 3 3
(𝑋 = ±𝑐, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑌=𝑦+ ⇒𝑦+ =0⇒𝑦=−
2 2 2
3
2 2 2 √10 So Centre (2, − 2)
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ⇒ 𝑥 − = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±
3 3 3 3 Eccentricity:
2±√10
 𝑥= 3 𝑐
𝑒=
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 𝑎
√5
So 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (
2±√10
, −1)  𝑒= = √5
1
3

𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:
𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑐)
𝑋=± 𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
𝑒
2
1
2 1 3 3 3
 𝑥− =± 3
⇒𝑥= ± 𝑌 = 𝑦 + ⇒ 𝑦 + = ±𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = − ± √5
3 √10 3 3 √10 2 2 2
Vertices: 3
So foci (2, − ± √5)
2
(𝑋 = ±𝑎, 𝑌 = 0)
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒄𝒔:
2 2 2 1 𝑎
𝑋 = 𝑥 − ⇒ 𝑥 − = ±𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 = ± 𝑌=±
3 3 3 3 𝑐
2 1 3 3 3 𝑎
⇒𝑥= + ⇒𝑥= =1⇒𝑥=1  𝑌=𝑦+ ⇒𝑦+ =±
3 3 3 3
2
1
2 𝑐
2 1 1  𝑦 = −2±
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = − ⇒ 𝑥 = √5
3 3 3
1 Vertices:
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (1, −1) ( , −1) (𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = ±𝑎)
3
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
3 3
Solution: 𝑌 = 𝑦 + ⇒ 𝑦 + = ±𝑎
2 2
4𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 3 1 5
 𝑦 = − ±1 ⇒ 𝑦 = − ,−
4(𝑦 2 + 3𝑦) − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) = −1 2 2 2
1 5
2
3 3 2 3 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (2, ) , (2, − )
2 2
4 {𝑦 + 2(𝑦) ( ) + ( ) − ( ) }
2 2 2 (ix)
2
− {𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4} = −1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
2
3 Solution:
4 (𝑦 + ) − 9 − (𝑥 − 2)2 + 4 = −1
2 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 10 = 0
3 2  𝑥 2 + 2(𝑥)(4) + (4)2 − (4)2 − (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 1) =
4 (𝑦 + ) − 9 − (𝑥 − 2)2 = −1 − 4 + 9 10
2
 (𝑥 + 4)2 − 16 − (𝑦 + 1)2 + 1 = 10
3 2  (𝑥 + 4)2 − (𝑦 + 1)2 = 10 − 1 + 16
4 (𝑦 + ) − (𝑥 − 2)2 = 4  (𝑥 + 4)2 − (𝑦 + 1)2 = 25
2
(𝑥+4)2 (𝑦+1)2
3 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 4  − =1
𝑜𝑟 (𝑦 + ) − = =1 25 25
2 4 4 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑌2 𝑋2
Compare with 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 𝑋2 𝑌2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑋 = 𝑥 + 4 , 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 , 𝑎2 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5

48 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
𝑏 2 = 25 ⇒ 𝑐 = 5 (𝑥 = ±𝑐, 𝑌 = 0)
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 25 + 25 = 50 𝑿 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 = ±𝒄 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 = ±√𝟏𝟎
𝑐 = √50 = 5√2 𝒙 = 𝟐 ± √𝟏𝟎
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒: 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0) Hence foci are (2 ± √10, −3)
𝑋 = 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 𝑎
𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (−4, −1) 𝑋=±
𝑒
𝑐 1 1
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 =  𝑥−2=± ⇒𝑥 =2±
𝑎 √10 √10
5√2 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:
 𝑒 = 5 = √2
𝑿 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 = ±𝟏
Foci:  𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ±1
(𝑋 = ±𝑐, 𝑌 = 0)  𝑥 = 2 ± 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3,1
𝑋 = 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = ±𝑐 𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
 𝑥 = −4 ± 5√2 Question No.3
 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 Let 0 < 𝑐 < 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹(𝑐, 0)
So foci (−4 ± 5√2, −1) 𝐹 ′ (−𝑐, 0) 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠. 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
Directrices: 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 − =1
𝑋=± 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑐 (𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎)
5 5
 𝑥+4=± ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 ± By given condition.
√2 √2
Vertices: |𝑃𝐹| − |𝑃𝐹 ′ | = ±2𝑎
(𝑋 = ±𝑎 , 𝑌 = 0) √𝑥 − (−𝑐)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 − √(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
𝑋 = 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = ±𝑎 = ±2𝑎
 𝑥 = −4 ± 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = −9,1 √(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2 − √(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2 = ±2𝑎
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 − √𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = ±2𝑎
So vertices (1, −1)(−9, −1)
√𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 = ±2𝑎 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2
Squaring both sides
(𝒙) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎
𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2
Solution:
= 4𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2
9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = −18
9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4) − (𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 − 9) = −18 ±2(2𝑎)√𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
9(𝑥 − 2)2 − 36 − (𝑦 + 3)2 + 9 = −18 4𝑐𝑥 = 4𝑎2 ± 4𝑎 √𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
9(𝑥 − 2)2 − (𝑦 + 3)2 = −18 − 9 + 36  4𝑐𝑥 = 4𝑎2 ± 4𝑎 √𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 9(𝑥 − 2)2 − (𝑦 + 3)2 = 9  𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎2 ± 𝑎 √𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑦+3)2
 (𝑥 − 2)2 − 9
=1  𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎2 = ±√𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑋2 𝑌2 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
Compare with 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1
𝑐 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎4 − 2𝑐𝑥𝑎2
𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌 = 𝑦 + 3, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑏 2 = 9
= 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3,
𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 2𝑐𝑥𝑎2
2 2 4
∵ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑒𝑥𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
25 + 25 = 50
+ 𝑎2 𝑦 2
𝑐 = √50 = 5 √2 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎4
Centre: ⇒ (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )
(𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0) 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑋 =𝑥−2⇒𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2 ⇒ 2− 2 = 1 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑎2 (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )
𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑎2 )
𝑌 = 𝑦 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑒𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.
So Centre(2, −3)
𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑵𝒐. 𝟒
Foci: Let 𝟎 < 𝒄 < 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭(𝟓, 𝟓)𝑭′ (−𝟓, −𝟓)𝒃𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒊.
49 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 6
𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 16𝑥 2 + 1089 − 264𝑥
|𝑷𝑭| − |𝑷𝑭′ | = ±𝟐𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 = 9(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 104)
Vertices 𝑨(𝟑√𝟐, 𝟑√𝟐)𝑨′ (−𝟑√𝟐, −𝟑√𝟐). 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅  16𝑥 2 + 1089 − 264𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 −
Equation of hyperbola. 180𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 936
Solution:  7𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 84𝑥 + 36𝑦 + 153 = 0
∵ 2𝑎 = |𝐴𝐴′ | Which is the required equation.
2 2 𝑸𝟔. 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒚
= √(3√2 + 3√2) + (3√2 + 3√2)
Gun. The difference in time is one second. If the listening
2 2
⇒ 2𝑎 = √(6√2) + (6√2) = √72 + 72 posts are 1400ft apart, write an equation of the
hyperbola passing through the position of the
= √144
⇒ 2𝑎 = 12 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6
enemy gun. (Sounds) travels at 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒇𝒕\𝒔𝒆𝒄.
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔|𝑃𝐹| − |𝑃𝐹 ′ | = ±2𝑎 Solution:
|𝑃𝐹| = ±2𝑎 + |𝑃𝐹^′ | Let two
√(𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 + 5)2 ± 𝟏𝟐 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦
+ √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 Gun after t and 𝑡 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1400𝑚 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡. 𝑖. 𝑒 2𝑐
𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 25 + 2 = 1400 ⇒ 𝑐 = 700
= 144 + 𝑥 2 + 25 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 25 − 10𝑦 If 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑛.
± 24 √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 So sound travels at 1080 ft/sec so we have
⇒ 20𝑥 + 20𝑦 = 144 ± 24√(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 |𝑝𝐹1 | − |𝑝𝐹2 | = 2𝑎
5𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 36 = ±6√(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2  1080𝑡 − 1080(𝑡 − 1) = 2𝑎
𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦  1080𝑡 − 1080𝑡 + 1080 = 2𝑎
36(𝑥 + 25 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 25 − 10𝑦) =
2 𝑜𝑟 2𝑎 = 1080
25𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 1296 + 50𝑥𝑦 − 360𝑥 − 360𝑦 𝑎 = 540
36𝑥 2 + 36𝑦 2 − 360𝑥 − 360𝑦 + 1800 Using 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 2
2 2

= 25𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 1296 + 50𝑥𝑦 − 360𝑥 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

− 360𝑦 𝑏 2 = (700)2 − (540)2
11𝑥 2 + 11𝑦 2 − 50𝑥𝑦 + 504 = 0 𝑏 2 = 490000 − 291600
𝑅𝑒𝑞. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎. 𝑏 2 = 198400
Question No.5
The equation of hyperbola is
For any point on the hyperbola the difference of its
𝑥2 𝑦2
distance from the points (𝟐, 𝟐)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝟐) 𝒊𝒔 𝟔. − =1
Find an equation of hyperbola. (540)2 198400
Solution: 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑜𝑟 − =1
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜 291600 198400
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 − √(𝑥 − 10)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2
=6
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = √(𝑥 − 10)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2
+6
Squaring both sides
𝑥 2 + 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4 − 4𝑦
= 36 + 𝑥 2 + 100 − 20𝑥
𝑦 2 + 4 − 4𝑦 + 12√(𝑥 − 10)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2
 −4𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 8 − 36 − 104 =
12√(𝑥 − 10)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2
 16𝑥 − 132 =
12√𝑥 2 + 100 − 20𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4
 4𝑥 − 33 =
3√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 104
Again squaring

50 | P a g e
 MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE
PART II

7/18/2020

Chapter 7.
SCALAR AND VECTORS
 Contents
Exercise NO 7.1 ........................................................ 2
Exercise NO 7.2 ........................................................ 7
Exercise NO 7.3 ...................................................... 10
Exercise NO 7.4 ...................................................... 16
Exercise NO 7.5 ...................................................... 21
Class 12 Chapter 7
Scalar: 𝑘<𝑜
A quantity which has magnitude only is called scalar. Addition of two vectors:
𝑒. 𝑔 time, volume, speed and work e.tc the scalars are Addition of two vectors is explained by following two
denoted by letters. laws.
Vectors: i. Triangle law of addition:
A quantity which has both magnitude and direction is If two vectors
called vector. 𝑒. 𝑔 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, displacement, force and 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜
torque 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐. A vector 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 Sides 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐶 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 s. that the terminal point
e.t.c. or by bold face letter v. 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏.
Geometrical interpretation of Vector: Then 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
Geometrically, A vector is represented by a line Vector sum AC of the triangle gives vector sum 𝑎 + 𝑏
segment 𝐴𝐵 with A its initial point and B its terminal ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
point. It is often found convenient to denoted a vector
by an arrow and written either as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 or as a bold face
symbol like 𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑣.
Magnitude of a vector.
Let 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, then its magnitude is denoted by
|𝑣 |
𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑣. 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
Point A to point B will be magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ii. Parallelogram law of addition:
Denoted by |𝐴𝐵|
If two vectors
Unit vector:
𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜
A vector whose magnitude is one (unity) is called unit
Sides
vector. Unit vector of 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑣̂ (read as v hat)
𝑣 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
and is defined as 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣| Diagonal 𝐴𝐷 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖. 𝑒
Null vector: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 + 𝑣
A vector whose magnitude is zero but no specific
direction is called null or zero vector. It is denoted by 𝑜
Negative Vectors:
Two vectors are said to be negative of each other if
they have the same magnitude but opposite direction.
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣 then 𝐵𝐴 = −𝐴𝐵 = −𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵𝐴| = |−𝐴𝐵|
(
∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
Multiplication of vector by a scalar: let 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
Subtraction of two vectors:
Number (𝑘 ∈
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑫𝑪 = ⃗𝒂
𝐴𝐵
Which is k times to vector 𝑣 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑨𝑫 = 𝒃 ⃗
(𝑖) 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0.
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 𝑜 In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
Equal Vectors: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑪
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒂 = 𝒃
𝐴𝐶 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑨𝑫
In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑫 , 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒 |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ⇒ 𝐵𝐷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑫 − 𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Parallel vectors: ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 𝒃 − ⃗𝒂 ⇒ 𝐷𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −(𝒃 − 𝒂)
Two vectors 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ⃗ × ⇒ 𝑫𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒂 − 𝒃
𝑘𝑣
Or 𝑣 × 𝑘 𝑢 ⃗ if 𝑢
⃗ ×
𝑘 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓

