Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology

Bhopal, India, 462003

Department of Civil Engineering

10 DAYS INTERNSHIP PROJECT

Date: 19 Oct 2022 – 29 Oct 2022

Session 2022-23

Construction of G+1 Building

Under
B L Infracon Private Limited

Submitted by:
Aryan Kumar
SCHOLAR NO : 201111204
 Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, India, 462003

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aryan Kumar, scholar no. 201111204, who is currently pursuing his B.Tech 3rd-
year degree in the Civil Engineering department at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, has
successfully completed his Internship project report on "Construction of G+1 Building" as part of his
10-Days internship under B L Infracon Projects Private Limited, in partial fulfilment of his Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering.

Dr G R Bivina
(Subject Coordinator)
 Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, India, 462003

Department of Civil Engineering

Declaration

I hereby declare that the accompanying internship report, which is being given in the Industrial Training
Program titled "Construction of G+1 Building" at B L Infrastructure Private Limited, is authentic
documentation of my original work and to the best of my knowledge. The following internship report, in
part or whole, has not been presented or filed at any other institute or organisation for any purpose. Any
contribution to the research made by people with whom we have collaborated at the Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology in Bhopal or elsewhere is explicitly acknowledged in the report.

Aryan Kumar
Scholar No. 201111204
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude to Mr. Suresh Kumar Poddar, Managing Director of BL Infracon Pvt
Limited. for his valuable suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and coherence to this
endeavor. I am also thankful to his team members for their support and guidance throughout the period of
project.
Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of BL
Infracon Pvt Limited, who gave us the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary
materials to complete the task “BUILDING CONSTRUTION”. Special thanks to my team mate, who had
help me assemble the parts and gave suggestion about the task “BUILDING CONSTRUTION”. Last but
not least, many thanks go to the head of the project, Mr. Suresh Kumar Poddar whose have invested his
full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal. I have to appreciate the guidance given by other
supervisor as well as the panels especially in our project presentation that has improved our presentation
skills thanks to their comment and advices.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.N. CONTENTS
1. About Site
2. Introduction

3. Introduction to Building
4. Different Types Of Building
5. Types Of Loads
6. Common Building Component
7. Superstructure
8. Foundation
9. Types Of Foundation
10. Building components
11. Elements of Building Construction
12. The General Principle
13. Aspects
14. Building by Laws
15. Limitation of Built up Area
16. Minimum Floor and Height of Rooms
17. Sizes of Rooms
18. Materials Used
19. Quality Control
20. Test for Bricks
21. Test for cement
22. Test for Aggregates
23. Test for Concrete
24. Conclusion
 INDEX OF FIGURES

S.N. PARTICULAR

1 Foundation

2 Component of Building

3 Beam

4 Stair

5 Patan Durbar Square, Kathmandu

6 Bricks

7 Steel

8 Wall

9 Cement

10 Wood

11 Compressive Strength Testing Machine

12 Slump Test
 ABOUT THE SITE

Our proposed site is located at Bhopal. The road which is near to site leads to Nadra Bus Stand Ward no
18 zone no 04. A branch road of 10m, which is near is existing Mata Mandir road connected very near to
the plot. The total area of the site is about 729.75 sq. ft. the residential building consists of three bed
room, one bathroom and a living room.
Soil Type : Black Cotton Soil was found near the site area. To solve swelling issue, Mat Foundation was
used.

