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Module 5 HSC Physics Notes

This document summarizes key concepts and formulas for mechanics topics covered in Module 5 of a physics course, including: - Projectile motion equations for vertical and horizontal components. - Characteristics of uniform circular motion such as constant tangential speed and centripetal force directed towards the center. - Formulas for centripetal force, velocity, and period of circular motion. - Concepts related to gravitational fields, planetary motion, orbital velocity, kinetic and potential energy of orbiting objects.

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Liam Korngold
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141 views8 pages

Module 5 HSC Physics Notes

This document summarizes key concepts and formulas for mechanics topics covered in Module 5 of a physics course, including: - Projectile motion equations for vertical and horizontal components. - Characteristics of uniform circular motion such as constant tangential speed and centripetal force directed towards the center. - Formulas for centripetal force, velocity, and period of circular motion. - Concepts related to gravitational fields, planetary motion, orbital velocity, kinetic and potential energy of orbiting objects.

Uploaded by

Liam Korngold
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A very nice website: https://hsc.

one/courses/physics-hsc/physics-module-5/

Prefixes:

Module 5 - Mechanics

Projectile Motion
Galileo's hypothesis: the horizontal and vertical components of a projectile do not affect one
another.

From the kinematics equations this leads to:

Vertical Component
v y =u y +a y t
1
s y =u y t + a y t 2
2
2 2
v y =u y +2 a y s y

Horizontal Component
v x =u x (note this is because air resistance is ignored)
s x =u x t

From diagram clearly v x =vcos θ , v y =vsin θ

Some facts to remember:


- The vertical velocity at max height is 0
- The angle of maximum range is 45 degrees
- A higher launch angle gives a higher maximum height
- An increase in vertical displacement gives an increase in range
- The trajectory of a projectile is determined by its initial velocity and forces that act on it
as well as air resistance (kinda duh but yeah)

Angular velocity and related formulas


Δθ
w=
t
v=rw
s=r θ
Δw
a=r α , where α = ( angular acceleration)
t

Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion occurs when an object is travelling a circular
pathway at a constant tangential speed, experiencing a constant
centripetal force and centripetal acceleration.
Some characteristics:
- There is motion along a circular path of radius r
- Tangential speed v is constant hence, period T is constant
- Angular velocity (rate of change of angle) 𝜔 is constant
- Linear velocity is not constant as direction is continually
changing. Linear velocity is perpendicular to net force of the
object’s rotation
- Centripetal acceleration (ac) is directed towards the centre
- Net force (Fc) towards the centre of the circle

2
mv
The centripetal force can be found by F C =m ac =
r
2
v
Note also that the centripetal acceleration is a c =
r
d 2π r
Velocity can be found by v= = (the circumference over the period)
T T
Note that there is no work done in circular motion - the kinetic energy is constant as the velocity
is constant, and the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion and W = Fcos(θ )d = 0 at 90
degrees.
The centripetal force is often provided by another force such as friction from a car’s tyres around
a bend, gravitational force for a satellite orbiting a planet, and tension for an object held on a
string.
Banked Surfaces without Friction

A silly derivation of the required speed for a car to not slide up and down a banked surface aka
“design speed”
F Y =F N + F C
F Y =mg
FC
=tan(θ)
FY
F C =tan(θ)mg
2
mv
=tan (θ) mg
r
v 2=rgtan(θ)
If the speed is too high then the car will start moving up the bank. If the car is too slow it will
slide towards the centre.

Banked Surfaces with Friction


Basically the same as without friction, except now you can replace the centripetal force vector
with the friction force… just analyse as u go
Conical Pendulum

In this case the pendulum swings around in a horizontal fashion.


FC
In this case T = , and this is the maximum force the rope can withstand without breaking.
tan(θ)
Note if the velocity increased then the centripetal force would increase causing the rope to
break and move at the tangential velocity it was moving at.

Torque
In order to make an object rotate a torque must be
applied in the form of a force to create a turning
effect. A torque is due to a force acting on an object
at a distance from a pivot point (also known as a
fulcrum or axis of rotation). This force’s
perpendicular component is what causes the
torque. Trig should be used if the force is not
perpendicular. Also the units are Nm
τ =Fr
Vertical Circular Motion
Notice the tension force at the top will be lesser than the tension at
the bottom, as mg will contribute to the centripetal force at the top
and will negatively contribute to the centripetal force at the bottom.

Quick note about reaction force


The reaction force or normal force is what determines how light or
heavy we feel. This may be asked to be analysed in like a
rollercoaster or something??

Gravitational Fields

The basic formulas and constants


−11 2 −2
G=6.67× 1 0 Nm kg
Radius of Earth = 6.371 ×1 06 m
Mass of Earth = 6 ×1 024 kg
GMm
F= 2 (gravitational force)
r
GM
g= 2 (gravitational field)
r

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion


1. All objects orbit in an elliptical path
2. At two equal times the area covered by an orbiting object will be the same
The third law is a mathematical equation relating the period and radius of two objects:
T 12 R 13
=
T 22 R 23
Also the period squared is proportional to the radius cubed:
2 3 4 π2
T =k R , where k =
GM

Deriving Orbital Velocity


An object is in orbit if the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force:
m v 2 GMm
= 2
r r
So v o=√ ❑
Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy For Orbiting Objects
The “old” GPE = mgh has a problem: the height is not relative to a fixed point, and we know that
g changes as we move higher. As such, we define GPE is a new way:
The amount of work done to bring an object at infinity to Earth’s gravitational field.

−GMm
This gives us the equation GPE= .
r
1 2
For kinetic energy we can use KE= m v and then substitute orbital velocity to get
2
GMm
KE=
2r
GMm GMm −GMm 1
Now the mechanical energy ET = − = = GPE
2r r 2r 2

Energy Changes when Objects Move Between Orbits

Escape Velocity
The velocity required to escape a gravitational field, which occurs at an infinite distance from a
planet’s surface. At this point the total energy is 0, as the gravitational potential energy is 0 at an
infinite distance as well as the kinetic energy of an object.
1 2 GMm
Hence ET = m v − =0
2 r
2 2 GM
v=
r
v esc =√ ❑

The escape velocity for Earth is about 11.2km/s.

Mod 5 Formula And Constant Summary


Projectile Motion
v y =u y +a y t
1
s y =u y t + a y t 2 , where the maximum height occurswhen u y =0
2
2 2
v y =u y +2 a y s y
s x =u x t
v x =u x
θ
ω=
t
v=r ω
s=r θ
a=r α , where α is the angular acceleration
Circular Motion
2π r
v=
T
v2 m v2
a c = , Fc =
r r
Work Done=0
¿ a banked surface v 2=rgtan ¿θ ¿
F friction =μ F normal
τ =Fr
Gravitational Fields
−11 2 −2
G=6.67× 1 0 N m k g
24
Mass of Earth=6 ×1 0 kg
6
Radius of Earth=6.371 ×1 0 m
GMm GM
F= 2 , g= 2
r r
v o=√ ❑
−GMm GMm
GPE= , KE=
r 2r
1
ET = GPE
2
v esc =√ ❑
2 3
T1 R1
2
= 3
T2 R2
2
2 4π 3
T = r
GM

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