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Position vector:
The vector whose initial point is at called position
vector of point p. as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = [1,0] , 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [0,1]
Position vector of 𝑝 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 Then 𝑖̂ = [1,0], 𝑗 = [𝑜, 1]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑫𝑪 = ⃗𝒂 The ratio formula
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑫𝑪 = ⃗𝒂 Statement:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑝: 𝑞 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
By
𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏
𝑟=
𝑝+𝑞
Proof:
Vectors in plane: In fig.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗
𝑂𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟
𝑂𝑃
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 Given that
𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑝: 𝑞 ⇒ = → (𝑖)
= [𝑥, 𝑦] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 𝑞
∆𝑂𝐴𝑃, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟 − 𝑎
In ∆ 𝑂𝐴𝐵, 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑏⃗ − 𝑟
By (i)
𝑟−𝑎 𝑝
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑞(𝐹 − 𝑎) = 𝑝(𝑏⃗ − 𝑟)
𝑏⃗ − 𝑟 𝑞
𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:  𝑞𝑟 − 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ − 𝑝𝑟 ⇒ 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ], 𝑏⃗ ⇒ (𝑞 + 𝑝)𝑟 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
= [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ] 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
⇒𝑟=
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ], [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ] (𝑞 + 𝑝)
𝑞𝑏⃗ + 𝑝𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑟 =
Subtraction: (𝑞 + 𝑝)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ], 𝑏⃗
= [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ] 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 Corollary:
⃗
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑏 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ] − [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ], [𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ] 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝: 𝑞 = 1: 1
Magnitude of a vector in plane: 𝒂+𝒃
⃗ = [𝒙, 𝒚] 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Let 𝒂 So, 𝒓=
𝟐
Then by pat agora’s theorem
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐴
|𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2 2 2
Exercise NO 7.1
|𝑎| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 Question No.1
 𝑎 = √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 .
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in the form x 𝒊 + y 𝒋 .
Write the vector 𝐏𝐐
(i) 𝑷(𝟐, 𝟑) , 𝑸(𝟔, −𝟐)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (6−2) 𝒊 + (−2−3) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4 𝒊 – 5 𝒋
PQ
(ii) 𝑷(𝟎, 𝟓) , 𝑸(−𝟏, −𝟔)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
Another notation for represent vectors in plane:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑂𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (−1−0) 𝒊 + (−6−5) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 |𝑂𝐵
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −1 𝒊− 11 𝒋
PQ

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Class 12 Chapter 7
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA =OB⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Q.2: Find the magnitude of the vector u: ⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (−2𝒊 + 5𝒋) – ( 4 𝒊– 2 𝒋)
(i) 𝐮 = 2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋
= −2▁𝒊 + 5▁𝒋 − 4 ▁𝒊 + 2 ▁𝒋
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 = − 6𝒊 + 7𝒋
|𝐮| = √(2)2 + (−7)2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 6𝒊 +7𝒋
⟹ −AO ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝒊 −7𝒋
⟹ AO (∵
|𝐮| = √4 + 49 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −AO
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
OA
|𝐮| = √53 Q.9: if “O” is the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , find the point
OP = AB
(ii) 𝐮 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 when A and B are (−3,7) and (1,0) respectively. (2019 I
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 S.Q)
|𝐮| = √(1)2 + (1)2 SOLUTION: NOW we find point P(x, Y). Given that
(−3,7) and (1,0) and here O(0,0).
|𝐮| = √1 + 1
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = AB
OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐮| = √2
⟹ (𝑥 − 0) 𝒊 + (𝑦 − 0) 𝒋 = (1 + 3) 𝒊 + (0 − 7) 𝒋
(iii) 𝐮 = [𝟑, −𝟒]
𝐮=3𝒊–4𝒋 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 = 4𝒊 − 7𝒋
Comparing both sides, we have
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2
x = 4 and y = −7
|𝐮| = √(3)2 + (−4)2 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(4, −7)
|𝐮| = √9 + 16 Q.6: Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector
|𝐮| = √25 given below.
|𝐮| = 5 (i) 𝒗 = 2𝒊 – 𝒋
Q.3: if 𝐮 = 2 i – 7 𝒋 , 𝐯 = i –6 𝒋 , w = – i + 𝒋 . Find the |𝑣| = √(2)2 + (−1)2 = √5
𝑣
following vectors. NOW 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣|
(i) 𝐮+𝐯−𝐰 2𝑖 − 𝑗 2 1
= (2 𝒊 − 7 𝒋) + ( 𝒊 −6 𝒋) − ( −i + 𝒋) = = 𝑖− 𝑗
√5 √5 √5
1
= 2 𝒊− 7 𝒋 + 𝒊 −6 𝒋+ 𝒊 – 𝒋 = (2𝑖 – 𝑗 )
√5
= 4 𝒊 − 14 𝒋 (ii) 𝒗 =
𝟏
𝒊+
√𝟑
𝒋
𝟐 𝟐
1 √3 1 3
(ii) 2𝐮−3𝐯 +4𝐰 |𝑣| = √(2)2 + ( 2 )2 = √4 + 4 = 1
= 2(2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋) −3(𝒊−6 𝒋) +4(−𝒊 + 𝒋) 𝑣
NOW 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣|
= 4 𝒊 – 14 𝒋 – 3 𝒊 +18 𝒋 – 4 𝒊 +4 𝒋 1 √3
𝑖+ 𝑗 1 √3
= −3 𝒊 + 8 𝒋 =2 2
= 2 𝑖+ 𝑗
1 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(iii) 𝐮 +𝐯+ 𝐰 (iii) 𝒗 =
√𝟑
− 𝟐 𝒊 − 𝒋
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1 1
= 2 (u + v +w) = 2 (2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋 + 𝒊 −6 𝒋 - i + 𝒋) √3
2
1 2 3 1
1 |𝑣| = √(− 2
) + (− ) = √ + = 1
2 4 4
= ( 2 𝒊 – 12 𝒋 ) = 𝒊 – 6 𝒋
2 𝑣
Q.4: Find the sum of the vectors AB and CD, given the NOW 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣|
four points A(1, −1), B(2,0), C(−1,3), D(−2,2) . √3 1
− 𝑖 − 𝑗 √3 1
SOLUTION: Given: A(1, −1), B(2,0), C(−1,3), D(−2,2) = 2 2
=− 𝑖 − 𝑗
1 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
AB Q.7: If A, B, C are respectively the points (2,-4), (4,0),
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2−1) 𝒊 + ( 0+1) 𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 (1,6).Use vector method to find the coordinates of
AB
the point D
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 (i) ABCD is a parallelogram
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = (−2+1) 𝒊 + ( 2 – 3) 𝒋 = −𝒊– 𝒋 SOLUTION: we find 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)
Given: A (2, −4),B (4,0),C (1,6)
NOW ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD= 𝒊+ 𝒋 − 𝒊 – 𝒋 = 0𝒊 + 0𝒋= 0 (Null Vector)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, so
Q.5: find the vector from the point A to the origin ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = DC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ || ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB DC
where AB = 4 i – 2 j and B is the point (−2,5).
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [4,0] − [2, −4] = [4 − 2,0 + 4] = [2,4]
AB
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AO = ? here o = (0,0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC = [1,6] − [𝑥, 𝑦] = [1 − 𝑥, 6 − 𝑦]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Given that: AB = 4 𝒊 −2 𝒋 , B(−2,5) ⟹ OB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝒊 + 5𝒋
∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC ⇒ [2,4] = [1 − 𝑥, 6 − 𝑦]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OB
AS we know that AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ 2 = 1 − 𝑥, 4 = 6 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 − 2, 𝑦 = 6 − 4
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Class 12 Chapter 7
⇒ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1,2) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC = (𝑏 − 𝑏 + 𝑎) 𝑖 + (c−c) 𝑗 = a𝑖+0𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = (b−a−0) 𝑖 + (c−0) 𝑗 = (b−a) 𝑖 + c𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (b−a) 𝑖 + (c−0) 𝑗 = (b−a) 𝑖 + c𝑗
BC
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & AD
AB = DC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC
So ABCD is a parallelogram.
(𝑖𝑖) ∵ 𝐴(2, −4), 𝐵(4,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(1,6) 𝐀𝐁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Q.11: if ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐂𝐃. Find the coordinates of point A,
Let 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑝𝑡 when points B, C, D are (1,2), (−2,5), (4,11)
𝑎𝑠 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚. respectively.
So from 𝑓𝑖𝑔 ∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ AD= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD|| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB SOLUTION: NOW we find point A(x, Y). Given that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦] − [2, −4] = [𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 + 4]
AD B(1,2), C(−2,5), D(4,11)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB = [4,0] − [1,6] = [4, −1,0, −6] = [3, −6] As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
if 𝐀𝐁 𝐂𝐃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = CB
∵ AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ [𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 + 4] = [3, −6] ⟹ (1−x) 𝑖 +(2−y) 𝑗 = (4+2) 𝑖 + (11−5) 𝑗
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 3, 𝑦 + 4 = −6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑦 = −10 (1−x) 𝑖+(2−y) 𝑗 = 6𝑖 +6𝑗
⇒ 𝑠𝑜 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = (5, −10)
Comparing both sides, we have
1− x = 6 and 2−y = 6
X = 5 and y = -4
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴(5, −4)
Q.12: Find the position vectors of the point of division
of the line segments joining the following pair of
Q.8: If B, C, D are respectively the points (4,1), (-2,3),
points, in the given ratio:
(-8,0).Use vector method to find the coordinates of
(i) point “C” with position vector 2𝒊 – 3 𝒋 and point D
the point:
with position vector 3𝒊 + 2𝒋 in the ratio 4 : 3
(i) A, if ABCD is a parallelogram ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a = 2𝒊 – 3𝒋 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
SOLUTION: Given that OC OD = b = 3𝒊 +
SOLUTION: we find 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) 2𝒋 , p:q=4:3
Given: B (4,1),C (−2,3),D (−8,0) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒓 = ? ,
Let OP Let P be the point which
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, so
divides CD in ratio 4 : 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = DC
AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 Using ratio formula, we have
(4−x) 𝒊 + (1−y) 𝒋 = (−2+8 )i + ( 3−0) 𝒋
(4−x) 𝒊 + (1− y) 𝒋 = 6i + 3𝒋 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏 3(2𝑖 – 3𝑗)+4(3𝑖 + 2𝑗) 6𝑖−9𝑗+12𝑖+8𝑗
𝒓= = =
Comparing both sides 𝑝+𝑞 3+4 7
18𝑖−𝑗 18 1
4− x = 6 & 1− y = 3 = 7
= 7 𝑖 − 7𝑗
⟹ x = −2 & y =−2 Thus (ii) point “E” with position vector 5i and point F with
𝐴(−2, −2) position vector 4i + 𝒋 in the ratio 2 : 5.
(ii) E, AEBD is a parallelogram
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a = 5𝒋 , OF
SOLUTION: Given that OE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b = 4𝒊 + 𝒋 , p
SOLUTION: we find E(x,y)
Given: A (−2, −2),B (4,1),D (−8,0) :q=2:5
Since ADBC is a parallelogram, so ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = r = ?
Let OP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AE = BD⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Let P be the point which divides CD in ratio 2 : 5
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 Using ratio formula, we have
(x+2) 𝒊 + (y +2) 𝒋 = (4+8 ) 𝒊 + ( 1− 0) 𝒋
(x+2) 𝒊 + (y+2) 𝒋 = 12i + 𝒋 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏 5(5𝒋)+2(4𝒊 + 𝒋)
𝒓= 𝑝+𝑞
= 2+5
Comparing both sides
X+2 = 12 & y+ 2 = 1
25𝑗 + 8𝒊 + 2𝒋 8𝒊 + 27𝒋
= =
⟹ x = 10 & y = −1 Thus 𝐸(10, −1) 7 7
Q.10: Use vectors, to show that ABCD is a 8 27
= 𝒊+ 𝒋
parallelogram, when the points A,B,C and D are 7 7
Q.14: Prove that line segment joining the mid points
respectively (0,0), (a,0), (𝒃, 𝒄), (𝒃 − 𝒂, 𝒄).
of two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side &
SOLUTION: Given that: (0,0), (a,0), (𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑏 − 𝑎, 𝑐)
half as along.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = (a−0) 𝒊 + (0−0) 𝒋 = a𝒊+0𝒋

