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Unit 1 - AC Fundamentals

1. The document provides an introduction to electrical machines II, focusing on alternating current fundamentals and three-phase circuits. 2. It reviews single-phase and three-phase AC circuits, including voltage, current, power calculations, and connection types such as wye and delta. 3. The relationships between phase and line voltages/currents are explained for both wye- and delta-connected circuits. Advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase are also summarized.

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Reagan Mpenzhi
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54 views15 pages

Unit 1 - AC Fundamentals

1. The document provides an introduction to electrical machines II, focusing on alternating current fundamentals and three-phase circuits. 2. It reviews single-phase and three-phase AC circuits, including voltage, current, power calculations, and connection types such as wye and delta. 3. The relationships between phase and line voltages/currents are explained for both wye- and delta-connected circuits. Advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Reagan Mpenzhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Machines II (EE440)

Alternating Current
Fundamentals
Introduction
• Electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed as
three-phase.
• Synchronous machines are widely used for generation.
• Induction machines are widely used in industry as motors.
• Transformers are widely used in transmission and
distribution to change the voltage levels.
• The ability to easily change voltage levels is the main
advantage of AC over DC.
Review of Single-Phase AC Circuits
i

+
v Z

Single-phase AC circuit
• Voltage
v  2V cos t

• Frequency
  2f
• Current
i  2 I cos t   
• Instantaneous Power
p  VI cos   cos 2t   
• Active power

pd t   VI cos 
1
 0
P
• Reactive power
Q  VI sin 
p  P1  cos 2t   Q sin 2t
• Apparent power
S  P  jQ  VI cos   j sin  
Fig 1.2 Voltage, current and power in a single-phase circuit
Review of Three-Phase AC Circuits
• Phase voltages
v a  2V cos t
vb  2V cos t  2 3
vc  2V cos t  2 3
• Phase currents
i a  2 I cos t   
ib  2 I cos t  2 3   
ic  2 I cost  2 3   
Vc Ic

2
3 Va

Ib Ia

Vb

Three-phase voltage and current waveforms Three-phase voltage and current phasor
diagram
Connection of Three-Phase Circuits
a Ia
+
Ia a
Va +
Van In
a’ -
-
b + n - n’
Vbn Vab
Ib - Vca
Vb
c + +b Ib
Vcn
b’ - +
Ic
c +
Vbc
Ic
Vc Generator Load
c’ -
Generator Load Four-wire wye (star) circuit

Six-wire circuit
Phase and Line Voltage
-Vb Vab
Vc • Phase voltage is measured between a
phase and the star-point.
• Line voltage is measured between
30° two phases.
120° Va • The line voltage and phase voltage
120° are related by:

V L  3V ph
Vb

• Line current and phase current are


Phasor diagram for star-connected circuit
equal in wye circuit.
Ia
a
+
• When the load is
Van
-
balanced, the neutral
n -
Vab
n’ current is zero.
Vbn Vca
c
-
+ +b Ib • Therefore, the neutral
Vcn
+
Ic
conductor is redundant.
Vbc
• Three-wire circuits are
Generator Load
used in transmission.
• Four-wire circuits are used
Three-wire wye (star) circuit
in domestic distribution
where there are single-
phase loads.
Ia
a a
Iab • Phase voltage is equal
to line voltage.
Vab Ica
Vca

c b c b
Ib Ibc

Vbc
Ic
Generator Load

Delta (mesh) circuit


Phase current and Line Current
Ica • Phase current flows in a phase
conductor (winding).
• Line current flows in a line conductor.
120°
• Line current and phase current are
120° Iab
30° related by:
I L  3 I ph

Ibc -Ica Ia • Main advantage of a delta-connection


is that it filters triple-n harmonics.
Phasor diagram for currents in a • Main disadvantage is that the
delta-connected circuit insulation of the phase conductors has
to withstand the line voltage.
Power in Three-Phase Circuits
• Instantaneous power
p  v a i a  v b ib  v c i c
• Active power
P  3V ph I ph cos   3VL I L cos 
• Reactive power
Q  3V ph I ph sin   3VL I L sin 
• Apparent power

S  P  jQ  3V ph I ph  3V L I L 
Advantages of Three-Phase over Single-Phase
• Three-phase machines have a higher energy density than single-
phase machines .
• The power developed in three-phase system is constant while the
power developed in a single-phase system is pulsating.
• Three-phase rotating machine develop a constant torque while
single-phase machines develop a pulsating torque.
• Three-phase induction motors are inherently self-starting, while
single-phase induction motors require auxiliary starting circuits.

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