PROJECT REPORT

Dark Sensor with LDR, transistor and a LED

LCA

Electrical Engineering Dep.

University of Engineering & Technology
Taxila

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 PROJECT REPORT

Project Title: Dark Sensor with LDR, transistor and a LED

Course Name: LCA

Aims and Objectives:

The basic aim of this project is to control the LED using LDR & Transistor(BC547).

Introduction:

Dark light sensor is a circuit that sense the light and works.
1:When light is off or in night the circuit operates and light will be on.
2:when light is on or day time the circuit act as open circuit light will be off.

LDR resistance depends on the light you have on the room or where you are constructing that. If you
have light, the LDR resistance is low so, the LED should be turned off. When you obstruct the light that
focus on the LDR, the LED should light up.

Components:
1 Breadboard
1 Power source of 12v
1 Transistor (in this case we use the BC547)
1 Resistor of 1KOhm
1 Resistor of 680KOhm
1 LED (in this case blue)
1 LDR

Model Figures:

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 Circuit Diagram:

Working:

Remember, the LDR resistance depends on the light you have on the room or where you are constructing
that. If you have light, the LDR resistance is low so, the LED should be turned off. When you obstruct the
light that focus on the LDR, the LED should light up. When LDR resistance is high then current will flow
throw transistor & when LDR resistance is low then current will flow through LDR. Because current will
always choose low resistance path.

If for any reason your LED is always lighted up, try to chance the transistor. Switch the Emittor and the
Collector. If the problem persist, increase the resistor you have in the base.

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 Major Components and their detail:

BC547:

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly
used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter
terminals.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800.
Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to
operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification
applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at
base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers.
The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased
so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely
off.

LDR:

A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor.

The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-
and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo resistor can have a
resistance as high as several mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as
low as a few hundred ohms.

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 LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within
circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

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 Results:

We make dark light sensor using LED, LDR & BC547 .

Dark light sensor is a circuit that sense the light and works.

1:When light is off or in night the circuit operates and light will be on.

2:when light is on or day time the circuit act as open circuit light will be off.

Conclusion:

Light detectors are one of the most popular sensor and they are commonly found in many real-world
applications. They are widely used by electronic hobbyists and projects because they are practical and
intriguing yet surprising easy to construct.

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