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Class 12 Chapter 7
SOLUTION: consider a triangle ABC, such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA= a,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB= b , OC= c Concept of vector in space
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & If three dimensional space 𝑋𝑂𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂𝑍 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Let D & E be the mid points of sides AB
Coordinate axis.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively.
AC
The planes made by
a+b a+c
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD= ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE= 𝑋𝑂𝑌 , 𝑌𝑂𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑋𝑌
2 2
Plane. 𝑌𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑋 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
These planes are mutually orthogonal to each other.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
NOW BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ –OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – b → (i)
Note:
a+b a+c (a+b)–(a+c) If P is point in space then it will have three coordinates
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AND DE OE – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD = − = =
2 2 2 along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
a+b−a−c c−b 1
2
= 2
= 2( c − b ) (ii)
From (i) & (ii) it is clear that BC & DE are parallel and 𝑖𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
DE is half to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ BC. 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
Q.15: prove that line segments joining the mid points Then coordinates of point p are 𝑝(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛
of sides of a quadrilateral taken in order form a 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
parallelogram.
Q.15: prove that line segments joining the mid points 𝑵𝒐𝒘 (𝒊)𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
of sides of a quadrilateral taken in order form a 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑣 = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
parallelogram.
⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
SOLUTION: consider the quadrilateral ABCD, such that
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a, OB
OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = d
OC = c, OD 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑣 = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
Let E, F, G, H be the mid points of sides AB⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC, CD⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗ − 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] − [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD respectively. D(d) ⃗ − 𝑣 = [𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a+b
OE = 2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b+c
OF = 2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
c+d
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a+d
OG = 2 , OH (𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑢 ⃗
b+c a+b
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
NOW EF OF− ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE = − = 𝑘[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
2 2
= [𝒌𝒙, 𝒌𝒚, 𝒌𝒛]
Magnitude of vector (in space)
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 |𝑢 ⃗ | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
|𝑢 2
⃗ | = √𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 2 2

Properties of a vector:
(b + c) − (a + b) b + c − a − b (𝒊)𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚:
= = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣
2 2
c−a 𝑢
⃗ +𝑣 =𝑣+𝑢 ⃗
=
2 Proof:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OG
HG ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c+d − a+𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ –OH 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
2 2
(c + 𝑑) − (a + d) c + 𝑑 − a − d c − a ⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
= = = 𝑢⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d+d a+b = [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
EH = OH– OE = 2 − 2
= [𝑥2 + 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ]
(a + d) − (a + b) a + d − a − b d − b = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ] + [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ]
= = =
2 2 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑣+𝑢 ⃗
c+d b+c
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
FG = OG– OF = 2 − 2 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑)
(c + d) − (b + c) c+d−b−c d−b Thus 𝑢⃗ +𝑣 =𝑣+𝑢 ⃗
= = = (𝒊𝒊)𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚:
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
As EF =HG and EH = FG ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 ⃗⃗
(𝑢⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗⃗ )
EF∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ HG and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ EH ∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
FG
Proof:
Thus EFGH is a parallelogram.
Let
5|Page
Class 12 Chapter 7
(𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑧3 ) ⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
𝑢
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) Distance between two points in space:
= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 , 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑛𝑎𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑖𝑓 𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + ((𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ))
𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑝1 1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
(𝑥
=𝑢 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ )
The vectors 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑝2 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
Hence ( 𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ )
Inverse property:
For a vector 𝑢 ⃗ ,𝑢 ⃗ + (−𝑢 ⃗ ) = (−𝑢 ⃗)+𝑢 ⃗ =0 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑝2 = 𝑂𝑝2 + 𝑂𝑝1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ] − [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ]
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = [𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ]
−𝑢 ⃗ = [−𝑥, −𝑦, −𝑧] By
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 ⃗ + (−𝑢 ⃗ ) = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] + [−𝑥. −𝑦, −𝑧]
= [𝑥 − 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑦, 𝑧 − 𝑧] 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 = |𝑝 1 𝑝2 |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(0,0,0) = 0
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦:
= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
(−𝑢 ⃗)+𝑢 ⃗ = [−𝑥, −𝑦, −𝑧] + [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] This is called distance formula b/w two points
= [−𝑥 + 𝑥, −𝑦 + 𝑦, −𝑧 + 𝑧] = [0,0,0] = 𝑜 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 𝑖𝑛 𝑅
Thus 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑢 ⃗ Distance angles and direction cosine of a vector:
(𝒊𝒗)𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚: Let 𝐶 = 𝑂𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = 𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ +
𝒊𝒇 𝒌 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑧 𝑘̂ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑘(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣 ) = 𝑘𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑘𝑣
𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ], 𝒗[𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ] 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑘(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣 ) = 𝑘[(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) + (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )] 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 𝑘[𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ] Of vectors
= [𝑘𝑥1 + 𝑘𝑥2 , 𝑘𝑦1 + 𝑘𝑦2 , 𝑘𝑧1 + 𝑘𝑧2 ] 𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑘(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) + 𝑘(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟
= 𝑘𝑢 ⃗ + 𝒌𝑣
(𝒗) 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑎(𝑏𝑢 ⃗ ) = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑢 ⃗
Proof:
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
Let 𝑢
 𝑎 (𝑏𝑢 ⃗ ) = 𝑎(𝑏(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)) = 𝑎(𝑏𝑥, 𝑏𝑦, 𝑏𝑧)
 = [𝑎𝑏𝑥, 𝑎𝑏𝑦, 𝑎𝑏𝑧] = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑢 ⃗
Another Notation for represented vectors in space: Important result
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐵
Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , Prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. Proof:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
 |𝑟| = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 → (𝒊)
𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∆𝑶𝑨𝑷
𝑶𝑨 𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 = 𝑶𝑷 = 𝒓
𝒚 𝒛
As 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [1,0,0], 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [0,1,0], 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [0,0,1] 𝒓 𝒓
𝑂𝐴 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = [1,0,0], 𝑗 = [0,1,0], 𝑘 = [0,0,1] So 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
= = 𝟐=𝟏
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝒓𝟐 𝒓
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢
Now if 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑜, 𝑜] + [𝑜, 𝑦, 𝑜] + [0,0, 𝑧]
𝑢 = 𝟏 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.
= 𝑥[1,0,0] + 𝑦[0,1,0] + 𝑧[0,0,1]

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Class 12 Chapter 7
|v| = √4 + 9 + 16 = √29
Exercise NO 7.2 DIRECTION COSINE
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Q.1: Let A =(2,5) , B = (−1,1) , C = (2, −6). Find Direction cosine =
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐁 = ? ∵ direction ratio = 2, 3, 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗 So, Direction cosine =
2,3,4
√29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = (−1−2) 𝑖 + (1−5) 𝑗 Direction cosine =
2
,
3
,
4
√29 √29 √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = −3𝑖 −4𝑗
(ii) 2𝐀𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ?
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 𝐂𝐁 (ii) 𝐯 = 𝒊 –𝒋 − 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗] − [ (𝑥2 − MAGNITUDE
𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗] |v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[ (−1−2) 𝑖+ (1−5) 𝑗 ] – [ (−1−2) 𝑖+ |v| = √(1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2
(1+6) 𝑗 ] |v| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3
DIRECTION COSINE
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[−3𝑖-4𝑗] – [−3𝑖 + 7𝑗] = −6𝑖 −8𝑗+3𝑖 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Direction cosine =
−7𝑗 = −3𝑖 −15𝑗 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
∵ direction ratio = 1, −1, −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2𝐂𝐀
(iii) 2𝐂𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ? 1,−1,−1
So, Direction cosine =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
2CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 2[{(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − √3
1 −1 −1
𝑦1 ) 𝑗} − { (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗}] Direction cosine = , ,
√3 √3 √3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
2CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 2[ {(−1−2) 𝑖 + (1+6) 𝑗 } (iii) 𝐯 = 4𝒊 −5𝒋

– { (−2−2) 𝑖 + (5+6) 𝑗 }] = 2[ {(−3𝑖+7𝑗)} – MAGNITUDE

|v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
{(0𝑖+11𝑗)}]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = -6𝑖+14𝑗 −0𝑖 −11𝑗 = |v| = √(4)2 + (−5)2 (0)2
2CB
|v| = √16 + 25 + 0 = √41
−6𝑖 −3𝑗
DIRECTION COSINE
Q.2: Let 𝐮= 𝒊+2j−𝒌 , 𝐯 = 3𝒊 −2j+2𝒌 , 𝐰 = 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Direction cosine =
5𝒊 −j+3𝒌. Find the indicated vectors or numbers: 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

(i) u + 2𝐯 + 𝐰 = ? ∵ direction ratio = 4, −5, 0

4,−5,0
u + 2v + w = (𝑖+2𝑗 − 𝑘)+2(3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘 )+( 5𝑖 − So, Direction cosine =
√29
2 −5 0
𝑗+3𝑘 ) = 𝑖+2𝑗 − 𝑘+6𝑖 −4𝑗+4𝑘 + 5𝑖 − 𝑗+3𝑘 = Direction cosine = , ,
√29 √29 √29
12𝑖 −3𝑗+6𝑘
(ii) 𝐯 – 3𝐰 = ? Q.4: Find α, so that
v – 3w = (3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘) – 3(5𝑖 − 𝑗+3𝑘) = 3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘 |𝛂𝒊 + (𝛂 + 𝟏)𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌| = 𝟑
– 15𝑖+3𝑗 −9𝑘 = −12𝑖 + 𝑗 − 7𝑘 SOLUTION:
(iii) |𝟑𝐯 + 𝐰| =? |α𝒊 + (α + 1)𝒋 + 2𝒌| = 3
3v + w = 3(3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) + 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 9𝑖 − √(α)2 + (α + 1)2 + (2)2 = 3
6𝑗 + 6𝑘 + 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 14𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 9𝑘 √α2 + α2 + 1 + 2α + 4 = 3
Squaring on both side
|3v + w| = √(14)2 + (−7)2 + (9)2 =
α2 + α2 + 1 + 2α + 4 = 9
√196 + 49 + 81 = √326 2α2 + 2α + 5 = 9
Q.3: Find the magnitude of the vector v and write 2α2 + 2α + 5 − 9 = 0
the direction cosine of 𝐯: 2α2 + 2α − 4 = 0
(i) 𝐯 = 2𝒊 +3𝒋 + 4𝒌 Dividing by 2
α2 + α − 2 = 0
MAGNITUDE
α2 + 2α − α − 2 = 0
|v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2 α(α+2)−1(α+2 ) = 0
|v| = √(2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 (α+2)(α−1) = 0