Purchaser's Detail

Purchaser : BHOPAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Address: Harshwardhan complex, Mata Mandir, Bhopal
City: Bhopal
District: Bhopal
State: Madhya Pradesh
Pin: 462001
Tel/Fax: 91-120-4200462
Country: India
Email: support-eproc@nic.in
Website: www.mptenders.gov.in
 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as residential
houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof, food, cloth and the
basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves, over trees or under trees,
to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the times passed as humans being started living
in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful
houses. Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social
progress of the country. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one
spends his two-third life times in the houses. The security civic sense of the responsibility. These are the
few reasons which are responsible that the person does utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in
owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily
new techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling
the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work, planning and layout, etc.,
of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing works of building as for the
direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job and should be able to follow
the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw the required drawing of the building, site plans
and layout plans etc., as for the requirements.
 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a
house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have been adapted
throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions,
to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.
Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space,
privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a
physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at
times may be harsh and harmful).
Different types of buildings
Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure
• Residential Building
• Educational Building
• Institutional Building
• Assembly building
• Business buildings
• Mercantile buildings
• Industrial Buildings
• Storage buildings
• Hazardous buildings
• Residential Building: Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are provided with or without
cooking arrangement. It includes single or multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings, restaurants,
hostels, dormitories and hotels
• Educational Building: These Include any building used for school, college, education purposes.
• Institutional Building: these buildings used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment. They include hospitals, sanatorium, jails, and asylum
• Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where group of peoples meet or gather for amusement,
social, religious, political, civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. theatres, motion pictures, houses,
assembly halls, restaurants assembly halls.
• Business Buildings: These buildings are used for transactions of business, for keeping accounts and
for similar other purposes.
• Mercantile Building: These building are used as shops, stores, market for display and sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage services.
• Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed
• Storage Buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise, vehicles and animals, grains
• Hazardous buildings: These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacturing or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products
Classification based on structure
1. Load bearing Structure
2. Framed structure
• Load Bearing Structures: In this type of structures loads from roof slab or trusses and floors are
transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the ground. This type of structures are adopted where
hard strata are available at shallow depth. The structural elements like beams, slabs rests directly on
the walls.
• Framed Structures: Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most common type of construction
today. They consist of a skeleton of beams & columns. The load is transferred from beams to the
columns and column intern transfer the load directly to the sub soil through footing. Framed structures
are suitable for multi-story building subjected to variety of extreme loads like compressive, tensile
torsion, shear along with moment. • The open spaces in the skeleton are to be filled with brick walls or
glass panels.
 TYPES OF LOADS

Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure.

1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Erection loads

Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs including all
other permanent construction in the building
Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent static pressure in the direction of
the wind • Wind pressure= k v2 • Where k= co-efficient, 0.006 • V= wind velocity • Wind pressure
always acts in the vertically exposed surface of the walls and columns.
Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof and its capacity to retain the
snow. The load due to snow may be assumed to be 2.5 kg/m3 per cm depth of snow
Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every possible direction below ground. As per
intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location of the
building in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of earthquake loads are decided.
Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due to people or occupants, their furniture,
temporary stores, machineries.
Erection Load: All loads required to be carried by the structure or any part of it due to storage or
positioning of construction material and erection equipment including all loads due to operation of such
equipment, shall be considered as ‘erection loads
 Common Building Components

Super Structure

• The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which serves the
purpose of the building’s intended use.
• Plinth
• Wall and columns
• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Chajjas
• Parapet
• Steps and stairs
 SUBSTRUCTURE
• The substructure is the lower portion of the building, which is located below ground level
which transmits the load of the superstructure to the subsoil.
• Foundations
Nominal Dimensions of building components

Building component Nominal Dimension

Plinth (Height) 30,45,60,75,90 cm
Wall thickness Partition wall Load bearing wall 10 cm 20, 30,40 cm

Lintel (thickness) 15 cm

Chajja Projections 30,45,60,75,90 cm

Slab thickness 0,1 to 0.15 m
Parapet wall thickness 10 cm
Parapet height 1m
Door width 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 m
Door height 1.8, 2.0, 2.1 m
Sill height 0.07 to 0.1 m
Lintel height 2.0 m from floor level
 FOUNDATION
Types of foundation -
• Foundations may be broadly classified as
(a) Shallow Foundation
(b) Deep foundation