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Class 12 Chapter 7
Either α+2 = 0 or α−1 = 0 As u, v, w represents the sides of triangle
Q.5: Find a unit vector in the direction of 𝐯 = i + 2𝒋 – 𝒌 So u + v = w
SOLUTION: 2𝑖+3𝑗+4𝑘 - 𝑖+3𝑗-k = 𝑖+6𝑗+z𝑘
̂ be unit vector in the direction of v
Let V 𝑖+6𝑗+8𝑘 = 𝑖+6𝑗+z𝑘
Then, v = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 – 𝑘 By comparing
|v| = √(1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 ⟹Z=3
|v| = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6 Q.9: The position vectors of the points A , B , C and ,
Required unit vector is: D are 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝟐𝐢 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 and −𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 +
𝑖 + 2𝑗 – 𝑘 𝒌 respectively. Show that AB is parallel to CD.
̂= v =
V =
1
𝑖 +
2
𝑗 −
1
𝑘
v √6 √6 √6 √6 SOLUTION:
Q.6: if 𝒂= 3𝒊−𝒋-4𝒌 , 𝒃 = −2𝒊−4𝒋−3𝒌 , 𝒄 = 𝒊+2𝒋−𝒌. find a Given that: OA = 2𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 , OB = 3𝒊 + 𝒋 , OC = 2𝒊 +
unit vector parallel to 3𝒂−2𝒃+4𝒄. 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 , OD = −𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌
SOLUTION: AB = OB−OA = (3𝒊 + 𝒋) −( 2𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌) = 3𝒊 + 𝒋 −
Let 𝑣 = 3𝑎−2𝑏+4𝑐 = 3(3𝑖−𝑗-
2i + 𝒋 − 𝒌 = 𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 𝒌
4k)−2(−2𝑖−4𝑗−3k)+4(𝑖+2𝑗−𝑘)
CD = OD−OC = (−𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌) − (2𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌) =
𝑣 = 9𝑖−3𝑗−12𝑘+4𝑖+8𝑗+6𝑘+4𝑖+8𝑗−4𝑘 = 17𝑖+13𝑗
−𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌 − 2𝒊 − 4𝒋 + 2𝒌 = −3𝒊 − 6𝒋 + 3𝒌 =
−10𝑘
−3AB
|𝑣| = √(17)2 + (13)2 + (−10)2 =
⟹ AB ∥ CD Hence AB is parallel to CD.
√289 + 169 + 100 = √558
Let u be a unit vector parallel to v, then Q.10: We say that vectors v and w are parallel if there
𝑣 17𝑖 +13𝑗 −10𝑘 17 13 10
𝑢= = = 𝑖+ 𝑗− 𝑘 is a scalar c such that v = cw. The vector point in the
|𝑣| √558 √558 √558 √558
Q.7: Find a vector whose: same direction if c > 𝟎 and the vector point in the
i) Magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌 (2019 I opposite direction if c < 0.

S.Q)
a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to vector 𝐯 =
SOLUTION:
𝟐𝐢 − 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
U = ? Given: |𝑢| = 4 , v = 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌
SOLUTION:
As u∥v
Given:|u| = 2, v = 2𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 4𝑘 u = ?
So u=v
𝑢 𝑣 As u∥v
⟹ |𝑢|
= |𝑣|
So u=±v
𝑣 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌 4[2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌] u v
U = |𝑢| |𝑣| = (4) = = ⟹ =±
√22 +(−3)2 +62 √49 |u| |v|
8𝒊−12𝒋+24𝒌 v
u = ± |u|
|v|
7
8 12 24 2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘
U =7𝒊 − 7𝒋 + 7
𝒌 u = ±(2)
√22 +(−4)2 +42
2[2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘]
ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 u=± 6
2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘
SOLUTION: u=± 3
U = ? Given: |𝑢| = 2 , v = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 2 4 4
u = ± (3 𝑖 − 3 𝑗 + 3 𝑘)
As u∥v
b) Find the constant a so that the vectors 𝐯 = 𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 +
So u=v
𝑢 𝑣 𝟒𝒌 & 𝒘 = 𝐚𝒊 + 𝟗𝒋 − 𝟏𝟐𝒌 are parallel.
⟹ |𝑢|
= |𝑣|
SOLUTION:
𝑣 −𝒊+ 𝒋 + 𝒌 2[−𝒊+ 𝒋 + 𝒌]
U = |𝑢| |𝑣| = (2) = = As v∥𝑤
√22 +(−3)2 +62 √49 𝑎 9
−𝟐𝒊 +𝟐 𝒋+𝟐 𝒌 ∴ 1 = −3 (Direction ratio are same)
7 ⟹ a = −3
2 2 2
U =−7𝒊 + 7𝒋 + 7𝒌 c) Find a vectors of length 5 in the direction opposite
Q.8: if 𝐮 = 2𝒊+3𝒋+4𝒌 , 𝐯 = -𝒊+3𝒋-𝒌 , that of 𝐯 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 (2019 S.Q)
𝐰 = 𝒊+6𝒋+z𝒌 represents the sides of a triangle. Find SOLUTION: 𝐮 =?
the value of Z. Given: |u| = 5 , v = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
SOLUTION: As u∥v
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Class 12 Chapter 7
So u=−v Let α = 45° , β = 45° , γ = 60°
u v
⟹ =− If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
|u| |v|
v 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜶+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
u = − |u|
|v| L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
𝑖−2𝑗+3𝑘
u = −(5) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
√12 +(−2)2 +32 2 2
1 1 1 2
5[𝑖−2𝑗+3𝑘] = ( 2) + ( 2) + (2)
√ √
u=− 1 1 1 2+2+1 5
√14 = + + = = ≠ R.H.S
−5𝑖+10𝑗−15𝑘 2 2 4 4 4
u= Thus , 𝛃 , 𝛄 are not the direction angles of a single
√14
−5 10 15
u= 𝑖 + 14 𝑗 − 𝑘 vector.
√14 √ √14
ii) 30° , 45° , 60°
d) Find a & b so that the vectors
SOLUTION:
𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , 𝐚𝒊 + 𝐛𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 are parallel.
Let α = 30° , β = 45° , γ = 60°
SOLUTION: As v∥𝑤
𝑎 𝑏 −2 𝑎 𝑏 −1
If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
∴ = = ⟹ = = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
3 −1 4 3 −1 2
𝑎
⟹ =
−1
and
𝑏
=
−1 L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
3 2 −1 2
3 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
⟹ a = − and b =
2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2
Q.11: Find the direction cosines for the given vector. =( ) +( ) +( )
2 √2 2
3 1 1 3+2+1 3
i) 𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 = +2 + = 4 =2 ≠ R.H.S
4 4
SOLTION: Thus , 𝛃 , 𝛄 are not the direction angles of a single
Let 𝑣 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘 vector.
|𝑣| = √(3)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 iii) 45° , 60° , 60°
SOLUTION:
|𝑣| = √9 + 1 + 4 = √14
Let α = 45° , β = 60° , γ = 60°
Direction ratio of v are 3 , −1 , 2
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
Direction cosines of v = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
3 −1 2
Direction cosines of v = 14 , 14 , 14 L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
√ √ √
ii) 𝟔𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 (2017S.Q) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
1 2 1 2 1 2
SOLTION: =( ) +( ) +( )
√2 2 2
Let 𝑣 = 6𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 =
1 1 1 2+1+1
+4+4= 4 =4
4
= 1 R.H.S
2
|𝑣| = √(6)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2 Thus, 𝛃, are the direction angles of a single vector.
|𝑣| = √36 + 4 + 1 = √41 The Scalar product of two vectors (Dot product)
Direction ratio of v are 6 , −2 , 1 Definition:
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 The scalar product of two non-zero vectors 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠
Direction cosines of v =
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
6 −2 1 denoted by 𝑢 ⃗ . 𝑣 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑢
⃗ 𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑣 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 ;
Direction cosines of v = , , 𝑢 ⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢
√41 √41 √41
iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐏𝐐 , where p = (2,1,5) & Q = (1,3,1) Where 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑡𝑜 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 Note: the dot product is also referred to the scalar
product or the inner product.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (1−2) 𝑖 + (3−1) 𝑗 + (1−5) 𝑘
Deduction of the important results:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖 + 2𝑗−4𝑘
PQ For unit vector 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−1)2 + (2)2 + (−4)2
|PQ (𝑎) 𝑖. 𝑖 = |𝑖||𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √1 + 4 + 16 = √21
|PQ 𝑗. 𝑗 = |𝑗| |𝑗| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1
Direction ratio of v are −1 , 2 , −4 𝑘. 𝑘 = |𝑘||𝑘|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Direction cosines of v =
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
−1 2 −4
Direction cosines of v = 21 , 21 , 21 (b) 𝑖. 𝑗 = |𝑖| |𝑗| 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 0 = 0
√ √ √
Q.12: Which of the following triples can be the 𝑗. 𝑘 = |𝑗| |𝑘|𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 0 = 0
direction angles of a single vector: 𝑘. 𝑖 = |𝑘||𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 0 = 0
i) 45° , 45° , 60° (2018S.Q)
(c) prove that 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢
SOLUTION:
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
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Class 12 Chapter 7
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣| cos(−𝜃) Then vector 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are ⊥ 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑣||𝑢|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Projection of a vector upon another vector:
𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵
Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣
Hence dot product of two vectors is commutative. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
Perpendicular (orthogonal) vectors 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝐵𝑀
Two non-zero vectors 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓 ⊥ 𝑂𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑢. 𝑣 = 0 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑢 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑂𝑀𝐵.
𝜋 𝜋
(∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 cos = 0) |𝑂𝑀 |
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ |𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝐵|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜋 |𝑂𝐵|
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑢⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢
⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos ⇒ 𝑢
⃗ .𝑣 = 0 𝑢. 𝑣
2 |𝑂𝑀| = |𝑣|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑢|| 𝑣|
𝑢. 𝑣
Properties of Dot Product: ∵ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑢 =
Let 𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 |𝑢|
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 0 Similarly,
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 = 𝑣 . 𝑢(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
𝑢. 𝑣
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 . 𝑣 + 𝑢. 𝑤 (𝑑𝑖𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦) ∵ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑣 =
|𝑣|
(𝑖𝑣) (𝑐𝑢). 𝑣 = 𝑐(𝑢. 𝑣) (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟)
2
(𝑣) 𝑢. 𝑣 = | 𝑢|
Analytical Expression of dot product 𝑢. 𝑣:
Exercise NO 7.3
Question No1
(Dot product of vectors in their components from)
Find the cosine of angle 𝜽 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
i) 𝒖 = 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒗 = 2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌 (2016 S.Q)
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘
SOLUTION:
Be two vectors
𝒖= 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒗 = 2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌
Now
If θ is the angle between u and v, then
𝑢. 𝑣 = (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘) . (𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘) 𝒖.𝒗
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
|𝒖||𝒗|
= (𝑎1 . 𝑎2 )( 𝑖. 𝑖) + 𝑎1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖. 𝑗) + 𝑎1 𝑐2 ( 𝑖. 𝑘)
(𝟑𝒊+𝒋−𝒌).(𝟐𝒊−𝒋+𝒌)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
+ 𝑏1 𝑎2 ( 𝑗. 𝑖) √𝟑𝟐 +𝟏𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐 .√𝟐𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟐
𝟔−𝟏−𝟏
+𝑏1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖. 𝑗) + 𝑏1 𝑐2 ( 𝑗. 𝑘) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 ( 𝑘. 𝑖) + 𝑐1 𝑏2 ( 𝑘. 𝑗) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
√𝟗+𝟏+𝟏 . √𝟒+𝟏+𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
+ 𝑐1 𝑐2 ( 𝑘. 𝑘) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = =
√𝟏𝟏.√𝟔 √𝟔𝟔
 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
Angle 𝒃\𝒘 two vectors: ii) u = 𝒊−3𝒋+4𝒌 , 𝒗 = 4𝒊−𝒋+3𝒌
For two vectors 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 SOLUTION:
(𝑎) 𝑢 ⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢 ∵ 𝑜≤𝜃≤𝜋 𝑢 = 𝑖−3𝑗+4𝑘 , 𝑣 = 4𝑖−𝑗+3𝑘
𝑢
⃗ .𝑣
∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = If θ is the angle between u and v, then
|𝑢|| 𝑣| cos 𝜃 =
𝑢.𝑣
(𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑢||𝑣|
(𝒊−3𝒋+4𝒌).(4𝒊−𝒋+3𝒌)
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 cos 𝜃 =
√12 +(−3)2 +42 .√(4)2 +(−1)2 +32
 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 4+3+12
cos 𝜃 = 1+9+16 . 16+1+9
√ √
|𝑢| = √𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 , |𝑣| = √𝑎22 + 𝑏22 + 𝑐22 cos 𝜃 =
19
=
19
√26.√26 26
Since iii) 𝒖 = [−𝟑, 𝟓], 𝒗 = [𝟔, −𝟐]
⃗ .𝑣
𝑢 SOLUTION:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
|𝑢|| 𝑣| u = −3𝑖+5𝑗 , 𝑣= 6𝑖−2𝑗
If θ is the angle between u and v, then
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑢.𝑣
 cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22 |𝑢||𝑣|
(−3𝒊+5𝒋).(6𝒊−2𝒋)
Corollaries: cos 𝜃 =
√(−3)2 +(5)2 .√(6)2+(−2)2
𝑖𝑓 𝜃 −18−10
= 𝑂0 𝑜𝑟 𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟. cos 𝜃 =
√9+25 .√36+4
𝝅
(ii) 𝒊𝒇 𝜽 = 𝟐 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑢. 𝑣 = 0
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Class 12 Chapter 7
−28 −28
Cos 𝜃 = = 2𝛼 2 + α−3 = 0
√34.√40 √1360
−28 −28 −7 2𝛼 2 + 3α − 2α−3 = 0
cos 𝜃 = = = α(2α+3)−1(2 α+3) = 0
√16 . √85 4√85 √85
iv) 𝒖 = [𝟐, −𝟑, 𝟏] , 𝒗 = [𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟏] (2α+3)(α−1) = 0
SOLUTION: 2α+3 = 0 or α−1 = 0
3
𝒖 = 2𝒊−3𝒋+𝒌 , 𝒗= 2𝒊+4𝒋+𝒌 α =− or α = 1
2
If θ is the angle between u and v, then
𝒖.𝒗 Q.4: Find the number ‘Z’ so that the triangle with
cos 𝜃 =
|𝒖||𝒗|
vertices A(1,−1,0), B(−2,2,1), C(0,2,Z) is a right triangle
(2𝒊−3𝒋+𝒌).(2𝒊+4𝒋+𝒌)
cos 𝜃 = with right angle at C.
√22 +(−3)2 +12 .√(2)2 +(4)2 +12
4−12+1
SOLUTION:
cos 𝜃 = A(1,−1,0), B(−2,2,1), C(0,2,Z)
√4+9+1 .√4+16+1
−7 −7 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
cos 𝜃 = = 𝐂𝐀= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
14.
√ √ 21 √294
cos 𝜃
−7 −7
= 49×6 = 7 6 = 6
−1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1−0) 𝒊 + (−1−2) 𝒋 +(0−Z) 𝒌
𝐂𝐀
√ √ √
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐀 = 𝒊 −3j−Z𝒌
Q.2: Calculate the projection of a along b and b along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
a when: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−2−0) 𝒊 + (2−2) 𝒋 +(1−Z) 𝒌
𝐂𝐁
i) 𝒂 = 𝒊−𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒋+𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = −2𝒊 +0𝒋+(1−Z) 𝒌
SOLUTION:
𝑏 𝑎.𝑏 As m∠ACB =90° , so 𝐂𝐁⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥𝐂𝐀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Projection of 𝑎 along 𝑏 = 𝑎.𝑏̂ =𝑎 . = =
|𝑏| |𝑏|
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝐂𝐀 . 𝐂𝐁
(𝑖−k).(𝑗+k) 0+0+1 1
= = (𝒊 −3𝒋−Z𝒌).( −2𝒊 +0𝒋+(1−Z) 𝒌) = 0
√12 +12 √2 √2
𝑎 𝑏.𝑎 −2−0−Z(1−Z) = 0
Projection of 𝑏 along 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎̂ = 𝑏 . = =
|a| |a|
−2−Z+𝑍 2 = 0
(𝑗+k) .(𝑖−k)
=
0+0−1
=−
1 𝑍2 − 𝑍 − 2 = 0
√12 +(−1)2 √2 √2
𝑍 2 − 2𝑍 + 𝑍 − 2 = 0
ii) 𝒂 = 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒃 = −2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌 (2018 S.Q) Z(Z−2) + 1(Z − 2) = 0
SOLUTION: (Z − 2)(Z + 1) = 0
𝑏 𝑎.𝑏
Projection of 𝑎 along 𝑏 = 𝑎. 𝑏̂ = 𝑎 . = = Z − 2 = 0 or Z + 1 ⇒ Z = −1
|𝑏| |𝑏|
(3𝑖+𝑗−𝑘).( −2𝑖−𝑗+𝑘)
Q.5: if 𝐯 is a vector for which 𝐯 . 𝒊 = 0 , 𝐯. 𝒋= 0 , 𝐯 . 𝒌 =
−6−1−1 8
= =− 0. Find𝐯. (2018 S.Q)
√(−2)2 +12 +12 √4+1+1 √6
𝑎 𝑏.𝑎 SOLUTION:
Projection of 𝑏 along 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎̂ = 𝑏. = =
|𝑎| |𝑎| Let the required vector v = xi + yj + z𝑘 (i)
( −2𝑖−𝑗+𝑘) .(3𝑖+𝑗−𝑘)
=
−6−1−1
=−
8 As v . i = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + z𝑘).i = 0 ⟹ x = 0
√32 +(1)2+(−1)2 √9+1+1 √11
As v . j = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + z𝑘).j = 0 ⟹ y = 0
As v . k = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + zk). 𝑘 = 0 ⟹ Z = 0
Q.3(7.3): Find a real number ‘α’ so that the vectors u
Putting the values in (i)
and v are perpendicular.
v = 0i + 0j + 0k = 0 (Null vector)
i) 𝐮 = 2α𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝐯 = i+αj+4𝒌
SOLUTION: Q.6: Show that the vectors 3i−2𝒋+𝒌 , i−3𝒋+5k𝒌and
Since u and v are perpendicular, so
2i+𝒋-4k form a right triangle.
u. v = 0
(2α𝒊+𝒋−k)( i+α𝒋+4𝒌) = 0 SOLUTION:
(i) Let u = 3𝒊−2𝒋+𝒌 , v = 𝒊−3𝒋+5𝒌 , w = 2𝒊+𝒋−4𝒌
2α+α−4 = 0
4 Since v + w = 𝒊−3𝒋+5k+2𝒊 −4𝒌 = 3𝒊−2𝒋+𝒌 = u
3α = 4 ⟹ α = 3
Therefore u , v and w are the sides of a triangle.
ii) 𝐮 = α𝒊+2α𝒋−𝒌 , 𝐯 = 𝒊+α𝒋+3𝒌
Since u . w = (3𝒊−2𝒋+k).( 2𝒊+𝒋−4𝒌) = 6−2−4 = 0
SOLUTION:
⟹ u⊥w=0
Since u and v are perpendicular, so
∴ u , v and w are the sides of a right triangle.
u.v=0
(ii) Show that the set of points p = (1,3,2) , Q = (4,1,4) ,
(α𝒊+2α𝒋−k)( 𝒊+α𝒋+3𝒌) = 0
R = (6,5,5) form a right triangle.
α+2𝛼 2 −3 = 0 SOLUTION:
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Class 12 Chapter 7
Let p = (1,3,2) , Q = (4,1,4) , R = (6,5,5) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑎 − 0) 𝒊 + (𝑏 − 𝑏) 𝒋
BM 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
PQ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑎) 𝒊 − (𝑏) 𝒋
BM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (4−1) 𝑖 + (1−3) 𝑗 +(4−2) 𝑘 2 2
PQ
𝑎 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
|BM √( ) + (− 𝑏)
PQ = 3𝑖−2 𝑗+2𝑘 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
2 2 +𝑏 2
|BM 4 4 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = (6−4) 𝑖 + (5−1) 𝑗 +(5−4) 𝑘 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
|BM √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘
QR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
PR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 𝑏
OM = ( − 0) 𝒊 + ( − 0) 𝒋
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR = (6−1) 𝑖 + (5−3) 𝑗 +(5−2) 𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 𝑏
OM ( )𝒊 +( )𝒋
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR = 5𝑖 +2𝑗+3𝑘
𝑎 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
|OM √( ) + (𝑏)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +QR
∵PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖−2 j+2𝑘+2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘 = 5𝑖+2𝑗+3𝑘 = PR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 2
2 2 2 +𝑏2
∴ P, Q, R are the vertices of a triangle. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
|OM 4 4 4
∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = (3𝑖−2 𝑗+2𝑘).( 2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘) = 6−8 + 2 = 0 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
|OM √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2
∴ P, Q, R are the vertices of a right triangle. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |BM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |OM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | , which is the required
Clearly |AM
result.
Q.7: Show that mid point of hypotenuse of a right
Q.8: Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the
triangle is equidistance from its vertices.
sides of a triangle are concurrent.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Consider the triangle ABC such that D , E , F are the
Consider a right triangle AOB such that O(0,0) , A(a,0) ,
mid points of sides AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively. C
B(0,b).
(c)
Let M be the mid point of hypotenuse AB such that 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+0 𝑏+0 𝑎 𝑏 Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 , OB
OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 , OC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
, OE
M( 2
. 2 ) = M (2 . 2) 2
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
2
, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OF= 2
We want to prove: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |BM
|AM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |OM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB OB−OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 – 𝑎 , BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 – 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC− ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = 𝑐 – 𝑎
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , OE
OD ⊥ AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC be the right bisectors which
meet at ‘O’

As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB , so
𝑎 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AM= (2− 𝑎) 𝒊 + (2 − 0) 𝒋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD . AB = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AM = (− 2 ) 𝒊 + (2) 𝒋 ( 2
). (𝑏 – 𝑎) = 0
(𝑏+𝑎) . (𝑏– 𝑎) = 0
𝑎 2 𝑏 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(− ) + ( )
|AM 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 = 0 → (i)
2 2
2 2 2 +𝑏 2 As OE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC , so
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
|AM 4 4 4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|AM 𝑏+𝑐
2 ( 2
). (c – 𝑏) = 0
(c+𝑏) . ( c – 𝑏) = 0
𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 →(ii)
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Adding (i) and (ii) So altitude of the triangle are concurrent at ‘o’
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 Q.10: Prove that the angle in a semi circle is a right
⟹ 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 0 angle. (2017 L.Q)
⟹ (𝑐+𝑎) . (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 0
Divide both side by 2
𝑐+𝑎 0
⟹( ) . (𝑐 − 𝑎) =
2 2
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OF . AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⟹OF⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is also a right bisector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
So, OF AC.
Thus all the right bisector are concurrent at ‘O’
Q.9: Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are
concurrent.
SOLUTION:
Consider the triangle ABC such that Consider a semicircle APB with center at origin O(0,0)
and A , B are ends of diameter having position vectors
Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA= a , OB OC= c a, −a respectively.
Let C be any point on semicircle having position vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗OB−OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b – a , BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC c.
= OC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – a Clearly |a| = |−a| = |c| (radii of semicircle) (i)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ BC
LetAM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , CL
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ be the altitudes of a triangle Now ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OA
AC= OC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c−a
which meet at ‘O’
And ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC−OB⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c−(−a) = c + a

Consider ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (c−a) . (c + a)

AC . BC

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = c . (c + a) – a . (c + a)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC BC = c . c +c . a − a . c −a . a