Types of Footing
• Spread Footing: - Spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed load of wall or column
over larger area. Spread footing support either column or wall
• Single footing for column
• Stepped footing for a column
• Sloped footing for a column
• Wall footing without step
• Grillage foundation Grillage Foundation
• Combined Footing: A spread footing which supports 2 or more columns is termed as combined
footing. The combined may be of following kinds
• Rectangular combined footing
• Trapezoidal combined footing
• Combined wall footing
Building Components
• Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground surface and floor space
immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the building, entry of
animals, insects & Rodents. General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 cm
• Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the building space into various
space into various rooms. They support slabs and beams. They safely transmits the loads coming on
them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They provide privacy and protection against heat, cold,
rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to firewalls may be of
• Brick masonry
• Stone masonry
• Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof is supported They are square,
rectangular and circular in shape in C/S
• Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture's, and equipment’s.
Roof: The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses the space and
offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are 10, 12, 15 cm
Doors and windows :- A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free movement
in the building. Windows are opening provided in walls. Doors and windows provide lighting and
ventilation. They provide resistance to weather, sound and heat. They provide security and privacy.
Sills: Sills are lower portion of the window and ventilator opening.
Steps and Stairs:
• Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels. Stairs should be properly located
to provide easy access and fast services to the building.
In one flight maximum of 8 steps should be provided for more than 8 steps it is recommended to provide
them with lending.
• Generally for residential building width of a stair is 1.0 m and 1.2 m
• No of risers = Total height of floor/ Height of riser
• No of tread = Number of riser - 1
Beams
• Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are provided. The beams are instead supported
on walls and columns
• They are generally 20, 39, and 45, 60 cm thick and deep members as per structural design.
Lintels and Arch:

• Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening.

• An arch is normally a curved member comprising of wedge-shaped building blocks holding each
other with mutual pressure.
Chajjas : Chajjas are provided on external wall openings to get protection from rain, snow and heat.
They are weather sheds. Their thickness tapers from 100 to 75 mm and projection is 30, 45, 60, 75, and
90 cm.
Parapet: Parapet is generally 10 cm thick partition wall constructed above slab to enclose the terrace
open to sky. Thickness is 10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 m to 1.2 m
 Elements of Building Construction and Planning
Elementary Principles and basics of a building planning, layout of residential and industrial buildings
Principles and building planning
• The term planning of a building refers to mean the arrangement of all the units of a building on all the
floors and at all the levels.
• There are certain general principles which as a engineer should bear in mind while planning a
building.
The general principles are
• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Grouping
• Roominess
• Flexibility
• Furniture requirements
• Circulation
• Elegance
• Economy
• Sanitation
ASPECT
• Aspect: different rooms of the buildings are placed and located accordingly to the functional utility in
such a way that maximum advantage of natural elements like sun, and wind, can be obtained. To
obtain sufficient sunlight inside the room windows are placed on external walls
• Kitchen aspect: The kitchen should have a window in the east because the morning sun kills the
germs. So the kitchen should have an eastern aspect.
• Bedroom aspect: A bedroom is a unit of a residential building generally used at night time, for
sleeping so evening sun rays, which are cool in nature should enter the bedroom to create a cheerful
atmosphere. So the bedroom should have a western aspect, south-western or north-western aspect.
• Drawing room aspect: It is a room which is used by the occupants for maximum hours of the day. To
achieve good sunlight it should be placed in the south or southeast or northeast. Windows should be
provided on external walls
• Study room aspect: Windows in this room should be on the northern side to obtain sufficient light
throughout the day. So the aspect of this room is north.
• Verandah: there should be sufficient light in the above unit throughout the day so they should be
placed with an opening in the north direction.
Prospect: It is related to the views as seen of the outside from doors and windows in the external wall.
For a pleasant atmosphere view of a garden, a hill and a river, etc. are a good prospect. Towards these
objectives doors and windows should be provided on the external wall of the building. Undesirable views
like a small nullah, slum area, drainage disposal unit and garbage collection centres should be concealed
by not providing windows in that direction
• The prospect of the living room should be toward the main road to keep control of the plot. Prospects
of the bed should be on the rear side of the building to avoid disturbance due to noise.
Privacy: This is a very important factor to be considered while planning both residential, as well as
public building Privacy of one room from another in a building as well as privacy of the whole building
with other buildings, should be achieved.
• The privacy of residential buildings as a whole can be achieved by planting trees, and by providing
entrances. Even the compound wall of the required height can be constructed to provide privacy for
trespassers.
• Privacy in different rooms can be achieved by providing doors in such a way that a minimum view of
the room is seen when the shutter is opened. Privacy is very important in bedrooms and wick. And the
view of the bedroom should not be visible from any other room.
Grouping: It is the arrangement of various rooms with respect to their functions, In the case of a
residential building to achieve maximum efficiency of the plan the grouping should be done as follows
• Verandah should be the first unit after the entrance of the house
• Living room and dining room should be close next to verandah
• Kitchen and dining should be close to each other
 • Sanitary arrangements should be close to bedrooms.
• Staircase should be approachable from each room
• Passages connecting various rooms should be well-lighted and ventilated
Roominess This principle of planning is directly related to the dimensions of the room. A rectangular
room is found more convenient as compared to a square room of the same size. Hence length to width
ratio should be 1.2 to 1 or 1.5 to 1 if the ratio is greater it will give a tunnel effect to the room. Height of
doors and windows, ceilings, floorings, and color treatment also affect the roominess of the building unit.
Light color give effect of more space whereas dark color makes the room look smaller. Height of ceiling
should be low as more height gives a feeling of a cave.
Flexibility Flexibility means a room which was planned for one function can be used for other, if so
required. If rooms are big enough and are having a minimum width of 3m are more flexible and even the
activities of various rooms can be exchanged.
Furniture requirement one of the most important requirements of a building planner, is to know how
much space is needed by each function in a particular building. The room sizes for a particular function
can be completed on the basis of permanent furniture's to be used in the room. Hence while planning a
building furniture arrangement must be shown.
Circulation: Circulation is the access into or out of a room. It is the internal movement inside the building
and the area earmarked for it.
• Circulation area should be straight, short, bright, lighted.
• Circulation should not affect the privacy of a room nor interfere with the utility space
• Circulation in a building is of two types
• Horizontal circulation and vertical circulation
• Circulation within a floor is called horizontal circulation
• And circulation between different floors is called vertical communication
Lighting It can be natural light as that obtained from the sun during the day or artificial light. Adequate
illumination is essential in day-to-day activities to execute the safety and comfort and efficiency
• Good visibility is a must for accident prevention, comfortable watching and reading to reduce fatigue,
avert confusion, and efficient security.
Building by laws