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 + a . c − a . c − 𝑎2 ∵a.c=
c.a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 −𝑎2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 −𝑐 2 ∵ |a| =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ BC
As AM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |c|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ BC
so OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC BC = 0
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA . BC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥BC
AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a . (c – b) = 0 Thus the angle in a semicircle is a right angle
a. c − a. b = 0→ (𝑖)
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CL ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB Q.11: Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 −
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
so OC ⊥ AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
SOLUTION:
⟹OC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
Consider two unit vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in XY-plane
OA and OB
c . (b – a) = 0
making angle α, −β with positive axis respectively
c. b − c. a = 0 → (ii)
So that m∠AOB = 𝛼 + 𝛽
Adding (i) and (ii)
a. c − a. b +c. b − c. a = 0
⟹ c. b − a. b = 0
⟹ (c−a). b = 0
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . OB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB ⊥ AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BN ⊥ AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & passing through; O’

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⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = cos 𝛼 𝒊 + sin 𝛼 𝒋 Cancel c on both sides
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB = cos( −β) 𝒊 + sin(−β) 𝒋 = cos β 𝒊 − sin β 𝒋 c = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑐 cos 𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Taking dot product of OA OB
iii) 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 −2𝒄𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA OB =( cos 𝛼 𝒊 + sin 𝛼 𝒋).( cos β 𝒊 − sin β 𝒋) SOLUTION:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |OB
|OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 . 1 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
∵ |OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1
= |OB
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
Q.12: Prove that in any triangle ABC
i) 𝒃 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
SOLUTION:
Consider a triangle ABC such that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a , CA
BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 Consider a triangle ABC such that
∴a+b+c=0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC= a, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CA = b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = c
𝑏 = −a – c ∴a+b+c=0
Taking dot product with b b = −a – c = −(a+c)
b . b = (−a – c) . b Squaring on both sides
2
𝑏 2 = −a. b − 𝑐. b (b)2 = [−(a + c)]
𝑏 2 = −|a||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) − |c||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) (b)2 = (a + c)2
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) = (−cos 𝐶) b . b = (a + c). (a + c)
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) = (−cos 𝐴) 𝑏 2 = a. a + a. c + c. a + c. c
𝑏 2 = −𝑎𝑏 (−cos 𝐶) − cb(− cos 𝐴) 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2a. c
𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 + cb cos 𝐴 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2|a||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐵)
Taking b common
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) = (−cos 𝐵)
𝑏 2 = 𝑏[a cos 𝐶 + c cos 𝐴]
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑐𝑎 (−cos 𝐵)
Cancel b on both sides
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
b = 𝑎 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐴
iii) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 −2𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
ii) 𝒄 = 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Consider a triangle ABC such that
Consider a triangle ABC such that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = a , CA AB = c
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = a , CA AB = c ∴a+b+c=0
c = −a – b = −(a+b)
∴a+b+c=0
squaring on both sides
c = −a – b 2
(c)2 = [−(a + b)]
Taking dot product with c (c)2 = (a + b)2
c . c = (a + b)( a + b)
c . c = (−a – b) . c 𝑐 2 = a. a + a. b + b. a + b. b
𝑐 2 = −a. 𝑐 − b. c 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2a. b
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2|a||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐶)
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) = (−cos 𝐵) ∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) = (−cos 𝐶)
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) = (−cos 𝐴) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 (−cos 𝐶)
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑐 2 = −|a||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) − |b||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)
The cross product (vector product)
𝑐 2 = −𝑎𝑐 (−cos 𝐵) − bc(− cos 𝐴)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛
𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 + bc cos 𝐴 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟
𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑢
Taking c common
× 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑐 2 = 𝑐[a cos 𝐶 + c cos 𝐴] 𝒂𝒔 𝑢 × 𝑣 = (|𝑢| |𝑣|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒏̂
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Where 𝜃𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢
𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛̂ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑢 × 𝑢 = |𝑢||𝑢|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑂0 𝑛̂ = 0
𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 Note:
𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒. The cross product of 𝑖 , 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛
It is helpful to remember.

Properties of cross product:

(𝒊) 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 0
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑢 × (𝑣 × 𝑤)
=𝑢×𝑣+𝑢
Right hand rule:
× 𝑤 (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑢 × (𝑘𝑣) = 𝑘(𝑢) × 𝑣 = 𝑘(𝑢 × 𝑣)
(𝒗) 𝑢 × 𝑢 = 0
Analytical Expression of 𝑢 × 𝑣
Let
𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘
𝑢 × 𝑣 = (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘) × (𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘)
= (𝑎1 𝑎2 )( 𝑖 × 𝑖) + 𝑎1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑗) + 𝑎1 𝑐2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑘)
if the figure right hand point along the vecors + 𝑏1 𝑎2 ( 𝑗 × 𝑖)
𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
+𝑏1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑗) + 𝑏1 𝑐2 ( 𝑗 × 𝑘) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑖)
𝑣 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒
The direction of 𝑛̂ which is + 𝑐1 𝑏2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑗) + 𝑐1 𝑐2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑘)
𝑢×𝑣  𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑘 + 𝑎1 𝑐2 𝑗 − 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑘 + 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑗 −
In fig.(ii) the right hand rule 𝑐1 𝑏2 𝑖
Shows the direction Rearrange we have,
Of 𝑣 × 𝑢  𝑢 × 𝑣 = (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗 +
(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
+(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘
 (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗 +
(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘
Derivative of uses full results of cross products: Parallel vectors:
For unit vector 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒. If 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ||𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝜃 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑂0 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑢 × 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0
(𝑎) 𝑖 × 𝑖 = |𝑖||𝑖|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑗 × 𝑗 = |𝑗| |𝑗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 0
𝑘 × 𝑘 = |𝑘||𝑘|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0 (𝒊) 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒔
That 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
(b) 𝑖 × 𝑗 = |𝑖| |𝑗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑘̂ = 𝒊𝒇 𝑢
= 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑓𝑖𝑐
𝑗 × 𝑘 = |𝑗| |𝑘|𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑖̂ = 𝑖̂
𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒔𝒐 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 ||𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓.
𝑘 × 𝑖 = |𝑘||𝑖|𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂ Note:
(c) Prove that 𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢 Zero vector is both ||to ⊥ 𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓.
𝑢 × 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ Area of parallelogram:
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|sin(−θ)𝑛̂
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑣||𝑢|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
15 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎
Exercise NO 7.4 As
Q.1: Compute the cross product 𝒂 × 𝒃 and 𝒃 × 𝒂.
𝑏. 𝑎 × 𝑏 =( 𝑖 − 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘)
Check your answer by showing that each 𝒂 and 𝒃 is
= 0 +0 − 0 = 0
perpendicular to 𝒂 × 𝒃 and 𝒃 × 𝒂.
So 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎
i) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌
As
SOLUTION:
𝑏. 𝑏 × 𝑎 =( 𝑖 − 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |2 1 −1| = 0 +0 − 0 = 0
1 1 1 So 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎
= 𝑖 (1−1) − 𝑗 (2+1)+ 𝑘 (−2−1) iii) 𝒂 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
= 0𝑖 −3𝑗 −3𝑘 SOLUTION:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘− 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 −1 1 | 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |3 −2 1|
2 1 −1 1 1 0
= 𝑖 (1−1) −𝑗 (−1−2)+ 𝑘 (1+2) = 𝑖 (0−1) − 𝑗 (0−1)+ 𝑘 (3 + 2)
= 0𝑖+3𝑗+3𝑘 = −1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘
As 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘−
𝒂. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 1 0 |
=0−3+3=0 3 −2 1
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝑖 (1+0) −𝑗 (1−0)+ 𝑘 (−2−3)
As = 1𝑖 − 𝑗 −5𝑘
𝒂. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘) As
=0+3–3=0 𝒂. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 ). (−1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘)
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 = −3 −2 + 5 = 0
As So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒂 × 𝒃
𝒃. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) As
= 0 −3 + 3 = 0 𝒂. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 ). (1𝑖 − 𝑗 − 5𝑘)
So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 =3+2–5=0
As So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
𝒃. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘) As
= 0 −3 +3 = 0 𝒃. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝒊 + 𝒋). (−1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘)
So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 = −1 +1 + 0 = 0
ii) 𝒂 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
SOLUTION: As
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝒃. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝒊 + 𝒋). (1𝑖 − 𝑗 − 5𝑘)
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |1 1 0| = 1 −1 +0 = 0
1 −1 0 So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
= 𝑖 (0+0) − 𝑗 (0-0)+ 𝑘 (−1−1) Q.2: Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane
= 0𝑖 −0𝑗 −2𝑘 containing 𝒂 and 𝒃. Also find sine of the angle
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘− between them:
Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 −1 0 | i) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒌 (2019 S.Q)
1 1 0
SOLUTION:
= 𝑖 (0−0) −𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘 (1+1)
= 0𝑖 −0𝑗+2𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
As 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |2 −6 −3|
𝑎. 𝑎 × 𝑏 =( 𝑖 + 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘) 4 3 −1
=0−0−0=0 = 𝑖 (6+9) − 𝑗 (−2+12)+ 𝑘 (6 + 24)
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑎 × 𝑏
As = 15𝑖 − 10𝑗 +30𝑘
𝑎. 𝑏 × 𝑎 =( 𝑖 + 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑘)
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √152 + (−10)2 + 302
= 0 + 0+ 0 = 0
16 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √225 + 100 + 900 = √1225 = 35 Also 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 = −2 (−𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘) = −2𝑏
𝑎×𝑏
Required unit vector =
|𝑎×𝑏|
⟹ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel but opposite in direction.

15𝑖−10𝑗+30𝑘 15 10 30 3 2 6 Thus the angle between them is 180°

𝑛̂ = 35
= 35 𝑖 + 35 𝑗 + 35 𝑘 = 7 𝑖 + 7 𝑗 + 7 𝑘
∴ θ = 180°
If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
⟹ sin θ = 0
|𝑎×𝑏| 35
sin θ = = iv) 𝒂 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋
|𝑎||𝑏| √22 +(−6)2 +(−3)2 .√4 2 +32 +(−1)2

35 35 35 5
sin θ = = = = SOLUTION:
√4+36+9 .√16+9+1 √49.√26 7.√26 √26

ii) 𝒂 = −𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |1 1 0|
SOLUTION: 1 −1 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 = 𝑖 (0+0) − 𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘 (−1 − 1)
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |−1 −1 −1|
2 −3 4 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘
= 𝑖 (−4−3) − 𝑗 (−4+2)+ 𝑘 (3 + 2)
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √02 + (−0)2 + (−2)2
= −7𝑖 + 2𝑗 +5𝑘
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √0 + 0 + 4 = √4 = 2
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √(−7)2 + 22 + 52 𝑎×𝑏
Required unit vector =
|𝑎×𝑏|
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √49 + 4 + 25 = √78
0𝑖−0𝑗−2𝑘 0 0 −2
𝑎×𝑏 𝑛̂ = 2
= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 𝑘 = −𝑘
Required unit vector = 2 2 2
|𝑎×𝑏|
If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
−7𝑖+2𝑗+5𝑘 −7 2 5
𝑛̂ = = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
√78 √78 √78 √78 |𝑎×𝑏| 2
sin θ = =
|𝑎||𝑏| √12 +12 +0 .√12 +(−1)2 +02
If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
2 2 2 2
|𝑎×𝑏| √78
sin θ = = = (√2)2
= =1
√1+1+0 .√1+1+0 √2.√2 2
sin θ = =
|𝑎||𝑏| √(−1)2 +(−1)2 +(−1)2 .√22 +(−3)2 +4 2
Q.3: Find the area of the triangle, determined by the
√78 √78 78 1 1 points P, Q , R.
sin θ = = = √ . = √26. =
√1+1+1 .√4+9+16 √3.√29 3 √29 √29
26 (i) P(0,0,0) ; Q(2,3,2) ; R(−1,1,4)
√
29
SOLUTION:
iii) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , 𝒃 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 (2016 S.Q)

SOLUTION:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = | 2 −2 4 |
−1 1 −2
= 𝑖 (449) − 𝑗 (−4+4)+ 𝑘 (2 − 2) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