During planning and construction of any building, certain regulations are laid by
Municipal bodies, authorities, and other government departments as town planning so as
to prevent haphazard development of city such rules and regulations are called as
building by laws.

Objectives of Building bylaws

Building bylaws allow disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent
haphazard development
• Building bye-laws protect safety of public against fire, noise, health and structural failure.
• They provide proper utilization of space, hence maximum efficiency in planning
• They provide health, safety, and comfort to peoples living in the building.

LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd) ---- maximum permissible built up area

Ground and first ---- 70% of site area on floor only.

201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) ---- 50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) ---- 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m ---- 33% of the site area.

MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

FLOOR AREA HIEGHT (m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)
(Breadth min 2.7 m or 9’) 3.3 (11’)
KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0 (10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)

GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR MAIN BUILDING ------- 0.6 (2’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR

SERVANT QUARTES ------- 0.3 (1’)

MIN. DEPTH OF ------- 0.9 (3’)
FOUNDATION

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ------

(9” to13.5”)
DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms thick full width
of
(3/4” to1”) plinth wall
Sizes of rooms

Drawing room: Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter
• The minimum area should be 15 to 20 sq. m
• General sizes: 3.5m x 5.5 m
• 5m x 6 m
•7mx9m
• Ventilation in Drawing rooms: Minimum window area should never be less than 10
% of floor area but 20 % is preferred
• Dining room: It is a place where families take their breakfast, lunch, dinner
• Size: 4 m x 3 m
• 4m x 5 m
•5mx6m
• Kitchen: A Kitchen is a place where food is prepared and stored for consumption
• Sizes: 1.5 m x 3m
•3mx5m
•4mx6m
• Ventilation in kitchen: window area should be at least 15 % of floor area
• Bed room: A man spends major part of the day in the bed room either sleeping or relaxing.
• A minimum floor area 0f 10 sq. m should be provided
• Sizes: 4 m x 3 m
•5mx4m
• 3 m x 3m
•4mx4m
• Ventilation: Minimum window area of 10 % of floor area.
• Bath and W.C.: Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and the waste water is
collected and conveyed off
• Water Closet is the place of collection of human discharge
• A minimum floor area of 1.8 sq. m
• Floor are of Bath and W.C should not be less than 2.8 m2 with minimum width of 1.2 m
• W.C should have a minimum width of 0.9 m and minimum length of 1.2 m
• A minimum floor area of 1.1 sq. m is to be provided for w.c
• Ventilator of 500 mm x 300 mm is to be provided at a height of 1.8 from floor
area. • Sizes: 1.5m x 2 m • 2m x 3 m • 3m x 4m
• Store Room: It is to store Items like food grains cylinders, utensils etc. • Floor area 15
sq. m to 20 sq. m
• Verandah: It is area open on 1 side, 2 sides or 3 sides.
• Minimum width 1.5 m not greater than 4m
• Minimum Height of verandah 2.1 m
• Puja Room: Many people perform puja in houses. It is quite calm space to perform puja.
• It should be located in N-E corner of the building
• Sizes: 2.1 m x 2.1 m
• Roughly 4 m2 in area
• Study room: It is place where study material are stocked and read
• Area of study room should be 10 m2 to 12 m2.
MATERIALS USED