= 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 +0𝑘 = 0 (null vector) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 =(2 − 0) 𝒊 + (3 − 0) 𝒋+(2 − 0)𝒌

|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √02 + 0 + 02 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 2 𝒊 + 3 𝒋+2𝒌

|𝑎 × 𝑏| = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

As 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =(−1 − 0) 𝒊 + (1 − 0) 𝒋+(4 − 0)𝒌

⟹ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑅 = − 𝒊 + 𝒋+4𝒌

17 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(3 − 0) 𝒊 + (1 − 0) 𝒋+(4 − 0)𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = | 2 3 2|
−1 1 4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 3 𝒊 + 𝒋+4𝒌
= 𝑖 (12−2) − 𝑗 (8 +2)+ 𝑘 (2 + 3)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 = |1 2 3|
= 10𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 5𝑘
3 1 4

= 𝑖 (8−3) − 𝑗 (4 −9)+ 𝑘 (1 − 6)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √102 + (−10)2 + 52
= 5𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 5𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √100 + 100 + 25 = √225 = 15

1 | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √52 + 52 + (−5)2

𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 . 15 = 15 square unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
Area of ∆PQR = |𝑃𝑄
2 2 2
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √25 + 25 + 25 = √75 = 5√3
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
(ii) P(1,-1,-1) ; Q(2,0,-1) ; R(𝟎,2,1)
Area of ∆PQR = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = 5√3 sq. unit
SOLUTION:
ii) A(1,2, −1) ; B(4,2, −3) ; C(6, −5,2) ; D(9, −5,0)

SOLUTION:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =(4 − 1) 𝒊 + (2 − 2) 𝒋+(−3 + 1)𝒌

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 3𝒊 + 0 𝒋 − 2𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(2 − 1) 𝒊 + (0 + 1) 𝒋+(−1 + 1)𝒌
𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(9 − 1) 𝒊 + (−5 − 2) 𝒋+(0 + 1)𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊 + 𝒋+0𝒌
𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 8 𝒊 − 7 𝒋+𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝑃𝑅
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 = |3 0 −2|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =(0 − 1) 𝒊 + (2 + 1) 𝒋+(1 + 1)𝒌
8 −7 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = − 𝒊 + 3 𝒋+2𝒌 = 𝑖 (0−14) − 𝑗 (3 +16)+ 𝑘 (−21 − 0)

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 = −14𝑖 − 19𝑗 − 21𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = | 1 1 0|
−1 3 2 | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−14)2 + (−19)2 + (−21)2
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
= 𝑖 (2−0) − 𝑗 (2 +0)+ 𝑘 (3 + 1)
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √196 + 361 + 441 = √998
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
= 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 Area of ∆PQR = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = √998 sq. unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + (−2)2 + 42 iii) A(−1,1,1) ; B(−1,2,2) ; C(−3, 4, −5) ; D(−3,5, −4)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √4 + 4 + 16 = √24 = √2 × 6 = 2√6 SOLUTION:

1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 . 2√6 = √6 square unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
Area of ∆PQR = |𝑃𝑄
2 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =(−1 + 1) 𝒊 + (2 − 1) 𝒋+(2 − 1)𝒌
Q.4: Find the area of the parallelogram whose vertices
are: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝟎𝒊 + 𝒋+𝒌
i ) A(0,0,0) ; B(1,2,3) ; C(2, −1,1) ; D(3,1,4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐷
SOLUTION:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(−3 + 1) 𝒊 + (5 − 1) 𝒋+(4 − 1)𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = −2 𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 5𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =(1 − 0) 𝒊 + (2 − 0) 𝒋+(3 − 0)𝒌
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝒊 + 2 𝒋+3𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 = | 0 1 1|
−2 4 −5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
= 𝑖 (-5−4) − 𝑗 (0 +2)+ 𝑘 (0 + 2)

18 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
= −9𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘 =(𝑎×𝑏)+(𝑎×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑎)+(𝑐 ×𝑎)+(𝑐 ×𝑏)

∵ 𝒃 × 𝒂 = − ( 𝒂 × 𝒃 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒂 = −( 𝒂 × 𝒄 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒃 = −( 𝒃 × 𝒄 )
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−9)2 + (−2)2 + 22
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
=(𝑎×𝑏)+(𝑎×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑐)−(𝑎×𝑏)−(𝑎×𝑐)−(𝑏 ×𝑐)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
| 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √81 + 4 + 4 = √89
= Q.7: If 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, then prove that 𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝒃 × 𝒄 = 𝒄 × 𝒂
Area of ∆PQR = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √89 sq. unit
SOLUTION: As 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Q.5: Which vectors if any, are perpendicular or
parallel: 0 = R.H.S
Taking cross product with 𝒂
i) 𝒖 = 𝟓𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = 𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 ; 𝒘 = −𝟏𝟓𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 −
𝟑𝒌 𝒂 × (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝟎 × 𝒂

𝒂×𝒂+𝒂×𝒃+𝒂×𝒄 =𝟎
SOLUTION:
∵ 𝒂×𝒂=𝟎
As 𝑢 . 𝑣 =( 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( 𝑗 − 5𝑘) = 0 − 1 − 5 = −6 ≠ 0
0 + 𝒂 × 𝒃 −( 𝒄 × 𝒂 ) = 𝟎
So 𝑢 and 𝑣 are not perpendicular. 𝒂×𝒃 =𝒄 ×𝒂 (1)

As 𝑢 . 𝑤 =( 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) = −75 − 3 − 3 = −81 ≠ 0

Taking cross product with 𝒃

So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are not perpendicular. 𝒃 × (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝟎 × 𝒃

As 𝑣 . 𝑤 =( 𝑗 − 5𝑘). ( −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) = 0 + 3 + 15 = 18 ≠ 0 𝒃×𝒂+𝒃×𝒃+𝒃×𝒄 =𝟎

∵ 𝒃×𝒃=𝟎
So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are not perpendicular.
𝒃 × 𝒂 +𝟎 −( 𝒄 × 𝒃 ) = 𝟎
Now 𝑤 = −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝒂×𝒃 =𝒄 ×𝒂 (2)

𝑤 = −3(5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘)
From (1) & (2), we conclude that 𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏 ×𝑐=𝑐 ×𝑎

𝑤 = −3𝑢 Q.8: Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 +

⟹𝑢 ∥ 𝑤 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 (2015 L.Q)

𝝅 SOLUTION:
ii) 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒘 = − 𝟐 𝒊 −
𝝅
𝝅𝒋 + 𝟐 𝒌

SOLUTION:
As 𝑢 . 𝑣 =( 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 ). (−𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ) = −1 + 2 − 1 = 0

So 𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
As 𝑢 . 𝑤 =( 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘). ( − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘) = − − 2𝜋 − = −3𝜋 ≠ 0
2 2 2 2

So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are not perpendicular.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
As 𝑣 . 𝑤 =( −𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘) = − 𝜋 + =
2 2 2
𝜋
2
𝜋−2𝜋+𝜋
2
=0 Consider two unit vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in xy-plane
making angle 𝛼, 𝛽 with positive x-axis respectively.
So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are perpendicular.
−𝜋𝑖−2𝜋𝑗+𝜋𝑘
Such that m∠AOB = 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝜋 𝜋
Now 𝑤 = − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘 =
2 2 2

π
𝑤 = − (𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘)
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = cos 𝛼 𝑖 + sin 𝛼 𝑗
π
𝑤=− 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = cos 𝛽 𝑖 + sin 𝛽 𝑗
2

⟹ 𝑢 ∥ 𝑤 but opposite in direction. Taking cross product of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
Q.6: Prove that 𝒂 × (𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒃 × (𝒄 + 𝒂) + 𝒄 × (𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝟎

SOLUTION: (2015 S.Q)

L.H.S = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 × (𝑐 + 𝑎) + 𝑐 × (𝑎 + 𝑏)

19 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽 0| 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0
𝑣 × 𝑤 = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
= 𝑖 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑏3 ) − 𝑗(𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑎3 ) + 𝑘(𝑎2 𝑏3
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵| |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴| sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑘 = 𝑖 (0−0) − 𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘
(sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 ) − 𝑏2 𝑎3 ))

1.1 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑘 = 𝑘 (sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 )

𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑎1 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑏3 ) − 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑎3 )
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 ))
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Q.9: if 𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 . 𝒃 = 0 what conclusion can 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
be drawn about 𝒂 or 𝒃 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Which determine
SOLUTION:
𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐 𝑜𝑓
∵𝑎×𝑏 =0 𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤
Prove that:
 | 𝑎||𝑏|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
 𝜃 = sin−1 0 = 0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
 𝜃 = 0 , 𝜋 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
𝒍𝒆𝒕𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑎 . 𝑏 = 0
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
 |𝑎||𝑏 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘
 𝜃 = cos−1(0) = 900 ⇒ 𝜃 = 900
𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ||𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙. 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Triple product of vectors: = − |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
There are two types of triple product of vectors: 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= |𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
(a) Scalar triple product:
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
(𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) ∵ 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢)
Now
(b) Vector triple product: 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = |𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 |
𝑢 × (𝑣 × 𝑤)
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= − |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦. 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Definition:
= |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
∵ 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: (𝒊) 𝐷𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑
Triple product of vectors 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
(𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑜𝑟 𝑤(𝑢 × 𝑣) . 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
(𝑣 × 𝑤). 𝑢 = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = [𝑣 𝑤 𝑢]
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠;
(𝑤 × 𝑢). 𝑣 = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣) = [𝑤 𝑢 𝑣]
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = [ 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] (ii) the value of the product changes if the order is non
cycle.
Analytic Expression of 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 . 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.
𝒍𝒆𝒕𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑢 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑤 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒

20 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐺𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝐴𝑠 |𝑢 × 𝑣| = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐵
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝑀
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆𝐶𝑂𝑀, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐶
⇒ |𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ |𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠 |𝑂𝑀
𝐴𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) Exercise NO 7.5
= |𝑢 × 𝑣|. |𝑤| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Q.1: find the volume of the parallelepiped for which
 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣) the given vectors are three edges:
∵ 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
∵ 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣) = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) ( ) i) 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒌
|𝑢 × 𝑣|. |𝑤| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒗 = 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌

𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝒘 = −𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
The Volume of Tetrahedron:
Volume of tetrahedron 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 Volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
𝟏 3 0 2
= (∆𝑨𝑩𝑪)(𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑫 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪)
𝟑 = |1 2 1|
0 −1 4
2 1 1 1 1 2
= 3| | − 0| | +2| |
−1 4 0 4 0 −1
= 3(8+1) −0(4−0) +2(−1−0)

= 27−0−2 = 25 cubic unit

ii) 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋 − 𝒌

𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌

𝒘 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒌

Volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]

1 −4 −1
= |1 −1 −2|
2 −3 1
𝟏 1 −1 −2 1 −2 1 −1
Thus, 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟔 (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = 6 [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 1| | − (−4) | |− 1| |
−3 1 2 1 2 −3

= 1(−1−6)+4(1+4)−1(−3+2)
Properties of scalar triple product:
1. 𝑖𝑓 𝑢, = −7+20+1 = 14 cubic unit
𝑣 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓
iii) 𝒖 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌
||𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐. 𝒊. 𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒓 ⇔ (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = 0 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌
𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒘 = 𝒋+𝒌
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐. 𝒊. 𝒆
[𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0 volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
Application of vectors in physics and Engineering
1 −2 3
(𝒂)𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆: = |2 −1 −1|
𝒊𝒇 𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑨 𝒕𝒐 𝑩 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆 0 1 1
⃗ 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏,
𝑭 −1 −1 2 −1 2 −1
= 1| | − (−2) | |+ 3| |
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = (𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)(𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕) 1 1 0 1 0 1
 𝑾=𝑭 ⃗ . 𝑨𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑭. 𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅 = 𝑨𝑩 = 1(−1+1)+2(2+0) +3(2 +0)

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Class 12 Chapter 7
= 0+4 + 6 = 10 cubic unit −10−3α +14− α + 6 = 0

Q.2: verify that 𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = 𝒃 . 𝒄 × 𝒂 = 𝒄 . 𝒂 × 𝒃. if −4α + 10 = 0

10 5
𝒂 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 ; 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + ⟹α=
4
⟹ α=
2
𝒌
ii) 𝒊 − 𝟐𝜶𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 and 𝛂 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌
3 −1 5
SOLUTION:
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |4 3 −2|
2 5 1 Let 𝒖 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝜶𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌; 𝒘 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌

3 −2 4 −2 4 3
= 3| | − (−1) | | + 5| | The vectors 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 are coplanar if [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0
5 1 2 1 2 5
1 −2α −1
= 3(3+10)+1(4+4) +5(20 −6)
|1 −1 2 |=0
= 39+8+70 = 117 α −1 1
1(−1+2) − 1(2α − 1) − α(4α − 1) = 0
4 3 −2
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |2 5 1|
⇒ 1 + 2𝛼 + 1 − 4𝛼 2 − 𝛼 = 0 ⇒ −4𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 2 = 0
3 −1 5
5 1 2 1 2 5 4𝛼 2 − 𝛼 − 2 = 0
= 4| | − 3| | + (−2) | |
−1 5 3 5 3 −1
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
= 4(25+1)−3(10−3)−2(−2 −15)
Using quadratic formula 𝑥= 2𝑎

= 104−21 + 34 = 117 −(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(4)(−2) 1 ± √1 + 32

2 5 1 𝛼= =
2(4) 8
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |3 −1 5 |
4 3 −2 1 ± √33
−1 5 3 5 3 −1 ⇒𝛼=
= 2| | −5| | + 1| | 8
3 −2 4 −2 4 3
Q.5:( a ): Find the value of i) 2𝒊 × 𝟐𝒋 . 𝒌 ii) 3𝒋 . 𝒌 × 𝒊 iii)
= 2(2−15)−5(−6−20) +1(9 +4)
[𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 ] (2015 S.Q) iv) [𝒊 𝒊 𝒌 ]
= −26+130+13 = 117
SOLUTION:
Q.3: Prove that the vectors 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 ; −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 −
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟒𝒌 and 𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 are coplanar. i) 2𝒊 × 𝟐𝒋 . 𝒌 = |𝟎 𝟐 𝟎| = 𝟐(𝟐 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) = 𝟒 − 𝟎 − 𝟎 = 𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
SOLUTION: 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
ii) 3𝒋 . 𝒌 × 𝒊 = |𝟎 𝟎 𝟏| = 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟑(𝟎 − 𝟏) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 + 𝟑 + 𝟎 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Let 𝑢 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 ; 𝑣 = −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌 ; 𝑤=
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌
iii) [𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 ] = 𝒌 . 𝒋 × 𝒋 = |𝟏 𝟎 𝟎| = 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝟏(𝟏 − 𝟎) =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
3 −4 −2 −4 𝟎−𝟎+𝟏= 𝟏
[𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = |−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒| =1| | − (−2) | |+
−3 5 1 5
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
−2 3 iv) [𝒊 𝒊 𝒌 ] = 𝒊 . 𝒊 × 𝒌 = |𝟏 𝟎 𝟎| = 𝟏(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟏 − 𝟎) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) =
3| | = 1(15 − 12) + 2(−10 + 4) + 3(6 − 3) = 3 − 12 +
1 −3 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
9=0 𝟎−𝟎−𝟎= 𝟎

Thus the vectors are perpendicular. (b) Prove that

Q.4: Find the constant ‘α’ such that the vectors are 𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘)+ 𝒗 . (𝒘 × 𝒖)+ 𝒘 . (𝒖 × 𝒗) = 𝟑𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘)
coplanar. SOLUTION:

i) 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 and 𝟑𝒊 − 𝛂𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 L.H.S
SOLUTION: (2017 S.Q) = 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)+ 𝑣 . (𝑤 × 𝑢)+ 𝑤 . (𝑢 × 𝑣)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 ; 𝑣 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 3𝑘; 𝑤 = 3𝑖 − α𝑗 + 5𝑘
∵ 𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘) = 𝒗 . (𝒘 × 𝒖) = 𝒘 . (𝒖 × 𝒗)
The vectors 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 are coplanar if [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0
= 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤) + 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤) + 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)
1 −1 1
|1 −2 −3| = 0 = 3𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)
3 −α 5
= R.H.S
1(−10−3α) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(−α + 6) = 0

22 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 7
Q.8: A particle, acted by constant forces 𝟒𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 and
𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌 is displaces from A(1,2,3) to B(5,4,1). Find the
Q.6: Find the volume of the tetrahedron with the
work done.
vertices.
SOLUTION: Given: let 𝐹1 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 ; 𝐹2 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘
i) (0,1,2) , (3,2,1) , (1,2,1) , and (5,5,6)
and A(1,2,3) , B(5,4,1)
SOLUTION:
Total force: 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 + 3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 = 7𝑖 + 0 𝑗 −
Let A(0,1,2) , B(3,2,1) , C(1,2,1) , D(5,5,6) 4𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (3 − 0)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 2)𝑘 = 3𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 Displacement: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5 − 1)𝑖 + (4 − 2)𝑗 + (1 − 3)𝑘 =
𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵
4𝑖 + 2 𝑗 − 2𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = (1 − 0)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 2)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5 − 0)𝑖 + (5 − 1)𝑗 + (6 − 2)𝑘 = 5𝑖 + 4 𝑗 + 4𝑘 We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 = (3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 ).( 4𝑖 +
𝐴𝐷
2 𝑗 − 2𝑘) = 28 + 0 + 8 = 36 units
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD = [𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 ]
6
Q.9: A particle is displace from the point A(5,-5,-7) , to
3 1 −1 the point B(6,2,-2) under the action of constant forces
1
= |1 1 −1| defined by
6
5 4 4
1
= [3(4 + 4) − 1(4 + 5) + (−1)(4 − 5)]
𝟏𝟎𝒊 − 𝟔𝒋 + 𝟏𝟏𝒌 , 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓 𝒋 + 𝟗𝒌 , −𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟗𝒌.
6
Show that the total work done by the forces is 67
1 1 8
= [24 − 9 + 1] = . 16 = Cubic unit units.
6 6 3

ii) (2,1,8) , (3,2,9) , (2,1,4) , and (3,3,10) (2015 SOLUTION: Given: Let 𝐹1 = 10𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 11𝑘 , 𝐹2 = 4𝑖 + 5 𝑗 + 9𝑘
S.Q)(2018,19L.Q) 𝐹3 = −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 9𝑘 and A(5,-5,-7) , B(6,2,-2)
SOLUTION: Total force : 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = 10𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 11𝑘 + 4𝑖 + 5 𝑗 +
9𝑘 + ( −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 9𝑘) = 12𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 11𝑘
Let A(2,1,8) , B(3,2,9) , C(2,1,4) , D(3,3,10)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (3 − 2)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (9 − 8)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘

𝐴𝐵 Displacement: 𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (6 − 5)𝑖 + (2 + 5)𝑗 +
(−2 + 7)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 7 𝑗 + 5𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 2)𝑖 + (1 − 1)𝑗 + (4 − 8)𝑘 = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 4𝑘
𝐴𝐶
We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 =(12𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 11𝑘).( 𝑖 +
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = (3 − 2)𝑖 + (3 − 1)𝑗 + (10 − 8)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 2𝑘
7 𝑗 + 5𝑘) = 12 + 0 + 55 = 67 units
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD = [𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ] Q.10: A force of magnitude 6 units acting parallel to 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘
6
displaces the point of application from (1,2,3) to (5,3,7). Find the
1 1 1
1 work done.
= |0 0 −4|
6
1 2 2
SOLUTION: Let 𝐹 =? , |𝐹 |=6 Given vector: 𝑣 =
1
= [1(0 + 8) − 1(0 + 4) + 1(0 − 0)]
6
2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 and let A(1,2,3) , B(5,3,7)
1 1 2
= [8 − 4 + 0] = .4 = Cubic unit As 𝐹 ∥ 𝑣
6 6 3

Q.7: Find the work done, if the point at which the constant 𝐹 𝑣 𝑣
So 𝐹̂ = v̂ ⟹ = ⟹ 𝐹 = |𝐹 | =
force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑 𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 is applied to an object, moves from |𝐹 | |𝑣| |𝑣|
2𝑖− 2𝑗+𝑘 2𝑖− 2𝑗+𝑘
𝑷𝟏 (𝟑, 𝟏, −𝟐) to 𝑷𝟐 (𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔). 6. = 6. = 2 (2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘) = 4𝑖 −
√4+4+1 3
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 4𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 5𝑘 , 𝑃1(3,1, −2) , 4𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑃2 (2,4,6)
Displacement: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5 − 1)𝑖 + (3 − 2)𝑗 +
𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵
Displacement: 𝑑=𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑃2 = (2 − 3)𝑖 + (4 − 1)𝑗 + (7 − 3)𝑘 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘
(6 + 2)𝑘 = −𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 8𝑘
We know that
We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 = (4𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 5𝑘). ( −𝑖 +
3 𝑗 + 8𝑘) = −4 + 9 + 40 = 45 Units Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑

= ( 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 2𝑘) . ( 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘)

= 16 − 4 + 8 = 20 Units
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Class 12 Chapter 7
Q.11: A force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌 is applied at the point (1,- Q.14: Find the moment about A(1,1,1) of each of the
1,2). Find the moment of the force about the point (2,-1,3). concurrent forces 𝒊 − 𝟐 𝒋 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝟓𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 ,
where P(2,0,1) is their point of concurrency.
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 4𝑘 and Let A (1,-1,2) ,
B(2,-1,3) SOLUTION: Given:

Let 𝐹1 = 𝑖 − 2 𝑗 , 𝐹2 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 𝐹3 =
𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−1 + 1)𝑗 + (2 − 3)𝑘 = −𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 and A(1,1,1) , P(2,0,1)
−0 𝑗 − 𝑘
Total force: 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = 𝑖 − 2 𝑗 + 3𝑖 +
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
2𝑗 − 𝑘 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘
Moment of force about A = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |−1 0 −1| =
3 2 −4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 1)𝑖 + (0 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 1)𝑘 = 𝑖 −
𝑖(0 + 2) − 𝑗(4 + 3) + 𝑘(−2 − 0) = 2𝑖 − 7 𝑗 − 2𝑘 𝑟 = 𝐴𝑃
𝑗 + 0𝑘
Q.12: A force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟑𝒌 passes through the point A(2,-
2,5). Find the moment of 𝑭 about the point B(1,-3,1). 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |1 −1 0| =
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟑𝒌 and A (2,-2,5) , B(1,-
4 5 1
3,1) 𝑖(−1 − 0) − 𝑗(1 − 0) + 𝑘(5 + 4) = −𝑖 − 𝑗 + 9𝑘
𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (2 − 1)𝑖 + (−2 + 3)𝑗 + (5 − 1)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘
Q.15: A force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟕𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 is applied at P(1,-
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 2,3). Find its moment about the point Q(2,1,1).
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |1 1 4 | =
4 0 −3 ⃗ = 𝟕𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌
SOLUTION: 𝑭
𝑖(−3 − 0) − 𝑗(−3 − 16) + 𝑘(0 − 4) = −3𝑖 + 19 𝑗 − 4𝑘

Q.13: Given a force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 acting at a point A(1,-

2,1). Find the moment of 𝑭 about the point B(2,0,-2). (19 S.Q

SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 and A (1,-2,1) , B(2,0,-2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−2 − 1)𝑗 + (3 − 1)𝑘

𝑟 = 𝑄𝑃

= −𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−2 − 0)𝑗 + (1 + 2)𝑘 = −𝑖 − 2 𝑗 +
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 =
3𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |−1 −3 2 | = 𝑖(9 − 8) − 𝑗(3 − 14) + 𝑘(−4 +
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 7 4 −3
|−1 −2 3 | = 𝑖(6 − 3) − 𝑗(3 − 6) + 𝑘(−1 + 21) = 𝑖 + 11 𝑗 + 17𝑘
2 1 −3
4) = 3𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 3𝑘

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