Stone: - The stone is always obtained from rock. The rock quarried from quarries is
called stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone blocks, stone aggregate, stone
slabs, and stone lintels. Here to be used as impact test, water absorption test, hardness
test and crushing strength. It is preferred according to SP27-1987.
Brick: - Brick is made up of soil and it is used to make the masonry structure
Absorption test, Shape and size test, Crushing strength test, Soundness test, Hardness
test. The bricks be table- molded, well burnt in kilns, copper- colored, free from cracks
and with sharp and square edges.
Aggregate:- Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 383. As far as
possible reference shall be given to natural aggregate. Aggregates are the important
constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect
economy. One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete is good
gradation of aggregates. For most work, 20 mm aggregates are suitable.
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.38
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.71
Cement:- The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement. The type I is
preferred according to IS: 269-1976, which is used for general concrete structures. 53
Grade ordinary Portland cement is confirming to 12269. Out of the total production,
Ordinary Portland Cement accounts for about 80-90 percent.
Fineness of cement = 8%
Standard consistency of cement = 31%
Initial setting time of cement = 36 min
Specific gravity of cement =3.46
Water: - Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the
chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the
quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water used for
mixing and curing shall be clean and free from materials like oils, acids, alkalis, salts,
sugar, organic materials or other materials that may be harmful to concrete or steel. PH
value of the water used in concreting shall not be less than 6
Steel: - Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is used to carry out the
load easily from the structure to column and it is having high tensile strength. It is
preferred according IS 800-2007
 Quality Control Tests

Tests for bricks:

A brick is generally subjected to following tests to find out its suitability of the
construction work.
ii. Absorption
iii. Crushing strength or compression strength
iv. Hardness
v. Presence soluble salts
vi. Shape and size
vii. Soundness
viii. Structure
1) Absorption: A good should not absorb not more than 20 percent of weight of dry brick
2) Compressive strength: Crushing or compressive strength of brick is found out by
placing it in compression testing machine. It is pressed till it breaks. Minimum
crushing strength of brick is 35kg/cm2 and for superior bricks, it may vary from 70 to
140 kg/cm2.
3) Hardness: No impression is left on the surface the brick is treated to be sufficiently hard
4) Presence of soluble salts: The bricks should not show any grey or white
deposits after immersed in water for 24 hours
5) Shape and size: It should be standard size and shape with sharp edges
6) Soundness: The brick should give clear ringing sound struck each other
7) Structure: The structure should be homogeneous, compact and free from any defects
2.6 Grading of Bricks
As per IS10719557 and 1970 code specifications,
a. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 140kg/cm2 – Grade A-A class.
b. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 105kg/cm2 – First class bricks - Grade A.
c. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 70kg/cm2 – Second class bricks – Grade B.
d. Bricks with compressive strength not less than the average value 35kg/cm2 – class III
bricks – Grade C.
Tests on cement:-

Colour Test:-The color of the cement should be uniform. It should be grey color with a
light greenish shade.

Strength test:-A block of cement 25 mm ×25 mm and 200 mm long is prepared and it
is immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on supports 15cm apart and it is loaded
with a weight of about 34 kg. The block should not show signs of failure. If cement is of
sound quality such block will not be broken easily.

Setting test:- A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate and it
is kept under water for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.

Tests on aggregates:-

Silt Content for Aggregate:-The permissible silt content in sand (fine aggregate) must
not exceed the values as specified in the standards. However, this method can only be
used for natural sand, it should not be used for crushed rock sand.

The apparatus required for this test is only 250 ml glass measuring cylinder.

The silt content determination by volume is done in the following manner:

º The glass cylinder is filled with salt-water solution (concentration of the solution
will teaspoon full of common salt for every 570 ml) up to 50 ml mark.
º Add sand until the level of the sand is up to 100 ml mark.
 Add further salt-water solution till 150 ml mark is reached.

º Place the palm on the mouth of the glass cylinder and shake it vigorously.
º Place the cylinder on hard levelled surface and tap it all round so that sand is leveled.
º Wait for three hours for silt to settle on top of sand.
º Measure the thickness of the silt layer and the height of the sand. The silt content can be
calculated as follows:

Silt (%) by volume = [(Thickness of silt layer/ Height of sand + Silt) x 100 %]

Sieve Analysis :- Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate.

º The test is done as follow.

º Take required amount of aggregate sample (for coarse aggregate take approx. 2.5
kg and for fine aggregate take 0.5 kg)
º Arrange the required no of sieves as per the contract or job requirement in a
descending manner. (i.e. keep the sieve having largest size opening at the top
and the smallest size opening at the bottom)
º Shake vigorously the sieve set for at least 2 minute.
º Then measure the weight of aggregate on each sieve and express it as the
percentage of passing.

Now compare these values with the recommended values to know whether it falls
within the range or not. If not falling within the desired gradation then take necessary
action.

Fineness Modulus :-Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or
fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is
coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

1. Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron & 150 micron).
2. Record the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.

3. Calculate the cumulative weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.

4. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained.
5. Add the cumulative weight of aggregate retained and divide the sum by 100.
This value is termed as fineness modulus.
Compare the test value with the values given in the following table and you can get an
idea about how coarse or fine the sand is.

Only sand between FM 2.6 to 2.9 is considered suitable for nominal mix proportion.

Type of Sand Fineness Modulus Value

Very fine sand Below 2.2

Fine sand 2.2 to 2.6

Medium sand 2.6 to 2.9

Coarse sand 2.9 to 3.2

Very coarse sand Above 3.2

Test on concrete:

Compressive strength of concrete :- The compression test shows the compressive

strength of hardened concrete. The compression test shows the best possible strength
concrete can reach in perfect conditions. The compression test measures concrete
strength in the hardened state. Testing should always be done carefully. Wrong test
results can be costly.

The testing is done in a laboratory off-site. The only work done on-site is to make a
concrete cube for the compression test. The strength is measured in Mega pascals (MPa)
and is commonly specified as a characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days
after mixing. The compressive strength is a measure of the concrete’s ability to resist
loads which tend to crush it.

Procedure of slump test for concrete:

º Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate. The slump plate
should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of concrete to
perform the slum test.
º Stand firmly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample.
Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times. Rodding means to push a steel rod
in and out of the concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone. Always
rod in a definite pattern, working from outside into the middle.
º Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer.
º Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer.
Top up the cone till it overflows.
º Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. Clean any concrete
from around the base and top of the cone, push down on the handles and step off the
footpaces.
º Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not to move the sample.
º Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-turned cone.
 Tests of Concrete :-This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made
concrete. The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. The measured
slump must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.

Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more
workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same consistency may vary in
workability. It can also be defined as the relative plasticity of freshly mixed concrete as
indicative of its workability.

Procedure of slump test for concrete:

º Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate. The slump plate
should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of concrete to
perform the slum test.
º Stand firmly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample.
Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times. Rodding means to push a steel rod
in and out of the concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone. Always
rod in a definite pattern, working from outside into the middle.
º Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer.
º Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer.
Top up the cone till it overflows.
º Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. Clean any concrete
from around the base and top of the cone, push down on the handles and step off the
footpaces.
º Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not to move the sample.
º Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-turned cone.

Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the sample. If the
sample fails by being outside the tolerance (i.e. the slump is too high or too low), another
must be taken. If this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected.

SLUMP TEST
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get
more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical
work.
Knowing the loads, we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to
shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two-way slabs depending
upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been
calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have
been done for loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by moment
distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated
footing done.